versitet senior adviser morten winther aarhus university department of environmental science dce –...
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![Page 1: VERSITET Senior adviser Morten Winther AARHUS UNIVERSITY DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE DCE – DANISH CENTRE for ENVIRONMENT and ENERGY 20 October](https://reader035.vdocuments.site/reader035/viewer/2022062805/5697c0221a28abf838cd348e/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
VERSITET
Senior adviser Morten Winther
AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
DCE – DANISH CENTRE for ENVIRONMENT and ENERGY
20 October 2015
UNI
Emissions from heavy duty vehicles using upgraded biogas as a fuel
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
Introduction
2
−The project “Biogas for transport - resources, environment and welfare economics” is carried out at DCE from 2014-2016 (Jensen et al., 2015)
−The project is an internal project under the Science Program for Sustainable Energy and Environment
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
Introduction
3
› The project examines the following questions:
› Is potential biogas production sufficient to fulfil the transport energy demand in a future perspective. What are the emission consequences, and health related and social costs
› Important to understand, in order to create a qualified basis for prioritisation of biogas resources
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
Disposition
4
−This presentation explains the work made so far in WP3 and 4, dealing with fuel and emission estimates in the project
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
Disposition
5
−Fuel consumption for trucks and buses in a diesel reference scenario up to 2035
−Some notes on CNG (Compressed Natural Gas) and LNG (Liquefied Natural Gas) vehicles in a biogas scenario
−CH4 emission sources critical for CNG/LNG vehicles
−Calculated GHG (Greenhouse Gas) emission savings in 2035−Some conclusions
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
6
Diesel reference scenario
− HDV’s are grouped into rigid trucks, truck-trailers, articulated
trucks and buses
− FC = Nveh
x Milann
(km) x EFC
(MJ/km)
− Fleet, mileage and speed data: DTU Transport and Danish Road
Directorate
− Fuel factors also split into e.g. EU emission legislation levels:
Conv. and Euro I-VI
Type/size RT 3,5 - 7,5t RT 7,5 - 12t RT 12 - 14 t RT 14 - 20t RT 20 - 26t RT 26 - 28t RT 28 - 32t RT >32t TT/AT 28 - 34t TT/AT 34 - 40t TT/AT 40 - 50t TT/AT 50 - 60t TT/AT >60t Urban Buses <15t Urban Buses 15 - 18t Urban Buses >18t Coaches <15t Coaches 15 - 18t Coaches >18tRT: rigid trucksTT/AT: Truck-trailers, artic. trucks
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
7
− Euro VI enters the fleet and old emission technologies are phased out
− Euro VI dominates fuel totals; 81 %, 95 %, 99 % in 2020, 2025 and 2030, respectively
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
8
− Euro VI vehicles are relevant for natural gas substitution.
− Most fuel expected for 40-50t and 34-40t trucks; 46 % and 21 %, respectively (note the axis scaling!).
− 2035: 45 PJ diesel in total. A full substitution requires 51 PJ of natural gas
Euro VI in closer details
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
CNG vehicles – short description
9
− CNG: Compressed Natural Gas
− On board storage: Pressure bottles (200-260 bar)
− SI (spark ignition) engine, operates similarly to a gasoline engine
− Euro VI, equipped with a three-way catalyst
− CNG has smaller km range between fuel stops compared to diesel
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
CNG vehicles – short description
10
− CNG fuel economy vs diesel: Big variations.
− An average of 19 % more MJ/km was found in recent national work1
1COWI/Energistyrelsen: Framework conditions for using
natural gas in heavy duty road transport, 150 pp.,
December 2014 (in Danish: Rammevilkår for gas til tung
vejtransport)
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
CNG vehicles – short description
11
− NOx and PM (Particulate Matter): No significant emission differences between natural gas and diesel Euro VI, based on the limited measurement data assessed so far1
1COWI/Energistyrelsen: Framework conditions for using
natural gas in heavy duty road transport, 150 pp.,
December 2014 (in Danish: Rammevilkår for gas til tung
vejtransport)
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
CNG vehicles – substitution
12
− CNG Substitution is made for rigid trucks
Demand for long range is less critical for smaller trucks
Some CNG trucks already for sale in Denmark (up to 320 hp)1, a good precondition
1www.gasbiler.info: Natural gas fueled vehicles for sale
in Denmark, Danish Gas Technology Centre
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
LNG vehicles – short description
13
− LNG: Liquefied Natural Gas
− On board storage: Vacuum insulated storage tanks (3-10 bar, -160 oC)
− Dual fuel engine (using 5 % diesel to pilot ignition); operates similarly to a diesel engine
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
LNG vehicles – short description
14
− Emission performance similar to Euro VI, equipped with SCR and DPF
− Longer km range than CNG, due to more fuel stored
− Fuel economy: Same drawback as for CNG, compared to diesel (ICCT, 2015)
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
LNG vehicles – substitution
15
− LNG substitution for large trucks (TT/AT trucks)
− LNG fulfills demand for longer km range by large trucks
− Suitable engine capacities already on the market in e.g. the US
− EU directive 2014/94 places on member countries to establish LNG fueling stations along main arterial roads by 2025
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
CH4 loss from CNG/LNG vehicles1
16
− CNG sources:
− CH4 from exhaust (tail pipe)
− CH4 from the crankcase (So-called ”blow by emissions”, leaks between piston rings and cylinder walls, vented to the atmosphere)
1Delgado, O., Muncrief, R.: Assessment of heavy-duty
natural gas vehicle emissions: Implications and policy
recommendations, The International Council on Clean
Transportation (ICCT), White Paper, 34 pp., July 2015
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
CH4 loss from CNG/LNG vehicles1
17
− LNG sources:
− CH4 from exhaust (tail pipe)
− CH4 from dynamic venting in the fuel injection system
− CH4 from the fuel tank (”boil off” pressure release for safety reasons)
1Delgado, O., Muncrief, R.: Assessment of heavy-duty
natural gas vehicle emissions: Implications and policy
recommendations, The International Council on Clean
Transportation (ICCT), White Paper, 34 pp., July 2015
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
CH4 loss from the fueling station1
18
− CNG fueling stations CH4 leaks from pipes and fittings
CH4 escape during nozzle connection and disconnection
Compressor loss
− LNG fueling stations
Methane boil-off in storage tanks
Manual venting of vehicle fuel tanks prior to refueling
Spills and escape during nozzle connection/disconnection
1Delgado, O., Muncrief, R.: Assessment of heavy-duty
natural gas vehicle emissions: Implications and policy
recommendations, The International Council on Clean
Transportation (ICCT), White Paper, 34 pp., July 2015
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
19
− Calculation for 2035: All heavy duty Euro VI vehicles use CNG/LNG
− Tank-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions:
For low/high CH4 loss, estimates range between 12 - 22 % of diesel reference case
CO2 originates from the ”5 %” diesel pilot fuel
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20
− Pump-to-wheel greenhouse gas emissions:
Using low/high CH4 loss, estimates range between 14-25 % of diesel reference case
CO2 originates from the ”5 %” diesel pilot fuel
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
Conclusions
21
− For CNG/LNG vehicles there a several emission sources of CH4, on board the vehicles as well as at the gas fueling station
− NOx and PM (Particulate Matter): The (scarce) literature data reveals no significant emission differences between natural gas and diesel vehicles for Euro VI
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
Conclusions
22
− Estimated tank-to-wheel GHG emissions from CNG/LNG vehicles are in the range of 12-22 %, of the diesel reference case
− Including fueling station losses of CH4, estimated ”pump-to-wheel” emissions increase to 14-25 % compared to diesel
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
Conclusions
23
− Additional CH4 loss is expected during the production of biogas and during distribution
− On the other hand, the CH4 emission savings from manure will be very big
− Both sources are being assessed in the current project; no results yet.
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
24
Thank you for your attention!
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
Summary of CH4 loss
25
− Conclusions from ICCT (2015) survey: CH4 from exhaust is the same for CNG and LNG
CNG crankcase ~ LNG dynamic venting + fuel tank venting
Fueling station loss, CNG ~ LNG
CH4 loss (% of fuel delivered) low estimate high estimate
Pump-to-tank Fueling station 0,3 0,3Tank-to-wheel Exhaust 0,1 0,9
Crankcase ~ dynamic venting/tank boil off 0,4 0,8
Total Pump-to-Wheel 0,8 2,0Source: ICCT (2015)
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
20 October 2015Internal DCE seminar 2015
Introduction
26
− For overview’s sake, the project consist of 8 WP’s:
› WP1, WP2: Biomass resources and potential biogas production (Jørgensen,
Møller)
› WP3: Future energy demand of the transport sector with a focus on road
transport heavy duty vehicles (HDV); (Jensen)
› WP4: Energy consumption and emissions of different HDV’s powered by
upgraded biogas (Winther)
› WP5: Health-related external costs of air pollution (Brandt)
› WP6, WP7: Life-cycle Analysis and Cost-Benefit Analysis (Thomsen, Cong)
› WP8: Stakeholder involvement and dissemination of results (Jensen)
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
27
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AARHUS UNIVERSITY
DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE
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