vertebrate tissues mrs. stahl zoology. tissue a group or mass of similar cells working together to...

51
Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology

Upload: brenda-fifield

Post on 16-Dec-2015

218 views

Category:

Documents


1 download

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Vertebrate Tissues

Mrs. StahlZoology

Page 2: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Tissue• A group or mass of similar cells working

together to perform a common function.• The study of tissues= Histology• Animal Tissues:– Epithelial– Connective– Muscle– Nervous

Page 3: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 4: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 5: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 6: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Epithelial Tissue• Covers or lines something and typically consists of

sheets of cells that have surface specializations adapted for their specific roles.

• Functions: Size, shape, and arrangement directly relate to these specific functions– Absorb- lining of the intestines– Transport- Kidney tubules– Excrete- Sweat and Endocrine Glands– Protect- The Skin– Contain nerve cells for sensory reception- taste buds on

the tongue.

Page 7: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

to protect

Classified based on thickness and shape

Page 8: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Classification of epithelia

• According to thickness– “simple” - one cell layer– “stratified” – more than one layer of cells

(which are named according to the shape of the cells in the apical layer)

• According to shape– “squamous” – wider than tall– “cuboidal” – as tall as wide– “columnar” - taller than wide

Page 9: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Epithelial Tissue

Page 10: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Epithelium-Human Stomach

Page 11: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 12: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Simple Squamous• Single layer, simple, flattened.• Function- diffusion and filtration• Location- air sacs of lungs, walls of capillaries,

covering visceral organs (hollow organ), lining body cavities

Page 13: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 14: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Simple Cuboidal• Single layer, cube shaped• Function- secretion / absorption• Location- Lining of kidney tubules,

ducts of glands (salivary and pancreatic), cover the surface of the ovaries

Page 15: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 16: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Simple Columnar• Single layer, elongated cells with the nucleus

located in the same spot• Function- protection, absorption, secretion• Location- lining of the digestive tract and uterus,

gall bladder– Some have fingerlike projections called microvilli

which increase surface absorption– Contains scatter goblet cells functioning in the

secretion of mucus

Page 17: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

“ciliated” literally = eyelashes(see next page)

Page 18: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Stratified Squamous• Multi-layered, thicker• Function- protection• Location- lining of body cavities like the

mouth and outer layer of the skin, nasal cavity, esophagus, vagina, and anal canal (non-keratinized). Keratinized -> epidermis of the skin

Page 19: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Stratified: regenerate from below

Page 20: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Pseudostratified Columnar• Stratified appearance but really a single

layer with nuclei at various levels giving the layered look, ciliated, have goblet cells

• Function- secretion and cilia aided movement

• Location- lining air passages -> trachea, auditory tubes of the reproductive system

Page 21: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 22: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Transitional Epithelium• Thick, layered cuboidal cells,

stretchable forms a barrier to block diffusion• Location- lining of urinary bladder

Page 23: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 24: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Special Features of Epithelium• Cilia- hair-like appendages attached to the apical surface

of cells that act as sensory structures or to proton movement

• Goblet Cells- specialized cells that produce mucus to lubricate and protect the surface of the organ.

• Villi- fingerlike projections that arise from the epithelial layer in some organs. Increase surface area allowing for faster and more efficient absorption

• Microvilli- smaller projections that arise from the cells surface. Increased surface area, bushy appearance.

Page 25: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Connective Tissue• Characteristics:– Most abundant tissue in your body (made up of ground

substance (fluid and semi-solid) and fibers– Binds structures together, stores nutrients, cells

reproduce– Provides support, protection, framework, fills space,

stores fat, produces blood cells, fights infection– Extracellular matrix- a bed of secreted organic material

of varying composition that binds separated cells of tissue. Nonliving material between cells.

Page 26: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Classes of Connective Tissue: note the cell types and great variety of subclasses

Page 27: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

2 General Types

• 1. Loose Connective Tissue: strong, flexible fibers of the protein collagen are interwoven with fine, elastic, and reticular fibers, giving its elastic consistency and binding capabilities.

• 2. Fibrous Connective Tissue: Densely packed collagen fibers and they may lie parallel to one another creating very strong cords (ex- tendons and ligaments)– Tendons- connect muscles to bones– Ligaments- connect bones to bones

Page 28: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Connective Tissue• Originate from embryonic tissue

called mesenchyme-> rises from the mesoderm, an embryonic germ layer (stem tissue)

Page 29: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 30: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Common Cell Types

• Adipocytes- adipose tissue cells• Fibroblasts- most common, secrete collagen

proteins that are used to maintain a structural framework, play an important role in healing wounds.

• Osteocytes- bone cells, are trapped within the bone matrix (the hard part of the bone), has tentacle like dendrites that allow it to maintain contact with neighboring cells / communicate.

Page 31: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

• Mast cells- tissue of the immune system of vertebrate animals. Mediate inflammatory responses-> allergic reactions. They are scattered all over the connective tissue. Chemical mediators produce responses-> inflammation, swelling, contraction of smooth muscles, increased mucus production

Page 32: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Adipose • Large cells• Function= protection, insulation,

stores energy• Location= beneath the skin, around

kidneys, eyeballs, abdominal membranes

Page 33: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 34: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Cartilage• Cells= chondrocytes• Hard, flexible, supports ears, skeleton of sharks

and rays• Hyaline- most common, covers ends of bones

and joints, respiratory passages• Elastic- flexible and elastic, external ear, larynx• Fibrocartilage- very tough , large, menisci

(cartilage where two bones meet), intervertebral disks

Page 35: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 36: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 37: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 38: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Bone Cells• Osteocytes• In the lacunae (cavity or depression,

especially in bone)• Support and protection• Surrounded by calcium phosphate

and calcium carbonate= making the tissue really hard

Page 39: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 40: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Blood • Plasma-> made up of mostly water but

suspends red blood cells , white blood cells, and platelets.

• Transports various substances throughout the body of an animal.

Page 41: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 42: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Nervous Tissue• Found in the brain, spinal cord and nerves• Composed of:– Neurons- impulse conducting cells– Neuroglia- protection, support, and nourishment– Peripheral Glial Cells- form sheaths and help

protect, nourish, and maintain cells of the peripheral nervous system (outside the brain and spinal cord)

Page 43: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 44: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Muscle Tissue• Muscle cells= myofibers• Function: movement, digestion,

organ function• 3 kinds: Skeletal, Smooth, and

Muscle

Page 45: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Skeletal• Attached to bones and makes body

movement possible in vertebrates• Smooth-

Page 46: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 47: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Smooth• Rhythmic contractions create a

churning action (stomach), help propel material through tubular structures (intestines), and control size changes in hollow organs (uterus, urinary bladder)

Page 48: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 49: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Cardiac• Wall of the heart• Results in the heart beating

Page 50: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology
Page 51: Vertebrate Tissues Mrs. Stahl Zoology. Tissue A group or mass of similar cells working together to perform a common function. The study of tissues= Histology

Tissue Repair• Regeneration- replaces dead or

damaged cells with the same type of cell, restoring normal function• Fibrosis- replaces damaged tissue

with scar tissue, which holds the tissues together but does not restore normal functions.