veldmeijer 2011 - sandals, shoes and other leatherwork from the coptic monastery deir el-bachit

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Qkjdkcs, Qmh`s kjd Htm`r C`ktm`rwhrn grho tm` Ahptla Ohjkst`ry D`lr `c-Bkamlt  Kj kcy sls kjd Aktkcheu`  Kjdr ì I. W` cdo`li`r 

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    Qkjdkcs, Qmh`s kjd Htm`r

    C`ktm`rwhrn grho tm` Ahptla

    Ohjkst`ry D`lr `c-Bkamlt

    Kjkcysls kjd Aktkcheu`

    Kjdr I. W`cdo`li`r

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    Qld`sthj` Vr`ssK j`w e` j`rktlhj hg Vubcl smlje

    \hu kr` r`kdlje k gucc v`rslhj hg tmls bhhn, ghr gr``!

    Tmls bhhn ls pkrt hg tm` Qld`sthj` `-clbrkry wm`r` ohst hg hur

    pubclaktlhjs kr` guccy kaa`sslbc` ghr gr``. Ghr kaa`ss th ohr`

    gr`` bhhns vlslt9 www.sld`sthj`.aho/clbrkry

    Dhwjchkd Gucc VDG

    Wlslt tm` Qld`sthj` `-clbrkry th brhws` hur `-bhhns. Ghr k oljlokc

    g`` yhu akj puramks` k guccy gujatlhjkc VDG kjd by dhlje sh, yhu

    m`cp th n``p hur clbrkry rujjlje.

    www.sld`sthj`.aho/clbrkry

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    QKJDKCQ, QMH@Q KJD HTM@R

    C@KTM@RUHRN GRHO TM@AHVTLA OHJKQT@R\D@LR @C-BKAMLT

    Kjkcysls kjd Aktkcheu`

    Kjdr I. W`cdo`li`r

    Qld`sthj` Vr`ss

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    Ghr @rjh

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    26;; Kjdr I. W`cdo`li`r

    LQBJ

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    AHJT@JTQ

    Vkrt L. Kjkcysls 5

    Vr`gka` Bkrbkrk Oke`j kjd B`ttljk Qamoltz

    (Rh`o`r- ujd V`clzk`us Ous`uo, Mlcd`sm`lo)>

    Rkyohjd Tljd`c (Hrl`jtkc Ljstltut` Ous`uo, Aml-

    akeh)> M`c`j Umlt`mhus` (Ksmohc`kj Ous`uo,Hxghrd)> D`jls` Dhx`y (Ous`uo hg Glj` Krts,

    Bhsthj) kjd @clzkb`tm Ehrlje kjd C`sc`y-Kjj Cld-

    dlkrd (Jktlhjkc Ous`uos Qahtckjd, @dljburem).

    Kost`rdko

    Kueust 26;;

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    ;6

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    ;;

    LJTRHDPATLHJ

    ` Kramk`hchelakc Ljv`stlektlhjs

    ` Ahptla ohjkst`ry kjd a`o`t`ry D`lr `c-Bkamlt

    stkjds hj tm` mlccthp hg Drk Kbu c-Jkek (eur` ;),

    tm` w`cc-njhwj j`arhphcls lj [urjk (U`st Bkjn

    Cuxhr). Lt ls tm` ckre`st Ahptla ohjkst`ry ahopc`x

    pr`s`rv`d lj U`st`rj `b`s (@lamj`r `t kc., 266

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    ;2

    Ljtrhduatlhj

    ckt`st bulcdlje pmks`s kjd haaupktlhjkc cky`rs w`r`

    dkt`d th tm` Ahptla p`rlhd (Lbld`o9

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    ;1

    Ljtrhduatlhj

    Gljd Juob`r (Gljd Jh.)9` ujlqu` juob`r elv`j

    by tm` `xakvktlhj r`ahrd, kcchwlje

    ghr tm` trkalje hg tm` ahjt`xt hg

    tm` hbi`at. K jd juob`r akj lj-

    acud` s`v`rkc grkeo`jts hg c`ktm`r,

    wmlam, lj hrd`r th s`pkrkt` tm`ogrho `kam htm`r, mkv` b``j sub-

    juob`r`d by o`kjs hg c`tt`rs

    (k, b, a `ta.) by o`. C`ktm`r jds

    olemt hrleljkt` grho dlst`r-

    `jt typ`s hg hbi`ats. `r`ghr`,

    sub-juob`r`d grkeo`jts oky

    mkv` b``j aktkcheu`d lj dlst`r-

    `jt pcka`s/s`pkrkt`cy b`akus` tm`

    aktkcheu` ls dlvld`d lj gujatlhjkc

    erhups (s`` b`chw). Lg tmls ls tm`aks`, k r`g`r`ja` th tm` htm`r grke-

    o`jts ls ljacud`d ujd`r R`okrns.

    Erhup9 Kcc jds wltmlj tm` jd juob`r

    kjd ahjt`xt. ` jtry ls hjcy us`d

    wm`j sho` hg tm` sub-juob`r`d

    grkeo`jts kr` d`sarlb`d `cs`-

    wm`r`.

    O`ksur`o`jts9 Lg twh o`ksur`o`jts kr` s`pk-

    rkt`d by k mypm`j, lt ljdlakt`s tm`sokcc`st kjd ckre`st slz`. O`ksur`-

    o`jts hg grkeo`jts hg wmlam sld`s

    akjjht b` d`t`rolj`d kjd m`ja`

    jh c`jetm hr wldtm akj b` r`ahe-

    jls`d, kr` jht`d wltm x. Psu-

    kccy, but jht `xacuslv`cy, tm`s` kr`

    g`ktur`c`ss sarkps. Kcc o`ksur`-

    o`jts kr` lj olcclo`tr`s, ujc`ss

    stkt`d htm`rwls`. Kbbr`vlktlhjs9

    d ? dlko`t`r> m ? m`lemt>c ? c`jetm> t ? tmlanj`ss> w ? wldtm.

    O`ksur`o`jts okrn`d wltm # kr`

    kpprhxlokt`.

    Ahchur9 ` ahchur ls hjcy ljdlakt`d lj

    e`j`rkc t`ros. K ahchur d`slejk-

    tlhj uslje ghr xkopc` tm` Oujs`cc

    Ahchr Qyst`o, mks jht b``j us`d.

    R`okrns9 Ljghroktlhj kbhut wm`r` th jd

    tm` sub-juob`r`d hbi`ats tmkt kr`

    jht d`sarlb`d ujd`r tm` pr`s`jt

    aktkcheu` juob`r (s`` `xpckjk-

    tlhj hg Gljd Juob`r) akj b` ghujd

    m`r`. Gurtm`rohr`, lt ls stkt`d m`r`

    wm`tm`r tm` hbi`at ls jht lccustrkt`d

    hr sub-juob`r`d hr lg tm` `jtryljacud`s jht-d`sarlb`d, g`ktur`c`ss

    sarkps. Haakslhjkccy, ljghroktlhj

    hg k dlst`r`jt jktur` akj b` ghujd

    m`r` ks w`cc.

    D`sarlptlhj9 Kcc hbi`ats kr` d`sarlb`d lj d`tklc.

    Qlja` lt ls k d`sarlptlhj, jh r`g`r-

    `ja`s kr` ljacud`d9 tm`s` akj b`

    ghujd lj pkrt L, tm` sal`jtla kjkcy-

    sls. Mhw`v`r, haakslhjkccy hj` akjjd r`g`r`ja`s th t`xt eur`s lj

    hrd`r th euld` tm` r`kd`r tmrhuem

    tm` sp`alkclst t`roljhchey (k ehhd

    `xkopc` ls tm` r`g`r`ja` th t`xt

    eur` 5, smhwlje tm` dlst`r`jt

    typ`s hg njhts). ` t`roljhchey

    tmkt ls us`d lj tm` pr`s`jt whrn

    ls bks`d hj Ehubltz `t kc. (266;)

    but b`akus` tm`y bks`d tm`lr whrn

    hj @urhp`kj ghhtw`kr, `xpkjslhj

    kjd kdiusto`jt prhv`d lj`vltkbc`ghr @eyptlkj okt`rlkc. `r`ghr`,

    t`roljhchey ghr tm` d`sarlptlhj hg

    ghhtw`kr ls us`d ks dlsauss`d by

    W`cdo`li`r (26;6k). T`roljhchey

    hg njhts ls k`r W`cdo`li`r (2667).

    ` Lccustrktlhjs

    Vmhtherkpmy ls by @rjh @jd`jbure ujc`ss stkt`dhtm`rwls` kjd ahurt`sy hg tm` Ljstltut gr eyp-

    thchel` kj d`r Cudwle-Okxlolclkjs-Pjlv`rsltt

    Ojam`j. ` pmhtherkpms kr` pr`pkr`d ghr pubcl-

    aktlhj by Kdrl t Mhh (Kdrl t Mhh Vmhtherkpmla

    Q`rvla`s). ` `cd drkwljes hg tm` bhhn ahv`rs (e-

    ur`s 22-10) w`r` dhj` by Vl`t`r Ahcc`t, but turj`d

    ljth pubclaktlhj ghrokt by tm` pr`s`jt kutmhr. Kcc

    htm`r lccustrktlhjs kr` by Kjdr I. W`cdo`li`r/@rjh

    @jd`jbure ujc`ss stkt`d htm`rwls`. ` sakc` bkrs

    kr` 06 oo ujc`ss stkt`d htm`rwls`. Ahjstruatlhj

    drkwljes kr` jht th sakc`.

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    ;4

    KJKC\QLQ

    ls o`kjt tm` strlp hg c`ktm`r wltm k buanc` hr aho-

    pkrkbc` gkst`jlje tmkt ls us`d lj achtmlje> strlps

    hg c`ktm`r tmkt kr` us`d ghr tylje kr` r`g`rr`d th ks

    strkp (jht th b` ahjgus`d wltm tm` strkps lj k skj-

    dkcs strkp ahopc`x, wmlam kr` usukccy r`g`rr`d th lj

    k ohr` sp`ala wky, l.`. grhjt, bkan- kjd m``c strkp).

    Brkld`d grkeo`jts kjd grkeo`jts tmkt kr` okd` bytm` sclt-kjd-pucc t`amjlqu` kr` r`ekrd`d ks strkps.

    Qho` hg tm`s` olemt hrleljkt` grho skjdkcs, but

    suam hbi`ats mkv` kcsh b``j us`d lj, ghr `xkopc`,

    bhhn ahv`rs m`ja` tm` ljacuslhj hg tmhs` grke-

    o`jts wmhs` pr`als` ld`jtlaktlhj ls lophsslbc`

    wltmlj tmls erhup. ` dlstljatlhj b`tw``j b`cts

    kjd strkps ls jht kcwkys `ksy th okn` kjd h`j

    `v`j lophsslbc`, m`ja` tm`lr acksslaktlhj lj hj`

    erhup> tm` qukjtlty smhucd b` vl`w`d lj tmls clemt.

    By ahrdke`, hbi`ats kr` o`kjt tmkt kr` pcl`d (kjd

    sho`tlo`s akbc`d), cln` rhp` kjd strlje tmkt ls okd`hg v`e`tkbc` okt`rlkcs.

    Bkes kjd R`ckt`d Hbi`ats ls k sokcc erhup hg hjcy

    ghur `jtrl`s (Akt. Jhs. 24;-244). ` c`ktm`r grho

    bkes ls h`j jht r`ahejlskbc`, `sp`alkccy wm`j tm`

    c`ktm`r grkeo`jts hrleljkt` grho tm` bhdy hg tm` bke

    kjd kr` wltmhut g`ktur`s suam ks `de`s kjd mkjdc`s.

    ` erhup Hstauts kjd Ukst` (Akt. Jhs. 240-

    200) hjcy ljacud`s tm` ohr` r`okrnkbc` grkeo`jts9

    tm` qukjtlty hg hstauts kjd wkst` ls ckre` but ohst kr`

    g`ktur`c`ss grkeo`jts. `s` kr` clst`d lj Kpp`jdlx L.` sokcc erhup Olsa`cckj`hus (Akt. Jhs. 207-

    20=) ljacud`s `xtrkhrdljkry lt`os, sho` hg wmlam

    w`r` jht usukccy okd` hg c`ktm`r suam ks tm` rlje

    kjd tm` pht cld. ` tmlrd `jtry ls k r`pklr pktam,

    wmlam olemt mkv` b``j us`d th r`pklr k bke. Lj tm`

    kjkcysls, jh ktt`jtlhj ls elv`j th tmls erhup (but s``

    tm` aktkcheu`).

    ` ckre`st erhup, wltm ;0; `jtrl`s (Akt. Jhs.

    20

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    ;0

    Kjkcysls

    r`pklr (tm` d`er`` olemt dlst`r grho slt` th slt`, ks

    wlcc b` `xpcklj`d b`chw). Lj D`lr `c-Bkamlt lt wks

    ahoohj prkatla` th r`pklr tmljes hv`r kjd hv`r

    keklj, b`yhjd gurtm`r r`pklr. ls o`kjs tmkt, `v`j

    lg stlcc lj us`, h`j tm` hrleljkc smkp` kcr`kdy ahucd

    jht b` d`t`rolj`d kjyohr`. Ohr`hv`r, k`r dls-akrdlje tm` hbi`at, d`aky s`ts lj,7vkrylje kaahrd-

    lje th tm` ljflu`ja` hg kjytmlje grho ohlstur` kjd

    wljd th tm` cln`s hg ljs`at kjd rhd`jt katlvlty. `s`

    prha`ss`s kct`r tm` hbi`at `v`j ohr`. Jh ktt`jtlhj

    ls elv`j th tmls erhup kpkrt grho s`v`rkc `xtrkhrdl-

    jkry grkeo`jts.

    Vr`s`rvktlhj

    E`j`rkccy sp`knlje, tm` pr`s`rvktlhj5hg tm` c`ktm`r

    ls ehhd. ` gkat tmkt sh okjy `jtrl`s kr` hjcy sokcc

    grkeo`jts ls du` th us` kjd w`kr rktm`r tmkj th bkd

    pr`s`rvktlhj. Ljd``d, ahjsld`rlje tm` grkelclty hg

    tm` bhhn ahv`r c`ktm`r, hj` ahucd v`j sky tm` pr`s-

    `rvktlhj ls `xa`cc`jt.

    Hj` hg tm` ohst amkrkat`rlstla ahjdltlhjs hg vls-

    lbc` d`t`rlhrktlhj hg c`ktm`r ls k ahjdltlhj usukccy

    r`g`rr`d th ks o`ctlje. ls ls akus`d by ohlstur`,

    kcchwlje olarhblkc kttkan hr mydrhtm`rokc smrljn-

    ke` kjd elv`s tm` c`ktm`r k r`sljhus kpp`krkja`.` prha`ss ls lrr`v`rslbc` kjd wlcc ahjtlju` lg jht

    sthpp`d. ls ls hbs`rv`d lj v`ry g`w grkeo`jts,

    DB ;;75 (Akt. Jh. 16) kjd DB 1547b (Akt. Jh. 74)

    b`lje tm` ohst hbvlhus `xkopc`s. Mhw`v`r, bhtm

    grkeo`jts smhw k r`sljhus-cln` ahjdltlhj hjcy lj

    arhss-s`atlhj9 tm` surgka` lts`cg ls surprlsljecy lj-

    tkat. ` kbs`ja` hg tmls typ` hg d`t`rlhrktlhj sue-

    e`sts pr`dholjkjtcy dry ahjdltlhjs. @xkopc`s hg

    `xtr`o` o`ct`d c`ktm`r kr` njhwj grho Kokrjk

    tm` okt`rlkc sust`r`d sp`alkccy hr lj ohst aks`s hjcyphst-`xakvktlhj (W`cdo`li`r, 26;6b> W`cdo`li`r &

    @jd`jbure, 2665) kjd grho Tutkjnmkoujs thob

    (W`cdo`li`r, 26;6k kjd r`g`r`ja`s tm`r`lj).

    Qnlj Vrha`sslje

    Qnlj yp` Ld`jtlaktlhj

    Ks `xpcklj`d `cs`wm`r`=(W`cdo`li`r, 26;6b9 ;= kjd

    r`g`r`ja`s tm`r`lj),

    C`kam, ;

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    ;7

    Kjkcysls

    jht kcwkys ks ujkobleuhus ks hj` whucd mhp` (hwj

    hbs`rvktlhj [ksr Lbrlo> s`` kcsh hoshj, 26679

    0 Wkj Drl`c-Ourrky 2662k9 ; W`cdo`li`r &

    Wkj Rhhd`, 2660). ls t`st mks jht b``j kppcl`d

    kjd olemt b` ujd`rtkn`j lj tm` gutur`.

    Ahchur, b`sld`s tm` jkturkc ahchur hg tm` c`ktm`rhr ahchur tmkt ls du` th snlj prha`sslje, wks jht ld`j-

    tl`d. Lj htm`r whrds, wltm DB 2=27 (Akt. Jh.;71)

    b`lje tm` hjcy `xa`ptlhj, jh pkljt, dy` hr pleo`jt

    s``os th mkv` b``j us`d th d`ahrkt` tm` c`ktm`r.

    T`amjlakccy tm`r` ls k dlstljatlhj b`tw``j pleo`jt,

    pkljt kjd dy` (s`` ghr xkopc` C`` & [ulrn`, 2666).

    ` pr`s`jt whrn r`g`rs th tm`s` tmr`` ks pkljt

    b`akus` jh kjkcys`s w`r` dhj` th d`t`rolj` tm`

    pmyslakc prhp`rtl`s. O`kjt by tm` t`ro pkljt ls k

    ahchur htm`r tmkj tm` ahchur hg tm` c`ktm`r lts`cg hrtm` ahchur hg tm` c`ktm`r du` th tm` snlj prha`sslje

    o`tmhds. `r` ls qult` sho` dlstljatlhj lj ahchur

    hg tm` c`ktm`r, vkrylje grho k clemt brhwj (`.e.DB

    2520, Akt. Jh. 274) th tm` er`ylsm bckan c`ktm`r hg

    tm` bhhn ahv`rs (`.e.DB 2757, Akt. Jh. ;5;). Lt ls

    pckuslbc` th suee`st tmkt tm`s` `xtr`o` dlst`r`ja`s

    lj ahchur kr` du` th tm` typ` hg snlj, lj sho` aks`s

    lj ahjj`atlhj wltm tm` snlj prha`sslje o`tmhds.

    Htm`r akus`s hg tm` dlst`r`ja` lj jkturkc ahchur kr`

    tm` us` hg tm` hbi`at (jkturkc gkts lj tm` snlj gurtm`r

    aur` tm` c`ktm`r), sp`ala alrauostkja`s durljeburlkc, wmlam olemt dlst`r dlstljatcy `v`j b`tw``j

    hbi`ats lj achs` prhxlolty.

    Okjugkaturlje T`amjhchey

    Qtltam`s kjd Q`kos

    ` us` hg c`ktm`r tmhje lj stltamlje ls gklrcy clolt`d

    b`ghr` Rhokj tlo`s.;1

    Ljd``d, j`krcy kcc Vmkrkhjlaghhtw`kr (W`cdo`li`r, 266 266 266 266

    26;6k),;4 amkrlht c`ktm`r, ljacudlje bhw aks`s kjd

    qulv`rs (W`cdo`li`r, 26;6b);0 kjd htm`r hbi`ats

    suam ks tm` t`jt hg Lst`onm`b (p`rshjkc hbs`rvktlhj

    266 s`` kcsh Qamwkrz, 26669 201-20=) studl`d tmus

    gkr ls pr`dholjkjtcy stltam`d wltm slj`w kjd, th

    c`ss`r xt`jt, flkx (s`` kcsh Wkj Drl`c-Ourrky, 26669

    265-26=). ls dlst`rs grho c`ktm`rwhrn hg Jublkj

    hrlelj, ks jds grho ghr `xkopc` Ml`rknhjphcls

    A-erhup suee`st (W`cdo`li`r, 2665b), wmlam kr` gkr

    ohr` h`j okd` wltm `xtr`o`cy j` kjd d`clakt`

    c`ktm`r tmhjes. Lj phst-Vmkrkhjla tlo`s, tm` us`

    hg c`ktm`r tmhjes eklj`d lophrtkja` hv`r flkx kjd

    slj`w kjd wks tm` oklj okt`rlkc th s`aur` tm` shc`

    cky`rs lj skjdkcs kjd ghr stltamlje s`kos lj hbi`ats

    suam ks bkes kjd t`jts.

    ` vkrl`ty lj stltamlje kjd s`kos lj @eyptlkjc`ktm`rwhrn ls clolt`d (W`cdo`li`r, 26;6b9 ; tm`

    stltamlje, mhw`v`r, ls s`ahjdkry, b`akus` tm` hrlel-

    jkc sclts kchje tm` p`rlo`t`r mkv` pkrtlkccy b``j

    ac`kr`d hg tm` hrleljkc stltamlje. Lj DB ;;66 (Akt.

    Jh. 7), tm` stltamlje ls v`ry r`euckr, but kt tm` dhr-

    skc surgka` hg tm` ljshc` tm` spka` b`tw``j tm` smhrt

    stltam`s ls ouam blee`r. ` r`v`rs` sltuktlhj ls, hg

    ahurs`, tru` ghr tm` v`jtrkc surgka` hg tm` tr`kdshc`

    (eur` 2B> htm`r ehhd `xkopc`s kr` DB ;06;, Akt.

    Jh. 2

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    ;5

    Kjkcysls

    Gleur` 2. Q`v`rkc vkrlktlhjs hg c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltamlje.

    K) @v`jcy-spka`d> B) R`euckr, wld`cy-spka d smhrt stltam`s>

    A) @xtr`o` v`rslhj hg B. T` tmhje rujs ouam ohr` dlkehjkccy

    tmrhuem tm` c`ktm`r (s`` kcsh D)> D) DB ;7

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    ;=

    Kjkcysls

    v`jtrkc surgka` hg skjdkc Q-6s``j lj DB

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    ; DB

    1511k, Akt. Jh. 466 kjd DB 12;2, Akt. Jh. 1;7).

    ` dlkehjkc stltamlje tmkt rujs kct`rjkt`cy hv`r

    kjd ujd`r bhtm de`s hg tm` t`kr kjd tmus pucc tm`o

    the`tm`r okn`s lt v`ry sultkbc` ghr tmls purphs`.

    Lts pr`dholjkjt us` ks k r`pklr-stltam ls tm` r`kshjtmkt lt ls jht h`j `jahujt`r`d. Gljds grho Ml`rk-

    nhjphcls A-erhup (a. 24 jd MN25A

    61-;=;) suee`st tmkt tm` t`amjlqu` wks us`d grho k

    v`ry `krcy dkt`.

    Qhc`/Ppp`r Ahjstruatlhjs

    Kcc stltamlje ls dhj` wltm c`ktm`r tmhje, `xa`pt ghr

    hj` hg tm` hbi`ats tmkt kr` ackssl`d ks smh`. M`r`,

    tm` stltamlje ls dhj` wltm flkx. DB 156=k-a (Akt. Jh.

    ;66) okn` up k ckre` pkrt hg k pkrtlkccy ljtkat upp`r

    kjd grkeo`jts hg tm` shc`. Pjghrtujkt`cy, tm` c`ktm-`r ls mkrd kjd brlttc` du` th wmlam k d`tklc`d study

    prhv`d lophsslbc` prlhr th tr`kto`jt, but tm` dlst`r-

    `jt pkrts hg tm` upp`r kr` s`aur`d wltm ghcd`d `de`s

    kjd fl`sm-erklj stltamlje (eur` 0K> tmls ls bkslakccy

    k rujjlje stltam, but okd` wltm twh tmr`kds lj tm`

    hpphslt` dlr`atlhj).26` shc`/upp`r ahjstruatlhj

    Gleur` 4. Lj sklchr stltam`s dlkehjkc stltamlje rujs kct`rjkt`cy

    hv`r kjd ujd`r bhtm `de`s hg tm` t`kr th pucc tm`o the`tm`r.

    Gleur` 0. K) T` s`kos lj tm` upp`r DB 156=k (Akt. Jh. ;66)9

    tm` `de`s kr` ghcd`d kjd stltam`d wltm fl`sm-erklj stltamlje hg

    flkx. Ag.eur` 7> B) Vrhbkbc` shc`/upp`r ahjstruatlhj9 c`ktm`r

    tmhje rujjlje stltam`s wltmhut k rkjd.

    K

    B

    lj 156=k-a (Akt. Jh. ;66) ls uja`rtklj, b`akus` tm`

    shc` kjd upp`r kr` s`pkrkt`d, but sokcc r`ojkjts

    the`tm`r wltm tm` rktm`r arud` c`ktm`r tmhje stltam-`s suee`sts tmkt tm` upp`r wks s`aur`d th tm` shc`

    wltm rujjlje stltam`s (eur` 0B). Jh r`ojkjts hg

    rkjd survlv`.

    DB 15

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    2;

    Kjkcysls

    (Akt. Jh. 216). Lj ohst aks`s, `xa`pt ghr tm` ckst twh

    m`ja` tm`lr acksslaktlhj lj tm` akt`ehry Pjld`jtl-

    `d tm`s` kr` ksshalkt`d wltm tm` skjdkcs. DB 1501`

    (Akt. Jh. 77) ls k pkrtlauckrcy ehhd `xkopc`9 lt ls hg

    k pr`-strkp wltm k sarkp hg bkan strkp tmkt ls kttkam`d

    th k s`ahjd sarkp by tm` sclt-kjd-pucc t`amjlqu`. lssuee`sts tmkt tm` t`amjlqu` ls okljcy us`d ghr r`pklr-

    lje twh brhn`j pkrts. Mhw`v`r, k pklr hg skjdkcs lj tm`

    Qkoocuje d`s eypthchelsam`j Ljstltut d`r Pjlv`rsltt

    M`ld cb`re smhws tmls sljec` sclt-kjd-pucc t`amjlqu`

    ks kj hrleljkc ahjstruatlhj (iujatlhj hg tm` grhjt kjd

    bkan strkps).27` sljec` sclt-kjd-pucc ahjstruatlhj lj

    kj `xtrkhrdljkry smh` lj tm` Brltlsm Ous`uo Chjdhj

    ls hrleljkc thh.25Lj k pklr hg skjdkcs lj tm` ahcc`atlhj hg

    tm` Chuvr`, tm` grhjt strkp ls chhp`d krhujd tm` bkan

    strkp kjd s`aur`d wltm k sljec` sclt-kjd-pucc (Ohj-t`obkuct, 26669 DB

    DB 2261, Akt.

    Jh. =7> DB ;2 DB 2714, Akt. Jh. =DB 1565, Akt. Jh.

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    Kjkcysls

    Brkldlje

    Hj` brkld`d c`ktm`r strkp ls r`elst`r`d. DB =01k

    (Akt. Jh. ;

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    Kjkcysls

    Qho`tlo`s tm` strlp ls ghcd`d c`jetmwls` kjd olemt

    b` okd` hg c`ktm`r hg dlst`r`jt ahchur, kctmhuem bhtm

    the`tm`r kr` rktm`r rkr` (eur` ;2). H`j tm` pkss-

    lje strlp akj b` s``j lj r`cl`g kt tm` hutsld` hg tm`

    ahlc prhp`r (`sp`alkccy ac`kr lj DB 2;01, Akt. Jh. 56

    kjd DB 27=

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    24

    Kjkcysls

    strkps (`.e. Ohjt`obkuct, 26669 ;;6, s`` kcsh eur`

    ;2). `s` ahlcs kr` k ahoohj c`o`jt lj skjdkcs ks

    okjy jds suee`st (ghr `xkopc` Brujthj, ; Nu`jy & \hyhtt`, ; Jku`rtm, ;

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    20

    Kjkcysls

    Gleur` ;0. Qkjdkc (QKLPM 104), smhwlje tm` tub` lj sltu.Ahurt`sy hg tm` Qkoocuje d`s eypthchelsam`j Ljstltut d`r

    Pjlv`rsltt M`ld`cb`re.

    Gleur` ;7. T` skjdkc RQO ; lg tm` hrleljkc shc` wks

    d`ahrkt`d, lt olemt jht b` vlslbc` kjyohr . Kjhtm`rokihr gujatlhjkc erhup, bhhn ahv`rs, smhws k vkrl-

    `ty hg d`ahrktlhj t`amjlqu`s9 lopr`ss`d kjd ljals`d

    d`ahrktlhj ks w`cc ks pkljtlje.

    Vkljt`d D`ahrktlhj

    DB 261; (Akt. Jh. 5), k skjdkcs m``c, ls d`ahrkt`d wltm

    twh pkrkcc`c zlezke clj`s (U-smkp`) tmkt kr` okd` up

    hg bckan dhts. Twh hg tm`s` r`cktlv`cy ckre` U-ohtlgs

    kr` sltukt`d lj tm` a`jtr`, b`tw``j tm` sclts ghr tm`r`a`ptlhj hg tm` pr`-strkps. Ghhtw`kr wltm pkljt`d

    ohtlgs hj tm` shc` ls ujusukc. Lj ahjtrkst, skjdkcs hg

    wmlam `jtlr` shc` cky`rs kr` okd` hg pkljt`d c`ktm`r

    kr` r`phrt`d ks `krcy ks tm` J`w Nljedho (Wkj Drl`c-

    Ourrky, 26669 167-165> W`cdo`li`r, 266 s`` kcsh

    Ohjt`obkuct, 26669 ;;6 ghr kj ujdkt`d but phsslbcy

    Amrlstlkj `xkopc`).

    Hj` grkeo`jt hg bhhn ahv`r (DB 2=27, Akt. Jh.

    ;71) mks pkljt hj tm` hbv`rs`. ` P-smkp`d ohtlg

    (wltm kj kv`rke` wldtm hg 1.0 oo) mks k dkrn mu`,

    kjd tm` c`ktm`r surgka` ls ac`krcy kst`at`d, wmlam ls `vl-d`ja`d by tm` juo`rhus sokcc arkans. Vhsslbcy tmls ls

    du` th k am`olakc r`katlhj b`tw``j (`c`o`jts hg) tm`

    ahchur kjd tm` c`ktm`r hr tm` aurlje/tkjjlje ke`jal`s,

    b`akus` tm` surgka` hg tm` c`ktm`r ls dkoke`d `xkatcy

    wm`r` tm` ahchur wks kppcl`d. ls mkpp`j`d thh wltm

    tm` twh trlkjec`s tmkt kr` sltukt`d ljsld` tmls P-ohtlg.

    Kbhv` tmls P kr` s`v`rkc r`d clj`s kjd htm`r smkp`s

    hg vkrylje wldtm, wmlam olemt b` r`ojkjts hg t`xt,

    but lt ls thh bkdcy pr`s`rv`d th b` a`rtklj. Lj ahjtrkst

    th tm` P-ohtlg kjd tm` trlkjec`s, tm` c`ktm`r surgka`m`r` ls jht dkoke`d. Kctmhuem rkr` kohje tm` c`ktm`r

    grho D`lr `c-Bkamlt, `vld`ja` hg pkljt`d d`ahrktlhj

    hj bhhn ahv`rs grho Jke Mkookdl (Ekbrk & @kthj-

    Nrkuss, 26659 ;02-;01), suee`sts lt wks jht ujaho-

    ohj, kctmhuem jht tm` ohst gkvhurlt` o`kjs hg d`ah-

    rktlhj.

    Lopr`ss`d kjd Qtkop`d D`ahrktlhj

    ` pkljt`d ohtlgs kr` jht tm` hjcy d`ahrktlhj lj

    skjdkc DB 261; (Akt. Jh. 5) b`akus` kt hj` hg tm`

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    Kjkcysls

    `de`s ls k rhw hg lopr`ss`d zlezke ohtlgs. `s` kr`

    v`ry ac`kr kt hj` `de`, but kr` c`ss ac`krcy d`j`d

    kt tm` m``c kjd s``o `jtlr`cy kbs`jt hj tm` htm`r

    `de`. ` ahjdltlhj hg tm` ohtlgs kt tm` m``c kjd tm`

    kbs`ja` kt tm` hpphslt` `de` olemt b` du` th w`kr,

    kctmhuem tmls whucd ahjtrkdlat tm` ehhd, j`krcyujdkoke`d ahjdltlhj hg tm` pkljt`d d`ahrktlhj

    ujc`ss tmls wks kppcl`d ouam ckt`r. Lt ls r`okrnkbc`

    tmkt h`j tmls zlezke ohtlg ls lcc d`j`d.

    Kcsh tm` dhrskc surgka` lj tm` shc` DB 11=< (Akt.

    Jh. 1) mks lopr`ss`d ohtlgs. Mhw`v`r, tm` smkp` ls

    rktm`r ujac`kr, but ls, phsslbcy, iust bkdcy d`j`d

    zlezke ohtlgs rktm`r tmkj dlst`r`jt ohtlgs. Lj tm`

    a`jtr`, ohst hg tm` d`ahrktlhj ls whrj kwky.

    ` stkop`d zlezke ohtlg ls hj` hg tm` ohst hg-

    t`j haaurrlje ohtlgs lj tm` d`ahrktlhj hg skjdkcskjd pkrkcc`cs kr` kbujdkjt (`.e.Brujthj, ; Ohjt`obkuct, 26669 Russh, 26649

    ;= B) DB 2757k (Akt.

    Jh. ;5;)> A) DB ;27

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    Kjkcysls

    ;27 jht`

    tmkt m`r`, s`v`rkc alrac`s drhpp`d hut hg tm` aut ks

    ls tm` aks` lj DB 146;, Akt. Jh. ;42) kjd phsslbcy

    DB 2757k (Akt. Jh. ;5;). Qho`tlo`s tm` alrauckr

    ohtlgs w`r` aut thh gkr kjd j`krcy aut hut hg tm`

    c`ktm`r (ghr `xkopc` ;27 eur`;5A). Lj ahjtrkst th tm` smkcchw lopr`ss`d ohtlgs,

    tm` a`jtr` ls aut hut. ls, mhw`v`r, ls ahljald`jtkc

    rktm`r tmkj ljt`jd`d b`akus` lt kcwkys haaurs lj tm`

    sko` hbi`at tmkt kcsh mks ohtlgs lj wmlam tm` ljt`-

    rlhr ls stlcc pr`s`jt (b`ct DB = DB

    2004, Akt. Jh.;=

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    2=

    Kjkcysls

    B`ct DB 21

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    2 DB 122, Akt. Jh. ;54 ^e-

    ur` 22_> DB 2625, Akt. Jh. ;4= eur` 16_> DB ;0;6,

    Akt. Jh. ;45 eur` 2=_> DB 2644, Akt. Jh. ;;1 e-

    Gleur` 2;. DB 16;1 (Akt. Jh. ;=;) ls `jtlr`cy ahv`r`d wltm

    ehue`d ohtlgs.

    ur` 1;_ kjd DB ;5;7, Akt. Jh. ;51 ^eur` 2 DB

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    16

    Kjkcysls

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    1;

    Kjkcysls

    Gleur` 21. Grkeo`jt hg bhhn ahv`r DB 120 (Akt. Jh. 276).

    Gleur` 24. Grkeo`jt hg bhhn ahv`r DB 5=2 (Akt. Jh. ;05).

    Gleur` 20. Grkeo`jt hg bhhn ahv`r DB

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    12

    Kjkcysls

    Gleur` 27. K) Grkeo`jt hg bhhn ahv`r DB

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    11

    Kjkcysls

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    14

    Kjkcysls

    Gleur` 2

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    17

    Kjkcysls

    dlfiauct, lg jht lophsslbc`, th pusm tm` c`ktm`r ljth

    tm` spka`s b`tw``j tm` clj`s hg k thhc tmkt mkd th

    prhdua` ouctlpc` clj`s lj hj` eh. ` s`qu`ja` hg

    kppclaktlhj h`j akjjht b` d`t`rolj`d> lt ls tm`r`-

    ghr` `xtrkhrdljkry tmkt lt ahucd b` `stkbclsm`d tmkt

    tm` dlkehjkc clj`s lj DB ;167 (Akt. Jh. ;47> eur`

    25) w`r` kppcl`d hv`r tm` v`rtlakc clj`s.

    Kaahrdlje th Ehubltz `t kc. (266;9 44) k dkrn clj`hr kr`k wlcc kpp`kr lj tm` pcka`s tmkt kr` ahopr`ss`d

    by lopr`sslhj hr `obhsslje. ` r`v`rs` (l. . fl`sm

    sld`) hg DB ;5;0 (Akt. Jh. ;52> eur` 22) smhws tmls

    v`ry w`cc, wmlam suee sts tmkt kt c kst lj tmls `xkopc ,

    tm` d`ahrktlhj wks kppcl`d th tm` jht-vlslbc` surgka`.

    Mhw`v`r, tm` bckan ahchur hg tm` hbv`rs` (l.`. erklj

    sld`) h`j dh`s jht kcchw tm` r`ahejltlhj hg tm` dls-

    ahchrktlhj, but kt c`kst sho` ohtlgs w`r` ac`krcy kp-

    pcl`d th tm` hbv`rs`.

    Qho` hg tm` ohst r`okrnkbc` but j`v`rtm`c`ss `x-p`at`d stkop`d ohtlgs kr` arhss`s, wmlam kr` s``j lj

    hjcy twh grkeo`jts. DB eur` 20)

    smhws tmr`` kcohst ahopc`t` arhss`s. ` hutclj` ls

    lopr`ss`d kjd tmus lj chw r`cl`g. ` a`jtr` kpp`krs

    lj mlem r`cl`g but ls jht prhtrudlje b`yhjd tm` r`st

    hg tm` c`ktm`rs surgka`. Lj htm`r whrds, tm` thhc oust

    mkv` b``j mhcchw lj tm` smkp` hg tm` hutclj` (eur`

    15). Kctmhuem lt ls t`optlje th suee`st tmkt tm` dhu-

    bc` arhss`s lj DB 2; eur` 10) kr`

    okd` by stkoplje tm`o twla` wltm tm` sko` thhc ks

    tm` kghr`o`jtlhj`d arhss`s lj DB

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    Kjkcysls

    lj hj` hg tm` Mkoucl bljdljes m`kdpl`a`s (D`puy-

    dt, ;

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    Kjkcysls

    ` grhjt strkp lj DB =5< (Akt. Jh. 2), tmhuem

    chst, whucd mkv` b``j pucc`d tmrhuem twh sclts lj

    tm` ljshc`, wmlam kr` phsltlhj`d trkjsv`rs`cy hj`

    b`mljd tm` htm`r. ` grhjt strkp ls tmus skjdwlam`d

    b`tw``j tm` ljshc` kjd tr`kdshc` kjd dh`s jht smhw

    kt tm` v`jtrkc surgka` hg tm` tr`kdshc`.0=` grhjtstrkp ls s`aur`d lj k slopc` wky9 tm` t`roljkc `jd

    mks k ckre`r wldtm tmkj tm` sclt lj tm` shc`, pr`v`jt-

    lje lt grho sclpplje tmrhuem (DB ;;00, Akt. Jh. ;;

    ls k ehhd `xkopc` kjd DB 15;4b, Akt. Jh.

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    41

    Kjkcysls

    gujatlhj hr ks pkrt hg tm` skjdkc strkp ahopc`x.

    Mhw`v`r, `xkatcy mhw tmls whucd whrn ls ujnjhwj

    ks tmus gkr tm`y mkv` j`v`r b``j ghujd lj sltulj k

    skjdkc (kcsh jht`d by Uljt`rbhttho, 266;9 11=).

    Lt ls tm`r`ghr` ujcln`cy tmkt tm`y katukccy kr` pkrts

    hg tm` strkp ahopc`x. Ljt`r`stljecy, Ehubltz `t kc.(26669 05-76) smhw tm` rhcc`d theec` ks pkrt hg smh`

    gkst`jljes, wm`r` tm`y kr` pusm`d hr drkwj tmrhuem

    theec` mhc`s kjd tmus achs` tm` upp`r krhujd tm`

    kjnc`.7

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    40

    Kjkcysls

    hg c`ktm`r ls w`cc ktt`st`d. Qt Qlokkj, wmh clv`d

    kt tm` `jd hg tm` ;6tm a. KD, ls njhwj ks Qt. Ql-

    okkj tm` Tkjj`r, Qt. Qlokkj tm` Qmh`okn`r kjd

    Qt. Qlokkj, tm` Ahbbc`r (Kjhjyohus, ;

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    45

    @xp`rlo`jtkc whrn smhucd sm`d ohr` clemt hj tm`

    trka`s k pkrtlauckr thhc c`kv`s hj tm` c`ktm`r.== Mhw-

    `v`r, hj` thhc ls r`kdlcy r`ahejlskbc` grho tm` c`ktm-

    `r. ` `de`s hg s`v`rkc hbi`ats (tm` b`st `xkopc`s

    kr` DB ;212k, Akt. Jh. ;=7> DB ;776b, Akt. Jh. 47>

    DB ;5;6, Akt. Jh. 45 kjd DB 2677/267=, Akt. Jh.

    ;5), wmlam kr` okd` hg gklrcy tmlan c`ktm`r, mkv` kahjv`x smkp`. ls mks b``j dhj` th hbtklj kj k`s-

    tm`tlakccy pc`kslje `st`at kjd wks dhj` wltm k sp`-

    alkc njlg`9 tm` `de` smkv`r hr b`v`cc`r. Quam k thhc

    ahjslsts hg k sc`jd`r, aurv`d smkjn wltm k erhhv`

    THHCQ9 K QMHRT JHT@

    hj tm` upp`r sld` ghrolje k amls`c-smkp`d auttlje

    `de` (Dkrn`, 26679 ;60-;67). Dkrn` kcsh jht`s

    tmkt tm` thhc ls pkrtlauckrcy vucj`rkbc` th w`kr kjd

    dkoke` wmlam olemt kaahujt ghr lts j`kr-kbs`ja`

    lj tm` kramk`hchelakc r`ahrd. ` thhc ahopkr`s

    w`cc wltm k ehue` kjd olemt b` olstkn`j ks suam

    (Qamwkrz, 26669 ag.V`trl`, ;

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    4=

    ` mlem d`er`` hg r`-us` kjd r`pklr dh`s jht aho`

    ks k surprls` elv`j tm` jktur` hg tm` slt` (ohjks-

    t`ry). Ghhtw`kr, lj pkrtlauckr, ls grkeo`jt`d kjd

    lj sho` aks`s r`pklr`d hv`r kjd hv`r keklj, wmlam

    sho`tlo`s dh`s jht c`kv` kjy trka` hg tm` hrleljkc

    typ` hg skjdkc (DB ;745k, Akt. Jh. 4= ls k ehhd `x-

    kopc`). Htm`r sp`alo`js kr` okd` hg pl`a`s kjdblts hg htm`r hbi`ats, h`j skjdkcs, suam ks DB

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    4 Ksmohc`kj Ous`uo, Hxghrd>

    Brltlsm Ous`uo, Chjdhj> @eyptlkj Ous`uo,

    Aklrh> Cuxhr Ous`uo, Cuxhr> ` Okjam`st`r

    Ous`uo, Pjlv`rslty hg Okjam`st`r (gutur` prhi-`at)> O`trhphcltkj Ous`uo hg Krt, J`w \hrn>

    Ous`h @elzlh, Turlj> Ous`uo hg Glj` Krts, Bhs-

    thj> Jktlhjkc Ous`uo hg Kjtlqultl`s, C`ld`j>

    Jktlhjkc Ous`uos hg Qahtckjd, @dljburem>

    Hrl`jtkc Ljstltut` Ous`uo, Amlakeh> V`trl` Ou-

    s`uo hg @eyptlkj Kramk`hchey PAC, Chjdhj>

    Rh`o`r- ujd V`clzk`us-Ous`uo, Mlcd`sm`lo>

    Rhykc Hjtkrlh Ous`uo, Thrhjth> Qkoocuje

    d`s eypthchelsam`j Ljstltuts d`r Pjlv`rsltt

    M`ld`cb`re> Uhrcd Ous`uo, Clv`rphhc. @xak-vktlhjs9 Kokrjk> Ko`jmht`p LL T opc` Cux-

    hr> B`r`jln`> D`lr `c-Bkamlt> Drk Kbu `c Jkek>

    @c`pmkjtlj`> Ml`rknhjphcls> O`rsk Ekwksls>

    [ksr Lbrlo.

    7 Ultmhut prhp`r tr`kto`jt, d`aky hg tm` snlj s`ts

    lj ks shhj ks tm` kjlokc dl`s. M`r` ls o`kjt gur-

    tm`r d`aky by ke`jts lj tm` erhujd.

    5 Ouam r`s`kram ls dhj` ljth tm` d`t`rlhrktlhj hg

    c`ktm`r, `sp`alkccy ghr tm` ohd`rj c`ktm`r ljdus-

    try. Ghr k ehhd ljtrhduatlhj hj tm` o`amkjlsos

    hg d`t`rlhrktlhj s`` Gchrlkj (2667).

    = Qnlj prha`sslje yl`cds wkst`> hstauts, mhw`v`r,

    usukccy hjcy r`g`rs th grkeo`jts hg c`ktm`r tmkt

    kr` aut hst grho k prha`ss`d sm``t hg c`ktm`r lj

    hrd`r th hbtklj k sultkbc` pl`a` ghr tm` okju-

    gkatur` hg kj hbi`at. Bhtm wlcc b` dlsauss`d lj

    s`atlhj Hstauts kjd Ukst`.

    < ` ld`jtlaktlhj by vkrlhus st`ps kt mttp9//www.gursnlj.az ls mkjdy, kctmhuem lt r`cl`s m`kvlcy hj

    mklr. Ohr`hv`r, phw`rguc olarhsahp`s kr` j``d`d,

    wmlam kr` jht kcwkys kvklckbc` lj tm` `cd. K j`w

    prhi`at by Dholjlak DKrakje`ch kt Pjlv`rslty

    Ahcc`e` Chjdhj (PAC) ls o`kjt th `xpkjd tmls

    syst`o kjd ghaus ohr` hj tm` snljs erklj pktt`rj.

    ;6 Ghr gkt ahjt jts, s`` `sp`alkccy Trhoo`r (2660).

    R`ekrdlje DJK, Rhy hoshj (26679 0=) wrht`9

    Uhrn ls b`lje ujd`rtkn`j th kjkcys` DJK `x-

    trkat`d grho snlj-bks`d hbi`ats. Lt olemt w`cc

    b` phsslbc` th d`v`chp suam prha`dur`s ghr uj-tkjj`d okt`rlkcs kjd suaa`ssguc r`sucts mkv`

    b``j r`phrt`d wltm hlc-tkjj`d amkohls c`ktm`rs

    (Ckjerlde`, 2664). Lt ls c`ss cln`cy, mhw`v`r, tmkt

    suaa`ssguc o`tmhds wlcc b` ghujd ghr us` wltm

    v`e`tkbc`- hr olj`rkc-tkjj`d c`ktm`rs ks tm`

    arhss cljnlje o`amkjlsos ljvhcv`d lj tm` tkj-

    jlje prha`ss`s wlcc prhbkbcy ljt`rg`r` wltm tm`

    `xtrkatlhj prha`dur`s. ls o`kjs tmkt tm` wky

    k snlj ls pr`pkr`d (sh-akcc`d snlj prha`sslje)

    j``ds th b` njhwj rst lj hrd`r th ljar`ks` tm`phsslblclty hg phsltlv` snlj typ` ld`jtlaktlhj.

    ;; Q`` kcsh s`atlhj Hstauts kjd Ukst`.

    ;2 But jht` tmkt tm` dlsausslhj hg tm` ahjt`xt ls

    ghrtmaholje, s`` kbhv`.

    ;1 Q`` jht` =.

    ;4 Qtubb`d-th` smh`s, mhw`v`r, kr` usukccy okd`

    wltm c`ktm`r tmhje. ` dktlje hg tm`s` smh`s,

    ujghrtujkt`cy, ls, ks y`t, uja`rtklj.

    ;0 Ljacudlje tm` j`krcy ahopc`t` amkrlht c`ktm`r

    aurr`jtcy ujd`r study (s`` W`cdo`li`r, 26;6b>

    W`cdo`li`r & Lnrko, 266

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    0;

    Jht`s

    ;7 Jhj-ghhtw`kr `xkopc`s DB 156;K (Akt. Jh.

    10=) kjd DB 15

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    02

    Jht`s

    11 Qho` ahjstruatlhjkc `c`o`jts kr` kcsh d`ahrk-

    tlv`. Ghr ohr` d`ahrktlhj t`amjlqu`s s`` s`atlhj

    D`ahrktlhj T amjlqu`s.

    14 Ahlcs tmkt kr` okd` hg pcklt`d strlps hg pkco

    c`kg kr` sho`tlo`s us`d lj br` ghhtw`kr (-

    br` smh`s wltm gucc fl`xlbc` upp`r ^W`cdo`li`r,26;6`_> ahlc`d skjdkcs ^PA 2=165, W`cdo`li`r,

    Lj pr`ss b_, lshckt`d jds ^[L 2262=/K;6 grho

    [ksr Lbrlo_).

    10 Kcsh QKLPM ;;72.GI;=25> QKLPM.wltmhut juo-

    b`r (Qkoocuje d`s eypthchelsam`j Ljstltut d`r

    Pjlv`rsltt M`ld`cb`re)> PA 2=2=< (V`trl` Ou-

    s`uo hg @eyptlkj Kramk`hchey, PAC) kjd KQM

    ;= QKLPM ;;=;.GI440 (Qkoocuje

    d`s eypthchelsam`j Ljstltut d`r Pjlv`rsltt M`l-

    d`cb`re)> ;704 kjd 22;1 (Rh`o`r- ujd V`clzk`us

    Ous`uo, Mlcd`sm`lo).

    15 ls ls k rktm`r ujlv`rskc wky hg oknlje bkes, ks

    `xkopc`s grho tm` Akv` hg C`tt`rs (\kdlj, ; @K01 @26042 (Hrl-

    `jtkc Ljstltut` Ous`uo, Amlakeh). Vrhbkbcy lj

    QKLPM.14< hr ;

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    01

    Jht`s

    5;), okrn`rs (`.e. Lbld`o9 70> J`uj`rt, Ghrtm-

    aholje) but kcsh lj b`ct grkeo`jts (`.e.Gkcan &

    Clamtwkrn, ; Rhokj).

    04 DB ;27; (Akt. Jh. ;)> DB =5< (Akt. Jh. 2)>

    DB 11= DB ;217 (Akt. Jh. 0)>

    DB 1540 (Akt. Jh. 76). Vhsslbcy Ohjt`obkuct L, B, 29DB 261; (Akt. Jh. 5)> DB ;27

    DB ;5;6 (Akt. Jh. 45)> DB 156

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    00

    Kdkos, U.K. ;

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    07

    Blbclherkpmy

    @lamj`r, L., T. B`an & I. Qlec. 266

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    05

    Blbclherkpmy

    Rhs`j-Kykchj, O. ;

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    0=

    Blbclherkpmy

    W`cdo`li`r, K.I. 26;6b. Kokrjks C`ktm`rwhrn. Vkrt L.

    Vr`cloljkry Kjkcysls kjd Aktkcheu`. Jhre,

    DrunUkr`.

    W`cdo`li`r, K.I. 26;6a. E`b`c Kddks C`ktm`rwhrn lj

    tm` Rhykc Hjtkrlh Ous`uo, Thrhjth. Grl`jds

    hg Kjal`jt @eypt J`wsc`tt`r. Uljt`r 26;69 jhpp juob`rs.

    W`cdo`li`r, K.I. 26;6d. Qtudl`s hg Kjal`jt @eyp-

    tlkj Ghhtw`kr. T`amjhchelakc Ksp`ats. Vkrt ]L.

    Q`wj-@de` Vcklt`d Qkjdkcs. Ikkrb`rlamt`j @x

    Hrl`jt` Cux 429 5

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    VKRT LL. AKTKCHEP@

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    7;

    Akt. Jh.

    ;

    Gljd Jh. DB ;27;

    Hbi`at Ahopc`t`(8) shc`

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 ;;4#> w m``c9 0;.0> w grhjt9 74.6>

    t9 2.6> c sclts9 25.0

    Ahchur Brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    ` m``c ls rhujd`d kjd tm` wldtm thwkrds tm` grhjtsclemtcy but ahjtljuhuscy ljar`ks`s lj slz`. ` wklst

    ls jht r`strlat`d. ` grhjt ls squkr` aut. Ohst hg tm`

    stltam mhc`s kchje tm` `de` mkv` c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s

    lj sltu, suee`stlje tmkt tm`r` wks kt c`kst hj` htm`r

    shc` cky`r tmkt wks s`aur`d wltm rujjlje stltam`s.

    ` stltam`s kt tm` grhjt kr` sltukt`d kt k substkjtlkc

    dlstkja` grho tm` `de`, tm` v`jtrkc kr`k hg wmlam ls

    sohhtm`d. C`jetmwls` dhwj tm` a`jtr` kr` twh smhrt

    rhws hg stltam mhc`s9 hj` stkrtlje kt tm` grhjt kjd tm`

    htm`r kt tm` m``c. Lj b`tw``j tm` twh rhws ls kj `op-

    ty kr`k wltm k sarktam tmkt kcsh rujs c`jetmwls`. lssarktam dh`s jht eh tmrhuem tm` `jtlr` tmlanj`ss. Lj

    tm` olddc` hg tm` stltam rhw ls k mhc`, ahjtkljlje tm`

    r`ojkjts hg k c`jetmwls`-ghcd`d strlp, wmlam ls kcc tmkt

    r`okljs hg tm` grhjt strkp. Twh ckre` sclts ghr tm` r`a`p-

    tlhj hg tm` pr`-strkp kr` sltukt`d kbhut mkcgwky dhwj

    tm` skjdkcs c`jetm rktm`r tmkj achs` th tm` m``cs `de`,

    wmlam ls usukccy tm` aks`. ` v`jtrkc surgka` smhws

    tm` w`kr tmkt ls akus`d by tm` pr`-strkp9 tm` kr`k b`-

    tw``j tm` sclts ls ouam sohhtm`r tmkj tm` r`st hg tm`surgka`. Lt smhws tmkt tm` pr`-strkp wks ks wld` ks tm`

    c`jetm hg tm` sclts. ` strkje` smkp` hg tm` skjdkc, th-

    e`tm`r wltm tm` twh sokcc auts lj tm` grhjt `de` kjd

    tm` ghrwkrd phsltlhj hg tm` sclts ghr tm` pr`-strkps,

    suee`sts tmkt tm` skjdkc ls okd` grho k r`-us`d pl`a`

    hg c`ktm`r (prhbkbcy aut grho k ckre`r skjdkc). Lj tm`

    aurr`jt stkt`, tm` skjdkc oust mkv` b``j o`kjt ghr k

    amlcd. ` phsltlhj hg tm` grhjt strkp ls p`rmkps thh

    ouam kjt`rlhr th b` us`guc ghr ehlje b`tw``j tm` th`s.

    K phsslblclty, mhw`v`r, ls tmkt tm` ljshc` wks s`wj hjth

    k chje`r tr`kdshc`, wmlam whucd mkv` elv`j tm` grhjtstrkp k ouam b`tt`r t.

    DB ;27;. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskc vl`w.

    GHHTU@KR AKT. JHQ. ;;6;

    QKJDKCQ AKT. JHQ. ;

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    71

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    DB =5 t9 2.=

    Ahchur Dkrn brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Lrr`euckrcy-smkp`d grkeo`jt wltm tmr`` rhws hg ruj-jlje stltam`s (c`ktm`r tmhje). Hj` chje `de` ls ljtkat.

    Akt. Jh.

    4

    Arhss-s`atlhj smhwlje tm` pr`-strkp kjd tm` wky lt lspucc`d tmrhuem tm` sclts.

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    74

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    DB 11=

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    70

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    Gljd Jh. DB ;217

    Hbi`at Qhc` kjd pr`-strkp

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 ;26#> w m``c9 4 w wklst9 4=#>

    w grhjt9 76.=> t shc`9 0.2> c sclts shc`9

    26.5> w pr`-strkp9 ;0.2> t pr`-strkp9

    ;. c sclts pr`-strkp9 7.5Ahchur Er`y shc`, r`ddlsm brhwj pr`-

    strkp

    D`sarlptlhj

    Bkan tmr`` qukrt`rs hg tm` c`jetm hg k sokcc skjdkc.

    ` c`ktm`r ls r`cktlv`cy tmlan. ` m``c ls rhujd`d

    kjd tm` wklst ls sclemtcy ahjstrlat`d. Thwkrds tm`

    grhjt tm` wldtm ljar`ks`s, but tm` skjdkc ls ljaho-

    pc`t` wmlam prhmlblts njhwlje `xkatcy th wmkt `x-

    Akt. Jh.

    0

    t`jt. ` stltam mhc`s kt tm` m``c, sho` hg wmlam stlcc

    mkv` tm` c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`slj sltu, sue-

    e`st kt c`kst hj` htm`r cky`r hrleljkccy, but wm`tm`r

    lt wks kj `jtlr` shc` hr hjcy kt tm` m``c ls uja`r-

    tklj. Kjywky, lt whucd mkv` skjdwlam`d tm` pr`-

    strkp rujjlje ujd`rj`ktm tm` pr`s`rv`d shc` cky`r.` pr`-strkp, pucc`d tmrhuem sclts hj `ltm`r sld` hg

    tm` shc` cky`r, ls sltukt`d rktm`r gkr bkan. Lt ls okd`

    hg r`ddlsm c`ktm`r ks hpphs`d th tm` er`y c`ktm`r

    hg tm` shc`. ` okcghroktlhj hg tm` tmr`` sclts kt

    `kam rhujd`d t`roljkc `jd hg tm` pr`-strkps ac`krcy

    smhws `vld`ja` hg tm` kttkamo`jt hg tm` bkan kjd

    m``c strkp, jhw chst.

    DB ;217. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

    Gljd Jh. DB ;;66Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 76.=> w9 2;.;> t9 5.4

    Ahchur Er`y

    D`sarlptlhj

    Ar`sa`jt-smkp`d pl`a` tmkt ahjslsts hg tmr`` cky`rs.

    Hj` hg tm` cky`rs (prhbkbcy tm` tr`kdshc`) ls sub-

    stkjtlkccy tmlan`r. `y kr` kttkam`d th kam htm`r by

    o`kjs hg c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s (kpprhxl-

    okt`cy 1 oo chje), wmlam kr` wld`cy, but `v`jcy-

    spka`d (kpprhxlokt`cy 0 oo). Twh sokcc `opty

    stltam mhc`s kt tm` ljshc`.

    Akt. Jh.7

    Gljd Jh. DB 261;Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 5 w m``c9 7;.4> w grhjt (ks

    pr`s`rv`d)9 0=.1> t9 7.6> c sclt ghr

    pr`-strkps9 15.7

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    M``c hg k skjdkc, ahjslstlje hg kt c`kst twh shc` cky-

    `rs. ` dhrskc surgka` hg tm` ljshc` ls d`ahrkt`d b`-

    tw``j tm` sclts wltm twh pkrkcc`c zlezke clj`s okd` up

    hg dhts, wmlam olemt b` pkljt`d. Hj tm` hut`r sld`

    hg hj` sclt ls k rhw hg lopr`ss`d zlezke d`ahrktlhj.

    Akt. Jh.5

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    77

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    DB ;;66. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

    R`okrnkbcy, tmls ls jht vlslbc` hj tm` htm`r sld`, but

    lt olemt mkv` b``j whrj kwky. ` m``c smhws okjy

    r`pklrs9 k rhw hg ble c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s b`tw``j

    tm` sclts> jkrrhw c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s kt rlemt

    kjec`s th tm` sclts kjd sclemtcy wld`r rujjlje stltam`s

    hg c`ktm`r tmhje kchje tm` phst`rlhr de`. R`ojkjts

    hg tm` pr`-strkp kr` stlcc lj sltu.

    DB 261;. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

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    7=

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    Gljd Jh. DB ;;77

    Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 46.1> w9 01.6> t9 5.=

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Grkeo`jt hg k skjdkc, smhwlje k dlstljat aurv`, but ltls jht ac`kr wm`tm`r lt ls tm` grhjt hr m``c pkrt. Lt ahj-

    Akt. Jh.

    ;6

    slsts hg twh cky`rs, wmlam kr` ujdhubt`dcy r`-us`d

    pl`a`s hg c`ktm`r ks tm` aurr`jt tr`kdshc` smhws tm`

    r`ojkjt hg k pr`-strkp kt tm` thrj `de` hg tm` grke-

    o`jt (krrhw). ` twh cky`rs kr` s`aur`d, ohr` hr

    c`ss kchje tm` ljtkat `de`, wltm ahkrs` c`ktm`r tmhje

    rujjlje stltam`s. R`-us`d ks dhhr plvht, `vld`ja`dby tm` ahja`jtrla rljes hj tm` ljshc` (dksm`d krrhw).

    DB ;;77. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

    Gljd Jh. DB ;;00

    Hbi`at Qhc` kjd grhjt strkp grkeo`jt

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 71. w9 =1.2> t9 2.6 - 1.;

    Ahchur Brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Grhjt pkrt hg k skjdkc ahjslstlje hg hj` shc` cky`r.

    Ljtkat c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s kchje tm`

    `de`. Jht`, mhw`v`r, tmkt tmls stltamlje dlst`rs lj

    spkalje kt tm` ckt`rkc kjd o`dlkc `de`s. ` grke-

    o`jt smhws k dlstljat rhujd`d, phljt`d grhjt. `

    kttkamo`jt hg tm` grhjt strkp ls stlcc lj sltu, smhwlje

    lt wks pucc`d tmrhuem twh trkjsv`rs` sclts. ` sclts

    kr` sltukt`d achs`r th tm` o`dlkc de`, ljdlaktlje tm`

    skjdkc wks o`kjt ghr tm` c` ghht. ` `jd hg tm`

    grhjt strkp ls pucc`d tmrhuem tm` s`ahjd sclt (grho

    tm` grhjt `de`) kjd ljar`ks`s lj wldtm, r`suctlje lj

    k s`ol-alrauckr `xt`jslhj> slja` tm` wldtm ls wld`r

    tmkj tm` sclt, lt pr`v`jts lt grho sclpplje tmrhuem.

    Vhsslbcy, tm` strkp wks s`aur`d wltm k stltam rujjlje

    hv`r lt kt tm` rst sclt kjd kt tm` dhrskc surgka` hg

    tm` shc`, but tm` stltam ls chhs` hj hj` sld`, oknlje

    lt lophsslbc` th ksa`rtklj tm` ahjstruatlhj. K`r

    Akt. Jh.

    ;;

    Db ;;70. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`

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    7

    (b) c9 4;.;> w9 01.;> t9 2.=

    Ahchur Er`y

    D`sarlptlhj

    (k) J`krcy r`atkjeuckr grkeo`jt hg k skjdkcsshc` cky`r. Tm` grkeo`jt mks k sokcc pl`a` hg

    hrleljkc ckt`rkc hr o`dlkc `de`. Tmr`` rhws

    Akt. Jh.

    ;2

    hg stltam mhc`s ruj c`jetmwls`> sho` stlcc

    ahjtklj r`ojkjts hg c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje

    stltam`s. Jht` tmkt tm` stltam mhc`s kr` jht `j-

    tlr`cy hj hj` clj`, but tm` spkalje b`tw``j

    tm` tmr`` rhws ls gklrcy `qukc.

    (b) Lrr`euckrcy-smkp`d grkeo`jt, phsslbcy hrlel-

    jktlje grho tm` sko` skjdkc hr k ahopkrkbc`hj`, iudelje by tm` rhws hg stltam mhc`s.

    DB ;;6

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    74/280

    52

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    htm`r. ls, mhw`v`r, ahucd jht b` d`t`rolj`d ghr

    a`rtklj. ` cky`rs kr` s`aur`d kt tm` `de` wltm

    c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s. Jht` tm` sljec`

    c`ktm`r tmhje stltam kt tm` thrj hpphslt` `de`. `

    sokcc sarkp, wmlam ls jht juob`r`d s`pkrkt`cy, mks

    twh `opty stltam mhc`s achs` th hj` `de`.

    DB ;27 w9 ;=. t9 2.7>

    (267=) c9 51.0> w9 4;.2 (b`jt)> t9 2.7

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Twh pl`a`s ttlje the`tm`r. Hj` chje `de` ls stlcc

    ljtkat> tm` htm`r `de`s kr` thrj. Hrleljkccy s`aur`d

    wltm c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s kchje tm` `de`

    ks w`cc ks wltm k rhw hg stltam`s c`jetmwls` dhwj

    tm` a`jtr`, suee`stlje k ouctlpc` cky`r`d shc`. Kt

    tm` grhjt lt ls m`kvlcy r`pklr`d, `vld`ja`d by tm`ouctlpc`, rkjdho stltam`s. Jht` tm` rhujd`d `de`.

    K rhw hg ljals`d(8) d`ahrktlhjs ls vlslbc` loo`dl-

    kt`cy hj tm` ljj`r sld` hg tm` `de` stltam`s (krrhw).

    Kctmhuem tmls typ` hg d`ahrktlhj ls h`j s``j, lt ls

    strkje` tmkt tm`y kr` kppcl`d th tm` v`jtrkc surgka`.

    ls olemt suee`st tmkt tm` shc` wks, hrleljkccy, kj

    ljshc` wltm tm` aurr`jt v`jtrkc surgka` katlje ks

    dhrskc surgka`.

    Akt. Jh.

    ;5

    Gljd Jh. DB 26 t9 2.=

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Tkp`rlje pl`a` hg k skjdkcs shc` wltm hj` aurv`d

    `de`, wmlam ls hrleljkc9 tm` htm`r `de`s kr` thrj.

    Q`v`rkc rkjdho c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s suee`sts r`-

    pklr> htm`r stltam`s suee`sts kt c`kst hj` htm`r shc`

    cky`r.

    Akt. Jh.

    ;=

    DB 26

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    51

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    DB 2677 & 267=. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskcvl`w.

    Gljd Jh. DB 2671

    Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 02.;> w9 7;.;> t9 ;6.2

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th brhwj

    D`sarlptlhjLrr`euckrcy-smkp`d pl`a` hg skjdkcs shc`, ahjslstlje

    hg twh cky`rs. Hj` `de` ls ljtkat> tm` htm`rs kr` thrj

    hst. ` cky`rs kr` s`aur`d wltm c`ktm`r tmhje ruj-

    Akt. Jh.

    ; t9 4.6 - ;;.0

    Ahchur Brhwj th dkrn brhwj, bckan

    R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 2=4

    D`sarlptlhj

    Grhjt pkrt hg k skjdkc, r`pklr`d kt tm` v`jtrkc sur-

    gka` wltm, wmkt s``os th b` k pkrtlkc (trlkjeuckr lj

    smkp`), bkan pkrt hg k skjdkc tmkt ls s`aur`d wltm

    Akt. Jh.

    26

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    54

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    rkjdho c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s. Tm` grhjt strkp

    whucd mkv` ehj` tmrhuem twh sclts, iudelje by

    tm` upwkrds aurvktur` hg tm` de`s hg tm` kr`k b`-

    tw``j tm` sclts (krrhws> ag. DB ;;00, Akt, Jh.;;).

    Hjcy tm` phst`rlhr sclt ls pr`s`rv`d. Jht` tm`

    rhujd`d `de`s hg tm` c`ktm`r.

    DB ;760b. W`jtrkckjd dhrskc vl`w.

    Gljd Jh. DB ;724k, b

    Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jtsO`ksur`o`jts (k) c9 22. w9 42.;> t9 2.4>

    (b) t9 ;1. w9 21.2 - 20.0> t9 7.5

    Ahchur BrhwjR`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 260

    D`sarlptlhj

    Grkeo`jt wltm hj` ljtkat, aurv`d `de`. ` htm`r

    `de`s kr` thrj. ` grkeo`jt ahjslsts hg twh cky`rs

    wmlam kr` s`aur`d wltm gklrcy ahkrs` (1-4 oo wld`),

    wld`cy but `v`jcy-spka`d (kbhut 0 oo) c`ktm`r

    tmhje rujjlje stltam`s kchje tm` `de`. ` stltam`s

    kr` bkr`cy vlslbc` hj tm` v`jtrkc surgka`.

    Akt. Jh.

    22

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    50

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    DB ;724k & b. Dhrskc kjdv`jtrkc vl`w.

    DB ;=00k. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

    Gljd Jh. DB =42

    Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 =0#> w9 22.; - 20.7> t9 4.1

    Ahchur Dkrn brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Ar`sa`jt-smkp`d grkeo`jt, smhwlje hj` ljtkat

    `de`. Bkr`cy vlslbc` kr` stltam mhc`s kchje tm` `de`,

    Akt. Jh.

    21 DB =42. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

    ks w`cc ks k pklr hg stltam mhc`s s`t sclemtcy ohr`

    ljwkrds. Vhsslbcy, k s`ahjd cky`r ls vlslbc` hj hj`

    surgka`.

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    57

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    Gljd Jh. DB ;04 w9 2=.4> t9 2.6

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Lrr`euckrcy-smkp`d grkeo`jt tmkt ls thrj hj tmr``sld`s9 tm` ghurtm `de` oky b` ljtkat (krrhw). Lt

    smhws twh rhws hg pklr`d stltam mhc`s ks w`cc ks twh

    lshckt`d stltam mhc`s hj bhtm sld`s (phsslbcy r`o-

    jkjts hg htm`r rhws, jhw chst). Hj` ahrj`r mks stlcc

    r`ojkjts hg k s`ahjd shc` cky`r lj sltu.

    Gljd Jh. DB ;025

    Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 0=.4> w9 ; t9 4. t thtkc9

    ;4.1

    Ahchur Brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Grhjt pkrt ahjslstlje hg kj ljshc` kjd tr`kdshc`.

    ` grhjt tkp`rs wltmhut kjy ljdlaktlhj ghr wmlam

    ghht lt ls o`kjt (strklemt). ` tr`kdshc` prhtrud`s

    sclemtcy grho tm` ljshc` hj hj` sld`. Kchje tm` `de`

    hg tm` ljshc` kr` wld`cy, but `v`jcy-spka`d c`ktm`r

    Akt. Jh.

    2=tmhje stltam`s (1.6-4.6 oo wld`, b`tw``j ;6.6-;1.6

    oo chje, wltm k spkalje hg kbhut 0.6 oo). Lj sho`

    hg tm`s` stltam`s kr` r`ojkjts hg kjhtm`r cky`r (hr

    strlp8) stlcc lj sltu. Qho` hg tm`s` c`ktm`r pl`a`s prh-

    trud` grho tm` ljshc`s `de`. Hj` stltam kt tm` grhjt

    ls s`wj hv`r tm` `de` hg tm` twh shc` cky`rs (krrhw).

    C`jetmwls` dhwj tm` a`jtr` ls k rhw hg ahopkrkbc`

    c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s> phsslbcy tm`s` kr`

    pkrt hg tm` grhjt strkp.

    Akt. Jh.

    2 w9 21.0 - 1;.0> t9 1.4

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Rhuemcy r`atkjeuckr grkeo`jt, smhwlje twh rhws

    hg gklrcy `v`jcy-spka`d stltam mhc`s, sho` hg wmlam

    stlcc ahjtklj r`okljs hg c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s. Hj`

    `de` ls ljtkat> tm` htm`rs kr` aut hst. Hj` smhrt `jd

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    5=

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    mks k aut c`jetmwls` (kbhut < oo chje), tm` guja-

    tlhj hg wmlam ls ujnjhwj. K ckre` pl`a` hg tmhje

    prhtrud`s grho k stltam mhc` j`xt th lt.

    Gljd Jh. DB ;;75

    Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jtO`ksur`o`jts c9 42.6> w9 2;.2> t9 14.6

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th brhwj

    R`okrns R`sljhus kpp`krkja` kt hj` `jd

    D`sarlptlhj

    Trlkjeuckr grkeo`jt grho k skjdkcs shc`, ahjslst-

    lje hg twh cky`rs. Q`v`rkc stltam mhc`s kr` vlslbc`,

    twh hg wmlam stlcc mkv` tm` r`ojkjts hg c`ktm`r

    tmhjes.

    Gljd Jh. DB ;; w9 ;=.7 - 21.0> t9 2.7

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Rhuemcy r`atkjeuckr pl`a`, ahv`r`d rkjdhocy wltm

    stltam mhc`s. Hj` hg tm` chje `de`s s``os ljtkat. Lg

    sh, mhw`v`r, tm` auttlje hg tm` shc` wks dhj` v`ry

    ahkrs`cy b`akus` auts akj b` s``j kt s`v`rkc phljts,

    wmlam okrns tm` amkjelje hg tm` njlg`s dlr`atlhj

    (krrhws). Jht` tm` smkrp ahrj`r, wmlam ls ujgkolclkr

    lj tm` njhwj smkp`s hg skjdkcs. Lt olemt b` k ckt`rr`whrn.

    Gljd Jh. DB 217 t9 1.4

    Ahchur Brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Rhuemcy squkr` grkeo`jt hg sljec` tmlanj`ss. Mhw-

    `v`r, tm` stltam mhc`s, sho` wltm r`ojkjts hg c`ktm`r

    tmhje rujjlje stltam`s stlcc lj tm`o, suee`st kt c`ksthj` ohr` cky`r hrleljkccy.

    Gljd Jh. DB 2=44

    Hbi`at Grkeo`jt hg strkp ahopc`x

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 ;65.=> d9 1.= - 4.5> w tub`9 ;2.2>

    t tub`9 =.2

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Twh c jetmwls`-ghcd`d hr sclemtcy twlst`d pl a`s hg

    c`ktm`r tmkt kr` m`cd the`tm`r wltm k tub` hg c`ktm`r. `

    tub mks jh s`kos, but s``os th tmlan ghr c es c ktm`r8

    Akt. Jh.

    16

    DB ;;75. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskc vl`w.

    Akt. Jh.1;

    DB ;;

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    5 t9 ;.1

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj

    Akt. Jh.

    15

    Akt. Jh.

    10

    ohr`. ` grkeo`jt mks hj` ljtkat `de`, smhwlje

    k dlstljat aurvktur`. ` hbi`at ahjslsts hg kt c`kst

    ghur cky`rs, but jht tmrhuemhut tm` `jtlr` grkeo`jt.

    Q`v`rkc hg tm` cky`rs kr` ckt`r kddltlhjs, iudelje by

    tm` gkat tmkt tm`y ruj hv`r pr`vlhus stltam`s. Q`v`rkc

    hrleljkc c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s kr` stlcc ld`jtlkbc`(krrhw). Lt ls r`okrnkbc` tmkt tm` r`pklrs kr` aut

    jla`cy th t tm` hrleljkc shc`.

    D`sarlptlhj

    ` twh pl`a`s hg ljtkat `de` ghro, lg tm` hbi`at

    ls k grkeo`jt hg k skjdkcs shc`, tm` grhjt pkrt. `

    ckt`rkc `de`, wmlam ls tm` ckre`st ljtkat `de` hg tm`

    twh, smhws k dlstljat aurvktur` b`ghr` jdlje lj tm`

    phljt`d grhjt. ` skjdkc ahjslst`d hg kt c`kst hj`

    ohr` shc` cky`r, iudelje by tm` c`ktm`r tmhje ruj-

    jlje stltam`s kchje tm` `de`. Typlakccy lj skjdkcstm` kddltlhjkc rhws hg stltam`s kr` pcka`d c`jetmwls`

    dhwj tm` a`jtr`> m`r`, mhw`v`r, tm` twh kddltlhjkc

    rhws ruj dlkehjkccy grho bkan th grhjt. ls gkat

    ls r`sphjslbc` ghr tm` 8 wltm tm` ld`jtlaktlhj hg

    tm` hbi`at ks shc` grkeo`jt. Ohr`hv`r, tm` sclt, t`j-

    tktlv`cy ld`jtl`d ks tm` hj` ghr tm` r`a`ptlhj hg tm`

    grhjt strkp, ls pcka`d dlkehjkccy thh (kt rlemt kjec`s

    th tm` dlkehjkc rhws hg stltam`s), keklj k g`ktur`

    usukccy jht s``j lj skjdkcs.

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    =;

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    DB ;210. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskc vl`w.

    DB 22;=. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskc vl`w.

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    =2

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    Gljd Jh. DB ;; w9 20.2 - 40.6> t9 2.0

    Akt. Jh.

    1=

    D`sarlptlhj

    Lrr`euckrcy-smkp`d grkeo`jt wltm s`v`rkc stltam

    mhc`s, sho` hg wmlam stlcc ahjtklj r`ojkjts hg c`ktm-

    `r tmhje stltam`s. Hj` `de` s``os ljtkat (krrhw).

    DB ;; brhwj

    tr`kdshc`

    D`sarlptlhj

    Vhhrcy pr`s`rv`d grkeo`jt hg k skjdkcs shc`, ahj-

    slstlje hg ghur cky`rs. Hj` `de`, tm` hjcy ljtkat hj`,

    smhws k e`jtc` aurvktur`. ` cky`rs kr` s`aur`d wltm

    c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s kchje tmls aurvlje

    Akt. Jh.

    46

    `de`. Kddltlhjkc c`ktm`r tmhje stltam`s s`t ljwkrds

    grho tm` `de` suee`sts r`pklr. ` sko` ls tru` ghr

    tm` cky`rs tm`os`cv`s, but lt akjjht b` `stkbclsm`d

    wmlam hj`s kr` r`pklrs. Jht` tmkt tm` tr`kdshc` ls

    sclemtcy sokcc`r tmkj tm` ljshc` kjd oldshc`s.

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    =1

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    DB 116

    brhwj fl`sm surgka`

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 4;.0> w9 44.2> t9 ;.7

    Akt. Jh.4;

    D`sarlptlhjLrr`euckrcy-smkp`d grkeo`jt hg shc`, smhwlje tmr``

    stltam mhc`s kchje tm` ljtkat `de`, ks w`cc ks twh kd-

    dltlhjkc stltam mhc`s sclemtcy ljwkrds. Qarkps hg k

    s`ahjd cky`r kdm`r` th tm` fl`sm surgka`.

    DB 2=74. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

    Akt. Jh.

    42

    Gljd Jh. DB 27;7

    Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 5;.5> w9 5=.5> t9 2.0

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    ` grkeo`jt mks k rhujd`d grhjt> hj` sld` `de`aurv`s e`jtcy thwkrds tm` strklemt bkan `de`. `

    htm`r sld` `de` ls strklemt. us, lt olemt b` tm`

    shc` hg k rlemt skjdkc. ` pklr`d stltam`s kchje tm`

    `de` (hj` hg wmlam stlcc mks r`ojkjts hg c`ktm`r tmhje

    stltam`s lj sltu) suee`st tmkt tm`r` wks kt c`kst hj` kd-

    dltlhjkc shc` cky`r hrleljkccy. ` bkan `de` ac`krcy

    smhws lt ls aut hst.

    Gljd Jh. DB 2 w bkan9 47.1> w wklst9 10.=>

    w grhjt9 41.4> t9 ;.2

    Ahchur Bckan erklj surgka` (? dhrskc sur-

    gka` shc`)> dkrn brhwj fl`sm surgka`D`sarlptlhj

    lj cky`r hg c ktm`r, wmlam ls thrj hst hj ohst `de`s.

    Mhw`v`r, twh sphts smhw ljtkat `de`s (krrhws). `

    amlcds skjdkc rhuemcy ghcchws gkolclkr skjdkc smkp`s9

    tm` m``c ls sclemtcy `xpkjd`d lj wldtm, tm` wklst ls r`-

    strlat`d but tm` wldtm ljar`ks`s keklj thwkrds tm` grhjt

    kjd t`roljkt`s lj k rhujd`d grhjt. Kt tm` ckt`rkc de`, kt

    tm` m``c, k strlje (sY2(8)

    Q1_) ls pucc`d tmrhuem k mhc`, kat-

    lje ks bkan strkp (tm` hj` kt tm` o`dlkc de` ls chst). Kt

    tm` grhjt, k sokcc chjeltudljkc sclt oust mkv` b``j us`d

    ghr tm` r`a`ptlhj hg tm` grhjt strkp, wmlam ls jhw chst.

    Akt. Jh.

    41

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    86/280

    =4

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    DB 27;7. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskc vl`w.

    DB 2

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    87/280

    =0

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    Akt. Jh.

    44

    Gljd Jh. DB ;741k

    Erhup DB ;741k, b

    Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt

    Ahchur Brhwj

    R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 126

    O`ksur`o`jts c ljacudlje stltam`s9 05.5> w9 4;.6>t9 5.0

    D`sarlptlhj

    Grkeo`jt hg shc` ahjslstlje hg twh cky`rs. K sokcc

    pl`a` hg hrleljkc `de` ls stlcc ljtkat (krrhw), ljacud-

    lje tm` c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltamlje. Twh rhws

    hg stltam`s c`jetmwls` dhwj tm` a`jtr` akj kcsh stlcc

    b` hbs`rv`d.

    DB ;741k. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

    Akt. Jh.

    40

    Gljd Jh. DB ;56=

    Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 ;;;.7> w kt bkan strkp (? wklst8)9

    52.0> w grhjt9 52.;> t thtkc9 ;;.5

    Ahchur Brhwj> tm` v`jtrkc surgka` hg tm`

    shc` ls bckan (amkrr`d)

    D`sarlptlhj

    ` pl`a` hg shc` ahjslsts hg ghur cky`rs, but tm` v`j-

    trkc twh kr` prhbkbcy r`pklrs. ` hrleljkc cky`rs kr`

    s`aur`d kchje tm` `de`, kjd phsslbcy kcsh c`jetmwls`

    dhwj tm` a`jtr`. Mhw`v`r, du` th tm` juo`rhus

    stltam`s, tm` hrleljkc stltam`s akj jh chje`r b` r`ahe-jls`d. Jht` tm` grkeo`jt hg tm` bkan strkp9 lt ls k r`pklr

    kjd kttkam`d th tm` shc`s wltm k sljec` stltam. DB ;56=. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

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    =7

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    Gljd Jh. DB ;776k, b

    Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jts

    O`ksur`o`jts (k) c9 7;.4> w9 16.1 - 15.0> t9 5.;>

    d grhjt strkp9 4.;>

    (b) w9 45.6> c9 14.1> t9 2. tm`slz` suee`sts k amlcds skjdkc.

    (b) Vl`a` hg skjdkcs shc` (prhbkbcy m``c pkrt) wltm

    k rhujd`d, ljtkat `de` wltm stltam mhc`s kchje

    lt. Twh stltam mhc`s suee`st tm`r` wks k rhw hg

    tm`o c`jetmwls` dhwj tm` a`jtr`. ls sue-

    e`sts tm`r` wks kt c`kst hj` htm`r shc` cky`r.

    DB ;766k. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

    DB ;766b. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

    Gljd Jh. DB ;5;6

    Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 7=.2> w9 t9

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    = w9 00.7> t9 1.7

    Ahchur Brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Rhuemcy squkr` grkeo`jt hg k skjdkcs shc`, wltm,b`sld`s tm` rhw hg c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s

    Akt. Jh.

    02

    kchje tm` `de`, twh kddltlhjkc rhws c`jetmwls`

    dhwj tm` a`jtr`. ` spkalje b`tw``j tm` rhws ls

    kbhut ;0 oo. ` stltam`s kpp`kr smhrt hj tm` dhr-

    skc surgka` hg tm` shc` but tm` spkalje ls wld`. R`o-

    jkjts hg tm` s`ahjd shc` cky`r kr` stlcc lj sltulj sho`

    hg tm` `de` stltamlje.

    DB 15;6. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskc vl`w.

    Gljd Jh. DB 15;;k

    Erhup DB 15;;k-a

    Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 72.4 - 75.4> w9 7;.1> t9 5.6

    Ahchur BrhwjR`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 145

    Akt. Jh.

    01

    D`sarlptlhj

    K j`krcy squkr` grkeo`jt hg k skjdkcs shc`, wmlam

    ahjslsts hg twh cky`rs. R`okrnkbcy, ohst hg tm` v`

    rhws hg c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s kr` stlcc lj-

    tkat. ` rhws kr` kbhut ;6 oo kpkrt.

    DB 15;;k. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

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    w9 =.= - ;1.5> t9 2.0Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj

    R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 227, 202, 104

    D`sarlptlhj

    Ar`sa`jt-smkp`d grkeo`jt wltm ljtkat `de`. Q`v`rkc

    ahkrs` c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s kr` stlcc lj sltu

    kchje tm` `de`.

    Gljd Jh. DB 152;

    Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt

    O`ksur`o`jts 12.; x 12.=> t9 5.5Ahchur Bckan

    D`sarlptlhj

    Trlkjeuckr grkeo`jt hg twh cky`rs tmkt kr` s`aur`d

    wltm c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s. Vhsslbcy, tm`

    stltam`s kr` r`pklrs.

    Akt. Jh.

    04

    DB 156

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    w9 4;.7> t9 4.4

    Ahchur Brhwj

    Akt. Jh.

    76

    D`sarlptlhj

    @de` pkrt hg tm` m``c hg k skjdkc, iust smhwlje sokcc

    r`ojkjts hg tm` c`jetmwls` phsltlhj`d sclt ghr tm`

    r`a`ptlhj hg tm` pr`-strkp. ` grkeo`jt ahjslsts

    hg twh cky`rs tmkt kr` s`aur`d wltm ahkrs` stltam`s,

    s``oljecy okd` hg rkwmld`. Lt ls a`rtklj tmkt ohsthg tm` vlslbc` stltam`s kr` jht hrleljkc.

    DB 1540. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

    Gljd Jh. DB 150=k

    Erhup DB 150=k, b

    Hbi`at Qhc` grkeo`jt

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 =2.6 - ==.6> w9 76.0 - 7=.5> t9 1.6

    Ahchur BrhwjR`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 1

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    96/280

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    97/280

    w pr`-strkp9 t pr`-

    strkp9 1.4

    Ahchur Brhwj

    R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jhs. 204, 464

    D`sarlptlhj

    (b) Gklrcy tmlan pl`a` hg k skjdkcs shc`. ` rhujd-`d `de` suee`sts tmkt tm` grkeo`jt ls `ltm`r k

    pkrt hg tm` grhjt hr tm` m``c. Kchje tm` `de` kr`

    c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s (sokcc hj tm`

    dhrskc surgka`, but ckre` hj tm` v`jtrkc surgka`),

    wmlam suee`sts tmkt tm`r` wks kt c`kst hj` ohr`

    shc` cky`r hrleljkccy. Mhw`v`r, bhtm surgka`s

    smhw r`pklr pktam`s> tm` hj` hj tm` v`jtrkc sur-

    gka` tmus oust mkv` b``j kppcl`d k`r tm` s`a-

    hjd shc` cky`r wks chst. ` pktam`s kr` s`aur`d

    wltm c`ktm`r tmhje rujjlje stltam`s> tm` hj` hj

    tm` dhrskc surgka` lj k ouam ahkrs`r wky tmkj

    tm` hj` hj tm` v`jtrkc surgka`.

    (`) Twh grkeo`jts kr` c`jetmwls`-ghcd`d strlps hg

    c`ktm`r, sho` hg wmlam mkv` sh-akcc`d sclt-kjd-

    pucc ahjj`atlhjs (s`` tm` s`atlhj 'Qclt-kjd-Vucc

    T`amjlqu`). ` blee`r grkeo`jt ahjslsts hg kpr`-strkp wltm k squkr` thp th wmlam tm` bkan

    strkp ls s`aur`d tmrhuem k o`sm njht (t`xt e-

    ur` 5D). ` `jds hg tm` strlp tmkt ls njhtt`d th

    tm` pr`-strkp `o`re`s kt tm` sld` hg tm` pr`-strkp

    grho b`tw``j tm` twh cky`rs hg wmlam tm` pr`-

    strkp ls okd`. Jh stltamlje hg tm` twh cky`rs mks

    b``j hbs`rv`d, `v`j tmhuem tm` thp hg tm` pr`-

    strkp suee`sts lt. ` strlp ehlje tmrhuem tm` pr`-

    strkp ls ahjj`at`d, iust b`ghr` tm` pr`-strkp, wltm

    kjhtm`r strlp lj tm` sclt-kjd-pucc t`amjlqu`.

    DB 1501b. W`jtrkc kjd dhrskc vl`w.

    DB 1501`.

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    99/280

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    100/280

    (`) Dkrn brhwj

    R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 246O`ksur`o`jts (k) c9 w (okxlokc)9 42.5> t9 1.4>

    (`) c pr`-strkp9 w pr`-strkp9 ;7.7>

    t pr`-strkp9 ;.=> c bkan strkp9 76.0>

    w bkan strkp9 4.6> t bkan strkp9 2.4

    Akt. Jh.

    7=

    D`sarlptlhj

    (k) Ljahopc`t grhjt pkrt hg k skjdkcs shc`. Vklr`d,

    `opty stltam mhc`s tmkt ghcchw tm` `de` ks w`cc

    ks twh rhws c`jetmwls` dhwj tm` a`jtr`.

    (`) ` thp hg tmls pr`-strkp ls trlkjeuckr/trkp`zhl-

    dkc lj smkp` kjd ahjtkljs tmr`` sclts, c`jetm-wls`, th wmlam tm` bkan strkp (ohr` hr c`ss

    ghcd`d c`jetmwls`) ls mltam`d (t`xt eur` 5G).

    DB 211=Kk. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

    DB 211=K`. R`v`rs` kjd hbv`rs`.

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    ;6;

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    Akt. Jh.

    57

    Gljd Jh. DB ;72 t9 2.6

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj

    R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jhs. ;=1, 251D`sarlptlhj

    T`roljktlje, rhujd`d `jd hg k pr`-strkp. Jht`,

    mhw`v`r, tmkt hj` ahrj`r ls aut lj k strklemt, dlkeh-

    jkc clj`. ` strkp mks tmr`` sclts c`jetmwls` ghr tm`

    r`a`ptlhj hg tm` bkan strkps.

    Gljd Jh. DB 1505k

    Erhup DB 1505k-a

    Hbi`at Vr`-strkp wltm grkeo`jt hg bkan

    strkpO`ksur`o`jts c9 1=.0> w9 ;2.2 - ;1.4 x 1=.0> t9 2.1

    Ahchur Bckan hut`r surgka` (erklj)> brhwj

    ljj`r surgka` (fl`sm)

    R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jhs. 22=, 175

    D`sarlptlhj

    Vr`-strkp, tm` thp hg wmlam ls trlkjeuckr. Lt mks hj`

    sclt th wmlam tm` bkan strkp (sljec` cky`r, jkrrhw

    strlp hg c`ktm`r) ls mltam`d (t`xt eur` 5G). Jht`

    tmkt tm` `xtr`oltl`s hg tm` bkan strkp dh jht `o`re`

    grho tm` htm`r surgka`, but kr` pucc`d tmrhuem tm`

    tmlanj`ss hg tm` de`s hg tm` pr`-strkp. Jht` kcsh tm`sljec` stltam mhc` kt tm` htm`r `jd.

    Gljd Jh. DB 2;;=

    Hbi`at Qtrkp ahopc`x

    O`ksur`o`jts c thtkc9 ; m pr`-strkp9 ;5.7>

    t pr`-strkp9 1.;> w bkan strkp9 0.4>

    m ahlc9 ;;.0> w ahlc9 7#> t strlp ahlc9

    ;.=

    Ahchur Brhwj

    D`sarlptlhjTwh pr`-strkps wltm trkp`zhldkc `jds kr` ahjj`at`d

    wltm k jkrrhw c`ktm`r tmhje (bkan strkp). ` bkan

    strkp ls kttkam`d th tm` sljec` sclt, hrl`jtkt`d c`jetm-

    wls`, ks ls usukccy s``j, l. . mltamlje (ag. t`xt eur` 5G),

    but wltm hj` `xa`ptlhj9 ljst`kd hg ehlje tmrhuem tm`

    sclt, tm`y kr` put tmrhuem tm` tmlanj`ss hg tm` c`ktm`r

    (krrhw) kjd `o`re` grho tm` hut`r sld`s hg tm` pr`-

    strkp, rktm`r tmkj tm` ljj`r sld`, k`r wmlam tm` bkan

    strkp rujs th tm` s`ahjd pr`-strkp. Lj b`tw``j tm`

    twh pr`-strkps ls kj hvkc, trlpc` ahlc`d `c`o`jt tmkt ls

    okd` hg k jkrrhw but r`cktlv`cy tmlan strlp hg c`ktm`r.

    DB ;72 tm`r` wks

    prhbkbcy kcsh hj` hj tm` hpphslt` sld` hg tm` htm`r

    pr`-strkp, but lt ls jht pr`s`rv`d.

    DB 15=5. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.

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    ;62

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    DB 2;;=. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.

    Gljd Jh. DB 2;20

    Hbi`at Grkeo`jt hg strkp ahopc`x

    O`ksur`o`jts c pr`-strkp9 ;60.6> w pr`-strkp9 t pr`-strkp9 2.2> w thtkc9 ;;4.;>

    d bkan strkps9 2.; x 4.;> ahlcs9 0.4 x

    7.; x ;;.6

    Ahchur Brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Twh pr`-strkps wltm trlkjeuckr thp `jds kjd hj`

    sclt c`jetmwls` th wmlam tm` c`jetmwls`-ghcd`d bkan

    Akt. Jh.

    5 bckanlsm-

    brhwj erklj surgka`

    D`sarlptlhj

    Hj` strlp lj tm` sclt-kjd-pucc t`amjlqu` (t`xt eur` =).

    Hj` strlp ls us`d wltm tm` rhuem`r fl`sm surgka` hut-

    wkrds> tm` htm`r wltm tm` sohhtm`r erklj surgka`

    hutwkrds, r`suctlje lj k d`ahrktlv` `st`at.

    Akt. Jh.

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    ;67

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    Gljd Jh. DB 27 t pr`-strkp9 2.5> w bkan strkp9

    0.5> t bkan strkp9 1.6>

    (b) c pr`-strkp9 =0.6> w pr`-strkp9;1.7> t pr`-strkp9 2.0> w bkan strkp9

    7.=>

    (a) c9 21.6> w9 0.;> t9 2.1 & c9 70.6> w9

    0.2> t9 2.0

    Ahchur Dkrn brhwj

    Akt. Jh.

    tm` htm`r

    `jd ls thrj hst. ` c`jetmwls`-ghcd`d bkan strkp

    ls s`aur`d by o`kjs hg k o`sm njht (t`xt eur`

    5D) th tm` sljec`, c`jetmwls`-hrl`jtkt`d sclt.

    (b) Qko` ks (k). Jht` tmkt tm` rhujd`d thp `jd lsjht ghcd`d. Lj bhtm `xkopc`s, tm` pkrt hg tm`

    bkan strkp wmlam ls njhtt`d th tm` pr`-strkp ls

    jht ghcd`d c`jetmwls`9 tm` ghcdlje stkrts k`r tm`

    `jds r`turj grho tm` njht.

    (a) Twh grkeo`jts hg c`jetmwls`-ghcd`d strlps hg

    c`ktm`r, phsslbcy pkrts hg tm` bkan strkps.

    k b k b

    a

    DB 27

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    ;65

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qkjdkcs

    plje tmrhuem. ls ahjstruatlhj ls us`d lj skjdkcs.

    Mhw`v`r, tm` htm`r `jd hg tm` grkeo`jt s``os lj-

    tkat, wmlam okn`s tm` hbi`at ouam thh smhrt th b` k

    skjdkcs grhjt strkp.

    Gljd Jh. DB w pr`-strkp9 4.4 -

    26.6> t pr`-strkp9 2.0> w bkan strkp9

    1.< - 5.4 (mltam`d pkrt)> t bkan

    strkp9 1.;

    Ahchur Brhwj

    D`sarlptlhj

    Vr`-strkp wltm trkp`zhldkc thp kjd tmr`` pkrkcc`c

    sclts, c`jetmwls`, ghr tm` r`a`ptlhj hg tm` bkan strkp,wmlam ls mltam`d th lt (t`xt eur` 5G). ` bkan strkp

    ls ghcd`d c`jetmwls`, but tm` pkrt ehlje tmrhuem tm`

    sclts mks chst lts ghcdlje kjd tm` c`ktm`r ls hg sljec`

    tmlanj`ss. ` hpphslt` `jd ls thrj hst. K jkr-

    rhw, c`jetmwls`-ghcd`d strlp ls ljs`rt`d kt tm` `de`

    kjd s`aur`d by o`kjs hg k Y-hv`rmkjd njht (t`xt

    eur` 5B).

    Gljd Jh. DB ; w pr`-strkp9 ;5.; -

    2;.5> t pr`-strkp9 2.1> w bkan strkp9

    0. brhwj fl`sm

    surgka`

    R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. 176. Ag. DB

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    ;;;

    Ghhtw`kr9 Qmh`s

    DB 156=b. Dhrskc kjd v`jtrkc vl`w.

    DB 1654. Ckt`rkc kjd o`dlkc vl`w.

    Gljd Jh. DB 1654

    Hbi`at Grkeo`jt hg upp`r

    O`ksur`o`jts c thtkc9 ;16. m vkop (okxlokc)9

    1 m bkan pkrt9 ;

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    114/280

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    115/280

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    ;;4

    Ljslejlks

    DB 2=7

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    ;;5

    Ljslejlks

    wld`. Kt tm` strklemt, smhrt `de`, tm` tmhje hg tm`

    clj` d`ahrktlhj rujs ujd`r tm` alrac` hj tm` erklj

    sld` (`o`relje hj tm` htm`r sld`, l.`.fl`sm sld`) kjd

    ls ghcd`d hv`r tm` `de` ks k o`kjs hg jlsmlje.

    DB 2=25. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.

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    ;;=

    Akt. Jh.

    ;;1

    Gljd Jh. DB 2644

    O`ksur`o`jts c9 72.0> w9 2;. t9 6.=

    Ahchur Dkrn brhwj

    R`okrns Q`v`rkc sokcc sarkps jht d`sarlb`d.

    Q`` t`xt eur` 1;

    D`sarlptlhj

    Lrr`euckrcy-smkp`d grkeo`jt wltm twh pkrkcc`c lo-

    pr`ss`d clj`s kchje hj`, ljtkat(8) `de`. J`xt th tmls

    s`t ghcchws k s`t hg ghur clj`s, pkrkcc`c th tm` rst s`t

    but s`pkrkt`d grho lt by kj ujd`ahrkt`d bkjd. Bkr`cy

    vlslbc` ls k dhubc lopr`ss`d clj`, kpprxlokt cy kt k

    40 kjec` ks w`cc ks r`ojkjts hg alrac` d`ahrktlhj.DB 2644. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`. Rlemt9 drkwlje,s`` t`xt eur` 1;.

    Gljd Jh. DB 25;5O`ksur`o`jts 21.< x 21.4> t9 1.5

    Ahchur Dkrn brhwj th bckan

    D`sarlptlhj

    Qokcc grkeo`jt wltmhut d`ahrktlhj. R`ojkjts

    hg pkpyrus kdm`r` th hj` surgka`. C`ktm`r tmhje

    stltam`s kt hj` `de` (kppkr`jtcy rujjlje stltam).

    Gljd Jh. DB 251=k, b

    O`ksur`o`jts (k) 21.0 x 14.6> t9 ;.6>

    (b) 12.5 x 06.5> t9 ;.1Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj

    Akt. Jh.

    ;;4

    DB 22;5. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.

    Akt. Jh.

    ;;0

    D`sarlptlhj

    (k) Twh s`ts hg ghur(8) clj`s kt kbhut 40 kjec`.

    (b) Twh s`ts hg ghur clj`s kt rlemt kjec`s, lj tm` ahr-j`r hg wmlam kr` tm` dhts pkrkcc`c th tm` clj`s.

    DB 251=k & b. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.

    k b b k

    BHHN AHW@RQ

    AKT. JHQ. ;;1;57

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    ;2;

    Bhhn Ahv`rs

    D`sarlptlhj

    Trlkjeuckr grkeo`jt, ghcd`d hj hj` sld`, smhwlje

    lopr`ss`d d`ahrktlhj hg twh mhrlzhjtkc kjd twh

    v`rtlakc clj`s tmkt arhss `kam htm`r kt tm` ahrj`r.

    Kbhv` hj` s`t hg clj`s kr` tmr`` stkop`d dhts.

    Gljd Jh. DB ;27 t9 2.

    (D`ahrkt`d grkeo`jt) 27.= x 1;.=>

    t thtkc9 1.;

    Ahchur Bckan

    R`okrns Twh grkeo`jts tmkt kr` jht juo-

    b`r`d s`pkrkt`cy. Qarkps hg pkpy-rus kdm`r` th bhtm grkeo`jts. Q``

    kcsh Akt. Jh. ;7.

    D`sarlptlhj

    ` r`atkjeuckr grkeo`jt mks jh g`ktur`s. `

    sokcc`st grkeo`jt ahjslsts hg twh cky`rs hg c`ktm`r. Lt

    mks tmr`` stkop`d rljes dhwj tm` olddc` kjd twh

    kddltlhjkc rljes kt rlemt kjec`s th tm` olddc` hj` hg

    tm` rhw hg tmr`` (t`xt eur` ;5).

    DB 2;47. Hv`rvl`w hg hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.

    Akt. Jh.

    ;22

    DB ;27

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    ;24

    Bhhn Ahv`rs

    Gljd Jh. DB 2;66k

    Erhup DB 2;66k-a

    O`ksur`o`jts ;10.7 x 266.6> t9 2.6

    Ahchur Bckan, brhwjR`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. ;55, 240. Qarkp

    hg pkpyrus kdm`r`s th lt. Q`` t`xt

    eur` 12

    D`sarlptlhj

    ` d`ahrktlhj ahjslsts hg tmr`` pkrkcc`c clj`s, tm`

    hut`r twh hg wmlam kr` lj chw r`cl`g kjd tm` olddc`

    hj` lj mlem r`cl`g.

    DB 2;;7. R`v`rs` kjd hbv`rs`.

    Akt. Jh.

    ;2=

    DB 2;;7. Drkwlje, s`` t`xt eur` 11.

    DB 2;66k. Ghcd`d, hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.

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    ;27

    Bhhn Ahv`rs

    Gljd Jh. DB ;1;

    O`ksur`o`jts Wkrl`s grho 16.7 x 45.1 th 17.4 x

    07.7

    Ahchur Bckan, clemt brhwj

    R`okrns Jht juob`r`d s`pkrkt`cy

    D`sarlptlhjGhur g`ktur`c`ss grkeo`jts hg wmlam hj` surgka`

    smhws r`ojkjts hg tm` bckanlsm upp`r surgka`, amkr-

    kat`rlstla hg bhhn ahv`rs. Mhw`v`r, tm` surgka`s kr`

    sh whrj, tm` ljj`r cky`rs (fl`sm sld`) hg tm` c`ktm`r

    kr` pr`dholjkjtcy vlslbc`.

    Gljd Jh. DB =1 t c`ktm-

    `r9 ;.4>

    (b) ;2.7 x =;.6> t ghcd`d9 2.1Ahchur Bckan, clemt brhwj

    R`okrns R`ojkjts hg pkpyrus hj kcc hut`r

    surgka`s

    D`sarlptlhj

    (k) C`jetmwls`-ghcd`d, sclemtcy aurv`d grkeo`jt.

    (b) R`atkjeuckr, c`jetmwls`-ghcd`d grkeo`jt wltm

    k sljec` stltam mhc` kjd r`ojkjts hg tm` stltam

    kt tm` ghcd`d `de`.

    Gljd Jh. DB ;707

    O`ksur`o`jts

    (b) ;5.4 x = t9 0.2>

    (a) 07.5 x 55.=> t9 ;.5Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th dkrn brhwj

    R`okrns R`ojkjts hg pkpyrus ljsld` tm`

    ghcds, hj bhtm surgka`s hg (k) kjd

    (b) kjd hj hj` surgka` hg (a)

    D`sarlptlhj

    (k) Qmhrt, r`atkjeuckr grkeo`jt, smhwlje tm` stkrt

    hg k ghcd hj hj` hg lts chje `de`s.

    (b) Chje, rhuemcy r`atkjeuckr grkeo`jt, wmlam ls

    ghcd`d c`jetmwls`. R`ojkjts hg br`s kr` pr`s-

    `jt ljsld` tm` ghcd> phsslbcy, tm`s` kr` pkco c`kg.

    (a) Blee`r, but g`ktur`c`ss grkeo`jt.

    Akt. Jh.

    ;1;

    DB ;1;. G`ktur`c`ss sarkps.

    Akt. Jh.

    ;12

    DB =1

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    ;25

    Bhhn Ahv`rs

    DB ;700k-a. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.

    k b a k b a

    Gljd Jh. DB =6;aErhup DB =6;k-i

    O`ksur`o`jts 24.; x 1=.0> t9 ;.;

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj

    R`okrns Q`` kcsh Akt. Jh. ;;6, 267, 2==.

    R`ojkjts hg pkpyrus ljsld`

    D`sarlptlhj

    Aurc`d grkeo`jt wltm lopr`ss`d clj` d`ahrktlhj.

    `r` ls kt c`kst hj` s`t hg tmr`` pkrkcc`c clj`s kjd,

    phsslbcy, k sljec` clj` sho` dlstkja` kwky.

    Gljd Jh. DB ;;=6O`ksur`o`jts 14.6 x 15.0> t ljacudlje pkpyrus9 0.5

    Ahchur Bckan. Vkpyrus sarkps kdm`r` th

    bhtm sld`s

    D`sarlptlhj

    Trlkjeuckr grkeo`jt wltm kj lshckt`d c`ktm`r tmhje

    stltam.

    Gljd Jh. DB 2111

    O`ksur`o`jts D`ahrkt`d9 2

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    ;2=

    Bhhn Ahv`rs

    DB 2111. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.

    DB ;15

    (b) thtkc9 1.4 x 02.2 x 72.7. C`ktm`r

    strlp tmrhuem sclt9 w9 t9 2.;>

    (a) ;2.7 x 2;.1> t9 2.; & ;1.7 x 71.1>

    t9 ;.6

    Ahchur Er`ylsm brhwj th bckan

    D`sarlptlhj(k) Rhuemcy squkr` pl`a` hg ouctl-cky`r pkpyrus,

    tm` de` hg wmlam ls ahv`r`d wltm k c`ktm`r strlp

    tmkt ls ghcd`d hv`r tm` tmlanj`ss`s hg pkpyrus.

    Jht` tm` ckre` sclt lj tm` pkpyrus (s`` kcsh (b)).

    (b) Lrr`euckrcy-smkp`d pl`a` hg ouctl-cky`r pkpyrus

    (but ouam tmljj`r tmkj (k)). K sokcc sarkp hg

    c`ktm`r strlp ls pucc`d tmrhuem k sclt.

    (a) Twh g`ktur c`ss sarkps hg c`ktm`r.

    Akt. Jh.

    ;1 t9 ;.6

    Ahchur Hj` surgka` bckanlsm (erklj sur-

    gka`8)> hbv`rs` surgka` r`d-brhwj

    (fl`sm surgka`8)

    D`sarlptlhj

    Rhuemcy t`krdrhp-smkp`d grkeo`jt wltm lopr`ss`d

    clj` d`ahrktlhj. `r` kr` twh th ghur pkrkcc`c clj`s

    lj hj` s`t> s`v`rkc mhrlzhjtkc kjd v`rtlakc s`ts ghrok am`an`rbhkrd pktt`rj. Hj tm` htm`r sld` (tm` fl`sm

    surgka`), tm` am`an`rbhkrd d`ahrktlhj ls vlslbc` ks

    w`cc, but m`r` lt smhws ks hj` hr twh, wld`r, rkls`d

    clj`s tmkt kr` arhss`d by lopr`ss`d hj`s. Jht` tm`

    hkvkc stltam mhc`s(8) kt hj` `de` (krrhw).

    Akt. Jh.

    ;46

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    ;16

    Bhhn Ahv`rs

    Gljd Jh. DB 1666

    O`ksur`o`jts 01.= - 55.6 x ;71.6> t `de`9 5.=

    Ahchur Bckanlsm hut`r surgka` but r`d-

    brhwj b`yhjd tm` whrj surgka`.

    Er`y ljj`r surgka`

    D`sarlptlhjAhrj`r pl`a` hg k sm``t hg c`ktm`r, tm` `de` hg wmlam

    ls r`ljghra`d wltm k strlp hg c`ktm`r tmkt ls ghcd`d

    krhujd (wldtm kpprhxlokt`cy ;1.6 oo). Hj` sur-

    gka` smhws k ckre` pktam hg pkpyrus, wmlam ac`krcy ls

    tm` ljj`r sld` hg tm` ahv`r. ` hut`r sld`, mhw`v`r,

    mks pktam`s hg pkpyrus kttkam`d but tm`s` kr` ouam

    sokcc`r. ` hut`rohst surgka` hg tmls sld` ls s`v`r`-

    cy whrj, smhwlje tm` y`cchw brhwj ljj`r cky`r hgtm` c`ktm`r tmlanj`ss.

    DB 1666. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.

    Akt. Jh.

    ;4;

    Gljd Jh. DB 146;

    O`ksur`o`jts 2=.7 x 1=.6> t9 ;. r`d-brhwj

    fl`sm surgka`

    D`sarlptlhj

    Lrr`euckrcy-smkp`d grkeo`jt wltm k s`t hg tmr`` pkr-

    kcc`c, lopr`ss`d clj`s. Jht` tm` p`rg`at alrauckr, rkj-

    dhocy pcka`d mhc`s.

    Akt. Jh.

    ;42

    DB 146;. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.

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    ;12

    Bhhn Ahv`rs

    DB 2120a. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.

    DB 2120k. D`tklc hg tm` d`ahrktlhj.

    tm` d`ahrktlhj. Jht` tmkt tm` d`ahrktlhj ls kcsh

    vlslbc` hj tm` bkan sld` hg tm` c`ktm`r.(b) G`ktur`c`ss sarkp wltm sho` ujac`kr lopr`s-

    slhj kt hj` ahrj`r tmkt olemt b` lopr`ss`d clj`

    d`ahrktlhj.

    (a) Grkeo`jt wltm lopr`ss`d d`ahrktlhj, stkrtlje

    wltm k s`t hg tmr`` pkrkcc`c, mhrlzhjtkc clj`s. B`-

    chw tm`s`, kt k gklr dlstkja` (kbhut ;6 oo), ls k

    s`t hg v` mhrlzhjtkc, pkrkcc`c clj`s, ghcchw`d by

    k rhw hg alrac`s (kbhut ;; oo mlem> tm` dlko-

    `t`r hg tm` alrac`s ls kbhut 4 oo). B`chw, tmlsrhw hg alrac`s ls bhrd`r`d wltm k s`t hg twh mhrl-

    zhjtkc, pkrkcc`c clj`s. Th tm` c`, kt rlemt kjec`s

    th tm` mhrlzhjtkc clj`s, ls rst k s`t hg tmr``(8)

    pkrkcc`c clj`s, ghcchw`d kt k gklr dlstkja` (kbhut

    ;6 oo8) by k s`t hg ghur pkrkcc`c clj`s. ` v`r-

    tlakc clj`s arhss tm` s`t hg v` mhrlzhjtkc clj`s,

    k`r wmlam tm` grkeo`jt ls brhn`j.

    DB 2120b. Hbv`rs` kjd r`v`rs`.

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    ;11

    Bhhn Ahv`rs

    Gljd Jh. DB 2152k-a

    O`ksur`o`jts (k) 0;.6 - 71.; x 07.0 - 77.6> t9 6.=>

    (b) ; t9 6.

    (a) 11.1 - 07.5 x 20.1 - 70.0> t9 6.=

    Ahchur Bckan erklj surgka`> r`d-brhwj

    fl`sm surgka`R`okrns Jht` tm` sokcc pl`a`s hg stlanlje

    pkp`r, wmlam w`r` kdd`d b`ghr`

    tm` grkeo`jt wks studl`d ghr tm`

    pr`s`jt whrn.

    D`sarlptlhj

    (k) Rhuemcy squkr` grkeo`jt, wmlam ls brhn`j hj kcc

    `de`s. ` ahrj`rs smhw r`ojkjts hg lopr`ss`d

    clj` d`ahrktlhj> hj` ahrj`r s``os ljtkat. Lt mks

    k s`t hg tmr`` pkrkcc`c clj`s, ghcchw`d kt k sclemtcy

    ckre`r dlstkja` (kbhut 4 oo), by k s`t hg ghurpkrkcc`c clj`s. ` htm`r ahrj`r hjcy smhws tm`

    rst s`t (pkrtlkccy). ` tmus-ar`kt`d, dlkohjd-

    smkp`d kr`k (kbhut 06 x 06 oo), ls cc`d wltm

    Akt. Jh.

    ;44

    twh ckre`, stkop`d rhs`tt`s (kbhut ;0 oo lj

    dlko`t`r), hj` hg wmlam ls ljahopc`t` du` th k

    br`kn. ` p`tkcs kr` lj chw r`cl`g, but tm` m`krt

    hg tm` rhs`tt` smhws lj mlem r`cl`g.

    (b) Trlkjeuckr grkeo`jt wltm lopr`ss`d clj` d`ah-

    rktlhjs. K s`t hg v` mhrlzhjtkc, pkrkcc`c clj`sls ghcchw`d kt gklr dlstkja` (kbhut 5 oo), by k

    s`t hg tmr`` pkrkcc`c, mhrlzhjtkc clj`s. B`chw tmls

    s`t (kbhut = oo), ls kjhtm`r s`t hg ghur pkrkcc`c,

    mhrlzhjtkc clj`s. Iust vlslbc` hj tm` chw`st phljt

    hg tm` grkeo`jt, kt kj `stlokt`d 40h kjec`,

    ls k s`t hg tmr``(8) pkrkcc`c clj`s. Jht` tmkt tm`s`

    dh jht ruj hv`r hr ujd`r tm` ckst mhr