TSDC T File

Definitions

And/orAnd/or means either or both connected items Random House 14

Dictionary.com is the world's leading digital dictionary. We provide millions of English definitions, spellings, audio pronunciations, example sentences, and word origins. Dictionary.com’s main, proprietary source is the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, which is continually updated by our team of experienced lexicographers and supplemented with trusted, established sources including American Heritage and Harper Collins to support a range of language needs. Dictionary.com Unabridged Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2014.

http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/andor Acc. Jun 12 TH

and/or [and-awr] Show IPA conjunction (used to imply that either or both of the things mentioned may be affected or involved): insurance covering fire and/or wind damage.

USFG/Federal Government“Federal” means the political unit created by the states, not the states themselves:OED 89 The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is widely regarded as the accepted authority on the English language. It is an unsurpassed guide to the meaning, history, and pronunciation of 600,000 words— past and present—from across the English-speaking world (Oxford English Dictionary, 2ed. XIX, p. 795)

b. Of or pertaining to the political unity so constituted, as distinguished from the separate states composing it.

“Federal” refers to a government in which states form a central government:AHD No Date

https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=Federal&submit.x=76&submit.y=23 TH

federal—1. Of, relating to, or being a form of government in which a union of states recognizes the sovereignty of a central authority while retaining certain residual powers of government.

In order to be constitutional, “United States Federal Government” action requires all 3 branches The US Government’s Official Web Portal, May 11th, 2015, http://www.usa.gov/Agencies/federal.shtml

The Constitution of the United States divides the federal government into three branches to ensure a central government in which no individual or group gains too much control: Legislative – Makes laws (Congress) Executive – Carries out laws (President, Vice President, Cabinet) Judicial – Evaluates laws (Supreme Court and Other Courts) Each branch of government can change acts of the other branches as follows: The president can veto laws passed by Congress. Congress confirms or rejects the president's appointments and can remove the president from office in exceptional circumstances. The justices of the Supreme Court, who can overturn

unconstitutional laws, are appointed by the president and confirmed by the Senate. The U.S. federal government seeks to act in the best interests of its citizens through this system of checks and balances.

“United States Federal Government” Refers to the 3 branches of the government of the United States of America Oxford English dictionaries 2015

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is widely regarded as the accepted authority on the English language. It is an unsurpassed guide to the meaning, history, and pronunciation of 600,000 words— past and present—from across the English-speaking world. http://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/us/definition/english/federal-government Acc June 12 TH

(in the US) the system of government as defined in the Constitution which is based on the separation of powers among three branches: the executive, the legislative and the judicial.

National gov’t, not the statesBlack’s Law 99 (Dictionary, Seventh Edition, p.703)

A national government that exercises some degree of control over smaller political units that have surrendered some degree of power in exchange for the right to participate in national political matters

USFG = the peopleHoward 5 (Adam, “Jeffersonian Democracy: Of the People, By the People, For the People,” http://www.byzantinecommunications.com/adamhoward/homework/highschool/jeffersonian.html, 5/27)

Ideally, then, under Jeffersonian Democracy, the government is the people, and people is the government . Therefore, if a particular government ceases to work for the good of the people, the people may and ought to change that government or replace it. Governments are established to protect the people's rights using the power they get from the people.

FundingFunding is to finance a program internallyBusiness Dictionary No Date

Web Financing Inc, Read more: http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/funding.html June 12 TH

Providing financial resources to finance a need, program, or project. In general, this term is used when a firm fills the need for cash from its own internal reserves, and the term 'financing' is used when the need is filled from external or borrowed money.

Funding is monetary in natureCambridge Dictionary No date

Cambridge University Press has been publishing dictionaries for learners of English since 1995. Cambridge Dictionaries Online began offering these dictionaries completely free of charge in 1999 — and today, Cambridge Dictionary is still growing. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/funding TH

noun [ U ] US /ˈfʌn·dɪŋ/ money made available for a particular purpose:

Government funding is financial assistance to no government entitiesUS Legal Definitions No date

USLegal is the legal destination site for consumers, small business, attorneys, corporations, and anyone interested in the law, or in need of legal information, products or services. https://definitions.uslegal.com/g/government-funding TH

Government funding refers to financial assistance received by non government entities in the form of federal, state, or local government grants, loans, loan guarantees, property, cooperative agreements, food commodities, direct

appropriations, or other assistance. However, government funding does not include tax credits, deductions, or exemptions.

IncreaseIncrease is to make greater in numberRandom House 16

Dictionary.com is the world's leading digital dictionary. We provide millions of English definitions, spellings, audio pronunciations, example sentences, and word origins. Dictionary.com’s main, proprietary source is the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, which is continually updated by our team of experienced lexicographers and supplemented with trusted, established sources including American Heritage and Harper Collins to support a range of language needs..

http://www.dictionary.com/browse/increase Acc. Jun 12 TH

verb (used with object), increased, increasing. 1. to make greater, as in number, size, strength, or quality; augment; add to:

ItsIts means belonging toOxford English Dictionary, 2013

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is widely regarded as the accepted authority on the English language. It is an unsurpassed guide to the meaning, history, and pronunciation of 600,000 words— past and present—from across the English-speaking world. http://www.oed.com/view/Entry/100354?redirectedFrom=its#eid Acc June 12, TH

its, adj. and pron. Pronunciation: /ɪts/ A. adj. As genitive of the pronoun, now possessive adjective. Of or belonging to it, or that thing (Latin ejus); also refl., Of or belonging to itself, its own (Latin suus).The reflexive is often more fully its own, for which in

earlier times the own, it own, were used: see own adj. and pron. B. pron. As possessive pronoun. [Compare his pron.2] The absolute form of prec., used when no n. follows: Its one, its ones. rare.

Interp – Increase requires making an already existing category greater Hart ’16 (J., Judge, Third Appellate District – CA Court of Appeals, B. F. GWYNN, Petitioner, v. C. D. McKINLEY, as Auditor, etc., Respondent, 30 Cal. App. 381; 158 P. 1059; 1916 Cal. App. LEXIS 29, L/N)

The constitutional provision in question is founded in good sense and justice, but it cannot justly be so construed as to prevent the legislature from supplying a manifest ellipsis in the law--to correct an obvious inadvertence whose result, if permitted to remain uncorrected, must be to hamper in no inconsiderable degree the proper administration of public affairs under a system established by the people themselves through their constitution. HN6Go to this Headnote in the case.There is nothing in the constitution implying that persons performing public services shall not be compensated and adequately compensated therefor. On the contrary, that instrument contemplates that all public servants shall be justly compensated for their public services. The very provision in question so implies, as reasonably may it even be said of the provision which forbids the payment of judicial officers for their services as such in the form of fees required by the law to be paid to them for certain official acts. The constitution has, save in an exceptional [***16] instance or two, committed to the legislature the duty of making provision for such compensation, and where [**1063] that body fails wholly to do its duty in that regard, it must be assumed that the omission has been due entirely to an

oversight or inadvertence. To hold it to be true, then, that in such a case an act whose purpose is merely to correct the

inadvertence and so provide for compensation--provide for something which theretofore had not existed--amounts to an "increase" of compensation within the import of the constitutional provision in question, would be to give to that provision a most unreasonable construction or a construction from which most unjust consequences would follow, where the legislature had failed to do its duty in that regard. But the provision referred to cannot in

reason be given such a construction. Indeed, such a construction would amount to a palpable solecism in logic. It would give to the word "increase" a signification opposed to what it naturally implies, for the act of "increasing" anything necessarily presupposes the existence in some measure, or to some extent, of something which may be enlarged. In other words, to effect an increase is to [***17] add something to or enlarge something already in existence; or, as Webster's Dictionary defines the word "increase," it is [*390] "that which is added to the original stock by

augmentation or growth--to extend or enlarge in size, extent, quantity, number, intensity, value, substance," etc. It would be no less absurd to attempt to conceive a process by which something may be added to nothing than it would be to attempt to conceive the subtraction of something from nothing . If a person owning no money or other kind of property suddenly becomes the owner of property or money, his wealth has not thereby been "increased" within the lexicology or signification of that word. He has simply acquired something which previously he did not have.

ResolvedThe word “Resolved” before the colon reflects a legislative forumArmy Officer School ‘04(5-12, “# 12, Punctuation – The Colon and Semicolon”, http://usawocc.army.mil/IMI/wg12.htm)

The colon introduces the following: a. A list, but only after "as follows," "the following," or a noun for which the list is an appositive: Each scout will carry the following: (colon) meals for three days, a survival knife, and his sleeping bag. The company had four new officers: (colon) Bill Smith, Frank Tucker, Peter Fillmore, and Oliver Lewis. b. A long quotation (one or more paragraphs): In The Killer Angels Michael Shaara wrote: (colon) You may find it a different story from the one you learned in school. There have been many versions of that battle [Gettysburg] and that war [the Civil War]. (The quote continues for two more paragraphs.) c. A formal quotation or question: The President declared: (colon) "The only thing we have to fear is fear itself." The question is: (colon) what can we do about it? d. A second independent clause which explains the first: Potter's motive is clear: (colon) he wants the assignment. e. After the introduction of a business letter: Dear Sirs: (colon) Dear Madam: (colon) f. The details following an

announcement For sale: (colon) large lakeside cabin with dock g. A formal resolution, after the word "resolved:" Resolved: (colon) That this council petition the mayor.

Resolved is to reduce by mental analysisRandom House 11 (http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/resolve)

5. to reduce by mental analysis (often followed by into).

RegulationRegulations are rules to enforce legislationBusiness Dictionary No Date

Web Financing Inc, http://www.businessdictionary.com/definition/regulation.html Acc. June 12 TH

1.General: Principle or rule (with or without the coercive power of law) employed in controlling, directing, or managing an activity,

organization, or system. 2. Law: Rule based on and meant to carry out a specific piece of legislation (such as

for the protection of environment). Regulations are enforced usually by a regulatory agency formed or mandated to carry out the purpose or provisions of a legislation. Also called regulatory requirement.

To regulate is to adjust to meet a set standardRandom House 16

Dictionary.com is the world's leading digital dictionary. We provide millions of English definitions, spellings, audio pronunciations, example sentences, and word origins. Dictionary.com’s main, proprietary source is the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, which is continually updated by our team of experienced lexicographers and supplemented with trusted, established sources including American Heritage and Harper Collins to support a range of language needs.. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/regulate Acc. Jun 12 TH

verb (used with object), regulated, regulating. 1. to control or direct by a rule, principle, method, etc.: to regulate

household expenses. 2. to adjust to some standard or requirement, as amount, degree, etc.: to regulate the

temperature. 3. to adjust so as to ensure accuracy of operation: to regulate a watch. 4. to put in good order: to regulate

the digestion.

Regulations are laws or rules to guide conductYour Dictionary No date

YourDictionary is owned by LoveToKnow Corporation, an innovative online media company with rapid fire growth. The family of privately-held LoveToKnow web sites is dedicated to providing useful, high quality and unique content to Internet users. YourDictionary is a comprehensive reference site. To add to your knowledge and understanding of words and grammar, YourDictionary also provides: Additional definitions and information - Broaden your perspective on a word with definitions from The American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, 5th edition, Webster's New World College Dictionary, Wiktionary and Ologies & Isms. Read more at

http://www.yourdictionary.com/about.html#mVKOqTkaYCPef2XJ.99 Jun 12, TH

A law or administrative rule, issued by an organization, used to guide or prescribe the conduct of members of that organization.

Regulations are rules and administrative codes from the government and include penalties for violating themPeople’s Law Dictionary 02The People's Law Dictionary by Gerald and Kathleen Hill July 31, 2002. Gerald has practiced law for more than four. He has an A.B. from Stanford University and Juris Doctor from Hastings College of the Law of the University of California. He was Executive Director of the California Governor's Housing Commission, has drafted legislation, taught at Golden Gate University Law School, served as an arbitrator and pro tem judge, edited and co-authored Housing in California. Kathleen is a writer, publisher and newspaper columnist, who graduated from the University of California, Berkeley and has an M.A. in political psychology from California State University, Sonoma. She was also a Fellow in Public Affairs with the prestigious Coro

Foundation, earned a Certificat from the Sorbonne in Paris, France, headed the Peace Corps Speakers' Bureau in Washington, D.C., worked in the White House for President Kennedy, and was Executive Coordinator of the 25th Anniversary of the United Nations. Publisher Fine Communications Law.com http://dictionary.law.com/Default.aspx?selected=1771 TH

Regulations- n. rules and administrative codes issued by governmental agencies at all levels,

municipal, county, state and federal. Although they are not laws, regulations have the force of law, since they are adopted under authority granted by statutes, and often include penalties for violations . One problem is that regulations are not generally included in volumes containing state statutes or federal laws but often must be obtained from the agency or located in volumes in law libraries and not widely distributed. The regulation-making process involves hearings, publication in governmental journals which supposedly give public notice, and adoption by the agency. The process is best known to industries and special interests concerned with the subject matter, but only occasionally to the general public. Federal regulations are adopted in the manner designated in the Administrative Procedure Act (A.P.A.) and states usually have similar procedures.

Elementary EducationElementary education curriculum is determined by the state government according to case law US Legal Definitions No date

USLegal is the legal destination site for consumers, small business, attorneys, corporations, and anyone interested in the law, or in need of legal information, products or services. Elementary School Law and Legal Definitionhttps://definitions.uslegal.com/e/elementary-school/ TH

Elementary school means “a day or residential school which provides elementary education, as determined under State law.” (29

USCS § 203) Also, according to 20 USCS § 7801(18), the term “elementary school” means “a nonprofit institutional day or residential school, including a public elementary charter school, that provides elementary education, as determined under State law.”

Elementary Education is defined in the US as early stages of formal education before secondary schooling. Gutek 02

Gerald L. Gutek, This fully revised second edition offers a complete view of the institutions, people, processes, roles, and philosophies found in educational practice in the United States and throughout the world. Features include 121 biographies of influential educators; profiles of historic colleges and universities; profiles of organizations active in the field; and an appendix of full-text primary source documents including education-related legislation, international treaties, and testing methods. COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc. Elementary Education." Encyclopedia of Education. Encyclopedia.com. 22 Jun. 2017 http://www.encyclopedia.com/education/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/elementary-education TH

Elementary schools exist worldwide as the basic foundational institution in the formal educational structure. Elementary schooling, which prepares children in fundamental skills and knowledge areas, can be defined as the early stages of formal, or organized, education that are prior to secondary school. The age range of pupils who attend elementary schools in the United States is from six to twelve, thirteen, or fourteen, depending on the organizational pattern of the particular state or school district. While a few, mainly small rural, districts, retain the traditional pattern of grades one through eight, a more common

pattern is grades one through six. In most school districts as well as in many teacher preparation programs, elementary education is organized into the following levels: primary, which includes kindergarten and grades one, two, and three; intermediate, which includes grades four, five, and six; and upper, which includes grades seven and eight. A commonly found organizational pattern places grades seven and eight, and sometimes grade six and nine, into middle or junior high schools. When the middle school and junior high school pattern is followed, these institutions are usually linked into secondary education, encompassing grades six through twelve. In comparing elementary schools in

the United States with those of other countries, some distinctions in terminology are necessary. In the United States, elementary education refers to children's first formal schooling prior to secondary school. (Although kindergartens, enrolling children at age five, are part of public schools, attendance is not compulsory.) In school systems in many other countries, the term primary covers what in the United States is designated as elementary schooling. In American elementary schools, the term primary refers to the first level, namely kindergarten through

grades one, two, and three. The elementary school curriculum provides work in the educational basics–reading, writing, arithmetic, an introduction to natural and social sciences, health, arts and

crafts, and physical education. An important part of elementary schooling is socialization with peers and the creating of an identification of the child with the community and nation.

Secondary EducationSecondary Education is education for kids aged 12 to 18 in a high school settingCorsi-Bunker 07

Anotella, International Scholar Coordinator and Advisor at International Student and Scholar Services, University of Minnesota. International Student and Scholar Services. University of Minnesota. GUIDE TO THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES

https://isss.umn.edu/publications/USEducation/4.pdf Pg 2 Acc. June 16 TH

The first years of compulsory schooling are called elementary or primary school (just to confuse the issue, elementary schools are

also called grade or grammar schools). Secondary education is for children aged 12 to 18. Secondary school generally takes place in a high school, which is often divided into junior and senior high. Junior high (also called Middle School) is for those aged 11 to 14 and senior high is for students aged 15 to 18.

Secondary Education is the intermediate between elementary and tertiary education and is subjected to state laws but remains a vague term US Legal Definitions No date

US Legal is the legal destination site for consumers, small business, attorneys, corporations, and anyone interested in the law, or in need of legal information, products or services Secondary School Law and Legal Definition

https://definitions.uslegal.com/s/secondary-school/ TH

Secondary school is the intermediate level between elementary school and college and usually offers general, technical, vocational, or college-preparatory curricula. It typically begins at ages 11 – 13 and ends by ages 15 – 18. There are many different types of secondary school, and the terminology used varies around the world. According to 34 CFR 77.1 (c) [Title 34 – Education; Subtitle A -- Office of the Secretary, Department of Education; Part 77 -- Definitions that apply to

Department Regulations], the term secondary school means “a day or residential school that provides secondary education as determined under State law. In the absence of State law, the Secretary may determine, with respect to that State, whether the term includes education beyond the twelfth grade.” Example of Case law (South Dakota defining secondary school) "Secondary school' means a day or residential school which provides secondary education as determined under State law." [Marshall v. Rosemont, Inc., 584 F.2d 319, 321 (9th Cir. 1978)]

Secondary Education follows elementary school and the curriculum is too ambiguous to define clearlyMintz 02

“Secondary Education” Encyclopedia of Education susan l. mintz This fully revised second edition offers a complete view of the institutions, people, processes, roles, and philosophies found in educational practice in the United States and throughout the world. Features include 121 biographies of influential educators; profiles of historic colleges and universities; profiles of organizations active in the field; and an appendix of full-text primary source documents including education-related legislation, international treaties, and testing methods. COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc. http://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/christianity/roman-catholic-and-orthodox-churches-general-terms-and-40 TH

In the mid-to late nineteenth century, the United States became the first country to open secondary education to the general public. In the early twenty-first century, secondary education follows a common elementary school experience,

typically beginning at age twelve and continuing through age seventeen or eighteen. Elementary education deals with the rudimentary skills of reading, writing, and computation, as well as social goals deemed important by curriculum developers.

Secondary education, however, extends beyond the elementary curriculum and addresses a combination of the personal, intellectual, vocational, and social needs of adolescents in society. Educators and policymakers have engaged in ongoing debate over what should be included in the secondary curriculum. In fact, the emphases of the secondary curriculum have shifted according to local and national goals; the historical, philosophical, and intellectual context; and societal beliefs about the role of youth in society, as well as other factors.

Secondary Education is too ambiguous to define – means you default to the Affs solvency mechanismTirozzi 02Gerald N. “Some Problems of Definition” Encyclopedia of Education This fully revised second edition offers a complete view of the institutions, people, processes, roles, and philosophies found in educational practice in the United States and throughout the world. Features include 121 biographies of influential educators; profiles of historic colleges and universities; profiles of organizations active in the field; and an appendix of full-text primary source documents including education-related legislation, international treaties, and testing methods. COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc. http://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/christianity/roman-catholic-and-orthodox-churches-general-terms-and-40 TH

The secondary subsector presents some problems of definition in the sense that it falls between primary and tertiary levels and there is no universal agreement as to where primary ends and tertiary begins. The duration of (or the number of grades covered in) secondary education varies from three years in El Salvador to eight years in such countries as Yugoslavia and Kuwait. Similarly, when secondary education begins is highly variable (ranging from grade five to grade nine). The usual duration, however, is grades seven to twelve. Most countries (the Latin American and Caribbean region is an exception) divide the secondary level of education into a first or lower segment and a second or higher segment. These may be denoted by different names, with a particularly varied set of names for the lower segment: middle, intermediate, lower secondary, junior high, upper elementary, and so on. In different countries these labels may encompass different grades, student ages, curriculum, and objectives, and may be related to the educational levels above and below them in a variety of ways. The higher or upper secondary level is usually labeled simply in these terms or may be called senior high school in areas influenced by American nomenclature. It is also sometimes referred to as the preuniversity level. There is a worldwide trend to establish the concept of basic education, which is understood to mean a minimum standard of schooling for everyone in a given society. This is frequently done by adding to the primary grades the first part of the secondary cycle (typically called the lower or junior secondary cycle). The combination of primary and lower secondary grades then becomes "basic education," which is usually

administered separately from secondary education. An additional complexity of the secondary subsector is the wide range of types of educational institutions falling under this heading. Attempts to define types by organization, curricular emphasis, or outcome objectives almost always reveal substantial overlap among categories. Exceptions to any classification, including this one, are plentiful. The most common classification includes three overlapping types: (1) general/academic schools, (2) vocational and technical schools, and (3) diversified or comprehensive schools, which are multipurpose institutions that try to combine under one roof the objectives of an academic course of study and one or more vocational fields. It is clear that these three broad categories of secondary schools are arranged along a continuum of specialization in their dominant instructional objectives. At one end the schools are single-purpose institutions with an intensely academic curriculum. At the other end they are similarly specialized but with a vocational/technical curriculum. Secondary schools lying in the middle of the continuum are multipurpose institutions combining elements of both ends of the spectrum into their instructional program. Stated outcomes and long-term social objectives of the different types of secondary schools often overlap. Almost all statements of the goals or objectives of all types of secondary education include items such as preparing students for the world of work and making students smoothly functioning members of society.

Should"Should.” Requires an obligation Merriam-Webster (No date)

Merriam-Webster, For more than 150 years, in print and now online, Merriam-Webster has been America's leading and most-trusted provider of language information. Each month, our Web sites offer guidance to more than 40 million visitors. In print, our publications include Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (among the best-selling books in American history) and newly published dictionaries for English-language learners. All Merriam-Webster products and services are backed by the largest team of professional dictionary editors and writers in America, and one of the largest in the world. n.d. Web. 13 Aug. 2014.

http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/should Jun 12 TH

used in auxiliary function to express obligation, propriety, or expediency —used in auxiliary function to express what is probable or expected

“Should”, indicates a desirable stateOxford English Dictionary (No Date)

The Oxford English Dictionary (OED) is widely regarded as the accepted authority on the English language. It is an unsurpassed guide to the meaning, history, and pronunciation of 600,000 words— past and present—from across the English-speaking world. https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/should Jun 12 TH

Used to indicate obligation, duty, or correctness, typically when criticizing someone's actions.

“Should” means ought toThe American Heritage® Dictionary of the English Language, Fourth Edition. (2003) https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=should&submit.x=38&submit.y=29 TH

- Used to express obligation or duty: You should send her a note. 2. Used to express probability or expectation:

Legally “Should” implies mandatory actionWords and Phrases, 1953, Vol. 39, p. 312.

Command implied. The word “should,” as used in Laws 1901, p. 387, c 106, 3, providing that, on proof of certain facts to the county court, it shall be determined whether territory should be disconnected from a city, does not authorize the court

to do as it pleases; the statute is mandatory.

“Should” is unconditional- it requires an obligation of actionCollins Essential English Dictionary, 2006

[Second edition, "should," http://www.thefreedictionary.com/should, TH]

the past tense of shall: used to indicate that an action is considered by the speaker to be obligatory (you should go) or to form the subjunctive mood (I should like to see you; if I should die; should I be late, start without me) [Old English sceolde]

Substantial"Substantial" means of real worth or considerable value—this is the USUAL and CUSTOMARY meaning of the termWords and Phrases 2 (Volume 40A, p. 458)

D.S.C. 1966. The word “substantial” within Civil Rights Act providing that a place is a public accommodation if a “substantial” portion of food which is served has moved in commerce must be construed in light of its usual and customary meaning , that is , something of real worth and importance; of considerable value; valuable, something worthwhile as distinguished from something without value or merely nominal

“Substantial” means considerable or to a large degree – this common meaning is preferable because the word is not a term of artArkush 2 (David, JD Candidate – Harvard University, “Preserving "Catalyst" Attorneys' Fees Under the Freedom of Information Act in the Wake of Buckhannon Board and Care Home v. West Virginia Department of Health and Human Resources”, Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review, Winter, 37 Harv. C.R.-C.L. L. Rev. 131)

Plaintiffs should argue that the term "substantially prevail" is not a term of art because if considered a term of art, resort to Black's

7th produces a definition of "prevail" that could be interpreted adversely to plaintiffs. 99 It is commonly accepted that words that are not legal terms of art should be accorded their ordinary, not their legal, meaning , 100 and

ordinary-usage dictionaries provide FOIA fee claimants with helpful arguments. The Supreme Court has already found favorable, temporally relevant definitions of the word "substantially" in ordinary dictionaries: "Substantially" suggests "considerable" or "specified to a large degree." See Webster's Third New International Dictionary 2280 (1976) (defining "substantially" as "in a substantial manner" and "substantial" as "considerable in amount, value, or worth" and "being that specified to a large degree or in the main"); see also 17 Oxford English Dictionary 66-67 (2d ed. 1989) ("substantial": "relating to or proceeding from the essence of a thing; essential"; "of ample or considerable amount, quantity or dimensions"). 101

Substantial means “of considerable amount” – not some contrived percentageProst 4

(Judge – United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit, “Committee For Fairly Traded Venezuelan Cement v. United States”, 6-18,

http://www.ll.georgetown.edu/federal/judicial/fed/opinions/04opinions/04-1016.html TH)

The URAA and the SAA neither amend nor refine the language of § 1677(4)(C). In fact, they merely suggest, without disqualifying other alternatives, a “clearly higher/substantial proportion” approach. Indeed, the SAA specifically mentions that no “precise mathematical formula” or “‘benchmark’ proportion” is to be used for a dumping concentration analysis. SAA at 860 (citations omitted); see also Venez. Cement, 279 F. Supp. 2d at 1329-30. Furthermore, as the Court of International Trade noted, the SAA emphasizes that the Commission retains the discretion to determine concentration of imports on a “case-by-case basi8s.” SAA at

860. Finally, the definition of the word “substantial” undercuts the CFTVC’s argument. The word “substantial” generally means “considerable in amount, value or worth.” Webster’s Third New International

Dictionary 2280 (1993). It does not imply a specific number or cut-off. What may be substantial in one

situation may not be in another situation. The very breadth of the term “substantial” undercuts the CFTVC’s argument that Congress spoke clearly in establishing a standard for the Commission’s regional antidumping and countervailing duty analyses. It therefore supports the conclusion that the Commission is owed deference in its interpretation of “substantial proportion.” The Commission clearly embarked on its analysis having been given considerable leeway to interpret a particularly broad term.

United States"United States" means the territory over which the sovereign nation of the "United States" exercises sovereign powerBallentine's 95 (Legal Dictionary and Thesaurus, p. 689)

the territory over which this sovereign nation called the “United States” exercises sovereign power

1NCs

STEM

Regulation1. Interp - To regulate is to adjust to meet a set standard. The affirmative must regulate not create. The aff is a reclassification of ESE. (Elementary and Secondary Education)Random House 16

Dictionary.com is the world's leading digital dictionary. We provide millions of English definitions, spellings, audio pronunciations, example sentences, and word origins. Dictionary.com’s main, proprietary source is the Random House Unabridged Dictionary, which is continually updated by our team of experienced lexicographers and supplemented with trusted, established sources including American Heritage and Harper Collins to support a range of language needs.. http://www.dictionary.com/browse/regulate Acc. Jun 12 TH

verb (used with object), regulated, regulating. 1. to control or direct by a rule, principle, method, etc.: to regulate

household expenses. 2. to adjust to some standard or requirement, as amount, degree, etc.: to regulate the

temperature. 3. to adjust so as to ensure accuracy of operation: to regulate a watch. 4. to put in good order: to regulate

the digestion.

2. Violation – The Aff established a framework in order to start the process of regulation. Their establishment of a framework doesn’t immediately increase regulations. The aff could be topical by increasing STEM regulations in already established frameworks.3. Standards –

A. Limits – There are hundreds of new frameworks that could be established that would eventually lead to regulations, this explodes the topic to allowing small councils or agencies to increase education which the Negative cannot prepare for.

B. Ground - Our disads are predicated off of increasing regulations. States Disads and CP cannot interact with an aff that established a framework within the federal government.

C. FX T – It takes the establishment of the framework and then further work done by that established framework to start to integrate and regulate STEM education. Means the plan text in a vacuum is not topical just the advantages.

4. T is a voter for Fairness and Education

ECHS

Secondary Education 1. Interp – Secondary Education is education for kids aged 12 to 18 in a high school settingCorsi-Bunker 07

Anotella, International Scholar Coordinator and Advisor at International Student and Scholar Services, University of Minnesota. International Student and Scholar Services. University of Minnesota. GUIDE TO THE EDUCATION SYSTEM IN THE UNITED STATES

https://isss.umn.edu/publications/USEducation/4.pdf Pg 2 Acc. June 16 TH

The first years of compulsory schooling are called elementary or primary school (just to confuse the issue, elementary schools are

also called grade or grammar schools). Secondary education is for children aged 12 to 18. Secondary school generally takes place in a high school, which is often divided into junior and senior high. Junior high (also called Middle School) is for those aged 11 to 14 and senior high is for students aged 15 to 18.

b. College level education is tertiary education not secondaryCambridge Dictionary No date

Cambridge University Press has been publishing dictionaries for learners of English since 1995. Cambridge Dictionaries Online began offering these dictionaries completely free of charge in 1999 — and today, Cambridge Dictionary is still growing. http://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/tertiary-education TH

tertiary education noun [ U ] UK US education at college or university level: More than 60% of American high school graduates start some form of tertiary education.

2. Violation – Early college high schools include post secondary education instruction and courses.3. Standards

a. Limits – Allowing any post secondary explodes the topic to programs that give any college hours. Allowing a program that provides only 60 hours to the topic makes any small postsecondary action topical which grants hundreds of new affirmatives to the already huge affirmative ground.

b. Ground – There is no literature about a free college education being bad or that increasing college education is bad. Giving them college education allows them to spike out of links predicated off of secondary and primary education.

C. Extra T – Even if they win they provide secondary education, they also provide tertiary education. This is a voting issue because they garner offense off the extra topical portion of the plan which makes it impossible to be negative.

4. T is a voter for Fairness and Education

2ACs

2AC FW to K

Competitive Policy Option

Our interpretation is that the negative has to debate about a competitive policy option or the status quo

Reasons to Prefer

1) Ground

Their framework destroys aff ground because they take away 8 minutes of offense in the 1AC and we can never predict what the kriticism will be about because of the hundreds that exist and are read on every topic. Even if we get ground it is not good or educational ground.

2) Education a. Topic-specific education – only debates about the plan translate into

education about the topic. b. Real world –The framework of the kritik teaches unreasonable decision-

making skills that reject good ideas for the wrong reasons, thus creating learning that is useless in the outside world.

3) Fairness Our interpretation is the only one that is based in grammar – there are infinite methods for evaluating the debate that the negative could do, their framework moot terms in the resolution and ignores the topic. Which makes it impossible to win as the affirmative who is bound to the resolution.

Weighing the AFFInterpretation – The aff should get to weigh the impacts of the Aff against the kritik.

1) Ground

Their framework destroys aff ground because they take away 8 minutes of offense in the 1AC and we can never predict what the kriticism will be about because of the hundreds that exist and are read on every topic.

2) Fairness – Our interpretation is the only one that is based in grammar – there are infinite methods for evaluating the debate that the negative could do, their framework moot terms in the resolution and ignores the topic. Which makes it impossible to win as the affirmative who is bound to the resolution.

STEM

Regulations1. We Meet – The aff increases regulations by creating a framework to regulate and integrate STEM opportunities, the regulation part of the aff is the purpose of the framework and regulations would have to be implemented to create the framework. 2. Counter Interp – Regulations are rules that carry out the intent of legislation by government agenciesJanosik, 87 Robert J., ed. 1987 Encyclopedia of the American Judicial System. Vol. II. Eighty-eight scholars have contributed original, signed articles to this impressive encyclopedia. The articles range from 9 to 32 pages each; most are between 12 and 20 pages. The material is arranged thematically in six sections: legal history; substantive law; institutions and personnel; process and behavior; Constitutional law and issues; and methodology. Most of the essays are analytical as well as expository, reflecting the authors' points of view. Some historical perspective on the topic is usually included, along with a list of relevant cases and an annotated bibliography. This work will be useful to a wide variety of readers and is highly recommended for public and academic libraries. http://legal-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/regulation TH

Regulation - A rule of order having the force of law, prescribed by a superior or competent authority, relating to the actions of those under the authority's control. Regulations are issued by various federal government departments and agencies to carry out the intent of legislation enacted by Congress. Administrative agencies, often called "the bureaucracy," perform a number of different government

functions, including rule making. The rules issued by these agencies are called regulations and are designed to guide the activity of those regulated by the agency and also the activity of the agency's employees. Regulations also function to ensure uniform application of the law.

3. Reasons to Prefer – a. Limits – Our definition of regulation allows for governmental rules only, the negative would allow for any type of regulation to be topical. We are a very predictable aff that is grounded in literature and is commonly promoted by the government. b. Ground – There is still ground to all their DA links and ensure links to DA like federalism as well as states counterplans because the interp is specific to federal agencies. 4. Defer to reasonability as long as we can give sufficient ground for a substantial debate, then default to reasonability. Competing interps triggers a race to the bottom and allows the neg to artificially shift the goalposts to exclude the aff. Judge intervention is inevitable.

ECHS

Xtra T1. We Meet – The aff only provides funding to ECHS programs that exist in

the SQUO which means that the states that have decided secondary education goes beyond 12th grade is where the aff will happen. View the plan text in a vaccuum

2. Counter Interp - Secondary Education follows elementary school and the curriculum is too ambiguous to define clearlyMintz 02

“Secondary Education” Encyclopedia of Education susan l. mintz This fully revised second edition offers a complete view of the institutions, people, processes, roles, and philosophies found in educational practice in the United States and throughout the world. Features include 121 biographies of influential educators; profiles of historic colleges and universities; profiles of organizations active in the field; and an appendix of full-text primary source documents including education-related legislation, international treaties, and testing methods. COPYRIGHT 2002 The Gale Group Inc. http://www.encyclopedia.com/philosophy-and-religion/christianity/roman-catholic-and-orthodox-churches-general-terms-and-40 TH

In the mid-to late nineteenth century, the United States became the first country to open secondary education to the general public. In the early twenty-first century, secondary education follows a common elementary school experience, typically beginning at age twelve and continuing through age seventeen or eighteen. Elementary education deals with the rudimentary skills of reading, writing, and computation, as well as social goals deemed important by curriculum developers.

Secondary education, however, extends beyond the elementary curriculum and addresses a combination of the personal, intellectual, vocational, and social needs of adolescents in society. Educators and policymakers have engaged in ongoing debate over what should be included in the secondary curriculum. In fact, the emphases of the secondary curriculum have shifted according to local and national goals; the historical, philosophical, and intellectual context; and societal beliefs about the role of youth in society, as well as other factors.

3. Reasons to Prefer a. Ground – Forcing the aff to defend their definition of secondary education is critical to good negative ground and ensures links to DAs. Since it is an ambiguous term, the Aff solvency is the best way to have substantiated debates. b. Limits – The topic is already massive due to the ambiguity of secondary education curriculum – there is no way to clearly define it therefore we should limit it to being between primary and tertiary education and until age 18. c. Xtra T- Plan text in a vacuum is solves their arguments, the aff is only a funding of the current ECHS programs where states define it as past secondary education making the AFF topical. 4. Defer to reasonability as long as we can give sufficient ground for a substantial debate, then default to reasonability. Competing interps triggers a race to the bottom and allows the neg to artificially shift the goalposts to exclude the aff. Judge intervention is inevitable.

Secondary Edu1. WM – The aff provides secondary education with the ability to get tertiary education credit. However the education is still in high school and for prepares kids for college.2. CI – Secondary Education includes courses outside of high school that prepare students for college. Merriam Webster (No Date)For more than 150 years, in print and now online, Merriam-Webster has been America's leading and most-trusted provider of language information. Each month, our Web sites offer guidance to more than 40 million visitors. In print, our publications include Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (among the best-selling books in American history) and newly published dictionaries for English-language learners. All Merriam-Webster products and services are backed by the largest team of professional dictionary editors and writers in America, and one of the largest in the world. https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/secondary%20school ACC. June 17 2017. TH

Noun: Popularity: Top 30% of words. a school intermediate between elementary school and college and usually offering general, technical, vocational, or college-preparatory courses.

3. Standardsa. Limits – They still have the predictability of secondary education but the

post secondary education is an advantage of the aff which doesn’t have to be topical. The mechanism of the aff is still in the direction of secondary education. By there definition simple ground such as college prep schools or AP test would be untopical.

b. Ground – The negative still has all the ground in the debate that links to secondary education since this is an increased regulation on a secondary education program. They gain access to links on spending disads and still have CP ground. Make them prove what ground they specifically lose.

4. Defer to reasonability - as long as we can give sufficient ground for a substantial debate, then default to reasonability. Competing interps triggers a race to the bottom and allows the neg to artificially shift the goalposts to exclude the aff. Judge intervention is inevitable.