vehicle characteristics

8/6/2019 Vehicle Characteristics

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Vehicle Characteristics

VEHICLE DIMENSIONS:

t = Track D = Vehicle lengthQ = Vehicle height b = Wheel base s = Ground

clearanceZ = Vehicle width FOH = Front overhanging ROH = Rear

overhanging

* h = the height of the car center of gravity (CG)

A) VEHICLE AXLES WEIGHTS: stationary

7 MB = 0

Rf. b W . y = 0Rf. b = W . y

Rf= W . y / b


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7 Fy = 0Rf+ Rr W = 0

Rr= W - Rf= W W.y/b

= W.b/b W.y/b

= W.(b-y)/b

Rr = W . x / b

B) VEHICLE AXLES WEIGHTS: acceleration(1

stmethod)

7 MB = Mb

Ff. b + W . y = ma . hFf. b W. y = - ma . h

Ff. b = W. y - ma . hFf= W. y/b - ma . h/b

Ff= Rf wt

7 Fy = FyFr+ Ff w = 0Fr= W - Ff

Fr= W (Rf wt) = W Rf+ wt

Fr = Rr + wt

7 Fx = Fx

Fw = ma

WhereFf= weight on the front axle due to weight and inertia force (car speed changes)

Fr= weight on the rear axle due to weight and inertia force (car speed changes)Rf= static weight on the front axle (car is stationary)

Rr= static weight on the rear axle (car is stationary)wt = transferred weight (ma . h/b)

ma = an imaginary force due to acceleration,in the direction of accelerationFw = the wheel force to accelerate the car


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(2

ndmethod)

(Regarding the inertia force as a real force in the opposite direction of the acceleration)

7 MB = 0

Ff. b + W . y + ma . h = 0Ff. b - W . y + ma . h = 0

Ff. b = W. y - ma . hFf= W. y/b - ma . h/b

Ff= Rf wt

Where:

ma = a force due to inertia in the opposite direction of acceleration = Fw

7 Fx = 0

Fr+ Ff W = 0Fr= W Ff= W (W y/b ma . h/b) = W. x/b + ma .h./b

Fr = Rr + wt

7 Fy = 0Fw ma = 0

(3rd

method)


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(Effect of the inertia force only)

7 MB = 0F . b + ma . h = 0

F . b + ma . h + = 0

F . b = ma . h

F = ma . h/b

Where F is a force increases the reaction of ground on the front axle and decreases the reaction

of the rear axle. This force is due to inertia force and is called the transferred weight wt. Thenthis force will be added to the stationary car front axle weight, and will be subtracted from the

stationary car rear axle weight.

F = wt = ma h/bFf= Rf+ wt,

Fr= Rr wt,Fw = ma

* Duringacceleration the rear axle load increases and the front axle decreases by the sameamount (transferred weight). The transferred weight (wt) depend on the car mass (m) and the

value of acceleration (a) and the height of CG (h) and wheel base (b).

C) VEHICLE AXLES WEIGHTS: deceleration

7 MB = 0

Ff. b + W . y + ma . h = 0Ff. b W. y - ma . h = 0Ff. b = W. y + ma . h

Ff= W. y/b + ma . h/b

Ff= Rf+ wt


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Where:ma = a force due to inertia in the opposite direction of acceleration = Fw

7 Fx = 0

Fr+ Ff W = 0

Fr= W Ff= W (W y/b + ma . h/b) = W. x/b - ma .h./b

Fr = Rr - wt

7 Fy = 0Fb ma = 0

Fb = ma

Where: Fb is the braking force

Transferred weight (wt)

A vehicle under acceleration due to driving has the tractive force (Fw) introduced between tiresand road surface of the driving axle, and at the same time an equal but opposite inertia force (ma)

acts at the point of centre of gravity crating a moment (ma h) which transfers weight (wt) orvertical loading from front to rear axle (wheels).

A vehicle under retardation due to braking has the frictional forces (Fb) introduced between tiresand road surface, and at the same time an equal but opposite inertia force (ma) acts at the point of

center of gravity creating a moment (ma h) which transfers weight (wt) or vertical loading fromrear to front wheels.


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From the above it can be seen that the value of the transferred weight is dependent upon the

value of the inertia force Fi (ma) and the dimensions h and b. For a given acceleration orretardation the value of the weight transferred can be reduced by either increasing the wheelbase

or reducing the height of the centre of gravity, or combination of both.

Since the adhesion force between tire and road depends on the weight of the tire, as will as

the coefficient of adhesion, then; the transferred weight will affect the value of maximum

tractive effort and maximum braking force. The weight on the driving axle will affect the

value of maximum acceleration and maximum gradient for the car. The weight on the

braking axles will affect the wheel lockup condition of the car wheels.

MAXIMUM POSSIBLE ACCELERATION (no wheel spin): level road

* The limit for the wheel spinning is Fw = Q Rw

Rear wheel drive

Maximum acceleration force

Fw = Q (static loading + transferred weight

= Q (Rr+ wt)where

wt = ma h/b

thus

(Fw)max = Q (Rr+ m amax h/b)

from 7 Fx = 0(Fw)max = m amax

then

m amax = Q Rr+ Q m amax (h/b)

m amax - Q m amax (h/b) = Q Rr


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m amax (1-Q (h/b)) = Q m g (x/b)and maximum acceleration

amax = [Q g (x/b)] / [1-Q (h/b)] = Q g x / (b- Q h)

If the wheel or axle loading is given as a proportion or percentage of the vehicle weight (%) the

above formula can be modified as follows:

amax = Q g % / (1- Q (h/b)) . . . . . . . .{spin limit}, or

amax = Q g (x/b) / ((b- Q h )/b) = [Q x / (b- Q h)] . g

* The limit for the car to flip over is when the transferred weight is equal to the load on the front

axle of the car (Ff= 0).

m (amax)limit (h/b) = m g (y/b)

(amax)limit = g (y/h) . . . . . . . . . . . . . {flip over limit}

* The limit for the car engine torque is when the wheel torque at its maximum value.

m amax = Fw = (Tw)max / Rw = (Te)max. ig . if/ Rw

amax = (Te)max. ig . if/ (Rw .m). . . . . .{engine torque limit}

Traction control system TCS (ASR)

Wheel spin can be encountered under a variety of conditions: During operation on slippery roadsurfaces affording only limited traction on one or both sides, while exiting ice-covered parkinglots and road shoulders, during acceleration when cornering, or when accelerating from rest on

steep slopes. When spinning- as when locked- the wheel provides only a limited amount oflateral adhesion (instability). Freely spinning wheels also cause wear in both tires and driveline

components (such as the differential), with severe loads occurring when the wheel suddenlygrabs when it hits a high-traction surface. TCS ensures optimal application of tractive forces by

preventing wheel spin. TCS is an extension of ABS, with which it shares numerous components.The force which can be transferred when starting off or during acceleration is (as for braking) a

function of the slip between tire and road surface. When braking, a wheel will lock within a fewtenths of a second, while build-up of excess torque during acceleration leads to a rapid increase

in the rotational speeds of one or both drive wheels. TCS actually performs two functions: itenhances traction while maintaining vehicle stability (vehicle stays in lane).

DesignAlthough TCS uses the same components as the ABS, some of these have had extra functionsadded see the figure.


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Wheel-speed sensorsThe wheel-speed sensors provide the ECU with signals which enable it to calculate the

peripheral wheel speeds.

ECUThe ABS electronic circuitry has been extended by the addition of a TCS stage. The same as

with ABS, the signals from the wheel-speed sensors are applied to the ECU input circuits. Here,they are used to calculate the wheel slip of the individual wheels, and TCS intervention is

initiated if the slip at one of the wheels is found to be excessive. The incoming signals areprocessed in two micro controllers operating in parallel, and are converted in the output circuit

into positioning commands for the solenoid valves and for the hydraulic-modulator supply pumpwhich are responsible for implementing the brake-torque control.Information for engine

management (Motronic) is transferred to ECU via an additional interface.

Hydraulic modulatorA TCS stage has been added to the ABS hydraulic modulator. It implements the orders from the

ECU and, independent of the driver, controls the individual hydraulic pressures at the wheelbrakes via the solenoid valves. During a single TCS control process, a supplementary pilot valve

switches from the conventional braking mode to the TCS mode. The ABS return pump draws

brake fluid from the master cylinder and generates the TCS system pressure. This means thatbraking pressure can be applied to the driven-wheel brake cylinders without any action on thepart of the driver.

Wheel brakesThe braking pressure applied by the hydraulic modulator to the wheel-brake cylinders serves to

force the brake linings against the brake drums or brake discs.


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Compressed-air systems for commercial vehicles

Legal requirements

Effective as of 1 January, 1994, trucks within a GVW of 12 tons and above, and buses

from 10 tons upward, must be equipped with a road-speed limitation facility. Maximum speed is85 km/h for trucks and 100km/h for buses. The ABS/ASR-M and ABS/ASR-P systemssatisfy these requirements.

Control concept

Brake control circuitWhen the road surface provides different levels of traction on the left and right sides, it will

usually be only the wheel on the low-traction surface that spins. Under these circumstances itfrequently proves impossible to transmit the required tractive force to the road, and the vehicle

fails to pull away.The wheel-speed-sensor signals received by the ECU enable it to recognize impending wheel

spin. It reacts by triggering the wheel's solenoid valve, so system pressure is directed to thepressure-control valve via the shuttle valve. The pressure-control valve relays modulated

pressure to the brake cylinder, metering the pressure to allow the braking torque at the high-traction wheel to serve as drive (tractive) torque. In other words, ASR functions as an automatic

limited-slip differential. During initial acceleration from a standing start, the brake controlleroperates up to a speed of 30 km/h. When the wheels lose traction at speeds in excess of 30 km/h,

responsibility for corrective action reverts from the ASR brake-control circuit to the closed-loopengine-control circuit.

Closed-loop engine-control circuitDuring standing start and acceleration, based on vehicle speed and the velocities of the drivewheels themselves, the ECU detects incipient loss of traction at the drive wheels and responds to

this condition by reducing engine torque to the ideal level.The ECU can apply various strategies for engine intervention. Potential actuators, or final

controlling elements, include:-Electronic throttle control (ETC),

-Electronic diesel control (ETC),-Proportioning valve with positioning cylinder P, Fig. 2,

-Servomotor M, Fig. 1, and-Linear actuator.

When systems M and P are employed, the ECU directly reduces the drive torque at the dieselengine's fuel-injection pump by means of a servomotor or a valve with positioning cylinder. The

other concepts rely on a reduction signal transmitted to the engine-management system. The TCSindicator lamp informs the driver of active TCS operation. This means that it functions as slip-

warning indicator.

On gasoline engines the drive torque is controlled by the ECU for ETC (drive-by-wire) or theECU for Motronic with integrated ETC. The following components/systems are influenced in

-Throttle-valve setting (adjusted by ETC).-Ignition system (ignition timing adjusted by Motronic).


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-Fuel-injection system (suppression of individual fuel-injection and ignition signals byMotronic).


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MAXIMUM POSSIBLE DECELERATION (no wheel skid)

* The limit for wheel skidding is (Fb)w = Q (R)w

MAXIUM POSSIBLE GRADIENT

The gradient effect on the car:UP hill:

1- Increase the car motion resistance; FG = W sin U (against the direction of motion)2- Increase the load on rear axle and decrease the load on the front one.

3- Decrease the stopping distance when using the brakes (4% is equal to 0.04 g)Down hill:

1- Increase the tractive effort, FG = W sin U (in the direction of motion)

2- Increase the load on front axle and decrease the load on the rear one.

3- Increase the stopping distance when using the

brakes (4% is equal to 0.04 g).

VEHICLE AXLE WEIGHTa) Up hill

Ff= Rf- wt, and

Fr= Rr+ wt

Where:Ff, Frare the reaction force on the front and

rear axles respectively.Rf, Rrare the static reaction on the front and

rear axle respectively when the car on a level road.

Rf= W (cos U) y/b, Rr= W (cos U) x/bwt is the weight transferred from higher axle on the gradient to the other axle.

wt = W (sin U) h/b


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Maximum gradient the car can climb (constant velocity)

A- Rear wheel drive

(neglecting the air and inertia force due to acceleration or retardation)

7 MA = 0

(W cos U) . x + (W sinU) . h Rrb = 0 .(A-1)

7 Fx = 0

Fw = W sin U

But: (Fx)max = Rr= W sinU

At (Fx)max Rr= (W sin U)/Q .(A-2)

Substituting Eq. (A-1) into Eq. (A-2)

(W cos U) . x + (W sinU) . h [(W sinU)/Q ] . b = 0 (A-3)

Dividing Eq. (A-3) by (W cos U)

x + (tanU) . h (tanU) (b/Q) = 0

x = (tanU) (b/Q) - (tanU) . h = (tanU) [(b-h . Q)/Q]

then

tan U = .(A-4)*


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Taking the rolling resistance into account (RR = W fr) Eq. (A-4) becomes:

tan U = .(A-5)*

* the U limit in these equations are the car overturn (tanU = y/h).

Exercise:

1- For a front wheel drive car (FWD):

i- Obtain the equation of maximum accelerationii- Obtain the equation of maximum gradient

2- A front wheel drive (FWD) has a mass [m] of 1200 kg (the coefficient of adhesion

between the tire and road [Q] is 0.7), and it has the following dimensions:- the wheel base [b] = 2.40 m- the CG of the car is located 0.80 m behind the front wheel [x].

- the CG height is 0.6 m from the ground [h].

Find:a- the transferred weight in:

i- moving with acceleration of 1.6 m/s2

(on level road).ii- moving down gradient (down hill) of 1 in 4 (with constant velocity).

a- the wheel loads in the following cases

i- case a-iii- case a-ii

c- the maximum:i- acceleration the car can attain on this kind of road (FWD & RWD)

ii-gradient the car can climb on this kind of road (FWD & RWD)

vehicle characteristics

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