valve-sizing-selection-1231875721684103-3
TRANSCRIPT
Valve Sizing & Selection
Ranjeet KumarM.Tech – Chemical
08 Jan 09 Ranjeet Kr. 2
Steps in Sizing
Science with many rules of thumb Define the System. Maximum Pressure Drop for the Valve. Calculate the valve Characteristics (Cv). Preliminary valve selection. Check the Cv and stroke percentage at minimum flow. Check the gain across applicable flow rates.
08 Jan 09 Ranjeet Kr. 3
Define the System – Key Variables
Total pressure drop, Design flow, Operating flow, Minimum flow, Pipe diameter, Specific gravity
08 Jan 09 Ranjeet Kr. 4
Maximum Allowable Pressure Drop
The usual rule of thumb is that a valve should be designed to use 10-15% of the total pressure drop or 10 psi, whichever is greater.
Investigate the Pump & its maximum available head. MAPD = NPHSA – NPSHR. Trade off-
larger pressure drops increase the pumping cost (operating) & smaller pressure drops increase the valve cost because a
larger valve is required (capital cost).
08 Jan 09 Ranjeet Kr. 5
Valve Characteristics – Cv
Note – Check thumb rules before referring valve chart or characteristic curve.
08 Jan 09 Ranjeet Kr. 6
Preliminary Valve Selection
Thumb Rules – Never use a valve that is less than half the pipe size. Avoid using the lower 10% and upper 20% of the valve stroke.
The valve is much easier to control in the 10-80% stroke range.
Select the type of valve & use its corresponding valve chart.
Valve chart is supplied by manufacturer. Check Cv for minimum flow with selected size of valve &
check for minimum flow should not fall below 10% of valve stroke.
08 Jan 09 Ranjeet Kr. 7
Valve Chart / Characteristics Curve
Table 1 – Chart for Equal Percentage Globe Valve
08 Jan 09 Ranjeet Kr. 8
Gain across applicable flow rates
Gain #1 = 85/38 = 2.2Gain #2 = 40/12 = 3.3
Acceptance criteria :– Gain should never be less than 0.5. Gain#2 – Gain#1 < 50% of (max of Gain#1 or Gain#2)
Here 0.5 (3.3) = 1.65and 3.3 - 2.2 = 1.10. Since 1.10 is less than 1.65 so it can be a choice
Flow (GPM)
Stroke (%)
Change in Flow(GPM)
Change in stroke (%)
25 35 110 – 25 = 85
73 – 35 = 38
110 73
150 85 150-110 = 40
85 – 73 = 12
08 Jan 09 Ranjeet Kr. 9
Choke Flow FL
At max restriction – flow rate is max & pressure is minimum.
Vapor bubbles flashes if liquid pressure falls below Vapor Pressure of liquid.
Bubbles has (a) no effect on flow, (b) increases pressure drop across valve, (c) cavitations
Decreased efficiency Noise Vibration Material loss – sand blasted surface
FL checking is recommended when difference in Max & Min
flow exceed 90% of Max flow.
08 Jan 09 Ranjeet Kr. 10
Basic Valve Types – mechanical characteristics
Ball valves; Diaphragm valves; Gate valves; Globe valves; Butterfly valves; Plug valves; Check valve; Safety/relief valve
08 Jan 09 Ranjeet Kr. 11
Basic Valve Types – control / openness
Equal Percentage: equal increments of valve travel produce an equal percentage in flow change. Large changes in pressure drop are expected Minimum pressure drop due to valve In temperature & pressure control loop
Linear: valve travel is directly proportional to the valve stoke In liquid level or flow loops Pressure drop across valve is almost constant.
Quick opening: large increase in flow with a small change in valve stroke For frequent on-off services Instantly large flow is needed.
08 Jan 09 Ranjeet Kr. 12
Gate Valve
Best Suited Control: Quick Opening Recommended Uses:
Fully open/closed, non-throttling Infrequent operation Minimal fluid trapping in line
Advantages: High capacity Tight shut off, Low cost, Little resistance to flow
Disadvantages: Poor control Cavitate at low pressure drops Cannot be used for throttling
Applications: Oil, Gas, Air, Slurries, Heavy liquids, Steam, Non-condensing gases, and Corrosive liquids
08 Jan 09 Ranjeet Kr. 13
Globe valve Best Suited Control: Linear and Equal percentage Recommended use-
Throtteling services/flow regulation Frequent operation
Advantages: Efficient throttling Accurate flow control valves Available in multiple ports
Disadvantages: High pressure drop More expensive than other
Applications: Liquids, vapors, gases, corrosive substances, slurries
08 Jan 09 Ranjeet Kr. 14
Ball valve
Best suited control – Quick opening linear. Recommended uses –
Fully open/closed limited throttling Higher temperature fluids
Advantages – Low cost High capacity Low leakage & maintenance Tight sealing with low torque
Disadvantages – Poor throttling characteristics Prone to cavitation
Applications – Most Liquids, high temperatures, slurries
08 Jan 09 Ranjeet Kr. 15
Butterfly valve
Best Suited Control: Linear, Equal percentage Recommended Uses:
Fully open/closed or throttling services Frequent operation Minimal fluid trapping in line
Advantages: Low cost and maint. High capacity Good flow control Low pressure drop
Disadvantages – High torque required to control Prone to cavitation at lower flows
Applications: Liquids, gases, slurries, liquids with suspended solids