VERBS

VERBS

What is verbs?The part of speech (or word class) that describes an action or occurrence or indicates a state of being.

It tells what the subject does

coughedswallowedawakeranridesangThese are Action Verbs:clap

The lighthouse shines brightly. What? shines

lighthouseWhat does the lighthouse do? The verb is shines, its what the lighthouse does.

Lets Practice:

Time flies when youre having fun. What? flies

timeWhat does time do? Lets Practice:The verb is flies, its what time is doing.

There are two main classes of verbs: the large open class of lexical verbs (also known as main verbs or full verbs--that is, verbs that aren't dependent on other verbs);

(2) the small closed class of auxiliary verbs (also called helping verbs). The two subtypes of auxiliaries are the primary auxiliaries (be, have, and do), which can also act as lexical verbs, and the modal auxiliaries (can, could, may, might, must, ought, shall, should, will, and would)

Can you find the action verb in each sentence?The girls danced in the recital.Our mailman drove a funny car last week.His teacher wrote the answers on the board.Alice worked on her homework last night.

COMMON IRREGULAR VERBS blow

PresentPastPast Participleblowblewblown

break

Can you list these verb forms?

PresentPastPast Participle???

break

PresentPastPast Participlebreakbrokebroken

17Lets use the inner-eye.

The Present

Thinking about the future.

The FutureThinking about the past.

The Past

We talk a lot in these lessons about V1, V2, and V3. What in theworld are V1, V2, and V3?

Does this look familiar?eatate eatenfallfell fallenflyflew flown

This is the table of irregular verbs that we know and love!V1 is the first column (eat, ,( V2 is the second column (ate, past simple form),V3 is the third column (eaten, calledoh well, V3)

Lots of people forget that a verb that ends in d or ed doesnt have to be a verb in the simple past.Maybe its a regular verb in V3 DISGUISED as a simple past verb.For example:lovelovedlovedhatehatedhatedworryworriedworried

5 Verb Formulas

be + ing (progressive)--He was crying.be + V3 (passive)--He was beaten. Four men were killed.have + V3 (perfect)--I have already eaten.do + V1 (simple)-- Do you love me? I dont hate you.modal + V1 (modal)--I can wait.

Rachel Bar Yosef, 1997

Rachel Bar Yosef, 1997

ADJECTIVESModifies NounsModifies Pronouns

25

DEFINITION OF AN ADJECTIVE:It tells what kind of person, place, or thing. A noun or a pronoun is.It may also point out which one or how many.

26

AN ADVERB:Modifies an active verb or a verb phrase by expressing manner, place, time, degree, or number.

28

TYPES OF ADVERBS:SimpleInterrogative Negative

29

EXAMPLES:SIMPLE:She moved quietly. (Manner and tell how)I waited there for an hour. (Place and tell where)You may leave soon. (Time, tells when)I called you once. (Number, tells how many)He sat very still. (Degree, tells how much)

30

Interrogative Adverb

Introduces a sentence that asks a questionwhere, when, why and how

31

EXAMPLES:Interrogative:When will you return?How is the trunk being sent?

32

Negative AdverbDenies or contradicts a statement no, not , never, only, scarcely and hardly

Note: two negative adverbs should not be used together.

33

EXAMPLES:Negative - I can scarcely believe my eyes. ( correct)- I havent no more sea shells. (incorrect)

34

Familiar Adverbsto Knowalmostfinallyseldomunusuallycertainly hardly quite so usually just rather very rather fairly nearly too scarcely well

35

WHAT ARE NOUNS?Nouns are naming words.They name people, places and objects.They can also name ideas, emotions, qualities and activities.Here are some examples of nouns:Peter, Elizabeth, driver, sister, friend.Bristol, Severn, Brazil, pen, dog, money.Love, beauty, industry, nature, greed, pain.

38

Types of nounAll nouns can be divided into common and proper nouns.Common nouns can then be divided into countable and uncountable nouns.Both countable and uncountable nouns can then be further divided into concrete and abstract nouns.Well look at each type in turn.

39

First, look again at those types and how they relate.nounspropercommoncountableuncountableabstractconcreteabstractconcrete

40

Proper nounsProper nouns start with capital letters.They are the names of people, places, times, organisations etc.They refer to unique individuals.Most are not found in the dictionary.They often occur in pairs or groups.Here are some examples.

41

Tony BlairKing HenryBridget JonesChristmasChinaThamesKeynshamSonyCoca ColaMacbethPresident BushThe Jam

Coronation StreetSaturnCarlyJohnPortugalThe Ford Motor CompanyOxfam

42

Common nounsAll nouns which are not proper nouns are common nouns.A few examples: cup, art, paper, work, frog, bicycle, atom, family, mind.Common nouns are either countable or uncountable.

43

Countable nounsUse these tests for countable nouns:Countable (or just count) nouns can be made plural: a tree two trees; a man men; a pony ponies.In the singular, they may have the determiner a or an: a sausage; an asterisk.We ask: How many words/pages/chairs?We say: A few minutes/friends/chips?

44

Uncountable nounsUse these tests for uncountable nouns:Uncountable (or non-count) nouns cannot be made plural. We cannot say: two funs, three advicesWe never use a or an with them.We ask: How much money/time/milk? (Not How many?)We say: A little help/effort. (Not A few.)

45

Dual category nounsSome nouns may be countable or uncountable, depending on how we use them.We buy a box of chocolates (countable) or chocolate (uncountable).We ask: How much time? but How many times? (where times = occasions).We sit in front of a television (set) to watch television (broadcasting).

46

Remember that both countable and uncountable nouns can be divided into concrete and abstract nouns.

The distinction between concrete and abstract nouns is the most important one of all when you are analysing linguistic data. A lot of abstract nouns in a text will have a big impact on its register.

The Plain English Campaign has an excellent website which will tell you more about the stylistic impact of abstract nouns.

47

Concrete nounsConcrete nouns are the words that most people think of as nouns.They are mostly the names of objects and animals (countable) and substances or materials (uncountable).Cake, oxygen, iron, boy, dog, pen, glass, pomegranate, earthworm and door are all concrete nouns.

48

Abstract nounsAbstract nouns name ideas, feelings and qualities.Most, though not all, are uncountable.Many are derived from adjectives and verbs and have characteristic endings such as ity, -ness, -ence, and -tion.They are harder to recognise as nouns than the concrete variety.

49

Abstract noun or adjectiveYou wont confuse abstract nouns with adjectives, as long as you apply a few tests.Happy is an adjective. It behaves like one: very happy; so happy; happier; as happy asHappiness behaves like a noun: The happiness I feel; her happiness; great happiness.

50

A few more examplesVerb or adjectiveAbstract nounWe were different from each other.The difference between us.My work is precise.I work with precision.The air is pure.The purity of the air.I composed this tune.This tune is my composition.It is so beautiful.It has such beauty.You support me.The support you give me.

51

The morphology of nounsNouns change their form for only two grammatical reasons:Countable nouns have a plural form. This is usually formed by adding s, of course, but there are some irregular forms. The possessive form of a noun is created by adding s (Henrys cat) or just an apostrophe (all our students results).

52

Irregular pluralsSome nouns retain plural endings from Old English:Men, geese, mice, oxen, feet, teeth, knives.Loan words from Latin, Greek, French and Italian sometimes keep their native ending:Media, bacteria, formulae, larvae, criteria, phenomena, gateaux.Graffiti, an Italian plural, is now an uncountable noun in English.

53

Noun phrasesWhen we see a noun as performing a role in a sentence, we think of it as a noun phrase.A noun phrase may function as the subject or object of a clause.A noun phrase may consist of a single word (a noun or pronoun) or a group of words.The most important noun in a noun phrase is called the headword.

54

Examples of noun phrases (headword in brackets)(She) always bought the same (newspaper).A young (man) in a suit was admiring the (view) from the window.Concentrated sulphuric (acid) must be handled carefully.My old maths (teacher) was Austrian.

55

The syntax of noun phrasesThe headword of a noun phrase may be pre-modified by determiners, adjectives or other nouns.For example, a large, dinner (plate).It may be post-modified by a prepositional phrase.This is simply a noun phrase with a preposition at the beginning.For example, a (painting) by Rembrandt.Can you spot the modifiers in the last slide? (Left arrow key takes you back)

56

Clauses modifying nounsWe can use a clause (a group of words containing a verb) to post-modify a noun.A clause which post-modifies a noun is called a relative clause or adjectival clause.Here are some examples: This is the (house) that Jack built.(People) who live in glass houses should not throw stones.

57

Sheet: 1st Qtr2nd Qtr3rd Qtr4th QtrEastWestNorthBEHAVEDOMODALS

is, am, are,

was, werehas, have

haddo, does,

didshall, will, should, would, may, might, must, can, could

1) be + ing(progressive)have + V3(perfect)do + V1(simple)modal + V1

The bus is coming.

We were waiting. She has finished.

We have eaten.Do you love me?

I didnt hear you.You should try.

I may visit my aunt.

2) be + V3(passive)

A lot of money is spent.

People were hurt.