verification, testing and inspection design

8/20/2019 Verification, Testing and Inspection Design

1/96

Verification, Testing and

Inspection Design Concept of

Electrical and Machinery onVessels/ Mobile Offshore Units


2/96

Safety First

!"ilding e#its

E$ergency plans

%estroo$s

&ar'ing

!rea'fast (((


3/96

Introd"ction

) Spea'er Introd"ction

) *eneral Introd"ction of each participant

+a$e(

Co$pany and area of responsibility(

E#perience(

E#pectation(


4/96

Obecti-es) Introd"ction of electrical installation on -essel /

Mobile Offshore Units .MOU

) O-er-ie0 of re1"ire$ent of electrical and

$achinery on -essel / MOU) Testing and -erification concept on electrical and

$achinery installation on -essel / MOU

) *eneral o-er-ie0 of

Offshore "nits s"ch as Floating &rod"ction and StorageOffshore .F&SO, 2ac'3"ps and se$i3s"b$ersibles


5/96

Mobile Offshore Units


6/96

Mobile Offshore Units


7/96

Electrical Installation

) &oints to Consider

O-erall re-ie0 on electrical syste$s4

!atteries and their -entilation4

Fire and *as Detection4

The ha5ardo"s areas4


8/96

%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$


9/96



10/96



11/96


12/96


6600V SF6 Circuit

Breaker and

Protection Relay


13/96

%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$Load Test


14/96

%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$Power Manageent Syste


15/96

%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$!nterlock syste


16/96

%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$Main "lternators


17/96

%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$#ergency "lternators


18/96

%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$One Line Diagram

One line diagram of main and emergency power distribution systems to show:

Generators

Motors

Motor controllers Transformers

Circuits

Batteries


19/96

Switchboards, Motor Controllers, etc.


#nclosures

) steel or other s"itable inco$b"stible,

) $oist"re3resistant $aterials

) reinforced as necessary to 0ithstand the

$echanical, electro$agnetic and ther$al stresses

) Enclos"res are to be of the closed type4) The degree of the protection

) 6ll 0earing parts are to be accessible for

inspection and be readily rene0able4


20/96


Bus Bars) Copper

) si5ed and arranged, te$perat"re rise 0ill not affect the

operation of co$ponent

) $a#i$"$ a$bient te$perat"re is to be in accordance 0ithspec

) bracing of b"s bars4

0ithstand ther$al effects and $agnetic forces res"lting fro$ the

$a#i$"$ prospecti-e short3circ"it c"rrent4

) S"itable bolted b"s bar connections to a-oid deterioration

of electrical cond"cti-ity

) pre-ent loosening of n"ts


21/96


Circuit Breakers) Co$pliance 0ith a standard4

) Designed, constr"cted and tested to IEC &"blication 789:;3<

or other recogni5ed standard4

) S"fficient brea'ing and $a'ing capacities,

) Mo"nting or 6rrange$ent

the brea'ers $ay be re$o-ed fro$ the front of the s0itchboard 0itho"t

de3energi5ing the b"s bars to 0hich the brea'ers connect4

Use of dra03o"t or pl"g3in type circ"it brea'ers

6lternati-ely, an isolation s0itch $ay be fitted "pstrea$ .line or s"pplyside of the brea'er4

6rrange$ents 0here portions $ay be isolated to allo0 circ"it brea'er

re$o-al acceptable not interr"pt ser-ices for prop"lsion and safety

of the -essel4


22/96


Fuses) Designed, constr"cted and tested in

accordance 0ith IEC &"blication 78


23/96


!nternal $iring) Standard internal instr"$entation and control

0iring 0ith fla$e3retarding ins"lation4

) Internal instr"$entation and control 0iring isto be protected by f"se or circ"it brea'er

E#ception=

*enerator -oltage reg"lator circ"its> *enerator circ"it brea'er tripping control circ"its>

and

Secondary circ"it of c"rrent transfor$er4


24/96


Bus Bars %or Main and #ergency Switchboards

) Designed to $eet the $a#i$"$ generator rating based on

a$bient te$perat"re of :?@C .A AB@F4

) si5ed to the co$bined rated generator c"rrent that can flo0thro"gh4

) Distrib"tion b"s bars and b"s3bar connections are to be

designed for at least ;? of the co$bined f"ll3load rated

c"rrents, or the co$bined c"rrent of the generators that cans"pply to that part of the b"s, 0hiche-er is less4

) hen a distrib"tion b"s bar s"pplies to one "nit or one gro"p

of "nits in si$"ltaneo"s operation, it is to be designed for f"ll

load4


25/96

Bus Bars %or Main and #ergency Switchboards

S"bdi-ision of !"s !ars

) for prop"lsion, the $ain b"s bars are to be s"bdi-ided into

at least t0o parts

) nor$ally to be connected by circ"it brea'ers or other

appro-ed $eans4

) 6s far as practicable, the connection of generating sets and

any other d"plicated e1"ip$ent is to be e1"ally di-ided

bet0een the parts4



26/96


27/96


Schematic Diagrams

• type and size of cable• trip setting

• rating of circuit (protective device)• rated capacity (connected load).

Schematic of Electrical System to be checed• !eneral lighting" normal and emergency• #avigation lights• $nterior communications• !eneral emergency alarm• $ntrinsically safe systems• Emergency generator starting• Steering gear system• %ire detection and alarm system


28/96


Other &esting 'elated #ecessary ata

ower *anagement System

e+uipment fitted

preferential trips"

schedule of se+uential start of motors etc.

,oltage rop re+uirements

longest running of cable each size.

*ain engine

Oil *ist detection-monitoring

alarm arrangements

larms and Safeguards / emergency iesel Engines


29/96


Other &esting 'elated #ecessary ata

) Short circ"it analysis

Ma#i$"$ calc"lated short circ"it c"rrents

) $ain and e$ergency s0itchboards

) do0n strea$ distrib"tion boards4

%ated brea'ing and $a'ing capacities 3 protecti-e de-ices4

) &rotecti-e de-ice coordination st"dy

St"dy

ta'en in series,

load e1"ip$ent to the so"rce

-ario"s conditions of short circ"it4

) ar$onics st"dy .electrical po0er distrib"tion syste$

) E1"ip$ent

S0itchboards, MCCS, generators, transfor$ers,


30/96


) Installation &lansStandard iring &ractice

a5ardo"s 6rea &lan and E1"ip$ent DataSpecial "ll &enetrations

6rrange$ents of Electrical E1"ip$ent

) E1"ip$ent &lansCo-er Electrical rotating $achines, S0itchboards

and controllers4


31/96


) Electrical e1"ip$ent is to be designed,

constr"cted and tested to a national,

international or other Grecogni5edstandardH4


32/96


) Differentiate bet0een &ri$ary Essential, SecondaryEssential and E$ergency Ser-ices4

) Differentiate bet0een high and lo0 -oltage syste$s4

) Ens"ring proper installation and 0or'$anship4

) Installing Co$ponents of Main Electrical &o0er*eneration and Ser-ices4

) Installing Co$ponents of E$ergency &o0er So"rces andSer-ices4

)&rotection and Contin"ity of s"pply in e-ent of fa"lt oro-erload4

) Installing Electrical E1"ip$ent in a5ardo"s areas4

) Speciali5ed Syste$s

) Shipboard Testing


33/96


) Priary #ssential Ser&ices &ro-ide contin"o"s operation 3 prop"lsion steering disconnected 3 disr"ption to prop"lsion and $ane"-ering4

) Secondary #ssential Ser&ices &ro-ide non3contin"o"s operation 3 prop"lsion steering

$ini$"$ le-el of safety 3 na-igation syste$s .I4e safety

for dangero"s cargoes4

disconnected 3 disr"ption to syste$s re1"ired for safety and

na-igation4

) #ergency Ser&ices

essential for safety in an e$ergency sit"ation


34/96


) Low Voltage 8 to A'V 6C

8 to A4


35/96


$orkanshi() Cable Si)ing) !nstallation including cable su((ort trays and

organi)ation o% cables

) Cable (enetrations through water tight bulkheadsre*uire a((ro&ed %ittings

) Segregation o% Power + Counication Circuits


36/96


) Cable Si)ing

Standards of Co$pliance M"st be=

Stranded copper cond"ctors 0ith ther$oplastic,

elasto$eric or other ins"lation, $oist"re

resistant ac'ets and ar$ored/sheathed inaccording 0ith recogni5ed standard4 K

A 3 Fle#ible copper < 3 elasto$eric co$po"nd

B 3 ther$oplastic co$po"nd


37/96



38/96


Shi(board #lectrical Cables, -eneral

) Continuity Install in contin"o"s lengths

Li$it installation of cable bo#es and splicing repair/ connecting$od"le

) Restricted Locations= 6-oid =e#cessi-e heat, fla$$able gases, e#pos"re to $echanical

da$age4 If can not be a-oided, special $eas"res for effecti-e protection4

)Rated o(erating te( 6t least A8oC higher than $a# a$bient te$p of the location Segregate igh -oltage and Lo0 -oltage4

+on3Shielded signal are not to be b"nched 0ith po0er andlighting cables


39/96


Shi(board #lectrical Cables, -eneral) If coatings are applied to electric cables

$echanical and fire perfor$ance properties sho"ldnot be affected4

) Cable syste$s are to be protected 0hen painting

begins4) Voltage drop at any point in the syste$ is not to

e#ceed 7 of no$inal -oltage4 For battery syste$less than ?8 V increase to A84

) Single cond"ctor cables= 0hen necessary to "seand circuits greater than .0" are s"bect tospecial installation re1s4


40/96


Shi(board #lectrical Cables, -eneral

) Cables installed in trays are not to e/ceed

double banking

) S"fficient air space for heat dissipation4 &o0er cables in sa$e b"nch intended for si$"ltaneo"s

operation = $a# 7 b"nches

If J 7 cables= apply red"ction po0er factor .i4e 84?

po0er factor for ; A< b"nches4 More than this are to

be specially considered4


41/96


Shi(board #lectrical Cables, Su((ort

) 6-oid Chaffing and Stress) Trays to be rob"st and corrosion resistant

) Spacing inter-al .not to e#ceed :88 $$ .A7 in4N ) Clips Saddles Straps s"rface area 0ide eno"gh

shaped Clips sho"ld be $etallic protected4 +on $etallic clips allo0ed pro-ided fla$e retardant ia0 IEC &"b4

7889


42/96

) &lastic Cable Trays and &rotecti-eCasings $"st be fla$e retardant

s"pple$ented by $etallic fi#t"res andstraps for added protection in case offire4 Trays are to be loaded ia0 $an"fact"rers SL *enerally not spaced greater than < $eters4

Cables installed in protecti-e casings less thanhalf of the internal cross sectional area of thecasing4 Casings to be fit 0ith Drainage$echanis$s4



43/96


Shi(board #lectrical Cables, Su((ort

) Should adhere to anu%acturers

recoendations or cable construction

standard !1e bending radius

re*uireent2


44/96


Shi(board #lectrical Cables, Bulkhead

+ 3eck PenetrationsPenetrations ust be ade with a((ro&ed stu%%ing tubes4transit de&ices or (our able aterials which will aintainthe %ire%ighting and watertight integrity o% the Penetrationwithout daaging cables1

Structural !nsulation) Cables not to be installed behind or ibedded in !nsulation) Must (ass through at Right "ngles iniu transit reduces heat

buildu(2

5on,$atertight Penetrations) Must ha&e a bearing sur%ace o% at least 61 1.7 in2 "ll burrs and shar(

edges to be reo&ed1 Protecti&e groets should be %itted1

Collision Bulkhead) 5o Cable is to Penetrate the collision bulkhead

Re%rigerated S(aces) Cables to be installed in Phenolic (i(es or siilar heat insulating aterial1


45/96

%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$Shi(board #lectrical Cables , Mechanical

Protection

) Cables e/(osed to risk o% echanical daage during

noral o(eration are to be o% arored ty(e4

) Cables should be %itted with (rotecti&e co&er wheree/(osed to contact (rone to cha%%ing and abrasion1

) #arthed and #lectrically continuous Metal Shields or

e*ui&alents o% su%%icient strength are to be (ro&ided inareas such as cargo hatches4 decks sub8ect to seas etc to(ro&ide additional (rotection1

6r$ored Cable


46/96

"rored cable= !ron5e, tinned copper or al"$in"$ braid, so$eti$es bet0een the inner

ac'et and the o"ter sheath4

(((

6r$ored Cable

rotection against mechanical and physical damage

Armored Cable Required in Zone 1

(((rotection against any failure in the cable

6r$ored Cable


47/96

6r$ored Cable

Armored and

Sheathed Cable

Armored Cable

raa 0ables 1. 2OS&'$! series.&hree 0onductor ower.

rmor

Sheath

6r$ored Cable


48/96

%e1"ire$ent= 6r$ored cable is to be gro"nded at each end4

6r$ored Cable

6r$ored Cable


49/96

6r$ored Cable

3hat happens if the armor is damaged4

rmored 0able


50/96

rmored 0able

$f armor on the cable is damaged" no need to be

replaced if it installed in #O# 56'O7S 'E

with condition as follow:

the remaining armor has been grounded O'the armor is made electrically continuous.

$f installed in hazardous areas" the damaged armor is

to be replaced.

i l i l S


51/96


Shi(board #lectrical Cables, #ergency

+ #ssential Ser&ices

) Cables + $iring %or these systes should be routed clear o% e/ternal Boundaries o%

Category " achinery s(aces and other high %ire risk areas other than those

ser&ed2 Cable running should consider cables being rendered unser&iceable1

) Cables and #*ui(ent are to be arranged so that a %ire in any o% these areasdoesn9t a%%ect the o(eration o% the ser&ice in any other area1 Can be achie&ed by Fire Resistant Cables 3ual Routing Sel% Monitoring Systes

% i El i l S


52/96


Shi(board #lectrical Cables, S(ecial

Considerations

) Mineral !nsulated Cables) Fiber :(tic Cables

) Cable S(lices

% i El t i l S t


53/96


Shi(board #lectrical Cables, S(ecial

Considerations

) !nstallation o% ;unction Bo/es< arine a((lications a((ro&ed not %or Pro(ulsion Cables where (eritted4 ensure that<

) suitable %or installation location) "ccessible) Low Voltage systes are to be segregated or (ro&ided with (hysical

barriers) Segregate #ergency and 5on,#ergency Circuits) "rored Cables are to ha&e "roring ade electrically continuous) Connecting Cables are to be well,su((orted and %astened


54/96

Shi(board #lectrical Cables, S(ecialConsiderations

) Cable Terinations<

Stri((ed cables are to be sealed Cable conductors %or terinal connection to be %itted with

ade*uately si)ed cri( lugs1 Soldered lugs (eritted with

liitation2 Secured to Terinal bo/ or other sturdy structure Moisture resistant 8acket is to e/tend through the outerost

cable cla( o% the terinal bo/1


% i El t i l S t


55/96

%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$Shi(board #lectrical Cables, #arthing Re*uireents

#*ui(ent #arthing) E1"ip$ent=

protect against electric shoc' non li-e e#posed $etal parts if fa"lt beco$e li-e E#ception

) Voltage less than ?8 V.dc or ac) Voltage not e#ceeding


56/96


Shi(board #lectrical Cables, #arthing Re*uireents

#*ui(ent #arthing) Earthing Methods

Metal fra$es or enclos"re earthed thro"gh $etallic contact0ith the -esselQs str"ct"re .pro-ided installation $ethod andarrange$ent ass"re positi-e earthing4

Other0ise= they are to be connected by separate cond"ctoras follo0s=

) copper cond"ctor or other corrosion resistant $aterial) Specific +o$inal Cross Section area) Connection of earthing cond"ctor in a protected accessible location

and sec"red by si5ed scre0 of corrosion resistant $aterial4

) For cri$ped connector $"st be -ery sec"re .not to be loose4

#*ui(ent grounding


57/96

) -rounding ethods<

Thro"gh gro"nding

cond"ctor4

Thro"gh foolproof

$etallic contact 0ith the

h"ll4

) To pro-ide ade1"ate c"rrent

carrying capability to accept

the per$itted gro"nd3fa"lts

c"rrents without creating a

%ire=e/(losion ha)ard

) !ns(ection of E1"ip$ent

*ro"nding sho"ld be

perfor$ed periodically, for

si5ing so"ndness

#*ui(ent grounding



58/96

%e-ie0 Electrical Syste$Shi(board #lectrical Cables, #arthing Re*uireents

) Systes #arthing u( to > k&2 ? #arthed "C 3istributionSyste *eneral Earthing 6rrange$ent

) For earthed distrib"tion syste$s, the ne"tral of each po0er so"rce is to be connected in parallel and earthed at a single point .if applicable4

Syste$s Earthing Cond"ctor) Separate earthing cond"ctors for earthing of non3c"rrent carrying parts of electrical

e1"ip$ent4

:3ire B &hase 6C Syste$s = no protecti-e de-ices fitted in the ne"tral cond"ctors4 M"ltipole s0itches or circ"it brea'ers 0hich si$"ltaneo"sly open all cond"ctors are

allo0ed4 M"ltiple generator installations 3 each generatorQs ne"tral connection to earth

pro-ided 0ith a disconnecting lin'4



59/96


Shi(board #lectrical Cables, #arthing Re*uireents

Systes #arthing e/ceeding > k& but less than >7k&2#arthed "C 3istribution Syste

#arthed 5eutral Systes,

) ! earth @ ! o% the largest generator on switchboard) ! earth A / ! %ault iniu %or o(eration o% any de&ice

#lectrical e*ui(ent in directly earthed neutral orother neutral earthed systes

) withstand current due single (hase %ault

) tri( the (rotection de&ice1

Pro&ide disconnection link %or #ach -enerator5eutral

#*ui(ent grounding


60/96

&roper gro"nding = -essel

properly 0ired to A


61/96


62/96

!atteries


63/96

SM6LL= battery charger belo0 84


64/96

L6%*E= battery charger abo-e


65/96

)Special case=

Low hydrogen eission batteries are "sed to red"ce

the rated ha5ardo"s area4

!atteries

warning notice is to be furnished at the room"

indicating that the batteries are to be only

replaced by other batteries with the same

hydrogen emission rate.

!atteries


66/96

Criteria %or Low hydrogen eission batteries<

) +F&6 B


67/96

S'ecial attention to %(S )%ninterru'ted

(ower S*stem+ installed in Air ConditionedControl Room.

•7S need to be certified for use in a controlroom.

•5ydrogen emission can add to be considered

5azardous rea.


68/96

Fire 3etection and "lar Systes

) Mainly on the prop"lsion $achinery space

) Co$bined 0ith other fire detection and alar$syste$s re1"ired onboard the -essel4

) The fire control panel is to be located on thena-igation bridge or in the fire fighting station4

) If located in the fire fighting station, a repeater

panel is to be fitted on the na-igation bridge4) &rop"lsion $achinery space fire is to be alar$ed

in the centrali5ed control station4


69/96

Fire "lar Call Points

) Man"ally operated fire alar$ call points are

to be pro-ided at the follo0ing locations= Centrali5ed control station

&assage0ays leading to the prop"lsion

$achinery spaces +a-igation bridge

Fire 3etection and "lar Systes

Fire Detection


70/96

7nmanned *achinery Space

Service Spaces

ccommodation Spaces

(Sleeping +uarters)

Smoe

etectors

"R& detectors in a *O74

%lame detectors

are to be used inaddition of other

fire detectors.

%lame detectors even

though are fast detectors"

they may give false alarms.

'ational

*as Detection


71/96

-AS detectors in a *O74

0ellar ec

rill %loor

*ud it rea

Shale Shaer reaOther enclosed spaces containing open

components of the mud circulation system

!as indication panels areto be located at the drill #loor

> emerc* control stations

/ udible > visual alarm/ ;ocation > concentration

of gas (/0 > 23 of ;E;)

%ire etection 0ase Study


72/96

)Only s$o'e detectors installed in MachinerySpaces4

)


73/96

e e ec o C se S "dy

a5ardo"s 6reas


74/96

a5ardo"s 6reas

#lectrical #*ui(ent in 'a)ardous "reas) a5ardo"s areas =

Spaces .0here

fla$$able or e#plosi-e gases, -apors or d"st

.are nor$ally present, or li'ely to be present4

) Classified based

li'elihood of presence

concentration and type of fla$$able at$osphere,

as 0ell as in ter$s of the e#tent of the space4


75/96

) Electrical e1"ip$ent is +OT to be installed

in ha5ardo"s areas

Unless =

For safety or for operational p"rposes4

Installation of electrical e1"ip$ent is necessary,.$"st be s"itable for the ha5ardo"s area

classification

a5ardo"s 6reas

a5ardo"s 6reas


76/96

Different Standards=

)International Electrotechnical Co$$ission .IEC Series

;9= Zone 0, 1, 2

) +ational Electric Code .+EC 6rt ?88=

Class I Div1, Div 2

a5ardo"s 6reas


77/96

) one 0


78/96

) Class ! 3i& >


79/96

'""R3:DS "R#"S in a MODU(

rill %loor

Shale Shaer" egasser" esander" esilter

*ud &ans or *ud its

E+uipment nameplate shows

suitability for use in hazardous area.

a5ardo"s 6reas


80/96

) hat to loo' for in a na$eplate 0hen e1"ip$ent

installed in ha5ardo"s area(

3The Testing LabQs na$e= CS6, UL or others

3The Certificate +o4

3The a5ardo"s 6rea Mar'ing

a5ardo"s 6reas


81/96

4

Cert o.!esting Labs ame

$a4ardous

Area

Mar5ing

a5ardo"s 6reas


82/96

$a4ardous Area

Mar5ing!esting Labs ame Cert o.

a5ardo"s 6reas


83/96

6hats wrong with this name'late7

a5ardo"s 6reas


84/96

+a$eplate IEC

4

a5ardo"s 6reas


85/96

$a4ardous Area

Mar5ing

!esting Labs ame

Cert o.

a5ardo"s 6reas


86/96

o0e-er=

one < e1"ip$ent Class I Di- <one A e1"ip$ent

one 8 e1"ip$ent Class I Di- A

&here is #O e+uivalency between

6one and ivision???


87/96

) The general r"le for installing electrical e1"ip$ent

in fla$$able at$osphere is

3: 5:T<) !oth +F&6 ;8 and IEC 788;93A: State that by

caref"l design it is possible to locate $ost

electrical e1"ip$ent a0ay fro$ fla$$ableat$ospheres

a5ardo"s 6reas


88/96

a5ardo"s 6reas

a5ardo"s 6reas


89/96

If an enclos"re or roo$ installed in ha5ardo"sareas, b"t e1"ip$ent not been certified4

urged System.

'ositi8e 'ressure in relation to the surroundedatmosphere. (# @AB or $E0 CA/9).e.g: drillersconsole.

Solutio

n

a5ardo"s 6reas


90/96

Typical e1"ip$ent in one A4

) E#plosion proof= the enclos"re 0ithstands ande#plosion inside and pre-ents propagation4

) Intrinsically safe GiaH GibH= an intrinsically safe

barrier is installed in a safe area to a-oid spar's by

li$iting the energy to the circ"it in the ha5ardo"sarea4

a5ardo"s 6reas


91/96

Special Considerations4

) Electrical e1"ip$ent in e#terior locations and operableafter total sh"tdo0n need CE%TIFIC6TIO+ .one


92/96

Special Considerations

) !%USLESS $otors .and other si$ilar e1"ip$ent can

be installed in Class I Di-< .+EC ?8A4! 0ith no

ha5ardo"s area certification, i4e4 s1"irrel cage $otors4

Rational:

br"shes and s0itches prod"ce arc3spar's andconse1"ently, they can be a so"rce of ignition4

Requirement: #ameplate is to show the ma= surface &

(D0) for the space heater. &he e=posed surface of the

space heater is not to be above 8 F of the ignition &

(D0) of the gas involved

a5ardo"s 6reas


93/96

The follo0ing spaces are, in general, to be

regarded as ha5ardo"s areas=

) Tan's containing fla$$able li1"ids ha-ing a

flash point of 78C .A:8F or belo04

) olds containing solid b"l' cargoes liable to

release fla$$able gases or d"st4

) olds or enclosed cargo spaces containing

cargoes that are li'ely to e$it fla$$able gases

or -apors, e4g4, dangero"s goods, -ehicles 0ith

f"el in their tan's, etc4


94/96

) Ventilation in a5ardo"s 6reasVentilation inlets and o"tlets 3 Ventilation inlets be located in nonha)ardous

areas1 and co(letely se(arate %ro that %or nonha)ardous areas1

More critical less press"re flo0 fro$ less to $ore

+"$ber of air changes re1"ired for enclosed $"d pits 3 #&ery two inutes1

) D"cts passing tho"gh ha5ardo"s 5ones 3 Dnder (ressure in to less ha)ardousareas and at o&er(ressure to ore ha)ardous areas

are to be rigidly constructed to a&oid air leaks1

) Ventilation of non ar5ardo"s 5ones 3 to be located in nonha)ardous areaand o&er(ressure in relation to the ha)ardous area1

) Self closing doors are re*uired between nonha)ardous and ha)ardous)ones

a5ardo"s 6reas


95/96

) Case St"dy I

) Case St"dy II

a5ardo"s 6reas


96/96

"estions

verification, testing and inspection design

Documents