vegetable gardening in malaya -...

PERPUSTAKAAN NEGARA MALAYSIA

MALAYAN PLANTI NG MANUAL No. 3

VEGETABLE GARDENINGIN

MALAYA

by

J. N. MILSUM,State Agricultural Officer, Perak,

AND

D. H. GRIST,Agricultural Economist, 5.5. & F.M.s.

WITH FIFTY-TWO PLATES.

Published by the

Department of Agriculture,

St raits Settlements and Federated Malay States,

Kuala Lumpur.

1941.


( ix )

CONTEN'l'S.

Page

P refaceAc knowledgments

V

Vll

Chapter

I CLlJ\IATE AND SOILS ...Rainfall and Seasons - TemperatureHumidity - Soils - Clas sificat ion ofSoils - Fe rtility - So ils Suitable forVegetable Growing.

11 PREPARATION OF SOIL FOR VEGE-TABLE CULTIVATION 9

Selection of Si te - Tillage : Objects,Implements, Ope ning up New Beds,Re making Beds - Nursery Beds Mulching - Drainage.

III J\lAN URING 15P lant Food -- Fertilitv of Malavan Soils- Organic i'd anures ' - Artifi'cialJ\Ia-nu res -- Composting - Manufactur e ofCompost - Green Manuring - L iming- So urces of Ma nures in Malaya.

IV CUL1'lVATION 34Rotation of Crops - Source an d St orageof Seed - Ster ilization of Soil - TheSeed-Bed - After-Cultivat ion - Water-ing - Shade.

V THE HOME GARDEN -13Lowland Condit ions - The Home Ga r-de n - Sample Vegeta ble Plot - Lis t ofVegetables Suitable for Low lan ds.

VI CHINESE J\lA RKET-GARDEN ING 47Ordinary Market-Gardening - IntensiveMarket-Gardening - Vegetable Cult iva-t ion on Sl imed Land - Vegetable Cultiva -tion on Mined Lan d.

vn HIGH L AND VEGETABLE P RODUCTION J J

Climate- Terracing - T reatme nt of Soiland Cult ivation - Use of Frames - Li stof Vegetables suitable for the Highlands.


( x )

PageVIII THE BEANS AND PEAS 61

Bambarra Gr oundnut - Cluster Bean -Cow Pe a - Egypti an Kidney Bean Four-Angled Bean - Green Pea Groundnut - Kidnev or French Bean -Lima Bean - Pigeon Pea - Soya Be an- Sword Bean .

IX T "BE ROUS Al\JD ROOT VEGETABLES 75Beet root - Carrot - Chinese Rad ish Elephant Yam - Gre a te r Yam - J eru-salem Art ichoke - Keladi - Kembili- Le sser Yam - Parsnip - Pot at oRadish - Sa lsafy - Sweet PotatoTapioca - T urn ip - Yam Bea n.

X GO URDS ANn P UMPK INS 92Bit ter Cucumbe r - Bott le GourdChoc ho - Cucumb er - Loo fah - Loo-fa h, angled - .M usk Me lon - SnakeGourd - Vegetable Ma rrow - WaxGourd.

X l SALAD AND FRUIT VEGETABLES 101Salads : Cele rv - Cress -- EndiveLettuce - l\Iustard - Tomato - \Vater-cress .F ru it Vegetables : Brinjal - Chillies andCapsicum - Lady's Fingers - Ma ize .

xu LEAF AND STell'! VEGETABLES 115Amaranth - Asparagus - Cabbage Caul iflower - Ceyl on Spinach - ChekurManis - Chine se Cab bages and :\1usta rds- Chinese Chiv es - Garlic - H orseRadish Tree - Indian Lettuce - Kang-ko ng - K ohl -Rabi - Leek - New Zea-land Spinach - On ion - Shallot Spinach - Tebu Bertelur - West IndianPea T ree.

XIII FLAVOU RING AN D SEASONING H ERBS 132Coleus - Coriander - Ga langal - Gin-ge r - Horse-Radish - Lem on Grass -Mint - Parsley - Sage - Sweet Basil- Thyme - T urmeric.

XI V ORGANI ZED VEGETABLE P RODUCTION 140Schemes of Organization - Esta te Gar-


Page

( xi )

dens - Cult ivat ion of Allot ments Tamil Sett lements - School Garde ning.

XV FOOD VA LUE S OF VE GET ABLES 149Co mposition of Vegetables - \V ater Mine ra l Mat ter : Calcium, Phosphor us,Iron, Magnesium - P rotein - Fat -Fi bre - Carbo hydra te - Calories - TheVi ta mins : Vitamin A, Vitamin BI' Vita -min C, Othe r Vita mins - General Discus-sion - T abl es of Ana ly se s of Vege tables.

XVI GARDEN PESTS 165Ke v to Garden Pests - Inse cts and theirCo~trol - De scription of Insect s: Ca terpillars, Cu tworms , Beetles, F lie s,Grasshoppers and Crickets, Bu g s, Sna ils,and Slugs - In se cticides and ControlMeasures : Cultural Control , Con tact Insecticides, Stom ach P ois on s (Sprays andDust s, Bait s) , Fumigan ts, Nicotine , Con-trol of Snails and Slug s.

XVII DISEASES OF VEGETABLES 182K ev to Plant Diseases - Slime Diseaseor -Bacterial Wilt of Tomato, Gro undnut,and P otato - Blight of Potato and T o-mato - Target Spot of P otato - Disea-ses of P ot ato not vet recorded in Malava- Blo ssom-end Rot of Tomato - Dise-a -se caused by Sclerotial Fungi - Dise a-ses of Carrot - Dise ase s of Cab bag e andCauliflower - Mildews of Cucurbits Anthracnos e Disease - Virus Di sease s -List o f Fungi and Diseases - Refe rences.

XVIII MALAYAN PRODUCTION AND CON-SUMPTION OF VE GETAB L E S 201

Imports and Values - Areas under Cult i-vation - Incr eased F ood Producti onL ocal Production and Marke tingThe P olicy of Self-Sufficiency.

GENERA L IND EXINDEX T O l\lALAY NA :1IES OF VEGET ABLESINDEX TO CHI)JESE NAMES OF VE GE T.\ BLE Sf);"DEX T O TA},fIL N!n IES OF ·VE GE TA BL ES


CHAPTBR 1.

CLIMATE AN D SOILS.

Rainfall an d Seasons - T emperature - H umidity - Soi ls - Class ifica tion o f Soil s - Fertility - Soi ls Sui table ior Ve getab leGrowing .

RA I N FALL AND S £ ASON S.

; a..../ nui ru n lltusreadt.. :

ERRATA.

ganyt'f ic/fs

Seasons in Malaya, as in all countries in we t tropic alregions , ar e dete rm ine d by rainfall rather th an by tem pe rature,for whereas va r ia tions in rainfall are cons ide rable, the va r ia tion s in temperature throughout the year are insignificant.

It is gene rally asserted that Malaya experien ces a heavy' 1'11...1 , lly,nl 1 ...-1 : .... .._: t- ~ . .L. _ ..1 . . . . .. ec t,

trn eiblemyt heIsolith

tvaied~ ed

. :he_ _ ... _ 1'._.l t -

mg season. Experience has sho wn tha t the maj ority ofvege tables succeed best during the dry period s of the ye ar ifprope rly treated.

The seasonal cha nges in Malaya are determined by themain wind cur rents flow ing over the P en insula . A stro ngnorth-easterly wind (us ua lly known as the No rth-East Mo nsoon) com me nces la te in Oc tober or du ring November andcont inues un til some time in March. F ro m May to Aug us ta ligh t so uth-westerly wi nd blows. This wi nd is not strongand at the su rface is entirelv subordinate to the fre sh landand sea breezes wh ich are ' experien ced by nig h t an d dayrespec tively. In th e upper air, however, th e ge neral windcur rent is from the south-wes t. T his con st itu tes what isge nerally kn own as the South-\Vest Mo nsoon. Unlike theNorth -East Mon soon which blows ac ross the wh ole leng th ofthe Peninsula, th e South- West Monsoon onlv extends so uthwa rd s to the reg ion of Malacca on the wes t coa st and toPekan on the east coas t . So uth of th is, th e preva iling dir ec-

G E:\ EIL\L INDE..x:io r ., Amaranth

yung et icus Lo"

P " GE 131. 1st pa ragrap h, sub-hea ding:. ior " P ropagation " read ;. Descr iption."

PAGE 28, 4th paragraph, 1st line :io r "calcium ca rbonate" read " ca lcium hvdroxid c ."


CHAPTBR 1.

CLHvIATE AND SOIL S.

Rai nfa ll and Seasons - T emperature - H um idit y - Soils - Classification of Soils - Fe rt ility - Soils Suit able ior V eget ableGrowing.

R.-\I N FALL AND S EASOX S.

Seasons in Malaya, a s in all count ries in we t tropicalre g ions, are determined by rainfall ra ther t han by tempera ture,fo r whereas variations in rainfall a re considerable, the va r ia t ions in temperature throughou t the yea r are insignificant.

I t is gene rally asse rted th a t Malay a experiences a heavyand well distributed rai nfall , bu t this is not quite cor re ct ,fo r although heavy rain s may be exper ienced at any timeduring the year, there are, however, we ll defined seasonab lerains. The confusion wh ich exi sts as to which ar e th e rain ymon ths and which the drv arises from the fa ct that therainfa ll seasons are not uni form th roughout th e count ry, sothat a rainy season in one part of th e country coincides witha dry season in anothe r area.

T he ide a of wet and dry season s as experienced in Malayais relative and bea rs litt le relation to thes e term s as appliedto tem perate climates, for the average rai nfall exper iencedin this cou n t ry during a dry sea son would be reg arded as acons iderable precipitat ion in tempera t e lat itudes.

It is obvious th at this question of rainfall concerns theg ro wer of vegetables, for it fre quent ly det ermines th e plant ing season. Experience ha s sh own th at th e maj ority ofvegeta bles succeed best during th e dry period s of the year ifpro perly treated.

The seasonal cha nges in Malaya ar e det ermi ned by thema in wi nd cur ren ts flowing over the Peninsu la. A st rongnorth-easte rly w ind (usually known as the North-Eas t Mo nsoon) com me nces late in Oc tobe r or du ring November andcon tinues un ti l so me time in March, From Ma y to Augusta light so uth-westerly wind blows. This wi nd is not stron gand at the sur fac e is entire Iv sub ordi nate to the fre sh landand sea breezes which are ' experienced by night and dayrespecti vely. In the upper air, however, th e gene ra l windcur ren t is fr om the south-west. T his con stitutes wh at isgenerally kn own as the South-West Monsoon. Unlike theNo rt h-E ast Mo nsoon which blows across th e wh ole length ofthe P eninsula, th e Sout h-West Mon soon only ex te nds so uthwards to the re gi on of Malacc a on the west coa st and toPekan on the east coast . So uth of th is, the prevailing dir ec-


2

tion of the wind is so u th-ea st . T he in terval be tween thecessation of the North-East Mon soon and the commen cementof the South -West Mon soon is usually about 8 weeks andthere is a similar in ter val between the 'S outh-We t Mon soo nand the beginning of the North-East Monsoon.

The Malayan year is thus divided in to four seasons,na mely, the North-Eas t Mo nsoon, the South-Wes t Mo nsoon,and the short seasons sepa ra ting th ese mo nsoons.

The rainfall doe s not everywhere sho w a seasona l varia tion corresp onding to the season s as specified by the ir windcharacteristics, but over the greater pa rt of th e Peninsula,including the whole of the interior, the re is a we ll defi nedvariation with two maxima and two minima, wh ose timesclosely follow th ose of these wind variation s.

There are three distinct regions in Malaya, each with itscharacteristic seasonal variation s determined bv the ab ove-me nt ioned wind cu r ren ts. .

The first region is along the east coast and ex tendsinl and for abo ut 20 mil es. R ainfall in this r egion followsthe No rth-East Monsoon, which re ache s it s maximuminten sitv about the middle of December and its minimum inJuly. in this re gi on there are no seco ndary maximum andmi nimum and there are the refo re but two we ll-definedseasons .

In the west coast regi on , over a short length of coastab out Malacca, the maximum rainfall is experienced aboutAugust and the minim um ab out Janua ry . I n th is case themain va riation consists of a single osc illation in a year.

T he third reg ion comprises t he whole of th e in terior andthe north ern and so uthe rn pa r ts of the west coas t. Here therainfall sho ws two maxima, about Ap ril and Oc to be r, andtwo minima, abo ut Ja nu ary and July. Singapore belongsqu ite definite ly to the eas t coast r egion th ou gh the seasonalva r ia t ion of rainf all is comparatively small.

·T he above summary is concerned wit h the seasona lchanges experien ced in different areas and not with theactual quantities of rain. The amount of rainfall sh ows wideva riations, even over rela tively sh ort distances. Space fo rbidsanything but broad generalization r egarding the amount ofra infall in diffe rent parts of the country. During the No rt hEast Monsoon the re is ve ry heavy rain fall a long the eas tcoas t, which gets rapidl y less as one approaches the westcoas t . There is, however, in P erak a st r ip of country ne arthe coas t where the rainfall in th is season is much g reaterthan fur the r inland, but st ill on ly abo ut half of that alongthe east coas t . During the So uth-West Monsoon th e rainI S eve ry where co mparatively ligh t , but w ith the g reatest


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