versatile nature of carbon

7/24/2019 Versatile Nature of Carbon

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The compounds which are made up of carbon arenown as OR!ANIC CO"#OUN$S and Or%anicchemis&r' is &he &erm app(ied ori%ina((' &o &he s&ud' ofsubs&ances connec&ed direc&(' wi&h anima(s and

p(an&s) so i& is deri*ed from &he word +or%anism,-Toda' &he s&ud' of or%anic chemis&r' is *er' impor&an&because i& he(p us &o unders&and &he phenomena(i*in% in &he wor(d- S'n&he&ic .bres) p(as&ic) medicines)ar&i.cia( swee&eners are produc& of indus&ria( or%anic

chemis&r' and &he ener%' &ha& man uses in e*er'indus&ria( ac&i*i&' deri*es main(' from &he combus&ionof or%anic ma&eria( found in coa( an crude oi( OR!ANICC/E"ISTAR0


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Carbon is an e(emen&-The s'mbo( of carbon is C -I&is a non1me&a(- The name carbon is deri*ed from(a&in word 2carbo3 which means 2coa(3- This isbecause carbon is &he main cons&i&uen& of coa(-

The amoun& of carbon presen& in &he ear&h3s crus&4 a&mosphere is *er' sma((- For e5amp(e)&heear&h3s crus& con&ains on(' 6-678 carbon in &he

form of minera(s9(ie carbona&es)coa( 4 pe&ro(eume&c-:)and &he a&mosphere has on(' 6-6;8 of Co7-


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In spi&e of &he sma(( amoun& of carbon a*ai(ab(e in na&ure)carbone(emen& has immense impor&ance in e*er' sphere of (ife- Theimpor&ance of carbon can be %au%ed from &he fac& &ha& we areourse(*es made of carbon compounds- In fac&)a(( &he (i*in%

&hin%s)p(an&s 4 anima(s)are made up of carboncompounds9ca((ed or%anic compounds: A (ar%e no- of &hin%swhich we use in our dai(' (ife are made of carboncompounds-Our food ma&eria(s (ie%rains)pu(sessu%ar)&ea)co>ee)frui&s 4 *e%e&ab(es)e&c-) are

carbon compounds- The ma&eria(s (ie co&&on) si( ) woo() n'(on4 po('s&erwhich are used for main% c(o&hes are carboncompounds- I& is c(ear &ha& carbon p(a's a *er'imp- ro(e in ourdai(' (ife- I"#ORTANCE OF CARBON??--


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E(ec&ronic con.%ura&ion s7 7s7 7p7 E(ec&rone%a&i*i&' 7-Co*a(en& radius 6-6 nm Carbon has four *a(ence e(ec&ronsand i& mus& ei&her %ain four e(ec&rons or (ose four e(ec&rons &oreach a rare1%as con.%ura&ion- Carbon &herefore formsco*a(en& bonds wi&h a (ar%e number of o&her e(emen&s)inc(udin% &he h'dro%en) ni&ro%en) o5'%en) phosphorus) andsu(fur found in (i*in% s's&ems- Because &he' are re(a&i*e('sma(() carbon a&oms can come c(ose enou%h &o%e&her &o forms&ron% CDC doub(e bonds or e*en C C &rip(e bonds- Carbon

a(so forms s&ron% doub(e and &rip(e bonds &o ni&ro%en ando5'%en- I& can e*en form doub(e bonds &o e(emen&s such asphosphorus or su(fur &ha& do no& form doub(e bonds &o&hemse(*es- #/0SICAL #RO#ERTIES OF CARBON


7/26

The chemica( bond formed b' sharin% ofe(ec&rons bw &wo a&oms is nown as a co*a(en&

bond-I& is formed when bo&h &he reac&in% a&omsneed &o achie*e iner& %ascon.%uara&ion-


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LO< "ELTIN! 4 BOILIN! #OINTS@1The' are madeup of e(ec&rica((' neu&ra( mo(ecu(es-So)&he forceof a&&rac&ion bw &he mo(ecu(es of a compound is*er' wea- Co*a(en& compounds are inso(ub(e inwa&er bu& &he' are so(ub(e in or%anic so(*en&s-Co*a(en& compounds do no& conduc& e(ec&rici&'because &he' don3& con&ain ions- Co*a(en&

compounds are usua((' (iuids or %ases-on('some of &hem are so(ids- #RO#ERTIES OFCOVALENT CO"#OUN$S


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If carbon cou(d %ain G e(ec&rons formin% CG1anion-Bu&i& wou(d be diHcu(& for &he nuc(eus wi&h si5 pro&ons &oho(d on &o &en e(ec&rons)&ha& is) four e5&ra e(ec&rons- If

carbon cou(d (ose G e(ec&rons formin% CG ca&ion-Bu&i& wou(d reuire a (ar%e amoun& of ener%' &o remo*efour e(ec&rons (ea*in% behind a carbon wi&h si5 pro&onsin i&3s nuc(eus ho(dind on &o Jus& &wo e(ec&rons- Carbono*ercomes &his prob(em b' sharin% i&s *a(ence

e(ec&rons wi&h o&her a&oms of o&her e(emen&s-


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CARBON IS TETRAVALENT@1Since carbon has a *a(enc'of four)i& is capab(e of bondin% wi&h four o&her a&oms ofcarbon or a&oms of o&her mono1*a(en& e(emen& a& a

&ime-Tha& is wh' carbon forms a (ar%e no- ofcompounds wi&ho5'%en)ni&ro%en)su(phur)ch(orine)h'dro%en 4 man'o&her e(emen&s- CATENATION@1Carbon has &he uniueabi(i&' &o form bonds wi&h o&her a&oms of carbon)%i*in%

rise &o (ar%e no- of compounds-This proper&' is ca((edca&ena&ion-The na&ure of co*a(en& bond enab(es &hecarbon &o form a (ar%e no- of compounds- VERSATILENATURE OF CARBON


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IN FREE STATE)carbon occurs in na&ure main(' in &woforms@diamond 4 %raphi&e-Ano&her na&ura((' occurrin%form of carbon ca((ed bucminis&erfu((erene has been

disco*ered recen&('-On(' a sma(( amoun& of carbonoccurs as free e(emen& in &he ear&h3s crus&-"os& ofcarbon occurs in &he combined s&a&e- IN CO"BINE$STATE)carbon occurs in na&ure in &he form ofcompounds such as@i: Co7in air-

ii:carbona&es9(imes&one)marb(e 4 cha(:- iii:Fossi(fue(s -i*:wood)co&&on 4 woo(- *: or%anic compounds (iecarboh'dra&es)fa&s 4 pro&eins- OCCURRENCE OFCARBON


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The *arious ph'sica( forms in whichan e(emen& can e5is& are ca((ed

a((o&ropes of carbon-The &hreea((o&ropes of carbon are @ i:$iamondii:!raphi&e iii:Bucminis&erfu((erene

ALLOTRO#ES OF CARBON


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i:I& is e5&reme(' i:I& is *er' sof&- i:I& is nei&herhard hard nor sof& ii:I& has a &e&ra1 ii:I& has

he5a%ona( ii:I& cons&i&u&es 76 /edra( s&ruc&urerin%s- he5a%ano( 4 7 pen&a %ona( rin%s- iii:I&doesn3& con1 iii:I& conduc&s iii: somewha& i& isab(e duc&s e(ec&rici&'- e(ec&rici&'- &o conduc&

e(ec&rici&'- i*:I& has *er' hi%h i*:I& has *er' (owi*: I& has in&ermedia&e densi&' - densi&'-$ensi&'- $IA"ON$ !RA#/ITE BUCK"INISTERFULLERENE


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i:I& is used in cu&&in% ins&rumen&s (ie%(ass cu&&ers 4 in roc dri((in%euipmen&- ii:$iamonds are used formain% Jewe((er'- iii:Sharp1ed%eddiamonds are used b' e'e1sur%eons

as a &oo( &o remo*e ca&arac& frome'es wi&h a %rea& precision- Te&ra1hedre( s&ruc&ure of $iamond USES OF

$IA"ON$


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i:I& is used as a (ubrican& for &he fas& mo*in% par&s ofmachiner'- ii:I& is used for main% e(ec&rodes/EA!ONAL STRUCTURE in dr' ce((s- OF !RA#/ITE

iii:I& is used for main% &he cores of our penci(s ca((ed2penci( (eads3 4 b(ac pain&s-


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A compound made up of h'dro%en 4 carbon on(' isca((ed h'drocarbon9/'dro%en carbonDh'drocarbon:- The mos& imp- Source of

h'drocarbons is pe&ro(eum9or crude oi(:which isob&ained from under%round oi( deposi&s b' dri((in%oi( we((s-The na&ura( %as which occurs abo*epe&ro(eum deposi&s a(so con&ains h'drocarbons-

T0#ES OF /0$ROCARBONS@1The' are of &wo &'pes@1sa&ura&ed h'drocarbons 4 unsa&ura&edh'drocarbons /0$ROCARBONS


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A h'drocarbon in which &he carbon a&oms areconnec&ed b' on(' sin%(e bonds is ca((ed a

sa&ura&ed h'drocarbon- A(anes are a(so said&o be sa&ura&ed h'drocarbons- A(anes arechemica((' no& reac&i*e-The' are ui&eunreac&i*e- The %enera( formu(a of a(anes is

Cn/7n7-


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STRUCTURES & MOLECULARFORMULAE OF FIRST FIVEALKANES :

STRUCTURES 4 "OLECULARFOR"ULAE OF FIRST FIVE ALKANES


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A h'drocarbon in which &he &wo carbon a&omsare connec&ed b' a doub(e bond or a &rip(e

bond is ca((ed an unsa&ura&ed h'drocarbon-A(enes or a('nes are a(so ca((ed unsa&ura&edh'drocarbons - These h'drocarbons arechemica((' *er' reac&i*e- The' are ob&ainedmos&(' from pe&ro(eum b' a process ca((edcracin%- These are of &wo &'pes@1A(enes 4A('nes UNSATURATE$ /0$ROCARBONS


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An unsa&ura&ed h'drocarbon in which&he &wo carbon a&oms are connec&edb' a doub(e bond is ca((ed an a(ene-

The %enera( formu(a of an a(ene isCn/7n where n is &he no- of carbona&oms in i&s one mo(ecu(e- The

names 4 mo(ecu(ar formu(a of &he.rs& ; a(enes are %i*en be(ow-Thesimp(es& a(ene is e&hene - ALKENES


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An unsa&ura&ed h'drocarbon in which &he&wo carbon a&oms are connec&ed b' a

&rip(e bond is ca((ed an a('ne- The%enera( formu(a of an a('ne is Cn/7n17where n is &he no- of carbon a&oms in onemo(ecu(e of &he a('ne- The names 4

mo(ecu(ar formu(ae of &he .rs& ; a('nesare %i*en be(ow-The simp(es& a('ne isET/0NE- ET/0NE@1 / / C C ALK0NES


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C0CLIC /0$ROCARBONS These a(&erna&in%sin%(e and doub(e bond h'drocarbons form

a rin%- "an' of &hese compounds ha*es&ron% aromas or odors- An unsa&ura&edc'c(ic h'drocarbon is 2benMene3-The Formu(aof benMene is C/ 4 &he S&ruc&ure of

benMene is shown A(on%side-Organic Chemistry:Fncti!na" #r!$s :

Or%anic Chemis&r'@Func&iona( !roups


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Fncti!na" gr!$s :Func&iona( %roups Func&iona( %roupsare par&s of mo(ecu(es &ha& resu(& incharac&eris&ic fea&ures Abou& 66func&iona( %roups e5is&) we wi(( focuson some of &hem Usefu( &o %roup &he

in.ni&e number of possib(e or%aniccompound- Some of &he imp-Func&iona( %roups presen& in or%aniccompounds are @ i:/a(o %roupii:A(coho( %roup iii:A(deh'de %roupi*:Ke&one %roup *:Carbo5'(ic %roup


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The e(emen&s ch(orine)bromine4iodine are co((ec&i*e(' nown asha(o%ens 4 are represen&ed b' &he

%enera( s'mbo( -The ha(oa(anescan be wri&&en as R19


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The a(coho( %roup consis&s of oneo5'%en a&om 4 one h'dro%en a&omJoined &o%e&her- This %roup is a(so

nown as h'dro5'( %roup- The %enera(formu(a is R1O/9where R is an a('(%roup 4 O/ is &he a(coho(%roup:-ET/ANOL / / / C C O/ / /ALCO/OL !ROU#@ 1O/


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The a(deh'de %roup consis&s of carbon) o5'%en) h'dro%en a&om

Joined &o%e&her- This %roup isa&&ached ei&her &o a h'dro%en a&omor an a('( %roup- The a(deh'des canbe represen&ed b' %enera( formu(a R1C/O9where R is an a('( %roup:-ET/ANAL / O / C C / / AL$E/0$E

!ROU#@ 1C/O OR / C O

versatile nature of carbon

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