value chain improvement for coastal communities of emerging markets… · · 2013-10-14i value...

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Value Chain Improvement for Coastal Communities of Emerging Markets:The Case of Tibiao, Antique

Joseph Edward O. Idemne, University of the Philippines VisayasRodolfo T. Aboyo, Jr. and Jhobet d. Sanchez, Research Assistants

Abstract

The Philippines is the world’s largest archipelago with an estimated 36,000 kilometers ofcoastline. In 2010, 1.35 million MT of the estimated production came from municipal (including inland)fisheries, yet the focus on small scale fisheries (SSF) and aquaculture (SSA) has just begun in thecountry.

To emphasize the importance of SSF, a pro-poor entry point into Value Chain Analysis (VCA)was utilized to determine the VCA elements that can be reconfigured to improve the distribution ofbenefits to the actors involved in municipal coastal fisheries. The VCA was anchored on the frameworkdeveloped by Rich (2004) and the potential of upgrading and governance elements were analuzed fortheir impact on the distribution of benefits among the actors in the chain.

The limited scope of the study underscores the poverty level of the municipal fishers in the area.Despite their knowledge, there is no motivation for upgrading and value adding and the governanceelements are severely in want. The VCA distribution element that can best be reconfigured to benefit thepoor fishers is the combination of gears, if the fishers so desire. The second possible element that canbe reconfigured is process or product upgrading. A final component is the analysis of the motivations inwhich people exploit a fishery as an element of governance.

Key words: Value chain analysis, distribution elements, distributional issues, product upgrading

Introduction

Emerging markets are nations with social or business activities in the process of rapid growth andindustrialization. The ASEAN-China Free Trade Area, launched in January 1, 2010, is the largest regionalemerging market in the world (Channelnewsasia.com, 2010). In recent years, new terms have emergedto describe the largest developing countries such as BRICS (meaning Brazil, Russia, India, China andSouth Africa). As of 31 December 2010, Standard and Poors (S&P) classified 19 countries as emergingmarkets. The Philippines is included among the seven countries in Asia. In essence, emerging countriesare between fully developed and developing countries (Wikimedia Foundation, 2011).

While the trend is still evolving, the International Journal of Business and Emerging Markets hadnoted that geo-political contexts and business opportunities were shaping the EU, BRICS, ASEAN andother economic groups in the global market. In this regard, global organizations are forced to shift theiroperations to low-cost production locations and high density emerging markets. Rahul Sing, of the BirlaInstitute of Management Technology, India, points out that the 21st century has shifted from a manpoweroptimization to a natural resource optimization approach.

The Philippines is the world’s largest archipelago stretching 2,000 km north to south consisting of7,107 islands with an estimated 36,000 km of coastline. 832 (54%) of the country’s 1,541 municipalitiesare located in coastal regions. Worldfishing.net has noted that commercial fisheries production in 2007was 1.2 million MT while municipal fisheries production caught in coastal waters by artisanal fishing boatswith less than three gross tons was 1.3 million MT.

1 VALUE CHAIN IMPROVEMENT FOR COASTAL COMMUNITIES OF EMERGING MARKETS: The Case of Tibiao, Antique

As such, fisheries is an important source of employment in the Philippines with about 1.6 millionpeople engaged in fishing and related activities, accounting for about 5% of the labor force. About 65% ofthose employed are in the coastal fisheries sector. In total, about 1 million families living in coastalregions are dependent on coastal and marine resources for sustenance. Of these about 76% areestimated to be low income households (worldfishing.net, 2009).

In 2010, fisheries production was estimated at 5.49 million MT according to WorldFish Center.2.48 million MT (49%) of the catch was from aquaculture, 26% (1.35 million MT) from municipal (includinginland) fisheries, and 25% (1.26 million MT) from the commercial sub-sector (BFAR, 2010). In 2007,municipal fisheries produced the fishing industry’s highest value of species caught like yellow fin tuna andfrigate tuna (worldfishing.net). Commercial fisheries marine catch was worth Pesos 54.7 billion whileaquaculture production was worth Pesos 61.6 billion.

As an emerging market, therefore, the Philippines must nurture and sustain coastal fisheriesresources and fishermen. This imperative stems from the fact that the most common use for fisheriesresources is food. Fish represents 70% of the protein source of Filipinos and is essential as the source ofnutrients in the diet of many countries and its importance to food security is rising significantly. FAO notesthat the total food supply available from fisheries in live weight terms is estimated to be slightly higherthan 16 kilos per year for each of the world’s inhabitants. The proportion of global fish production usedfor direct human consumption is now over 77 percent, with consumption of fresh fish outstripping otherfish products such as canned fish (FAO, 2001).

Fishers further benefit from the analysis primarily through a more equitable distribution ofbenefits, upgrading and a heightened role of governance. De Silva (2011) notes that Vietnam’sparticipation in value chain studies in different institutional contexts has a profound impact on how localupgrading takes place (from Lindhall, 2005).

In a compelling study of small island developing states particularly in the Asia-Pacific region, theFood and Agriculture Organization registered the following conclusions:

(1) fishing for subsistence and for the supply of local markets is the traditional fishing activity; (2)inshore resources close to urban areas tend to be heavily overfished and in dire need ofsustainable development; (3) coastal fisheries are small-scale in nature; (4) since economicreturns from this activity are low, research into improved management practices has beenneglected; (5) it is being increasingly recognized that conventional approaches to fisheriesmanagement have failed to promote sustainable resource use; and (6) any investigation--intosustainable management of the natural resource base--should be accompanied by appropriatesocio-economic analysis of the activities of fishing communities.

In response to this challenge, the value-chain analysis (VCA) was utilized with the generalobjective of reconfiguring the existing value chain moder for dustainable development that favors the poorin coastal communities of emerging markets. Specifically, the study aims to (1) profile the “poor” incoastal communities (2) Identify VCA distribution elements that can be reconfigured to benefit the poor incoastal communities and (3) Identify the VCA distribution elements that can be reconfigured to achievesustainability of the value chain in coastal communities.

Methodology

The Value Chain Analysis (VCA) is an effective evaluation tool to determine the VCA distributionelements that can be reconfigured to improve the benefits to the actors involved in municipal coastalfisheries activities. A Handbook for Value Chain Research prepared for IDRC by R. Kaplinsky and M.Morris (2001) gives a simple definition of the value chain, as follows: “The value chain describes the fullrange of activities which are required to bring a product or service from conception, through the differentphases of production (involving a combination of physical transformation and the input of variousproducer services), delivery to final consumers, and final disposal after use. Considered in its general


form, it takes the shape as described in Figure 1. As can be seen from this, production per se is only oneof a number of value added links. Moreover, there are ranges of activities within each link of the chain.Although often depicted as a vertical chain, intra-chain linkages are most often of a two-way nature – forexample, specialized design agencies not only influence the nature of the production process andmarketing, but are in turn influenced by the constraints in these downstream links in the chain.”

Figure 1: Four links in a simple value chain

Source:Morris and Kaplinsky (2001, 2009)

Conceptual FrameworkFigure 2: Conceptual Framework

Governance Upgrading

A hypothetical value-chain in agriculture

Distributional Issues

Source: Rich (2004)

Farmers/Producers

Retailers Traders Exporters End-Users

Foreign Traders

Foreign Distributors

Foreign Retailers

-Governance- Upgrading

- Distributional Issues

-Governance- Upgrading

- Distributional IssuesAssemblers/Traders

Processors

Design andproduct

development

Production

- Inward logistics- Transforming

- Inputs- Packaging

- Etc

Marketing Consumption/ recycling


The methodology used in the value-chain analysis is anchored on the conceptual frameworkproposed by Rich (2004) given in Figure 2 above. Rich, et. al. (2004) presents the approach taken by theInstitute for Development Studies (IDS) at the University of Sussex with four main components. Theframework systematically maps the actors, flow of goods, processes, profit and cost structures, basicallyexplained by Morris and Kaplinsky (2001). Second it highlights the governance of the value chain (GCC)approach of Gereffi and Korzeniewicz (1994). Third, it analyzes the influence on potential of uprgradingwithin the chain and, finally, the identification of the distribution of benefits among the actors in the chain.

The sampling frame was based primarily from the fishers of the 367 non-motorized bancas(Annex B). A systematic random approach was utilized based on the ratio of non-motorized fishers perbarangay (Annex A) and a questionnaire survey was used to gather the data. Key informant interviewswere conducted among the fishers who expressed a desire for upgrading to complement the results ofthe study. Available secondary data was obtained from the Municipality of Tibiao.

For this study, the value chain mapping will assess the characterictics of actors, the profit andcost structures, the flow of goods throughout the chain and the destination and volumes of sales (basedon Rich (2004), Morris and Kaplinsky (2001), Gereffi and Korzeniewicz (1994)).

The Value Chain Analysis is accomplished through the following tools: (1) cost and margins and(2) analysis of options within reach of the poor (M4P, 2008 and M4P, 2013).


I. Profile of the “Poor” in a Coastal Community: Tibiao, Antique

Fig. 3. Map of the Philippines

The first specific objective covers the profileof the “poor” in coastal communities. With anestimated 36,000 km of coastline, 832 (54%) of thecountry’s 1,541 municipalities are located in coastalregions (worldfishing.net).

The municipality of Tibiao is a 4th-classcommunity in the province of Antique with apopulation of 26,775 as of 2012. It is composed of21 barangays, 8 of which are coastal barangays.The 8 coastal barangays have a total area of 1,748hectares planted to rice. These 8 coastal barangaysare the most populated because the remainingbarangays are hilly and mountainous areas(Municipality of Tibiao, 2011) .

The study has focused on the fishers ofnon-motorized “bancas” (wooden paddle boats withbamboo outriggers) in the eight (8) coastalcommunities of Tibiao, Antique.

Fig. 4. Location Map of Tibiao, Antique

As of 2012, the Municipal AgricuturalOfficer has identified 367 non-montorizedfisherfolks using drift gillnets, simple hook and lineand paddles to fish into the Sulu Sea (Annex B).

The initial 96 respondents were based onthe 2004 data which registered 138 non-motorizedfishers. By 2012, the Municipal Agricultural Officeregistered a total of 367 non-motorized fishers inthe municipality. The barangays involved are SantoRosario, Natividad, Poblacion, Martinez, .SanFrancisco Norte and Lapaz.


Table 1: Socio-Demographic Profile

SR* NAT MAL POB MAR SI SFN LPZ TotalMale Fishers 13 11 n/i 10 19 n/i 10 33 96% from Total 13.5% 11.5% n/i 10.4% 19.8% n/i 10.4% 34.4% 100%Mean Age 68.6 40.9 n/i 46.4 42.7 n/i 60.2 37.7 47.5Female Fishers 0 0 n/i 0 0 n/i 0 0 0% from Total n/a n/a n/i n/a n/a n/i n/a n/a n/aMean Age n/a n/a n/i n/a n/a n/i n/a n/a n/aMean of Household Size 5 5 n/i 4 4 n/i 6 5 5No of Years in Fishing 22 23 n/i 34 27 n/i 45 18 25Registered Fishers 31 21 109 51 35 30 23 67 367% of Registered Fishers 42% 52% n/a 20% 54% n/a 43% 49% 26%* Fishing barangays arranged from south to north namely; Santo Rosario, Natividad, Malabor, Poblacion, Martinez, San Isidro, SanFrancisco Norte and Lapaz.

The median age of the male respondents is 48 years, ranging from 37.7 years old in Lapaz to68.6 years old in Santo Rosario. Results reveal that most started going out to sea when they were 12 to14 years old. The average number of years in fishing is 25 years with 18 years as the shortest length ofexperience and 45 years as the longest term of engagement in fishing. Most families have 3 children withthe household having a total of 5 members.

Figure 5: Map with number of respondents

Table 2: Economic Profile

SR NAT MAL POB MAR SI SFN LPZ TOTAverage number of gainfullyemployed household members .4 0 n/i 0 .2 n/i .1 .2 .2

Average Daily Income from Fishing(in pesos) 98.20 120.80 n/i 77.30 123.00 n/i 107.70 139.80 118.80

Average Annual Income fromFishing (in thousand pesos) 18.82 23.18 n/i 14.83 23.60 n/i 20.67 26.84 22.80

Percentage (%) of Total Income 45 73.7 n/i 79.4 61.4 n/i 62.2 70.1 59.9Average Annual Income from OtherSources (in thousand pesos) 23.06 8.26 n/i 3.83 14.80 n/i 12.53 10.83 12.26

Percentage (%) of Toral Income 55 26.3 n/i 20.5 38.5 n/i 37.7 28.3 32.2Average Total Income by Fishers (inthousand pesos) 41.91 31.45 n/i 18.67 38.41 n/i 33.21 37.17 35.07

Percentage (%) 100 100 n/i 100 100 n/i 100 97.2 92.2


Average Total Family Income (inthousand pesos) 61.14 31.45 n/i 18.67 38.41 n/i 33.21 38.26 38.05

It is usually the father who is gainfully employed although only 60% of the family’s annual incomeis derived from fishing. 32% is derived from other sources detailed in Table 3 below. Fishers fromNatividad, Poblacion, and Lapaz derive more than 70% of their annual income and the rest mostly fromfarming activities, primarily from land they own or rent. Average annual income derived from fishing inthese barangays range from P 14,830.00 to P 26,840.00. Fishers from the other coastal barangaysproduce between P 18,820.00 to P 26,670.00 average annual income from fishing which representsbetween 30% to 62% of their income. Fishers in Santo Rosario derive more (P 23,060.00 or 55%) of theirincome from other sources like farming and carpentry.

Translating the earnings on a daily basis, fishers from Natividad, Martinez, San Francisco Norteand Lapaz earn more than a P 100.00 a day, on the average. These earnings comprise 60%- 70% oftheir annual income, generally supplemented by 40% - 30% from other sources, usually rice farming.While fishers from Poblacion earn a median of P 77.30 per fishing day, this amount comprise already79% of their annual income. The remainder is sourced from limited, non-permanent occupations.

Basing on the overall picture, the respondents earn an average annual income of P 35,070.00 orP 2,922.50 monthly from fishing and other sources depending on the farming and fishing seasons. Withthe 2012 food threshold set by the NCSB at P 5,458.00 every month for a family of 5 (Alegado, et al,2013), these fishers earn roughly only 50% of the new level. Anecdotally speaking, this roughlycorresponds to the 90th to 100th percentile of the Philippine population.

Table 3: Number of fishers with sources of other income aside from fishing

SR NAT MAL POB MAR SI SFN LPZ Total(13) (11) n/i (10) (19) n/i (10) (33) (96)

Farming 11 2 n/i 2 8 n/i 3 18 44Percentage (%) 85.0 18.2 n/i 20 42.1 n/i 30 54.5 45.8Farm Worker 1 3 n/i 0 2 n/i 0 7 13Percentage (%) 7.7 27.3 n/i 0 10.5 n/i 0 21.2 13.5Carpentry 5 1 n/i 0 2 n/i 1 3 12Percentage (%) 38.5 9.1 n/i 0 10.5 n/i 10 9.1 12.5Kagawad 3 1 n/i 0 0 n/i 0 0 4Percentage (%) 13.1 9.1 n/i 0 0 n/i 0 0 4.2Barangay Tanod 0 0 n/i 0 1 n/i 0 0 1Percentage (%) 0 0 n/i 0 5.3 n/i 0 0 1.1Tricycle Driver 0 0 n/i 0 1 n/i 0 0 1Percentage (%) 0 0 n/i 0 5.3 n/i 0 0 1.1Wood Gathering 0 0 n/i 0 0 n/i 1 3 4Percentage (%) 0 0 n/i 0 0 n/i 10 9.1 4.2Welder 0 0 n/i 0 0 n/i 1 0 1Percentage (%) 0 0 n/i 0 0 n/i 10 0 1.1Medicine Man 0 0 n/i 0 0 n/i 0 1 1Percentage (%) 0 0 n/i 0 0 n/i 0 3.0 1.1Employee 0 0 n/i 1 0 n/i 0 0 1Percentage (%) 0 0 n/i 10 0 n/i 0 0 1.1No Other Source 1 5 n/i 7 5 n/i 5 5 28Percentage (%) 7.7 45.5 n/i 70 26.3 n/i 50 15.2 29.2


Table 4: Recorded fishing season

SR NAT MAL POB MAR SI SFN LPZ TotalPeak Season (Dec – May) n/i n/iNo. of Species Caught n/i n/iLow Season (Jun –Nov) n/i n/iNo. of Species Caught n/i n/i

The fishers in all coastal barangays indicated that they engage in fishing during peak and lowseasons pointing to the abundance of the fish species in the municipal waters of Tibiao, Antique. Thespecies during the peak and low seasons are given in Table 5.

Table 5: Species caught per season

Species SR NAT MAL POB MAR SI SFN LPZ TotalP L P L P L P L P L P L P L P L P L

Aloy ni ni ni ni 6 6Alumahan ni ni ni ni 1 1Bangaw ni ni ni ni 3 3Bantalaan ni ni ni ni 1 1Barakuda ni ni ni ni 1 1Bilong-Bilong ni ni ni ni 4 4Bisugo ni ni ni ni 2 2Bulao ni ni ni ni 4 4Darag-Darag ni ni ni ni 1 1Dilis ni ni ni ni 1 2Galungong ni ni ni ni 2 2Gumaa ni ni ni ni 2 2Hasa-Hasa ni ni ni ni 2 1Humoy-Humoy ni ni ni ni 2 1Igat ni ni ni ni 1 1Isok ni ni ni ni 4 4Karatkat ni ni ni ni 1 1Kasag ni ni ni ni 1 1Lapu-Lapu ni ni ni ni 2 1Liwit ni ni ni ni 1 1Lobster ni ni ni ni 2 2Lukos ni ni ni ni 3 3Malasugi ni ni ni ni 4 4Mamsa ni ni ni ni 5 5Marot ni ni ni ni 5 5Maya-Maya ni ni ni ni 4 4Muraw ni ni ni ni 1 1Pagi ni ni ni ni 1 1Pating ni ni ni ni 2 2Salamingan ni ni ni ni 1 1Salay-Salay ni ni ni ni 1 1Siyat ni ni ni ni 1 1Tambakol ni ni ni ni 1 0Tamban ni ni ni ni 6 6Tamudyong ni ni ni ni 1 1Tangigue ni ni ni ni 1 1Tulingan ni ni ni ni 2 2

Total species 10 10 6 6 ni ni 15 15 14 14 ni ni 13 13 24 2

224*

22*

*Maximum number of species per season.


The most common species in almost all barangays all year round include “Aloy” which are theBullet Tuna (Auxis rochei rochei) and the Frigate Tuna (Auxis thazard thazard), “Mamsa” or IndianThreadfish (Alectis indica), the “Marot” or types of scad like the Redtail Scad (Decapterus kurroides),Shortfin Scad (Decapterus macrosoma) and the Indian Scad (Decapterus russelli). The “Tamban” orGoldstrip Sardinnella (Sardinella gibbosa) also abounds the waters of Tibiao. These species are mostlypelagic and inhabitants of coastal waters, moving along reef slopes in groups. They are typically found indepths of from 50 meters to 100 meters. Annex F indicates that these depths are reached about 500meters from the shoreline, about 15 minutes of rowing by paddle boat.

In general, all species are ubiquitous in the waters of Tibiao except for “Tambakol” or Longtailtuna (Thunnus tonggol) which can be found only during the peak season off the waters of BaranggayLapaz. These are found only in deep waters. During the low season, “Hasa-hasa” or Short Mackerel(Rastrelliger brachysoma) and “Humoy-humoy” or Twoblotch ponyfish (Nuchequula blochii (Valenciennes,1835)) seem to depart in the waters of Lapaz but continue to move around the coast line of BarangaysPoblacion and Martinez.

Appearing in four barangays all year round, the following species are also prevalent especially inthe deeper waters: “Bilong-bilong” or Moonfish (Mene maculata), “Bulao” or Big Eyed Scad (Selarcrumenopthalmus), “Isok” or Mangrove Red Snapper and “Malasugi” or Indian Pacific Sailfish (Istiophorusplatypterus). Frequenting the coastal deep waters, the moonfish and big eyed scads move in schoolsand foray near the shoreline at times to look for food.

Passing through the northern barangays of Poblacion, Martinez and Lapaz, “Bangaw” or Skipjacktuna (Katsowonus pelamis) and “Lucos” or the Squid (Loligo duvaoceli Orbigny) abound in the deepwaters of the municipality, moving in depths of 120 meters down or more. The squid can also be found indepths starting at 50 meters.

The coastal waters also abound with exotic and value-laden species like the “Tangigue” orSpanish Mackerel (Scomberomorus commerson), “Pagi” or Giant Manta (Manta alfredi), “Malasugi” orIndian Pacific Sailfish, the “Banagan” or lobster (Palinurus versicolor), the “igat” or eel, the “Barakuda” orBarracuda (Sphyraena barracuda), and the “Bantalaan” or Big eyed Tuna (Thunnus obesus), flourishingin the deep waters of the Sulu Sea lapping the shores of Tibiao, Antique.

The abundance of these species is attributed by the authors to its proximity to the Tubattaha Reefin the Sulu Sea as noted by the UNESCO World Heritage Committe. Its 33,200 hectares lie in an atollreef with a very high density of marine species, a phenomenon unique in the world and a site ofirreplaceable universal value. Marine biologists believe that its underwater gardens harbour a diversity ofmarine life that surpasses reefs of the same size in any other part of the world (wowphilippines.ca, n.d.).

There are ten species caught in Santo Rosario and these are available all year round. Except forthe “Marot” and “Isok” which are demersal, all are coastal pelagic fishes inhabiting mostly the shallowwaters (19m to 50m) of Santo Rosario. The species include “Aloy,” “Bilong-bilong.” “Bulao,” “Mamsa,”“Muraw,” “Siyat,” “Tamban,” and “Tulingan” or Eastern Little Tuna (Euthynnus affinis). The depths ofSanto Rosario range from 19m to 50m deep located 500 meters from the shore. At 1000 meters from thecoast, the sea floor drops to 104 meters immediately (Annex G).

Fishers in Barangay Natividad capture only 6 types of fishes. The “Isok” and “Marot” aredemersal while the “Aloy,” “Bilong-bilong,” “Gumaa” and “Tamban” are pelagic. “Gumaa” is a popular sun-dried delicacy and is recorded in Natividad and Lapaz only. This represents an opportunity to develop avalue-added product with a longer shelf life in the barangay. An examination of the underwatertopography of Natividad reveals that the sand and gravel depths reach only 20m then 30m at a distanceof 250 and 500 meters from shore. At a distance of 1000 meters from the coastline, the depth reachesonly 67m (Annex G).


The coastal waters of Barangay Poblacion are teeming with 15 species which are both pelagicand demersal. The pelagic species are “Aloy,” “Bisugo,” “Bulaw,” “Dilis” or Anchovies (Stolephorusindicus), “Mamsa,” and “Tamban.” The deep sea pelagic species include “Bangaw” and “Malasugi.” Dueto the coral formation near the shoreline, several demersal species flourish in the barangay comprised of“Humoy-humoy,” Lapu-lapu” or Snapper (Epinephelus lanceolatus), “Lukos,” “Liwit,” or Needlefish(Belone belone), and “Maya-maya” or Big Eye snapper (Lutjanus lutjanus). The deep fathoms off thebarangay are also full of the “Barakuda” and the “Banagan.”

The coral formation is found between 3.5m and 8m deep only and the sand and gravel sea floorreaches only to 42m (Annex G) when measured from the beach front. This explains the abundant anddiverse number of species in the barangay.

Barangay Martinez is the haven for 14 pelagic and demersal species. The coastal demersalfishes include the “Isok,” “Maya-maya” and “Salay-salay.” The squid or “Lukos” is also abundant in thedeeper waters. The coastal pelagic fishes include “Aloy,” “Bilong-bilong,” “Galunggong” or Mackerel Scad(Decapterus macarellus), “Hasa-hasa,” “Mamsa," “Marot,” “Tamban” and “Tamudyong.” The usual“Bangaw” and “Malasugi” are the deep sea pelagic fishes in the area.

A study of the marine topography of the barangay reveal that the depths are 3m and 20m,respectively, when measured 250 meters and 500 meters from the shoreline. At 1000 meters away fromthe coast, the floor reaches only 62m.

Barangay San Francisco Norte has a sudden drop in its shelf which accounts for the deep seapelagic species like the “Malasugi” and, for the first time, the “Pating” or shark (most probably the Grayreef shark or Carcharhinus amblyrhynchos). San Francisco Norte also holds the distinction as the onlyother barangay with corals becoming the natural habitat of the “Igat” or eel (A. marmorata) and the“Kasag” or Crab (Portunus pelagicus), common in both peak and lean months.

Its coastal waters teem with inshore pelagic species like “Aloy,” “Alumahan” or another variant ofthe Indian mackerel (Rastrelliger kanagurta), “Bulao,” “Mamsa,” “Salamingan,” and “Tamban.”

Barangay Lapaz has the most number of species swimming in its coastal waters all year round.Only the “Lapu-lapu” and “Tambakol” are not available from June to November. Its deeper waters ishome to apex predator oceanic fishes like “Bantalaan” or Big Eyed Tuna (Thunnus obesus), “Bangaw,”“Pagi,” “Pating” and “Tangigue.”

The coastal pelagic fishes include “Aloy,” “Bilong-bilong,” “Bisugo,” “Bulao,” “Galungong,”“Gumaa,” “Karatkat,” “Mamsa,” and “Tamban.” The following are vailable only from December to May ofeach year: “Hasa-hasa,” and “Tambakol.”

Demersal species are also plentiful including “Darag-darag” or Common Bluestripe snapper(Lutianus kasmira), “Lukos,” “Marot,” “Maya-maya,” and “Lapu-lapu” which is available only fromDecember to May of each year. Lapaz is the only barangay where the “Dilis” or anchovies is availablefrom June to November.

A study of the marine topography of the coast of Barangay Lapaz show that the shallow depths of3m, 13m, an 36m, representing a distance of 250 meters, 500 meters and 1000 meters, respectively(Annex G), beyond the shoreline make these species abundant. The mud sea floor reaches only 44mdeep even at 2000 meters from the coast. The Lapaz fishers have more pelagic fishes to catch with thislandscape.

All species are found both in peak and low seasons in most of the coastal barangays. Thus, thevalue chain analysis is done by the total catch, not by specific specie as observed in most studies. Thelist of local, English and scientific names are found in Annex E.


II. Identification of the Value Chain Analysis Elements

A Handbook for Value Chain Research prepared for IDRC by R. Kaplinsky and M. Morris gives asimple definition of the value chain, as follows: “The value chain describes the full range of activitieswhich are required to bring a product or service from conception, through the different phases ofproduction (involving a combination of physical transformation and the input of various producerservices), delivery to final consumers, and final disposal after use.

De Silva (2011) points out that the main markets of pelagic fish in Asian developing countries aredomestic markets and processing efforts are poor. De Silva (2011) further states that analyzing finance inthe fisheries value chain provide an interesting case because unlike tree crops or vegetables, seasonalityplays a lesser role. These characteristics are the common variables in most coastal communities andfacilitate the replication of the VCA in other affected coastal communities, especially those with marineprotected areas (MPAs). For example, the study can be validated in coastal communities in the VisayasSea, Guimaras, and Batangas.

The knowledge gained from the perspective of the poor is expected to challenge two sets ofactors: (1) the poor themselves in terms of the effects and impacts of their practices as well as (2)persons who perform the role of governance in terms of interventions among the relationships andcoordination flows for sustainability. De Silva further states that analyzing finance in the fisheries valuechain provide an interesting case because unlike tree crops or vegetables. Seasonality plays a lesserrole. Fisherfolk benefit from the analysis primarily through a more equitable distribution of benefits,upgrading and a heightened role of governance.

Ultimately, using the area as a pilot model, the knowledge gained on the distribution, upgradingand governance elements is expected to improve scales of production and provide value-addinginitiatives, while sustaining the communities living in the coast and enhancing governance in the coastalbarangays of the country.

Figure 6 illustrates the general view of the value chain of the non-motorized fishers in Tibiao,Antique.


Figure 6: Value Chain Analysis – Value Improvement for Coastal Communities of Emerging Markets: TheCase of Tibiao, Antique

The players start with the input provision component of the processes. The local traders serve asthe primary financiers and buyers at the same time making the non-motorized fishers a “captured”supplier of the fish to be traded for the day. They finance the mortgage of the bancas and the purchaseof the “fresh” bait for the deeper pelagic and demersal species in the waters of the municipality. Theyalso provide financing for the different gears used. As traders they receive the catch and handle themarketing of the goods and pay the fishers their part of the day’s catch. The fishers handle the“production” side including the preparation and repair of the banca and gears as well as capture orpurchase and preparation of the fresh bait as applicable. Consumers include neighbors, the vendors inthe public market and in adjacent towns.

Input provision consists primarily of the wooden boat, the gears and the financed bait. Boats areeither owned or mortgaged to local financiers who also trade the catch on a daily basis, making the non-motorized fishers a “captured” supplier perennially indebted to them. The traders also provide the freshbait for “Lambo” and “Kalway” used in the capture on the day itself or on the following day. The cost of thebait will be deducted from the gross sales of the day ensuring a return of the cost of goods sold. Baits for“Bundak-bundak” are caught by the fishers on the day of cath. Gears are prepared beforehand by thefishers in the days when fishing is difficult because of sea and weather conditions or when alternativelivelihoods prove more lucrative and interesting. Bancas are also repaired in these periods.


Gear inputs are obtained within the municipality, the next town of Culasi or sometimes from theprovincial capital town of San Jose de Buenavista. There are two (2) key suppliers of nylon cords, hooks,crystalette, and styrofoam balls in Tibiao usually for immediate needs. Most fishers procure their suppliesfrom Culasi because of the lesser price and variety of choices.

A detailed description of the gears used and fishing method utilized per barangay is given inAnnex C.

Production involves the preparation of the multiple hook and single line gears prior to actualfishing, the catch process and the immediate turnover to the traders or neighbours upon return to theshore. “Bundak-bundak” is a 2-inch circular bamboo gear with a diameter of 15cm used to capture thepelagic fishes duing the day. Pelagic fish live near the surface or in the water column of coastal watersbut not at the bottom of the sea. Marine pelagic fish can be divided into coastal (inshore) and oceanic(offshore) fish. Many pelagic fishes swim in schools weighing hundreds of tons (en.wikipedia.com, 2013).

Attached to the bamboo gear is a 50-meter nylon monoline with multiple hooks. 50-100 nylonlines of 5cm length extend from the monoline with the artificial crystalletes placed on the 2 cm hooks.With the monoline extending downwards, the crystallets reflect the sunlight of the surface water and“wink” at the approaching schools of pelagic fish. The bamboo gear floating on top of the waves is liftedup and down by the fisher in order for the crystallete “wings” to reflect the sunlight and “wink” at theapproaching “marot,” “bilong-bilong,” or “hasa-hasa.”

“Kalway” is a 1 foot by 1 foot square wooden gear with a long monocline tied to a lead weight of“tingga” as sinker. Dangling along its length of 100-150 meters are 5cm hooks numbering 400, 1200,1600 or 2000 hooks. Attached to each hook are thin strips of sliced fish or squid as bait. Usually used atnight, the “Kalway” is used for demersal fishes such as the “humoy-humoy,” “lapu-lapu” and “maya-maya.”

Demersal fishes live and feed on or near the bottom of the sea. They occupy the sea floorswhich usually consist of mud, sand, gravel or rocks. In coastal waters they are foun on or near thecontinental shelf and in deep waters they are found on or near the continental slope or along thecontinental rise. The term includes demersal reef fish and demersal fish that inhabit estuaries, inlets andbays. Other deep sea demersal fish can also be found around seamounts and islands Demersal fishfillets contain little fish oil (1-4%) whereas pelagic fish can contain up to 30% (en.wikipedia.com, 2013March 17).

“Lambo” is the gear used for both pelagic and demersal fishes in the open ocean with coralformations or with continental shelf formations like off the coast of Tibiao (Annex G). At only 1000 metersfrom the shoreline, depths plummet to between 70 and 100 meters already.

A Styrofoam ball-shaped floater with a diameter of 30 cm remains on the surface of the sea.Attached to it is a thicker nylon cord 200 meters long. Spaced out on its length are 50 to 100 7-cm hookswith bait. These are designed for the bigger deep-sea species like the “Malasugi” or indo-pacific sailfishand the “Bantalan” or big eyed tuna.

The “Lambat” or the use of a surrounding beach net by dugout bancas is used in the barangayswith shallow waters. Before sundown, three to five fishers locate feeding schools ar the surface andencircle them with the net rapidly. Fishes caught are small scad, mackerel, herrings and frigate tuna.The community at the beach then gather at the lead line and pull the net towards the shore. The catch isusually divided into three parts: the net owner, the fishers and the community that pulled the catch.

An interesting process of the value chain in this coastal community and these commodities is theportion of the catch separated for household consumption prior to the trade or sale. The non-motorizedfisher does not need a big catch. A 25-pound tuna is enough for the day, with the head or four pieces of“bilong-bilong” (moonfish) serving as a satisfying “tula” or “sinabawan” for the day for a family of five.Table 6 gives the details.


Table 6: Average volume for household use per barangay

SR NAT MAL POB MAR SI SFN LPZ TotalAverage Catch per Day (kg) 3.37 3.75 n/i 3.0 4.44 n/i 3.37 5.68 23.61Average Volume Set Aside forHousehold Consumption (kg) .74 .73 n/i .15 .93 n/i .98 .64 4.17Percentage of HC/Catch 22% 19% n/i 5% 21% n/i 29% 11% 18%Average Volume Set for Retailing (kg) 2.63 2.45 n/i 2.85 3.18 n/i 2.37 4.87 18.35Percentage of Retailed/Catch 78% 65% n/i 95% 72% n/i 70% 86% 78%Allocation for Banca Rental – paid in kind 0% 16% n/i 0% 7% n/i 1% 4% n/a

Most of the fishers allocate between 5% - 30% of their catch, or an average of 18%, forhousehold consumption or an average of 0.70 of a kilo among the 6 barangays. The balance of 72%, onthe average, is forwarded to the traders. Fishers in Poblacion (5%) and Lapaz (11%) have the leastvolume left in their households indicating that 95% and 86%, respectively, of the day’s catch is passed onto the traders. Fishers in San Francisco Norte, conversely, leave almost 30% of the catch in the houseindicating a greater need for food on the table. A portion of the catch in Barangays Naividad, Martinezand Lapaz are paid out in kind for the amortization of the bancas to the traders and other financiers. 16%of the catch in Barangay Natividad is paid out in this manner.

III. Results - The Distribution Elements of the Value Chain Analysis

Kaplinsky and Morris (2001) define value chain as follows: “The value chain describes the fullrange of activities which are required to bring a product or service from conception, through the differentphases of production and delivery to final consumers, and final disposal after use. They point out that aVCA systematically maps the actors participating in the production, distribution, marketing and sales of aparticular product.

For this study, the Distribution Elements of the VCA will include the players, the processes,activities, product cost, product value, and perceived enablers (adapted from Making Markets Work Betterfor the Poor [M4P]). These had been identified on a per barangay and per gear basis to facilitatedistribution and economic analysis.

The analysis of margins and profits within the chain, determines who benefits from participation inthe chain and which actors can benefit from increased organization and support. Furthermore, the chainwill point out the interventions that will increase the total amount and value of the product that the poorsell in the value chain.

These are illustrated in Figures 7 to Figure 12 illustrating the VCA on a per gear basis.


The value chain analysis of Bundak-Bundak is illustrated from Figure 7. Whenfishers use the “bundak-bundak”, the input cost is an average of P16.64 primarily forthe gear which includes the crystallete usually costing P10.00. The artificial bait isused for a lot of times which makes it fully depreciated over the year. The minimumcatch is 2.34 kilograms and 0.54 of a kilo is apportioned for household use and P 21.00worth is usually paid in kind for the amortization of the banca.

The 2.34 kilos catch, commonly valued at P 70.00 per kilo, is mostly composedof the small pelagic fishes like the “aloy,” “bilong-bilong” and “mamsa” inhabiting theshallow (19m to 50m) waters. The remaining 1.5 kilos is handed over to the traders at

an agreed average price of P 70.00 dependingon the variety and number of the catch. Thisprovides the fisher a margin in the region of P88.16. The trader then retails the catch at ausual price of P100.00 giving her an averagereturn of P 43.00 compared to the fisher’spass-on profit. The trader, however, usuallyprovides for 4 or 5 of these non-motorized fishers and serves as integrator of sorts for their catch,achieving “economies of scale” when the catch is of the same species. The activities of the trader includeweighing, categorizing and transporting the fish within the barangay, the town or the adjacent towns.

Figure 7: Bundak - Bundak

Values Bundak-Bundak

Revenue 163.80

Cost 34.84

HH Use 37.80

Fisherman's Profit 88.16

Trader's Profit 43.00

Fisherman's Profit Margin 53.82%

* Barangay Sto. Rosario, Natividad, Poblacion. Martinez, SF Norte and Lapaz


To catch the “isok” and “marot” which are the demersal fishes moving in thebarangay, the fisher combines the “lambo” to his “bundak-bundak.” The input costjumps to P 150.41 primarily because of the gear and the banca amortization cost.The gears cost P 12.50 and P 132.80 for the “bundak-bundak” and “lambo”respectively. The fisher gets his bait from the small fishes in the coastal waters anduses them for the “lambo.” The added gear raises the catch to 3.76 kilos and theselling price now has a mean of P 92.23 compared to the P 70.00 earned when using“bundak-bundak” only. Household allocation increases to 0.8 of a kilo and 0.14 is

used for banca amortization in kind leaving abigger balance of 2.82 kilos for sale. The inclusionof the deeper pelagic fishes and the demersalcatch increase average selling prices to P 92.23resulting to earnings of P 260.09 or a significantmargin of P 109.68 for the fishers. The traders alsoearn more—P 408.79-- from the increased quantity sold at a much higher price of P 144.25 from the usual P100.00. The effective margin for the traders now stand at P 144.70 which is higher than that of the fishers.Considering their integrator function, the traders benefit more with demersal fishes in the catch.

Figure 8: Bundak-Bundak and Lambo

Values BB andLambo

Revenue 346.78

Cost 163.32

HH Use 73.78


Trader's Profit 144.70Fisherman's Profit

Margin 31.63%

* Barangay Natividad, Martinez and Lapaz


When the fishers desire to go to deeper waters, they use the kalway (with 150-1,500 hooks) in addition to the ‘bundak-bundak”. The longer monoline now enables thefishers to capture the deep pelagic (e.g. “tulingan”) and demersal (e.g. “isok”) fishes.The added gear cost is P 153.55 for a total cost of P 170.39 . The “kalway” bait providedfor by the traders cost an additional P65.00 composed of salt (P 5.00), labor (P 20.00)and raw fish (P 32.50). The bait preparation incorporate the following activities: buyingof raw fish, filleting and slicing into 1 inch x 1 inch slices, insertion of the bait into thehooks and arranging the hooks into the box.

With the use of the added gear, the catch regularly increases by 3.1 kilo for atotal of 5.44 kilos from the original 2.34 kiloscaught using only “bundak-bundak.” With theadded gain in sale the fishers retain 0.59 kilos worth of the catch for household use and allocate 0.33 kilosfor banca rental. They then forward the catch to the traders. The fishers now forward 4.52 kilos to thetraders and earn a margin of P 146.01. The trader also earns more with the 4.52 kilos receiving P 452.00although their actual margin dips to P 133.00 compared to the fisher’s margin of P 146.01.

Figure 9: Bundak – Bundak and Kalway

Values BB and KalwayRevenue 380.80

Cost 193.49HH Use 41.30

Fisherman's Profit 146.01Trader's Profit 133.60

Fisherman's ProfitMargin 38.34%

* Barangay Sto. Rosario, Poblacion, Martinez, SF Norte and Lapaz


When fishers use the “lambo” in addition to the “bundak-bundak” and“kalway,” the added gear costs an additional P 179.16 for a total input cost of P350.15 per kilo compared to when they use “bundak-bundak” and “kalway” only (P170.39). The cost of the bait increased by P 71.32. The fisher habitually catchessmall fish to augment the sliced bait prepared before. The cost of raw material andthe labor in attaching the bait is not factored as additional bait cost because thevolumes are not determined.

The minimum catchnow reaches 8.03 kilos, onthe average, and the fishersset aside 1.07 kilos forhousehold consumption and 0.14 kilos for banca rental. The balance of 6.82 kilos goes tothe trader. The demersal species include the “marot” and the “isok” in addition to thepelagic “bulao” and “mamsa” that improves the volume and the selling price. The biggervolume enables a 12.21% increase in unit price (from P 70.00 to P 78.58) giving the fishera bigger return of P 536.92 from the 6.82 kilos sold. This provides a bigger margin of P185.77 per kilo. Nominally speaking, however, the fisher actually gains P 84.08 from the

quantity allocated for household use plus the P 536.92 sale for a total gain of P 621.00 from the day’s harvest. This time, the trader benefits morewith a higher selling price of P 117.16 compared to the standard P100.00 earning a sale of P 799.03 for the 6.82 kilos sold. The average marginfor the traders is now at the level of P 261.11, higher than the P 185.77 of the fishers.

Values BB, Lambo and KalwayRevenue 630.99

Cost 361.15

HH Use 84.08




* Barangay Sto. Rosario, Martinez, SF Norte and Lapaz


Figure 10: Bundak – Bundak, Lambo and Kalway

The shallow waters also make possible the use of the “lambat” and theinput cost total only P 14.82. This time, additional banca rental is valued at P4.20 paid in kind to the financier. Minimum catch is 2.0 kilos and 0.4 kilos is set

aside for the household. Thebalance of 1.54 kilos is sold at theusual price of P 70.00 for a profitof P 107.80 giving the fishers areturn of P 92.98. Traders sell thecatch at the customary P 100 perkilo and gain P 154.00 or a marginof P 44.20 over the fisher’s gain ofP 107.80.

* Barangay San Francisco NorteFigure 11: Lambat

Values LambatRevenue 140.00

Cost 19.02HH Use 28.00

Fisherman's Profit 92.98Trader's Profit 44.20



Values Lambat andKalway

Revenue 266.00Cost 115.01

HH Use 33.60Fisherman's Profit 117.39



The “kalway” is used to augment thesmall catch of the “lambat” and the

added input cost is P 86.19 for the gear bringing the total input cost to P 101.01. Thegear is effective in catching the various species as the harvest level rises to 3.8 kiloswith 0.48 kilos left for the household. The banca rental of 0.2 kilos is paid in kind. Thebalance of 3.12 kilos is sold at the customary P 70.00 for a fisher’s profit of P 218.40or a margin of P 117.39 compared to his input cost. Traders earn a sizeable P 312.00or a margin of P 91.60 per kilo compared to the P 117.39 gain of the fishers.

* Barangays Poblacion and San Francisco Norte

Figure 12: Lambat and Kalway



Analysis of Results

According to M4P, the desired development outcome of the study focuses primarily on theincome benefits of the non-motorized fishers in the fishery value chain only. This entry point of analysis isdirected from the point of view of these fishers to determine if the total amount and value of products thatthe poor sell can be increased. The expected result is the higher absolute income for the poor as well asthe other actors in the value chain.

The entry point of the determination of the total amount and value of products is through anevaluation of the Input Cost (IC), Fishermen’s Profit (FP) and Trader’s Profit (TP) per gear per barangayas given in Table 7.

Table 7: Comparative analysis by gear used per barangay

Barangay BB BB BB BB BB BB Lambat Lambat

Lambo Kalway 1 Kalway 2 Lambo Lambo Kalway 1

Kalway 1 Kalway 2

LapazInput Cost 20.16 175.36 216.63 519.90

Fisherman's Profit 107.94 101.39 134.77 213.16Trader's Profit 52.90 102.22 148.60 297.66

MalaborInput Cost

Fisherman's ProfitTrader's Profit

MartinezInput Cost 18.42 105.70 172.91 169.39

Fisherman's Profit 72.58 99.96 212.09 143.18Trader's Profit 37.00 73.03 163.00 121.67

NatividadInput Cost 13.51 122.42

Fisherman's Profit 113.19 156.42Trader's Profit 52.30 103.21

PoblacionInput Cost 17.38 115.82 107.95

Fisherman's Profit 112.12 111.68 133.55Trader's Profit 55.50 97.50 103.50

SF NorteInput Cost 21.46 119.48 148.47 14.82 114.15

Fisherman's Profit -3.96 90.52 171.53 92.98 100.05Trader's Profit 5.50 88.00 126.00 44.20 89.80

San IsidroInput Cost

Fisherman's ProfitTrader's Profit

Sto. RosarioInput Cost 17.55 117.41 186.54

Fisherman's Profit 73.45 92.59 103.19Trader's Profit 37.00 88.00 113.24


Total Input Cost 108.48 403.48 525.62 216.63 504.40 519.90 14.82 222.10Total Fisherman's Profit 475.32 357.77 506.88 134.77 417.90 213.16 92.98 233.60Total Trader's Profit 240.20 278.46 436.50 148.60 360.91 297.66 44.20 193.30

Ave Input Cost 18.08 134.49 131.41 216.63 168.13 519.90 14.82 111.05Ave Fisherman's Profit 79.22 119.26 126.72 134.77 139.30 213.16 92.98 116.80Ave Trader's Profit 40.03 92.82 109.13 148.60 120.30 297.66 44.20 96.65

Table 7 indicates, on an economic viewpoint alone, that on the average, more gears correspondto bigger fisherman’s profit despite the increase in input cost and input production effort. The Lapazfishers who use “Bundak-bundak”, “Lambo”, and “Kalway 2” gain a sale of P 733.06 leading to a profit ofP 213.16 over the most expensive input cost of P 519.90. Traders also realize the biggest sales of P1,032,72 resulting to a return of P 297.66 over the fisher’s sale of P733.06. The simplest gear, “Bundak-bundak” generates the lowest return of P 79.22 for the fishers and P 40.03 on the average for the traders.The input cost is lowest at P 18.08 with the use of 50 nylon cords of 5-cm length dangling from a circularbamboo gear. These fishers row out for about twenty (20) minutes into their identified fishing spots.

The “lambat” or fish net is the simplest capture implement nearest the shore line. All whoparticipate get a share of the communal catch.

Most fishers utilizing “Bundak-bundak” leave 30% of their catch for household use. Fishers in SanFrancisco Norte, however, leave 88% (1.75/2.00 kg) for household consumption and pass on 12% of thecatch (.25kg) for trade. The resulting fishers’ profit of -3.96% indicates that the fishers who utilize“Bundak-bundak” are more dependent on rice farming and other sources of income.

For fishers utilizing “Bundak-bundak”, input cost range from P 13.51 to P 21.46. The small-sizedshallow catch includes redtail scad and shortfin scad (marot), anchovy (dilis), gold stripe sardinella(tamban) and Indian oil sardine (tuloy) that provide an average of 2.25kg (P 157.50) with 0.69kg left inthe house for consumption (computed at a value of P 48.07). Fishers profit (except in San FranciscoNorte) span from P 72.58 to P 113.19. Traders’ profits are generally half of fishers’ profits spanning fromP 37.00 to P 55.50 except in San Francisco Norte.

Fishers who rent their bancas pay in kind, allocating 0.17 kilos (P 12.13) as payment from theday’s catch. On the average, fishers using “Bundak-bundak” sell 1.39 kg on a day’s catch.

“Bundak-bundak” and “Lambo” are used in combination in three barangays: Lapaz, Martinez andNatividad. The average catch is 3.91kg with about 1kg (0.87kg) left for home consumption. Fishers inMartinez and Natividad use bancas that were mortgaged usually to traders / financiers for four years.Thus 0.29 kg and 0.56 kg of the catch are paid back in kind to these financiers. The balance between 2.0to 3.0 kg is sold to the traders at an average price of P 100. Given an average input cost of P 134.49, thefishers earn an average profit of P 119.26. The biggest return were recorded in Barangay Natividad (P156.42) which registered the biggest catch of 4.5kg on the average.

The variety and bigger sizes of the catch enables the traders to sell the day’s trade between P120.00 – P 130.00 per kilo with an average of P 127.06. The deep-sea and demersal species contributeto this harvest. Within 20-30 minutes of rowing, the fishers reach 1 kilometer from the shore and drop their“Lambo” in depths of 67 meters – 100 meters. Tuna, marlins, mackerels and snappers easily load severalkilos in one catch.

Thus, fishers and traders can command a higher price.


Gear combinations using “Kalway” register the biggest catch and returns. Average catch extendfrom 4.25 kg to 10.39 kg with the mean catch at 6.5 kg. Because of the significant volume generated,only a minimal quantity (0.50 kg to 1.27 kg) is left for household consumption. The remaining catch ofbetween 4 – 10 kg is sold to traders / financiers at P 70.00 to P 80.00 per kg earning a fishers’ profitextending from P 126.72 to P 213.16 or an average of P 153.48.

When “Kalway 1” is combined with “Bundak-bundak” input costs become P 131.41. When“Kalway 2,” which uses 1,500 hooks, is used with “Bundak-bundak” input costs reach P 216.63.Adding “Lambo” to “Kalway 1” and “Bundak-bundak” increases the P 131.41 cost by only P 36.72, on theaverage to a total cost of P 168.13. The added gear though increases the catch by 1.07 kg. Combining“Lambo” to “Kalway 2” and “Bundak-bundak” on the other hand increases input cost by P 303.27. Catchvolume increases by 4.39kg for an average of 10.39kg translating to a catch value of P 705.04. Thishefty harvest provides a return of P 213.16 per kilo in spite of the increased input cost up to P 519.90.The selling price also escalates by 9% to P 76.52, as the median, from the regular selling price of P70.00.

Traders also obtain a 78% increase in their selling price because of the variety and volume of thecatch. With the sizeable median quantity of 9.58kg, traders realize a more significant profit of P 297.66.

When combined with the regular “lambat” or fish net, the “Kalway” considerably increases thecatch volume to an average of 3.67kg resulting to fishers’ profit of P 116.80 better than the regular P100.00. Traders, though, obtain a profit of P 96.65 which is much better than if they sourced their goodsfrom “lambat” alone (P 44.20) as indicated in Tables 8a – 8d.


Table 8a. Value Chain Analysis summary (average cost) per gear per barangay

Item Lapaz Martinez Natividad Poblacion SF Norte Sto. Rosario AverageIn Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount

Bundak-BundakMinimum Catch (kg) 2.50 175.00 2.00 140.00 3.00 210.00 2.00 140.00 2.00 140.00 2.00 140.00 2.25 157.50Household Use (kg) 0.50 35.00 0.48 33.60 0.61 42.70 0.15 10.50 1.75 122.50 0.63 44.10 0.69 48.07Banca Rental (kg) 0.17 11.90 0.22 15.40 0.58 40.60 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.07 4.90 0.17 12.13Catch Sold (kg) 1.83 128.10 1.30 91.00 1.81 126.70 1.85 129.50 0.25 17.50 1.30 91.00 1.39 97.30Input Cost (in Php) 20.16 20.16 18.42 18.42 13.51 13.51 17.38 17.38 21.46 21.46 12.75 17.55 17.28 18.08Fisherfolks Selling Price 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00Fisherman's Profit 107.94 107.94 72.58 72.58 113.19 113.19 112.12 112.12 -3.96 -3.96 78.25 78.25 80.02 80.02Trader's Selling Price 100.00 183.00 100.00 130.00 100.00 181.00 100.00 185.00 100.00 25.00 100.00 130.00 100.00 139.00Trader's Input Cost (Php) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.67 1.67Trader's Profit 52.90 52.90 37.00 37.00 52.30 52.30 55.50 55.50 5.50 5.50 37.00 37.00 40.03 40.03

Bundak-Bundak &Lambo

Minimum Catch (kg) 3.81 344.58 3.42 331.77 4.50 406.08 3.91 360.81Household Use (kg) 0.75 67.83 1.00 97.01 0.85 76.70 0.87 80.51Banca Rental (kg) 0.00 0.00 0.29 28.13 0.56 50.53 0.28 26.22Catch Sold (kg) 3.06 276.75 2.12 205.66 3.09 278.84 2.76 253.75Input Cost (in Php) 175.36 175.36 105.70 105.70 122.42 122.42 134.49 134.49Fisherfolks Selling Price 90.44 90.44 97.01 97.01 90.24 90.24 92.56 92.56Fisherman's Profit 101.39 101.39 99.96 99.96 156.42 156.42 119.26 119.26Trader's Selling Price 124.50 380.97 132.40 280.69 124.29 384.06 127.06 348.57Trader's Input Cost (Php) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00Trader's Profit 102.22 102.22 73.03 73.03 103.21 103.21 92.82 92.82


Table 8b. Value Chain Analysis summary (average cost) per gear per barangay

Item Lapaz Martinez Natividad Poblacion SF Norte Sto. Rosario AverageIn Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount

Bundak-Bundak &Kalway 1

Minimum Catch (kg) 6.50 455.00 3.50 245.00 4.00 280.00 3.00 210.00 4.25 297.50Household Use (kg) 1.00 70.00 0.25 17.50 1.00 70.00 0.00 0.00 0.56 39.38Banca Rental (kg) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Catch Sold (kg) 5.50 385.00 3.25 227.50 3.00 210.00 3.00 210.00 3.69 258.13Input Cost (in Php) 172.91 172.91 115.82 115.82 119.48 119.48 117.41 117.41 131.41 131.41Fisherfolks Selling Price 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00Fisherman's Profit 212.09 212.09 111.68 111.68 90.52 90.52 92.59 92.59 126.72 126.72Trader's Selling Price 100.00 550.00 100.00 325.00 100.00 300.00 100.00 300.00 100.00 368.75Trader's Input Cost (Php) 2.00 2.00 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 1.50 1.50Trader's Profit 163.00 163.00 97.50 97.50 88.00 88.00 88.00 88.00 109.13 109.13

Bundak-Bundak &Kalway 2

Minimum Catch (kg) 6.00 420.00 6.00 420.00Household Use (kg) 0.50 35.00 0.50 35.00Banca Rental (kg) 0.48 33.60 0.48 33.60Catch Sold (kg) 5.02 351.40 5.02 351.40Input Cost (in Php) 216.63 216.63 216.63 216.63Fisherfolks Selling Price 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00Fisherman's Profit 134.77 134.77 134.77 134.77Trader's Selling Price 100.00 502.00 100.00 502.00Trader's Input Cost (Php) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00Trader's Profit 148.60 148.60 148.60 148.60


Table 8c. Value Chain Analysis summary (average cost) per gear per barangay

Item Lapaz Martinez Natividad Poblacion SF Norte Sto. Rosario Average

In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind AmountBB, Lambo & Kalway 1

Minimum Catch (kg) 5.83 478.29 5.00 400.00 5.13 415.17 5.32 431.15Household Use (kg) 1.25 102.55 1.00 80.00 1.55 125.44 1.27 102.66Banca Rental (kg) 0.78 63.99 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.26 21.33Catch Sold (kg) 3.81 312.57 4.00 320.00 3.58 289.73 3.80 307.43Input Cost (in Php) 169.39 169.39 148.47 148.47 186.54 186.54 168.13 168.13Fisherfolks Selling Price 82.04 82.04 80.00 80.00 80.93 80.93 80.99 80.99Fisherman's Profit 143.18 143.18 171.53 171.53 103.19 103.19 139.30 139.30Trader's Selling Price 114.50 436.25 112.00 448.00 113.12 404.97 113.21 429.74Trader's Input Cost (Php) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00Trader's Profit 121.67 121.67 126.00 126.00 113.24 113.24 120.30 120.30BB, Lambo & Kalway 2

Minimum Catch (kg) 10.39 795.04 10.39 795.04Household Use (kg) 0.81 61.98 0.81 61.98Banca Rental (kg) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Catch Sold (kg) 9.58 733.06 9.58 733.06Input Cost (in Php) 519.90 519.90 519.90 519.90Fisherfolks Selling Price 76.52 76.52 76.52 76.52Fisherman's Profit 213.16 213.16 213.16 213.16Trader's Selling Price 107.80 1,032.72 107.80 1,032.72Trader's Input Cost (Php) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00Trader's Profit 297.66 297.66 297.66 297.66


Table 8d. Value Chain Analysis summary (average cost) per gear per barangay

Item Lapaz Martinez Natividad Poblacion SF Norte Sto. Rosario Average

In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind Amount In Kind AmountLambat

Minimum Catch (kg) 2.00 140.00 2.00 140.00Household Use (kg) 0.40 28.00 0.40 28.00Banca Rental (kg) 0.06 4.20 0.06 4.20Catch Sold (kg) 1.54 107.80 1.54 107.80Input Cost (in Php) 14.82 14.82 14.82 14.82Fisherfolks Selling Price 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00Fisherman's Profit 92.98 92.98 92.98 92.98Trader's Selling Price 100.00 154.00 100.00 154.00Trader's Input Cost (Php) 2.00 2.00 2.00 2.00Trader's Profit 44.20 44.20 44.20 44.20

Lambat & Kalway 1Minimum Catch (kg) 3.50 245.00 3.83 268.10 3.67 256.55Household Use (kg) 0.05 3.50 0.77 53.90 0.41 28.70Banca Rental (kg) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00Catch Sold (kg) 3.45 241.50 3.06 214.20 3.26 227.85Input Cost (in Php) 107.95 107.95 114.15 114.15 111.05 111.05Fisherfolks Selling Price 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00 70.00Fisherman's Profit 133.55 133.55 100.05 100.05 116.80 116.80Trader's Selling Price 100.00 345.00 100.00 306.00 100.00 325.50Trader's Input Cost (Php) 0.00 0.00 2.00 2.00 1.00 1.00Trader's Profit 103.50 103.50 89.80 89.80 96.65 96.65


INITIAL CONCLUSIONS

The study has used the Value Chain Analysis (VCA) that is an effective evaluation tool todetermine the VCA elements that can be reconfigured to improve the distribution of benefits to the actorsinvolved in coastal fisheries activities.

Distributional Issues

Process

The non-motorized fishers go through a 5-step process: input provision, processing, fish catch(which includes part of the catch for household consumption), handover to traders who handle theretailing primarily within the barangay and the town of Tibiao itself. The possible reconfiguration comeseither in processing or in product upgrading after fish catch.

Actors

The fishers and their family are occupied in the first 3 processes. The remaining volume is totallyhanded over to the traders who actually financed the inputs for the fishers. The day’s catch thereforecomes from a “captured” supplier to the trader who retails the catch and “remits” the day’s profit to thefisher at the end of the day. The possible reconfigured actors may be the fishers, their familymembers or the traders.

Activity

The usual activities at the input phase are; (1) repair of the bancas, (2) repair of the fishing gears,(3) preparation of gears and (4) preparation of baits depending on the type of gear used. In mostbarangays, a certain percentage is left for household consumption (often leading to a subsistence level).When the catch is forwarded to the traders, the catch is weighed, categorized and transported ordistributed from house to house. The reconfiguration may come in the form of use of additionalgears in the processing component of the process or in product upgrading after the fish catch.

Volume, Costs and Margins

The input costs include the depreciation for the banca, the cost of crystalette used in the“Bundak-bundak” gears, the nylon cords, hooks, weights, and transportation involved in purchasing thesegears. Live bait for “Kalway” and “Lambo” are also purchased and financed by the traders / financiers.The different margins per gear used were computed in the analysis of results section.

The VCA distribution element that can best be reconfigured to benefit the poor or non-motorizedfishers in Tibiao is the type of gear used in combination. Gear combinations using “Kalway” register thebiggest catch and returns. Average catch extend from 4.25kg to 10.39kg. Combining “Lambo” to “Kalway2” and “Bundak-bundak” increases input costs by P 303.27. Catch volume consequently increases by4.39kg for an average of 10.39kg translating to a catch value of P 795.04. This hefty harvest provides areturn of P 213.16 per kilo in spite of the increased input cost of P 519.90. traders also realize a moresignificant profit of P 297.66 per kilo with the sizeable median quantity of 9.58 kilos sold.

The reconfiguration in the Distribution Issues may come in these forms:


Figure 13. Reconfigured Distribution Issue Elements

Initial Recommendations

Why bother with small-scale fisheries? Garces, et. al. (2012) in their presentation on Small – scaleFisheries and Food Security in the Philippines presented in Korea say that this sector is under-reported,under-valued notoriously difficult to manage, and not fully considered in the development dialogue,particularly in policy making and management. This echoes the conclusion of the Food and AgricultureOrganization that in the Asia-Pacific region:

(1) fishing for subsistence and for the supply of local markets is the traditional fishing activity; (2)inshore resources close to urban areas tend to be heavily overfished and in dire need ofsustainable development; (3) coastal fisheries are small-scale in nature; (4) since economicreturns from this activity are low, research into improved management practices has beenneglected; (5) it is being increasingly recognized that conventional approaches to fisheriesmanagement have failed to promote sustainable resource use; and (6) any investigation--intosustainable management of the natural resource base--should be accompanied byappropriate socio-economic analysis of the activities of fishing communities.

Their recommended evelopment Management Strategy includes product improvement along thevalue chain, the establishment of appropriate post harvest and fish processing infrastructure facilities anduse of market-based instruments. However, the study show that these are not as easy as suggested andmay even sound quite academic. A lot of factors have to be considered.

1. The underwater topography of the coast influences the type and abundance of the species. Thestudy of Garces, et al and the National Consultation on Strengthening Governance and Sustainabilityof Small-Scale Fisheries and Aquaculture Management in the Philippines and Philippine-basedliterature have conveniently neglected the BFAR mandate to determine the maximum sustainableyield (MSY) and Total Allowable Catch (TAC) studies as well as the need to determine theappropriate gear for each barangay based on hydrographic features and the fish biology of thespecies in the locality.

2. The VCA distribution element that can best be reconfigured to benefit the poor or non-motorizedfishers in Tibiao is the combination of gears when fishing. Combining “Lambo” to “Kalway 2” and


“Bundak-bundak” increases average catch to 10.39 kilograms, if the fisher wants to increase his dailycatch volume and earnings (Activity, Distribution Issue).

The adoption of the use of multiple gears for the fishers in the other barangays will facilitate, initiall,the joint purchase of inputs to achieve cost sharing and economies of scale (HorizontalCoordination, Upgrading Issue).

3. The second VCA distribution element that can be reconfigured is the processing or product upgradingof the fish catch (Process, Distribution Issue). The possible reconfigured actors may be the fishers,their family members or the traders (Actors, Distribution Issue and Functional Upgrading,Upgrading Issue).

4. There is an existing potential in the municipality that can harness upgrading of products. Tariningscan be provided by the LGU and other government agencies to facilitate a more enablingenvironment (Product Upgrading, Upgrading Issue). With adequate and proper training on post-harvest technology and the conduct of a proper feasibility study that can be provided by governmentinstitutions, as mandated, fishers can add fish or product processing as a functional upgradingelement (Functional Upgrading, Upgrading Issue). All these can be implemented by the LocalGovernment Unit with the assistance of the Department of Agriculture through the Bureau ofFisheries and Aquatic Resources. The Committee on Fisheries, Municipal FARMC and BarangayFARMCs will be the planning, coordinating and implementing arms of the municipality (Institutions,Governance Issue).


References

Alegado, S. O., Cayabyab, M. J., & Rivera, D. O. (2013, April 23). Retrieved May 8, 2013, from GMANews: http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/305102/economy/business/poverty-level-remains-unchanged-since-2006-government-survey

Channelnewsasia.com. (2010, January 5). China-ASEAN FTA promts growing trade among border cities.Retrieved April 14, 2011, from www.wikipedia.org: www.wikipedia.org

De Silva, D.A.M. (2011). Value Chain of Fish and Fishery Products: Origin, Functions and Application inDeveloped and Developing Country Markets. Food and Agriculture Organization 2011 accessed onAugust 30, 2011 fromwww. fao.org/valuechaininsmallscalefisheries/projectreports/en/

FAO. (2001, October 31). Fisheries and Aquacultural Topics. Fish and seafood utilization Topics FactSheets. Rome. Retrieved December 30, 2011, from FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Department [online]:www.fao.org/doc/T3384e/t3384e03.htm

Gereffi, G. (1999). A Commodity Chains Framework for Analysing Global Industries. Workshop inSpreading the Gains from Globalization. Univesity of Sussex, Institute of Development Studies in M4P.

Gereffi, G. H. (2003). The Governance of Global Value Chains. An Analytical Framework, January inM4P.

Kaplinsky, R. a. (2001). A Handbook for Value Chain Research. Brighton, United Kingdom: Institute ofDevelopment Studies, University of Sussex in M4P.

Lindahl, J. 2005. Vietnam’s seafood industry: a socially embedded division of state owned and local Chineseowned enterprises in regional value chains?, An unpublished document, International Development Studies,Roskilde University.

M4P. (Making Markets Work for the Poor) (n.d.). Making Value Chains Work Better for the Poor: AToolbook for Practitioners of Value Chain Analysis, Hanoi. markets4poor.org Retrieved May 2013

M4P. (Making Markets Work for the Poor) (2008). Making Value Chains Work Better for the Poor: AToolbook for Practitioners of Value Chain Analysis, London: UK Department of International DevelopmentRetrieved April 2013, from aciar.gov.au:http://aciar.gov.au/files/node/14580/making_value_chains_work_better_for_the_poor_a_to_14413.pdf

Morris, M., & Kaplinsky, R. (2001, November). Retrieved May 6, 2013, from asiandrivers.open.ac.uk:http://asiandrivers.open.ac.uk/documents/Value_chain_Handbook_RKMM_Nov_2001.pdf

Municipality of Tibiao. (2011). Strategic Municipal Development Plan. Tibiao: Municipality of Tibiao.

Rich, K. M., Baker, D., Negassa, A., & Ross, R. B. (2009, August). Retrieved May 2013, fromageconsearch.umn.edu: http://ageconsearch.umn.edu/bitstream/51922/2/51922.pdf

Wikimedia Foundation, I. (2011, December 27). Retrieved December 30, 2011, from wikipedia.org:www.wikipedia.org

En.wikipedia.com (2013, April). Retrieved May 2013, from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pelagic_fish

worldfishing.net. (2009, august 1). worldfishing.net. Retrieved December 30, 2011, from worldfishing.net:www.wolrdfishing.net/features101/new-hirizons/philippines3

32 Value Chain Improvement for Coastal Communities of Emerging Markets: The Case of Tibiao, Antique

AnnexesAnnex A. Map of Respondents


Annex B. List of Registered Fishers of Tibiao, Antique (non-motorized)

BARANGAYS

# FI

SHER

FOLK

S GEAR OWNERSHIPSeineNets Gillnet

Longline Handline Traps & Pots Surrounding

Nets

Traw

l fis

hing

Spe

arLi

ft ne

t/sco

opne

t

Fry

Net

Bea

ch

Dan

ish

Sur

face

Bot

tom

Drif

t

Sim

ple

Tuna

Drif

t

Sim

ple

HL

Mul

ti. H

LO

tosh

iam

i

Fish

trap

Fish

pot

Fish

Cor

ral

Pur

sese

ine

Bab

y P

S

Bag

Net

Rin

g ne

t

Lapaz 67 8 2 2 15 65Malabor 109 4 5 62 1Martinez 35 1 26Natividad 21 4 15 2Poblacion 51 1 2 43 1SanFrancisco

23 5 4 14

San Isidro 30 2 5 15 3Sto. Rosario 31 31TOTAL = 8 367 24 2 2 32 271 6 1

LAPAZ LAPAZ MALABOR MALABOR MALABOR MARTINEZAmerila, Teotimo Obsanga, Marlo Absalon, Juanito De La Cruz,Ervie Miguel, nolan Almonte, Alejandro Jr.Amerila,Cerilo Obsanga, Sotero Absalon, Loreto Jr. Dionesio, Arnel Miguel,Francis Almonte, NickAntonio Michael Osorio, Freddie Absalon, Roger Dionesio,Ricky Mateo,Basilio Amar, NestorAsejo,Sammy Osorio, Segundino Jr. Absalon,Benedicto Domingo,Alberto Magallanes,Teresita Amarilla, PacitaAtup,Wendelyn Palacios,Carlos Absalon Emar Domingo,Jushua Maniba,Remedios Amarilla, victorioAnteza, Nelson Pablo, Vernie Almacen,Sebira Domingo, johnny Moreno,Edna Andres, EdgarAntonio, Irvie Pacheco, Luth Arsaga,Mario Engue,Joel Mirasol,Ben Basa, Zosimo Sr.Antonio, Maximo Pagsuguiron,Silverio Agustin, Bojo Enane, Joel Mirasol, Ben Bulagao, CresanoBallenas, Willie Pagsuguiron,Quirino Agustin, Freddie Espanola,Daisy Narciso,Victor Bulagao, IsidoroCadiao,Simplecio Pagsuguiron, Oscar Agustin, Jeset Espanola, Donie Namo, Eddie Crispino, BenCaridad,Rex Patricio, Cleto Alegata,Fe Escalona,Percebal Nario, Arnold Delos Reyes, ArielDalisay, Carmelino Quioyo,Anesita Amar,Mark Lester Flores, Pedro Nario,Magdalena Delos Reyes, JoeMarDalmacio, Quioyo,Marlon Amar, Polo Francisco,Bernadeth Nario, Ricky Dionesio, Alfonso


CarmelinoDavao, Leonardo Quioyo, Fernando Amerila, Antonio Frustrado,Romeo Pablo, Juanito Dionesio, AlmaDionesio,Custodio Quioyo, Paulino Amerila, Antonio Jr. Francisco, Sulpicio Palma, Cris Domingo, MagdalinoDionesio,Rogelio Salazar,Ian Mark Amerila, Leuterio Galecia,Cristina Palma, nonito Dy, Gaudencio Jr.Dionesio, Robelio Salazar, Bonifacio Amerila,Carl Anthony Galecia, Rogelio Palma, nonito Episcua, augustusEraga,Kent Russel Semillano,Angelito,Sr. Amerila, Rogelio Galecia, Romy Pantallon, Eden Episcua, GinaEraga, Ernesto Semillano,Angelito,Jr. Arevalo,Deigo Cornel Galele, Juanito Pantallon, Edmund Estolloso, InocentesEraga, Jerry Semillano, Cerilo Arevalo,Zeny Galele, Manuel Pagsuguiron,Orlando Importante, dionyFrancisco, Jorge Samillano,Dennis Bangcaya, Arnold Gualberto,Aniolina Panaungon,Renaldo Mansoy, AlfredoFuentes, Dennis Semillano, Dominador Barrientos, Edmund Guillermo,Mona Lisa Peralta,Ronie Mansoy, EduardoFuentes, Dizon SemillanoEdumel Barrientos, Edwin Guillermo, Noel Robles Juseth Mansoy, FrennyHilario,Melvin Semillano, Eddie Barrientos,Julie Julian, Arthur Remoting, Joe Mansoy, LucyHilario,Reynolds Sumanting,Renaldo Benito, Alvin Julian, Harold Salvani, Antonio Mansoy, WiltyHilario,Ferdinand Suriaga, Leonardo Cantonjos, Jerome Julian, Resty Santiago, Wilfredo Marcelino, RosemaryJesus,Nasarino Valencia,Anthony Cantonijos,Jenefer Julian,Enriqueta Sebastian, Dioterly Mariano, AldresioJavier, Nick Valencia,Randy Crisostomo,Cirila Mabaqiuao,Allen Sebastian,Analyn Mariano, WaldenMarquez,Domingo Valencia,Orly Castillo, Juanson Mabaqiuao,Danniel Sebastian, Joeterly Nermal, Oscar Jr.Mungcal,Romeo,Sr. Valencia, Elviro Cordova, Dominador Miguel, Carlito Sedano, Boby Pagsuguiron, ElizarMacuja, Roger Valencia,Prenny Daylusan,Buenvinido Miguel, Felix Sobrino, Cezar Jr. Pelongco, RodolfoMahigugmaon,Joefry Dalmacio, Fredie miguel, Frijune Sobrino, Litobert Quioyo, AlexanderOccenia,Clemente Dalumpines, Angelo Miguel,John Mark Sobrino, Loreto Jr. Sareño, RicoObsanga,Welfredo Dalumpines, Primo Miguel,Jeff Jesus Sumugat, Angel Sarzuela, JuvyObsanga, Doroteo Dela Cruz, Jerry Miguel,Junard sumugat, Marlon Sarzuela, RogerObsanga, Felicio De La Cruz,Mauricio Miguel, Jose Watimar, Rex

Valente,Roberto,Sr.

NATIVIDAD POBLACION POBLACION SAN FRANCISCO SAN ISIDRO STO. ROSARIOBarbebal, Antonio Abario, Po Lorenzo, George Amar,Rudolfo Antonio,Aneceta Alcobilla, BartolomeDen, Felipe Atillano,Johny Malabor, Felix Amar, Rudy Antonio,Jury Belarmino, Alfredo

Espartero, Alejandro Baculna, Gerlin Malabor, Mansueto Amboloyog,Ernesto Amerila,NabarioBelendres, AguidonJr.

Javier, Gloria Baculna, Manuel Mapas, Paquito Amboboyog, Roger Amerila,Sinbad Belendres, Blas


Labrague,Rosendo Baculna, vicman Mariano, Bonifacio Calay, Juanito Asuncion, Rafael Carmelita, PhilipMagno, Joven Besas,Roque Mariano, Rafael Jr. Calay,Victoriano Ballenas,Elmo Dela Torre, Alberto

Magtubo, LeovigildoBandoja,Andresito Mationg, Remy

Chavez, WilfredoJr. Bandoja, Antonio Española, Junjun

Magtubo, ModestoJr. Calawod, Nestor Nibia, Johnny Dalmacio,Danny Blanco, Antonieto Española, RaulMagtubo, Romeo Calawod, Robert Pagsuguiron,Arthur Dalmacio, Avelino Comersiose,Romelyn Espartero, ArielMagtubo, Wilson Cassanova,Albert Pedro,Jovito Dalmacio, Calixto Cabangon, Isidro Espartero, Danny

Mationg, Anecito Calawod, RoyPangantihon,Domingo Eresima, Pedro Clataro, Restituto Espartero, Dionito

Ocampo, Roque Clemente, Edwin Rectra,Lorenzo Espanola, Dorotea Domingo, Jovito Jr. Espartero, Edmund

Perdon, Freddie Clemente, Ronnie Santiago,RolandEsparagoza,Igmedio Espanola, Elorde Espartero, Noel

Rotines, Tobias Deano, Edgar Sareno,Walter Flores, Manuel Jr. Espanola, Ignacio Gindap, JaimeRuinata, Marcelino De La Cruz,Joven Sumadja,Adjehator Francisco, Felipe Farren,Sotero,Jr. Jungco, Arthy

Salde, Rolly Domingo,RudySalvacion, RomanJr. Francisco, Ireneo Fuentes,Silverio Magbanua, Rudolf

Salde, Thelma Domingo,Victoria Tolentino,Noli Lopez,Archie Flores, Juancho Magno, JimmySamillano, Lazaro Domingo,Vilma Tamayo,Fritz Munoz,Rogelio fuentes, Silverio Jr. Mendoza, AnecitoSamulde, Freddie Dela Cruz, vicente Tamayo, Federico Oliveros, Rodel Gadayan,Delia Mendoza, AngelServancia, AgripinoSr. Esquerdo,John Tamayo, Jose Pablo,Ignacio Guillermo,Rony Mondia, RogerValentin, Bernaldo Espanola,Angelito Untalan,Emilio Tabayay,Nicanor Gregorio, Antonieto Pereira, Michael

Espanola, Simproso Vedeja,Joemar Valintin,Fred Importante, Eleuterio Pereyra, AlexHilario,Javier Valentin, Peter Importante,Rafael Pereyra, FlorentinoJuayang,Jaypee Marcelo, Wenefredo Pereyra, MarkLim,PeterAnthony Marcelo,Madeo Pereyra, MelchorLorenzo, Joker Obsanga, Jemy Salazar, ManuelLorenzo, Jose Oliveros, Rodrigo Sumayan, EliasLorenzo, Nestor Osorio, Maximo Tingson, PanchoLorenzo, Bonifacio Zamora, Juanito Untal, Danny

Zamora, Nestor Untal, eugeneVarona, Nonong


Annex C. Illustration of multiple hooks and single line gears

Lambo Kalway Kalway


Annex D1. Fish species present in Tibiao, Antique during peak season

Species StoRosario

Natividad Malabor

Poblacion

Martinez SanIsidro

SFNorte

Lapaz

Total

Aloy ni ni 6Alumahan ni ni 1Bangaw ni ni 3Bantalaan ni ni 1Barakuda ni ni 1Bilong-Bilong ni ni 4Bisugo ni ni 2Bulao ni ni 4Darag-Darag ni ni 1Dilis ni ni 1Galungong ni ni 2Gumaa ni ni 2Hasa-Hasa ni ni 2Humoy-Humoy ni ni 2Igat ni ni 1Isok ni ni 4Karatkat ni ni 1Kasag ni ni 1Lapu-Lapu ni ni 2Liwit ni ni 1Lobster ni ni 2Lukos ni ni 3Malasugi ni ni 4Mamsa ni ni 5Marot ni ni 5Maya-Maya ni ni 4


Muraw ni ni 1Pagi ni ni 1Pating ni ni 2Salamingan ni ni 1Salay-Salay ni ni 1Siyat ni ni 1Tambakol ni ni 1Tamban ni ni 6Tamudyong ni ni 1Tangigue ni ni 1Tulingan ni ni 2

Total species 10 6 ni 15 14 ni 13 22

Annex D2. Fish species present in Tibiao, Antique during low season

Species StoRosario

Natividad Malabor

Poblacion

Martinez SanIsidro

SFNorte

Lapaz

Total

Aloy ni ni 6Alumahan ni ni 1Bangaw ni ni 3Bantalaan ni ni 1Barakuda ni ni 1Bilong-Bilong ni ni 4Bisugo ni ni 2Bulao ni ni 4Darag-Darag ni ni 1Dilis ni ni 2Galungong ni ni 2Gumaa ni ni 2Hasa-Hasa ni ni 1Humoy-Humoy ni ni 1


Igat ni ni 1Isok ni ni 4Karatkat ni ni 1Kasag ni ni 1Lapu-Lapu ni ni 1Liwit ni ni 1Lobster ni ni 2Lukos ni ni 3Malasugi ni ni 4Mamsa ni ni 5Marot ni ni 5Maya-Maya ni ni 4Muraw ni ni 1Pagi ni ni 1Pating ni ni 2Salamingan ni ni 1Salay-Salay ni ni 1Siyat ni ni 1Tambakol ni ni 0Tamban ni ni 6Tamudyong ni ni 1Tangigue ni ni 1Tulingan ni ni 2

Total species 10 6 ni 15 14 ni 13 22


Annex E: Local, English and Scientific Names of Species in Tibiao, Antique

Local name: AloyEnglish name: Frigate tunaScientific name: Auxis thazard thazardSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: Bulao/Alumahan/GumaaEnglish name: IndianmackerelScientific name: Rastrelliger kanagurtaSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: BulaoEnglish name: Big eyed scadScientific name: Selar crumenophthalmusSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: BangawEnglish name: Skip jack tunaScientific name: Katsuwonus pelamisSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: BantalaanEnglish name: Big eyed tunaScientific name: Thunnus obesusSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: BarakudaEnglish name: BarracudaScientific name: Sphyraena barracudaSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: Hasa-hasaEnglish name: Short scadScientific name: Rastrelliger brachysomaSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: BisugoEnglish name: Threadfin breamScientific name: Nemipterus marginatusSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: Bilong-bilongEnglish name: MoonfishScientific name: Mene maculataSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: DaragdaragEnglish name: Common blue striped snapperScientific name: Lutjanus kasmiraSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: GalunggongEnglish name: Mackerel scadScientific name: Decapterus macarellusSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: Dilis / GurayanEnglish name: AnchoviesScientific name: Stolephorus indicusSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: Humoy-humoyEnglish name: Twoblotch ponyfishScientific name: Nuchequula blochiiSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: IgatEnglish name: EelScientific name: AnguilliformesSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: IsokEnglish name: Mangrove red snapperScientific name: Lutjanus argentimaculatusSeasonality: Peak and low season


Local name: KasagEnglish name: Blue swimmer crabScientific name: Portunus pelagicusSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: Lapu-lapuEnglish name: snapperScientific name: Epinephelus lanceolatusSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: LiwitEnglish name: NeedelefishScientific name: Belone beloneSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: LukosEnglish name: SquidScientific name: Loligo duvauceli OrbignySeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: MalasugiEnglish name: Indian Pacific sailfishScientific name: Istiophorus platypterusSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: BanaganEnglish name: LobsterScientific name: Palinurus versicolorSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: MamsaEnglish name: Indian threadfishScientific name: Alectis indicaSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: MarotEnglish name: ScadScientific name: DecapterusSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: Maya-mayaEnglish name: Big eye snapperScientific name: Lutjanus lutjanusSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name:PagiEnglish name: Giant mantaScientific name: Manta alfrediSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: TambakolEnglish name: Striped bonitoScientific name: Thunnus tonggolSeasonality: Peak season

Local name: Salay-salayEnglish name: Yellowstripe scadScientific name: Selaroides leptolepisSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: TambanEnglish name: Goldstripe sardinellaScientific name: Sardinella gibbosaSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: TangiguiEnglish name: Arrow-barred spanish mackerelScientific name: Scomberomorus commersonSeasonality: Peak and low season

Local name: TulinganEnglish name: Eastern little tunaScientific name: Euthynnus affinisSeasonality: Peak and low season


Annex F. Copy of Questionnaire

Annex G. Map of Tibiao with depth indicators

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