valuasi ekonomi sumberdaya lahan: eksternalitas
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VALUASI EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA LAHAN: EKSTERNALITAS. Diabstraksikan : soemarno , jtnh fpub 2014. EKSTERNALITAS. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
VALUASI EKONOMI SUMBERDAYA
LAHAN:EKSTERNALITAS
Diabstraksikan : soemarno, jtnh fpub 2014
EKSTERNALITAS
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://lecture.ub.ac.id/anggota/marno/activity/16054/ .................... 5/11/2012 .
Dalam proses produksi pertanian, masukan-masukan yang berupa material, tekno¬logi, menejemen dan unsur-unsur agro ekologi akan diproses untuk menghasilkan keluaran-
keluaran yang berupa hasil-hasil tanaman dan ternak.
Hasil-hasil sampingan dan limbah dari proses produksi tersebut dapat berupa hasil sedimen, hasil air, dan bahan-bahan kimia yang dapat menjadi pencemar lingkungan.
Limbah ini biasanya diangkut ke luar dari sistem produksi dan menimbulkan biaya eksternal dan efek eksternalitas.
Biasanya sistem produksi pertanian di daerah hulu sungai mempunyai efek eksternal yang cukup luas dan akan diderita oleh masyarakat di daerah bawah.
Dalam suatu daerah aliran sungai yang mempunyai bangunan pengairan seperti bendungan, waduk dan jaringan irigasi, efek eksternalitas tersebut menjadi semakin
serius, karena dapat mengancam kelestarian bangunan-bangunan tersebut.
EKSTERNALITAS
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://dickyhendramulyadi.blog.com/2012/02/04/eksternalitas-lingkungan/.................... 5/11/2012 .
“Eksternalitas” timbul kalau kegiatan produksi (dan konsumsi) memiliki pengaruh yang tidak diharapkan (tidak langsung) terhadap produsen dan
/atau konsumen lain. “Eksternalitas positif” terjadi kalau kegiatan yang dilakukan oleh seseorang
memberikan manfaat pada pihak lain tanpa melalui mekanisme pasar. “Eksternalitas negatif” terjadi kalau kegiatan oleh individu menghasilkan
dampak yang merugikan pihak lain. Pencemaran air sungai atau air sumur dapat ditimbulkan oleh proses
produksi pertanian yang berasal dari penggunaan pestisida dan pupuk.
Adanya eksternalitas menyebabkan terjadinya perbedaan antara manfaat (biaya ) sosial dengan manfaat (biaya) privat. Perbedaan manfaat (biaya ) ini
berkaitan dnegan alokasi sumberdaya yang tidak efisien. Pihak yang menyebabkan eksternalitas tidak memiliki dorongan untuk menanggung
dampak dari kegiatannya yang diderita oleh pihak lain.
EKSTERNALITAS EROSI TANAH.
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://ryniforfun.blogspot.com/2010/03/erosi-tanah-dampaknya-bagi-kehidupan.html.................... 5/11/2012 .
“Erosi tanah” merupakan proses terangkutnya material tanah atau sedimen oleh aliran air yang terjadi di permukaan tanah.
Kerusakan yang dialami oleh tanah di tempat yang ada erosi a.l.:1. Kehilangan unsur hara dan bahan organik.2. Menurunnya kapasitas infiltrasi (kemampuan tanah untuk meresapkan air) dan
kemampuan tanah menyimpan air.3. Meningkatnya kepadatan dan ketahanan penetrasi tanah.4. Berkurangnya kemantapan struktur tanah yang pada akhirnya menyebabkan
memburuknya pertumbuhan tanaman dan menurunnya produktifitas.
Eksternalitas lingkungan akibat erosi tanah a.l.:5. Sedimentasi dan pendangkalan waduk6. Tertimbunnya (sedimentasi) jaringan irigasi.7. Memburuknya kualitas air sungai , air sumur, air permukaan lainnya,8. Kerugian ekosistem perairan.
EKSTERNALITAS
Diunduh dari Sumber: .................... 31/10/2012 .
The problem is that the way owners use their land may affect others. If they dump garbage on their neighbors' land, clearly they are infringing upon
others' rights. But how about if they burn garbage and the resulting smoke blows onto nearby properties?
What if they pollute a stream and it ends up affecting everyone's water source, or flush sewage away and it ends up in an ecologically stressed bay? Although the field of economics traditionally likes to deal with items that can be easily demarcated, quantified, and tagged with ownership, this becomes
difficult when dealing with our shared ecosystems.
Economics has dealt with this largely by labeling such items externalities, costs for which the responsible party does not pay.
It then becomes up to the community, and usually the government, to decide how to deal with externalities.
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.compilerpress.ca/ElementalEconomics/271%20Environmental/Econ%20271%202.0%20Environmental%20Economics%20b.htm .................... 5/11/2012 .
Until now we have assumed that market
price includes or 'internalizes' all relevant costs and benefits. This
means the consumer captures all benefits and the producer pays all the
costs. An externality refers to costs and benefits that
are not captured by market price for
whatever reasons, i.e., they are external to
market price.
EXTERNALITYIn effect, the market demand curve reflects only marginal private benefits (MPB) of consumers
but not the external benefits accruing to society. When such external benefits are added,
vertically, we derive the marginal social benefit curve (MSB) inclusive of both private and public
benefits. Similarly, the market supply curve reflects only
marginal private costs (MPC) but not costs external to the firm’s accounting, e.g., pollution
that society must pay. When social costs are added, vertically, to the supply curve we derive the marginal social cost (MSC) curve inclusive of
both private and public costs.
EXTERNAL BENEFIT
Diunduh dari Sumber: .................... 5/11/2012 .
MSC = MC + MEC
EXTERNAL COSTMSC = marginal social cost; MC = marginal
cost
MEC = marginal external costMPC = marginal private cost
MC = MPC
EKSTERNAL COST – IN-EFISIENSI
Adanya biaya eksternal mengakibatkan in-efisiensi
dalam proses produksi
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://cnx.org/content/m38612/latest/.................... 5/11/2012 .
A negative externality is a cost associated with an action that is
not borne by the person who chooses to take that action.
Inefficiency from Negative Externality
When there is a negative externality, the market equilibrates
where the total social marginal cost exceeds the marginal benefit
of the last unit of a good and society is not as well off as it could
be if less were produced.
NEGATIVE EXTERNALITIES
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.grin.com/en/doc/230776/a-computable-general-equilibrium-analysis-of-aggregates-materials-recycling.................... 5/11/2012 .
The failure to internalize the negative externality results in diminished social well-
being.
The over-production occurs when the external costs of waste disposal in the
community are ignored (not internalized).
In this figure, the private profit- maximizing quantity of landfill deposits produced (Qp )
are greater than the socially optimal production that occurs when the external
costs are included (Q s ). The amount of overproduction is equal to the distance from Qp to Qs . In order to account
for the external costs imposed on the community from producing additional
(aggregates) deposits into the landfill, it is important to increase the costs of these
deposits from Pp to Ps .
Over-production with a negative externality
Pp
Ps
QpQs
Diunduh dari Sumber: .................... 5/11/2012 .
What happens when one form of government intervention (a Pigouvian tax on the disposal of aggregates) is
implemented. With a Pigouvian tax, the tax is set
equal to the marginal external costs at the socially optimal point of
production.
In this case, the tax on deposits elevates the price of disposal, leading
to a reduction in the amount of deposits.
A reduction of deposits into the local landfill would most likely result from
corresponding reductions in the amount of aggregates waste created
in the production process or from finding alternative means of disposal
of the waste.
Pigouvian tax applied to a negative externality
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.tcd.ie/Economics/staff/amtthews/FoodPolicy/LectureTopics/Environment/Lecture20.htm .................... 5/11/2012 .
These environmental costs are externalised, and there is thus divergence between the
marginal private cost of production (to which the producer responds) and the marginal
social cost of production (which determines the socially optimal level of production).
Over-production of farm output which causes environmental damage is shown in the
following diagram. The farmer would produce at Q1 where his
marginal private cost equals marginal revenue, although the socially efficient level of output is Qo which takes into account the
additional social costs of agricultural production.
Kerusakan Lingkungan sebagai Eksternalitas NegatifSome adverse environmental impacts may be internalised into a farmer's decision-making process, e.g. soil erosion, as this may impact on the revenue-generating potential of the farm in the future.
However, the problem with many environmental impacts is that the costs are not borne by the producer because there is no mechanism to price the damage being done and require the producer
to pay.
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420704000340 .................... 5/11/2012 .
The paper defines the concept of land degradation and costs and effects of soil erosion. Through the concept of
optimal levels of soil erosion, a conceptual model of the social costs of
soil degradation is elaborated. The discussion focuses on the
measurement aspects of the economic scarcity of soil in the agriculture sector. Reliable estimates of the true impacts of soil degradation can only be made if
data on marginal damage costs and marginal conservation costs are
available. The different scarcity indicators are
evaluated and competitive land rental prices are considered as appropriate in
indicating soil scarcity in agriculture.
Divergensi Biaya Sosial dan Biaya Privat
Optimal level of soil quality and soil costs.
Diunduh dari Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0301420704000340 .................... 5/11/2012 .