valiant hearts - carradale - gloria siggins - 2006

8/14/2019 Valiant Hearts - Carradale - Gloria Siggins - 2006

1/28

1


2/28

2

"O valiant hearts who to your glory cameThrough dust and conflict and through battle flame

Tranquil you lie, your knightly virtue proved Your memory hallowed in the land you loved. "

PREFACE

The main street was at its busiest on a fine Saturday morning. It was the popular tine for shopping and meeting friendsand pavements were thronged. This was the 1930's so a few horse-drawn delivery vehicles still mingled with the motortraffic and over the sounds of the street rose the lively, wheezing strains of an accordion.

The music came from the direction of the bridge where two disabled ex-servicemen of the Great War, their medalscatching the sun, had been delivered to their pitch on its approaches. The accordionist walked with the aid of crutchesand sat on a chair to play the instrument. On the ground beside him his companion sat against a shop front with a rugover his lap: he had no legs betlow the knee. I recall this man's warm, beaming smile as he looked up to acknowledge


3/28

3

small change dropped into the upturned cap set before him. Once I saw a tall man of military bearing stoop to shakehis hand and chat for a bit.

The men whose music gave a touch of gaiety to the Saturday scene seemed strange to me as a small child because theywere 'different', a little frightening perhaps, and I probably hurried past; nevertheless, decades later I found a clearpicture of them in my memory. In time, first one and then both were replaced by others but I had long gone away toschool and forgotten them.

Ex-servicemen like these, broken in body and sometimes mind, were the unemployed - unemployable - survivors of awar that had been over for twenty years, yet they were still a familiar sight in the towns and cities of Great Britainsupplementing a meagre pension in any way they could. In London a band consisting of two or three men movedslowly along the gutter in Oxford Street - trumpet, banjo and drum - a hand-written notice reminded us who theywere and invited our largesse. There were also blinded men who sold shoelaces or matches from a tray hung round theneck.

My father had fought in that war but for him its legacy was quite different. Leaving the Army in 1919 he had been ableto resume family life and an interrupted business career, and although damaged lungs troubled him for the rest of hislife, he had prospered. A Mention in Despatches and his medals were framed in his study and about the house hunghis pencil sketches of trench life in 1916 and watercolours of Salonika in 1918. In the 1930s the remnants of a diary hehad kept were put together and printed for family and friends. I don't think his children were particularly impressed -

the 'war to end wars' seemed like ancient history and the next one was brewing - but sixty years later the diary was tocome into the public domain and is now admired and quoted.

It was the decision to research the diary that in 1996 introduced me to the subject of the Great War and the followingyear took me on the first of many visits to the battlefields of France and Flanders. I cast my mind back and tried toremember how, if at all, the aftermath of the war had impinged on my chidhood. I found mainly memories ofArmistice Day : the typically overcast November sky; Flanders poppies worn by everyone; a leaden atmosphere inthe house; my mother quiet with her thoughts. Too young to understand what it was at about, when heads bowed at11 a.m., I liked to watch the sky for the drif ting puffs of white smoke from maroons fired to mark the beginning aidend of The Two Minutes Silence.

Snapshot memories of the disabled men on the bridge also surfaced; tragic figures they seem now whose presence on

Saturday mornings we had taken for granted and largely ignored. I think of this with feelings akin to the legless manwith the cheerful smile and his accordion-playing comrade ? Where had they served ? What had they had to endure ?These are questions I have sought to answer in respect of the men of Saddell.

Carradale and Skipness who fell in the two world wars. Their names are on memorials in the main street of Carradalevillage and in the church and in the churchyard of St Brendon's at Skipness. They are honoured on RemembranceSunday each year, but memory surely fades and of those who fell in the Great War little or nothing is known nowbeyond that they did not return.

Who were they ? What happened to them ?

Nearly all were born in this area and would probably have known each other. The majority had joined the Army;three, the Naval Reserves; one, in WW2, had continued his peacetime service as an officer in the Merchant Navy.They saw action in France, Flanders, Gallipoli, Italy, Palestine, Hong Kong and in European waters. I have includedone civilian, a hapless young casualty of the Clydebank blitz and also John MacDougall, who was born in Skipness butis commemorated on the memorial in Jura where he worked.

Modern generations, worldly and cynical, cannot comprehend the eagerness to enlist that seized the young men ofGreat Britain and the Empire in the early years of the Great War. Personal reasons varied, of course: the prospect oftravel and adventure was a common one; escape from a humdrum life to wear the uniform of a proud regiment and,well, everyone else was going. However, the basic reason for the 'pied piper' response to Lord Kitchener's call to armswas undoubtedly patriotism. Great Britain and the Empire, in which there was an intense pride, were perceived to beat risk from a dangerous enemy and it was everybody's duty - and wish - to rally to their defence.

In January 1916 Jack McAiister Stewart, on the staff at the Royal Bank in Glasgow, wrote a letter that sincerely andtouchingly expresses these sentiments. He told his parents in Grogport that he had decided after careful thought togive up his job and join the Army and continues :


4/28

4

"Any young man who does not answer this, the last call for voluntary service does not deserve to be a citizen of a freecountry. This is a war of sacrif ices and everyone must do his bit. Girls can cany on our work until the war is finishedand if we are spared to come back we can enter with a new zest into our work".

Jack was not spared.

May he and the twenty other young men in whose honour this record of sacrifice has been compiled, rest in peace -they are not forgotten.

" TH ESE WERE OURS IN TH E DAYS OF TH EIR BOYHOODAND T H EI R NAMES H AVE BECOME OUR H ERITAGE"

From The Memorial in the village of Strontian, the familiesOf which lost nearly all their sons in The Great War.

+C A R R A D A L E

1914 - 1919

C. C. MCQUEENN. GALBRAITH

C. H. TRENTJ. MITCHELL

W. S. MITCHELLA. McLEISHJ. McFADYEN

D. W. NICHOLSONJ. M. STEWARTJ. McALISTERA. MCMILLAN

D. McCONACHYW. PATERSON

A. RITCHIE

1939 - 1945

A. GALBRAITHW. P. McALISTER HALL

J. A. McKINVEN

S K I P N E S S

1914 - 1919

R. LINDSAYD. COOK

D. LINDSAYJ. McDOUGALL


5/28

5

COLIN CAMPBELL McQUEENLance Corporal108051st Btn. Scots GuardsDied on 25 th January 1915Aged 25

Son of William and Sophia Campbell McQueen of Gorton Cottage, Carradale.

Colin was serving with the Glasgow Police at the time of his enlistment in November 1914. In December he was sentto Flanders.

The first battle of Ypres ended in November in stalemate. Throughout December the Germans carried out formidablecounter-attacks in the Givenchy area (during one of which John McAllister f rom Grogport was severely wounded). AtChristmas there was an unofficial truce. A British officer likened this stage of the war in Flanders to a game ofdraughts : "We take two trenches, the Germans take one; we move and take three, they take two - and so on".Slowly, the offensive was passing to the Allies.

Weather conditions were atrocious. Frost and snow alternated with rain and trenches were flooded. The men wereconstantly wet through and plastered in mud but, remarkably, they remained cheerful and confident; they were wellclothed and fed and could sometimes rest, have a hot bath and a change of clothing at specialty set up centres behinothe line.

In the first three weeks of 1915 the struggle to gain another step forward continued with frequent artil lery duels andsniping. Then on January 25th the Germans launched a major attempt to capture Givenchy 'as a birthday present forKaiser Wilhelm' and the formerly obscure old fortress town, already in ruins from the December attacks, was about tobe cruelly immortalized.

The attack at f irst carried everything before it. The Scots Guards and Coldstreams on the canal bank - both battalionsat only half strength - were pushed back. They joined other units and the remainder of their own battalions in a 'keep'in the brickfields outside Cuinchy and ferocious hand-to-hand fighting developed among the brick-stacks. With heavylosses on both sides, the enemy was gradually driven back and the Kaiser did not receive his 'present'. The ScotsGuards suffered 396 casualties and were later temporarily withdrawn into reserve. Among the missing on this day ofslaughter and extreme heroism was Colin McQueen. His name is inscribed on the Memorial to the Missing at LeTouret Cemetery (Panels 3 and 4).


6/28

6

NEIL GALBRAITHPrivate2558514th Battalion, Canadian Infantry, The Royal Montreal Regimentdied on 21st May, 1915 at Festubertaged 29Son of John and Helen Galbraith of Rose Cottage, Carradale, Kintyre

On 9 th May 1915, the Artois offensive was launched by the Allies on a sector of the Western Front stretching fromArras to Lille. Af ter a 5-day preliminary bombardment the French made good progress from between Arras and Lensand came close to Vimy Ridge before the attack petered out due to shortage of troops.

On the same date, British troops attacked on either side of Neuve Chapelle towards Aubers Ridge in one of thegrimmest and most costly day's fighting of the Great War. Due to an acute shortage of shells, the preliminarybombardment had been limited to an inadequate 40 minutes and poorly supported infantry were savaged before theattack was called off. British casualties on that day totalled 11,000.

A second attack, across the flat, waterlogged, ground around Festubert was launched by Haig on the night of the15th. This was preceded by a 4-day bombardment and at first rapid progress was made but by the time the action washalted (on 27 th May) the Germans had been pushed back less than a kilometre. The weather was misty and wet andwater-f illed trenches and drainage ditches were obstacles that the men had sometimes to swim across.

The Canadian 3rd Brigade, which included the 14 th Battalion in which Neil Galbraith was serving, advanced with the16 th Battalion to attack Quinque Rue Orchard - now called 'Canadian Orchard'. The 16 th reached it successfully tillhalted by a massive ditch still to be seen, but the 14 th were repulsed with heavy losses. Neil was killed by a 'JackJohnson' shell (named for a black American boxer because of its power and its generation of a cloud of black smoke)and his body was not recovered. His name is on the Canadian Memorial on Vimy Ridge.

The Memorial stands on the ridge in a Memorial Park owned and maintained by Canada. The whole area, now plantedwith trees, is heavily shell pocked and remains dangerous, a legacy of almost continuous fighting for possession of theridge that was finally taken by the Canadians in April 1917. There is an extensive network of well-equipped tunnelscreated by both sides in the chalk beneath the ridge to assemble and conceal troops.


7/28

7

CECI L H ENRY TRENTAble SeamanClyde 5/ 2395Anson Battalion, 2 nd Brigade, Royal Naval DivisionDied in the Gallipoli campaign on 4 th June 1915

Cecil was the youngest son of Henry Trent, the butler at Carradale House and was born here. The Trents came fromHenley-on-Thames when Austen Mackenzie acquired the Carradale estate in 1899. Cecil enlisted in the Royal Navy in1913 and in 1914 transferred to the Royal Naval Division originally created as an advanced base force for securinganchorages where ships could replenish coal and supplies. In the Great War the RND battalions, each named after afamous Admiral, were to serve with great distinction as infantry in the field.

After the failed defence of Ostend in 1914, the depleted battalions of the RND were reorganised and in 1915 sailed forGallipoli. The heavily fortif ied natural barrier across the western end of the Helles peninsula, called Achi Baba, haddefied British attempts to take it : a new attack was planned for 4 th June. Before dawn on that day the men of the 2 ndBrigade of the RND began to move towards their allotted sector of the British line. Their way was strewn with thedetritus of previous attacks and as the day wore on the hot, fetid air swarmed with flies from the shallowly buried dead.In the late morning a desultory bombardment of the Turkish trenches was lifted and a feint of attack made along thewhole of the Allied line to which the Turks, unaffected, responded with murderous machine gun end crtil lery fireinflicting severe casualties. Nevertheless, at noon, as picrne-c, zre 3"'rs" troops advanced tc thei- r mcfr esse jit.

In the first seconds of the attack half of the Anson officers were hit and a heavy toll taken of the men as they came onto open ground. Only about hald their number, with a few surviving off icers managed to reach the Turkish trenches

where they awaited the arrival of support from Collingwood Battalion of the Division's 1st Brigade also depleted bycasualties sustained on the way. With great gallantry the two battalions then attempted a further advance but, aselsewhre along the British line, the limited progress made could not be sustained for want of reinforcements :retirement was once again inevitable.

Cecil Trent was killed during this day and his name is on the Helles Memorial at the tip of the Gallipoli Peninsula.


8/28

8

JOHN MI TCH ELLSerjeantS/ 37748th Btn. The Black WatchDied in The Battle of Loos on 25th September 1915Aged 28Son of John and Catherine Mitchell of Airds, Carradale

John was the eldest of a large family. A younger brother, William, died in 1917 while serving in the R. N. Reserve.

The Battle of Loos was the first major British offensive of the war and is remembered particularly for the heavy

casualties suffered by only partially trained troops and for the first use by the British of poison gas.

The 9 th (Scottish) Division was allotted a front opposite the formidable Hohenzollen Redoubt; the 5th Camerons werein the front trenches with the 8 th Black Watch in reserve. A continuous bombardment of the German positions beganon 21 st September and made sleep almost impossible for the waiting men. Final preparations for the attack includedcarrying, in the utmost secrecy, the cylinders of gas - referred to only as "the accessory' - up to the front line.

On the 25th gas was released from 5.50am with smoke candles thrown in to give the appearance of a greater volume.As the greyish and yellow-brown cloud drifted towards the German trenches, the Black Watch were moving up to thefront and after a final burst of intense artillery and machine gun fire the assault was delivered at 6.30am.

The Germans were more surprised than affected by the gas but by 7am the Hohenzollern Redoubt had been taken and

the Black Watch, with the Camerons, continued to advance - but at terrible cost. On no other day in the Great Wardid the 8 th Battalion come under such murderous machine gun fire. John Mitchell's body was one of the many notrecovered and his name is inscribed on the Loos Memorial to the Missing at Dud Corner Cemetery.

A heap of dud shells nearby gave this cemetery its strange name. From the roofs of the two pavilions at the entrancethere is a commanding view over the Loos battlefield where fell most of the 20,589 off icers and men commemoratedhere. The names of the missing line the walls; John Mitchell's is in the pavilion (below) at the east end.


9/28

9

WILL IAM MIT CH ELLOrdinary Seaman, Royal Naval ReserveH. M. D RIFTER "Campania II"Died Monday 5" March 1917Aged 25Son of John and Catherine Mitchell of Airds, Carradale

William was a fisherman in peace time and one of a large family. His elder brother, John, served in the Back. Watenand was killed at the battle of Loos in 1915.

In 1914 the United Kingdom faced an entirely new danger - U-Boats - and urgent measures were needed to protectports, trade routes and the essential transportation of men and war materials to The Continent.

The UK coastline was divided into areas to be patrolled by vessels adapted for anti-submarine duties. Yachts, trawlersand drifters, crewed and officered by fishermen of the Royal Naval Reserve, were requisitioned for this new type ofwarfare and supported by fast naval ships such as destroyers.

At first, methods of of dealing with U-Boats were primitive and a matter of experimentation. It was thought thatdrifters could 'catch' submarines like large fish, in their 1,000-yard long steel-meshed drift nets to be despatched by asurface vessel. Bitter experience showed that this was unrealistic and many ideas were tried before it was found thatattaching mines to the nets was the most effective.

The work of drifters was highly dangerous and called for great skill and courage from their crews; they were lightlyarmed and in the early days had only carrier pigeons for ship/ shore communication. U-boats became skilled in takingevasive action and to the frustration of their hunters changed their tactics constantly; for example, a timing deviceallowed them to lay mines which later rose from the sea bed to a level dangerous to shipping - often in areas alreadymarked 'clear'. "Campania", 90 gross tons, was taken into naval service in 1915. She was equipped with a 47mm gun,anti-submarine indicator nets, lance bombs and W/ T. In March 1917 she was sunk off St. Abbs Head in unknowncircumstances while on active service in Auxiliary Patrol Area VI II. There were no survivors among her crew of twoofficers and ten ratings, all Royal Naval Reservists.

William Mitchell's body was found on the Goodwin Sands having apparently been carried south by the currents thatsweep down the east coast of England. He is buried in Brackley Cemetery.

William's headstone stands beside the family stone on which both he and John are commemorated.


10/28

10

ALEXANDER McLEI SHPrivate33601st / 8th Btn. Argyll and Sutherland HighlandersDied on Friday, 28th April 1916Aged 19Son of Thomas and Jessie Stewart McLeish of The Gardens, Saddell, Kintyre.

Alexander's father was the gardener at Saddell House. Their cottage is now called Shore Cottage.

During the spring of 1916 the war intensified on all f ronts. At home there were airship raids on towns in England andScotland. In France the 10-month defence of Verdun began and to relieve the pressure on the great citadel a majorAnglo-French offensive on the Somme was planned for the summer.

Throughout April British troops were in action everywhere on the Western Front. In the middle of the month the 8thArgylls, in reserve at Maroeuil to the northwest of Arras, relieved the 6th Argylls in trenches at Labryinthe, anelaborate, highly fortif ied trench system taken from the Germans the previous year. Each day there were fierceGerman attacks and casualties were heavy.

At 2.13am on the 28th April the enemy sprung a mine below British trenches, heralding an intense bombardment andattack. The mine caused serious damage to the trenches and casualties included four men buried up to the neck; onedied and enemy soldiers tried unsuccessfully to dig and pull the other three out; they debated kill ing them but weredissuaded by a comrade and beaten off. A desperate situation faced the Argylls that morning. In order to hold the linethe depleted defenders were reinforced by hastily gathered battalion staff and orderlies, plus men of The RoyalEngineers and fatigue parties of Sherwood Foresters; telephone communication was broken and runners were used.

The line held and the 8th were later relieved and returned to Maroeuil. A report on the situation concludes : "Theconduct of the officers and men of the Battalion could not have been better. All ranks showed the greatest keenness toengage the enemy and the coolness and disregard for personal safety of all ranks was most marked". Alexander hadbeen among the many wounded and died later; he is buried in Maroeuil Cemetery (1.D.3).

The cemetery contains 563 graves, the majority of them Highland Territorials. An epitaph by Alexander's motherreads: "A rich inheritance rewards the he hath won".


11/28

11

JOHN McFADYENPrivate2417171/ 5 th Btn. Royal Scots FusiliersWounded in the Second Battle of Gaza and died in Egypt on 7 th May 1917

In 1915, to safeguard the Suez Canal after two attacks by the Turks, an invasion of the Sinai Peninsula was mounted.This was completed early in1917 and was continued into Palestine. In March came the first Battle of Gaza, a failureafter partial success due to dense sea fos that hindered the infantry and assisted the enemy and a lack of water for thehorses. The second attack on Gaza came three weeks later by which time the Turks hod been greatly reinforced.Launched at dawn on 17 th April, it was at f irst brilliantty successful with few casualties. The next day won ground wassecured and, preparations made for the next stage.

On the 19th enemy lines were bombarded with high explosive and gas shells and the attack launched at 7.30am. Threedivisions advanced - the 5 th Battalion of the Royal Scots Fusiliers and 5 th KOSBs were part of the 155 th Brigade.Strong points on the Ali Muntar ridge were successfully taken before the troops ran into a storm of machine-gun andshrapnel fire 200 yards from Outpost Hill. The Fusiliers and KOSBs repeatedly rushed the summit lunette (hill fort)and were driven out - but by early afternoon they had carried it. Howwever, the garrison was soon in a hopelesspredicament with no means of communication or prospect of assistance and subjected to repeated assaults by theenem. By evening with only 70 men left there was nothing for it but to slip away under cover of darkness. So ended infailure the Second Battle of Gaza.

Most of the 1,026 casualties occurred around the lunette on Outpost Hill. John McFadyen was one of them. On thatgrim day the conduct of the Fusiliers received high praise: "they were . . . always ready to put themselves at thedisposal of any off icer who would lead them forward again and once having a foothold did not give ground . . . ".Incredibly, they also succeeded in bringing back all guns and equipment, reflecting "the highest credit on the disciplineof all ranks".

John is buried in Cairo War Memorial Cemetery.

Cairo was the Headquarters of the U.K garrison in Egypt in WWI and the main hospital centre for treating the sick andAnd wounded from all operations in Gallipoli, Egypt and Palestine.


12/28

12

DUNCAN NICH OLSONPrivate3023691st/ 8th Btn. Argyll and Sutherland HighlandersDied on Tuesday, 15th May 1917 in The Battle of ArrasAged 38Son of David Nicholson of Waterfoot, Carradale and husband of Mary McDonald Nicholson of Moineruadh,Carradale,Argyll.

After the close of the Battle of the Somme in November 1916, the Germans withdrew to a prepared line which theyfurther developed into a massive and innovative defensive system, several miles deep : the Hindenburg Line.

A master plan, drawn up for the Allied armies by the newly promoted French General, Robert Nivelle, save theBritish the role of attacking the Line from the town of Arras beneath which thousands of troops assembled in tunnelsequipped with lighting, piped water and a narrow gauge railway. The tunnels extended beyond the town and enabledthe men to surface unobserved in No Man's Land. On 9 th April, following a bombardment even more intense than theopening of the Somme offensive, a full-scale attack was launched by 17 British divisions along a 25-mile front:simultaneously, the Canadians attacked Vimy Ridge to the north.

The Hindenburg Line was breocnec unexpectedly quickly, but there were heavy losses including 131 aeroplanes and314 aircrew and, tragically, many from 'friendly fire' due to inexperience in using the 'creeping barrage', a new artillerytactic. The planners were alarmed and halted the offensive : when it resumed it faced a greatly reinforced anddetermined enemy and was to drag on until the middle of May. British casualties reached 159,000 - the highest of thewar.

Three major battles took piace east of Arras m the valley of the Scarpe with ground won and lost in attack and counter-attack, often in wintry weather. The important town of Roeux and its chemical works, heavily defended key objectives,were taken and briefly held by the 51st (Highland) Division on 23 rd April, but it was during the final capture of thistown weeks later that Duncan Nicholson died. The 8 th Argylls, in trenches at Fompoux, suffered 42 casualties on14 th / 15 th May, 12 of whom were killed. Duncan's body was not recovered and his name is on the Arras Memorial tothe Missing.


13/28

13

JAMES McALISTER STEWARTPrivate7th Btn. Cameron HighlandersDied on 31 st July 1917, 3 rd Battle of Ypres (Passchendaele)Aged 22Son of John and Jessie McAlister Stewart, Woodside Cottage, Grogport.

Jack was on the staff of the Royal Bank of Scotland in Glasgow; he enlisted in January 1916 and fought on the Sommeand in the Battle of Arras.

The 3 rd Battle of Ypres, in which British, Canadian and Australian troops took part, was the last great battle ofattrition of the Great War and cost the British some 300,000 casualties, the Germans slightly more. The ultimateobjective was Passchendaele Ridge which had been seized and fortified by the Germans in 1914, since then givingthem the advantage of a commanding view over Allied lines.

In July 1917, the 7 th Camerons (15th, (Lowland) Division) moved to the Ypres area for the forthcoming offensive andon the 28th and 29th carried out successful attacks on enemy positions which gained some 2,000 yards and improvedsecurity of the British lines around the town. These preliminary operations cost the battalion more than 300 casualtiesand for this reason the 7 th were not used in the front tme an the 31 st, the opening day of the main offensive and thedote on which Jack Stewart was killed.

3rd Ypres was protracted and bitterly fought. The carnage was appalling and continuous heavy rain turned (ftp yaundinto liquid mud in which many men drowned. The ridge was not f inally taken until November.

Jack was killed by a stray shell m near trenches and buried by his comrades but, as so often happened, the grave waslost. His name is on the Ypres Memorial to the Missing, the Menin Gate. (Panel 38 and 40).

At the time of the Great War the site of tftas magnificent Memorial was simply a road through a gap in the town walls- there was no actual gate. Along it, thousands of troops passed on their way to the Salient. Two star lions thatmarked the roadway, one on each side, are now in Canberra, Australia.


14/28

14

JOHN McALLISTERPrivate102812nd Btn. The Scots GuardsDied 11 th October 1917 at Acre, GrogportAged 28

Son of Duncan and Janet McAllister of Grogport. John joined the Glasgow Police Force in 1911 and enlisted in theScots Guards in September 1914. His name on his service documents, including his own signature, is spelt with twoTs.

After less than two months training at the Guards depot in Caterham John arrived in France on 1 st December 1914.Throughout December the Germans made repeated attempts to capture British-held Givenchy, an old fortress townon high ground and militarily important because of its command of the road to Bethune. On 18 th December, the ScotsGuards battalion lost half its strength, killed or wounded, in what was later described as 'an ill-conceived enterprise'against German entrenched positions in the area around Givenchy. Intelligence reports had indicated that enemystrength had been reduced by the transfer of troops to the Eastern front, but the positions were, in fact, fully mannedand strongly defended with machine guns, rifles and belts of barbed wire. In addition the almost continuous rain wasnot favourable for an operation of this kind : some men were taken prisoner when their rifles became clogged withmud and could not be fired. Over the next four days small gains were made and then lost to German counter-attacksand the battle closed on the 22 nd with lines restored to their original positions.

John had received severe gunshot wounds to his arm and on the 23 rd December was admitted to hospital in Boulogneand shipped back to England. The next two months were spent in hospital in Dundee and being insufficientlyrecovered to return to the front, he was kept on garrison duty in the U.K . On 18 th August 1916 he was dischargedfrom the Army as "No longer fit for war service" with Pulmonary Tuberculosis.

John returned home to Grogport and died at his home a year later. According to an obituary in the CampbeltownCourier he is buried at Skipness but the grave has not been located. His name is inscribed on the family stone inBrackley Cemetery.


15/28

15

ALEXANDER McMI LLANAble SeamanClyde Z/ 1820Nelson Btn. Royal Naval Division, Royal Naval Volunteer ReserveDied at Gallipoli on 13 th July 1915

Enlisted first in the Army Service Corps and transferred to the Royal Naval Division.Alexander was one of three men on the war memorials who were killed in the Gallipoli campaign. The heavily fortifiednatural ridge of Achi Baba with its commanding view over the Allied beachheads was high on the Allies' list for seizure;but repeated attempts in April, May and June had ended in costly failure.

After the unsuccessful major assault on 4 th June the troops had been left exhausted and greatly under strength. Inaddition to casualties of the fighting, disease was taking a huge toll - dysentery, particularly, was rife in the fly-riddenheat and squalor of the battlefields. However, yet another attempt on Achi Baba was planned for 12 th / 13 th July.

British and French troops attacked at daybreak on 12 th July. French troops successfully carried the Turkish lines in theirsector; the British brigade also captured the first two Turkish trenches but were driven back from the third by violentcounter-attack.

A second phase of operations began with an assault by Scottish battalions on a formidable redoubt called Guity Ravine.An observer wrote : "The ground resembled a gigantic steaming caldron into whose thick vapours the gallant Scotsbrigade poured without once hesitating or looking back . . . ". The redoubt was taken against determined Turkish

resistance in hand-to-hand fighting, but at great cost.Then, in the course of that night the Turks, considerably reinforced, counter-attacked again forcing British troops towithdraw at a critical point that imperilled the rest of the line. Another attack was ordered: the worn-out troops beingreplaced by Chatham, Portsmouth and Nelson Battalions of the Royal Naval Division. A communications breakdown,however, meant that Chatham did not receive their orders so the attack was carried by Portsmouth and Nelson only;the trenches were retaken but no further headway could be made. So ended the last attempt to capture Achi Baba andoperations now moved north to the Suvia Bay area.

The losses in the two RND battalions were disastrous. In Nelson Battalion alone 283 men, all ranks, were killed;Alexander McMillan was one of them and his name is on the Helles Memorial to the Missing (Panel 8 - 15).


16/28

16

DONALD McCONACH YGunnerNew Zealand Expeditionary Force ArtilleryDied of Wounds on 17 th April 1918 in the Battle of the Lys (4 th Ypres)Aged 32

Son of Mrs McConachy of Bridgend, Carradale. Donald, who was an agricultural worker, emigrated with his twobrothers some six years before war broke out and all three boys joined the New Zealand Expeditionary Force. Thespelling of McConachy used on the memorial plaque in the church, in the newspaper report of his death and in theNew Zealand records is MacConnachie.

On 21 st March 1918 the Germans launched the 'Michael' offensive in a determined bid to recover all lost ground andconclude the war before the arrival of US troops. They nearly succeeded. The collapse of Russia had enabled Germanreinforcements to be brought from the Eastern front and the British were driven back beyond the River Somme withheavy casualties.

On 9 th April another phase, 'Georgette', was launched and a deep wedge driven into the British Flanders front. Thedischarge of 2,000 tons of gas incapacited some 8,000 men. The Allies struggled to defend successive lines behind theRiver Lys, but Massines and then Passchendaele - won at such cost the year before - were lost. The Germansseemed unstoppable and the situation became so grave that a complete British withdrawal from the Continent wasconsidered.

Troops were rushed to Flanders from the Somme by train, bus and lorry, the guns following by road. Withoutessential artillery support a state of disorganisation ensued which the Germans were able to exploit. New Zealandinfantry remained on the Somme but the 2 nd New Zealand Artillery Brigade, with which Donald served, was movednorth to the Lys and took part in the Battle of Hazebrouck; on the day of his death, however, they were resting at abase behind the lines. According to a newspaper report, Donald was one of five men talking outside their stables aftera midday meal when a shell burst f ive yards away killing one man outright; four were wounded, Donald severely. Hewas rushed to hospital, probably at Remi Farm near Ypres, but died the same day and is buried in the adjoiningLijssenthoek Cemetery.

The Remi Farm Casualty Clearing Station and the burial ground next to it, were originally established by the French in1914. By 1920 when the cemetery ceased use it contained the graves of 10,786 men of many nationalities. It is now theLijssenthoek British Cemetery and is the second largest after Tyne Cot in Flanders.


17/28

17

WILLIAM PATERSONPetty Officer7424AS.S. "Princess Royal", Royal Naval ReserveDied on Sunday 26 th May 1918Aged 32

Son of Robert and Marion Gillis Paterson of Pier Cottage, Carradale, Argyll

William was a gunner on board the "Princess Royal" and was drowned when the ship was torpedoed while en routefrom Swansea to Le Havre with a general cargo. He is commemorated on the Royal Naval Memorial at Portsmouth.

The Royal Naval Memorial, Portsmouth, was erected on Southsea Common after WW1 to commemorate members ofthe Service who have no known grave, the majority of deaths having occurred at sea. Identical obetisks which weredesigned to serve as a leading mark for shipping, were also placed at the other great manning ports of Chatham andPlymouth.

The names of nearly 10,000 WW1 sailors are inscribed here and nearly 15,000 on the extension added after WW2.


18/28

18

ALEXANDER RIT CH IE21749/ DADeck Hand, Royal Naval ReserveH.M. Drifter "Scour"Died Monday 27 th January 1919Aged 34

Son of John and Margaret Ritchie of Pier House, Carradale

At the beginning of the Great War when the seas around the United Kingdom were divided into patrol zones for theprotection of ports and trade routes, a special policy was adopted for southern waters necessary to counter the dangersposed by enemy occupation of Belgian ports. Using all means at its disposal, the Navy set about making the Straits ofDover as secure as possible against enemy war ships particularly U-boats, the new weapon with the potential to rangefar beyond the Channel unobserved.

The cross-channel transportation of men and supplies essential to the war effort on the Continent had to be maintaineduninterrupted; the Army's left f lank and the English coast, vulnerable to enemy landings, also needed to be protectedand our own vessels escorted safely. The Dover Patrol was created for this purpose and was to become famous.Thanks to the courage and vigilance of those who manned it, out of a total of 125,100 supply ships which passedthrough and across the area it controlled, only 73 were sunk.

The Dover Patrol was mode up principally of Destroyers, Minesweepers, Monitors and Drifters. The larger shipswere engaged on escort duties and minesweeping. The Drifters, ordinary fishing boats adapted for anti-submarinework, used their long, steel-meshed drift nets as their principal tool in creating and maintaining barrages at enemyports and across the Channel and destroying U-boats.

Alexander Ritchie served with the Dover Patrol and had recently joined the newly built "Scour" when he fell victim ofthe influenza epidemic while home on leave. He is buried in Brackley Cemetery.

The "Scour" was a Drifter not a Trawler as originally stated in the Debt of Honour Register.


19/28

19

ALEXANDER GALBRAITHChief OfficerS.S. "Ulea" (Glasgow), Merchant NavyDied on Tuesday, 28 th October 1941Aged 29He was the son of John and Elizabeth Galbraith, husband of Mary Galbraith of Dalmuir, Dunbartonshire

The "Ulea", 1,574 tons, Scottish Navigation Company, was torpedoed and sunk 200 miles NE of the Azores by U-Boat "U-432". The vessel was on voyage in convoy HG75 from Huelva to Oban with a cargo of copper pyrites.

Thirteen of her crew of twenty-one, four gunners and three passengers were lost.

Alexander is commemorated on the Merchant Navy Memorial, Tower Hill, London.

The Tower Hill Merchant Navy Memorial stands in f ront of the Tower of London and Trinity House. It is the onlyone dedicated exclusively to the Merchant and Fishing Fleet men of both wars who have no grave but the sea. Thevaulted corridor contains 11,000 names of those lost in WW1. The WW2 addition takes the form of a semi-circularsunken garden with 24,000 names listed on its walls alphabetically under the name of the ship.


20/28

20

WILLIAM PETER MacALISTER H ALLPrivate3059228'C' Company, 2 nd Btn. The Royal ScotsDied on 21 st December 1941 during the defence of Hong KongAge 32Son of Major William MacAlister Hall and Aymee MacAlister Hall of Torrisdale Castle, Carradale

In 1941, the small Hong Kong garrison, with neither air nor sea support, was ill prepared to cope with an invasionfrom the mainland.

Japanese troops crossed into the New Territories from China on 8 th December, their assault preceded by continuousair raids over the whole colony against which the British could offer only AA fire in opposition. By the 10 th the enemyhad breached the 11-mile long British mainland defensive line and the defenders fell back to the island; here theyturned their coastal defence guns on the mainland with little effect as the ammunition was designed for use againstarmoured warships.

On the night of the 18 th the enemy attacked the island in great force and were soon ashore on North Point. A wedgewas driven between the British forces dividing them into a small force in the northeast of the island and a larger one inthe west. The Royal Scots in the west were ordered to stand fast in their positions to prevent the enemy penetratinginto the main part of Victoria. Bitter fighting against an enemy superior in numbers and adept at fighting in the rocky,often precipitous, terrain continued with attack and counter attack.

The night of the 20* was quiet with heavy rain and the enemy made a dawn attack on 'B' Company which 'C' Companybroke up inflicting heavy casualties. The two Companies were then subjected to heavy mortar fire throughout themorning. Just after dusk 'B' Company was forced to yield and a counter attack against the reinforced enemy failed torestore positions. This was the beginning of the end : on Christmas Day Hong Kong fell. Peter was one of the 19 menkilled on the 21 st. His body was not recovered and his name is on the Sai Wan Memorial to the Missing.

The Sai Wan cemetery contains 1,561 graves of British and Canadian soldiers who died f ighting in December 1941.The Memorial at the entrance bears the names of those with no known grave or who died later from ill-treatment andstarvation as Prisoners of War.


21/28

21

JAMES ALEXANDER McKlNVENkilled by enemy action in ClydebankThursday, 13th March 1941Aged 17Son of Peter and Helen McKinven of Seaview, Carradale.

Jim McKinven was a promising young musician and a poet whose work had already been published and was muchadmired. Born in Carradale he was educated at Keil School and Campbeltown Grammar School and planned to joinThe Campbeltown Courier as the first step to a career in journalism.

Fearing that journalism might not offer a secure future Jim's parents persuaded him, with difficulty, to take anaccountancy course at Skerries College in Glasgow : it is said he seemed to have a sense of foreboding as he saidgoodbye to his parents and boarded the steamer at Carradale harbour.

During an air raid a few months later a direct hit demolished Jim's lodgings in Peel Street. When the news reachedCarradate members of the community including Naomi Mitchison, a friend and mentor, travelled to Glasgow tosearch the rubble for his body which was found and brought back to Carradale. Jim is buried beside his parents inBrackley Cemetery.

Jim McKinven is commemorated in perpetuity in the City of Glasgow section of the Civilian War Dead Register


22/28

22

ROBERT L INDSAYPrivateS/ 74931st Btn. The Gordon HighlandersDied at Hill 60 during the 2 nd Battle of Ypres, on 17 th May 1915Age 28

He was the son of William and Flora Bain Lindsay of Skipness. Three months after his death his brother Dugald,serving with the Australian infantry, was killed at Lone Pine on the Gallipoli Peninsular.

The infamous Hill 60 to the southeast of Ypres and the focus of intense fighting for three years, was an artificial

hillock formed by spoil from the digging of the Ypres-Comines railway. At 60 metres high it's slight elevation gave itgreat tactical importance; from its crest the Germans had a commanding view of the Ypres Salient and could strafe theBritish front line at will: they had to be dislodged.

On 17 th April the British exploded six mines beneath the hill and in the ensuing confusion followed up with a massiveinfantry attack to establish themselves in and around the craters. There they held out against enemy attacks and artillerybombardment until overwhelmed by chlorine gas against which they had no protection. The Germans thus regainedthe crest but were unable to dislodge the British troops still dug in on the western slopes. The 1 st Btn. GordonHighlanders had been in reserve at La Clyette and on 12 th May moved up to trenches around Hill 60 which they found"full of corpses, rifles and equipment" . There they endured repeated German attacks until the 20 th when they wererelieved and returned to La Clyette.

The hill remained in German hands until June 1917 when it was taken as part of the Messines operation; it wasrecaptured by the Germans and finally taken back by the British in September 1918. Robert was among the manythousands who lost their lives at Hill 60 and as almost none of the dead were recovered, the scarred and cratered hill isin effect a mass grave. His name is inscribed on the Menin Gate Memorial to the Missing in Ypres (panel 38).

On walls, terraces and stairways within the great arch of the Mem'n Gate are inscribed the names of 54,000 men whodied in the Ypres Salient between 1914 and 1917 and who have no known grave. Surmounting the arch is a stone lionlying at peace and looking out towards the infamous Menin Road. Since the memorial was unveiled in 1928 the playingof the Last Post has been a solemn nightly ritual which was suspended during the German occupation of WW2 andresumed the very evening they left.


23/28

23

DUN CAN COOK

Lance Corporal10693648th Btn. Machine Gun CorpsDied in the Battle of Asiago, Northern Italy, on 15th June 1918Aged 33Son of Duncan and Mary Cook of Skipness, Kintyre.

Duncan enlisted as a Driver in the Army Service Corps and later transferred to the Machine Gun Corps formed in 1915and recruited from picked men. A full machine gun team consisted of six men. Duncan is buried next to two otherMGC graves, probably members of his team killed at the same time. A series of battles was fought between theAustrians and the Italians for the Asiago plateau in the difficult, mountainous country of northern Italy. The Austrianarmy took the town of Asiago in November 1917, driving the Italians back to a defensive line that they held despite

continuing Austrian pressure.The Austrians then rested on their line while directing their main attack elsewhere and in January 1918 the Italianscounter-attacked and regained some ground.

In June the Austrians launched a major offensive that included a gas bombardment. By this time, however, Frenchand British troops had strengthened the Italian line and on the 15 th, the day on which Duncan was killed, theylaunched a powerful counter-attack that drove the Austrians back with severe losses - a shock defeat which led to riotsin Austria and Hungary.

A further Allied attack in October finally broke the Austrian line forcing a general retreat and the signing of a localarmistice on 4th November. A week later the war in Europe was over.

Duncan is buried in Boscon British Cemetery on the Asiago Plateau (plot 3, row A, grave 5). The cemetery is remoteand during winter months is closed to the public by snow. The dedication on the headstone includes an epitaph addedby Duncan's family : "Till morning breaks and shadows flee away".


24/28

24

DUGALD CARMICHAEL LINDSAYPrivate17814th Btn. Australian Infantry, A.I.F.Died in the Gallipoli campaign on 6th August 1915Aged 20Son of William and Flora Bain Lindsay of Skipness

Dugald was born at Skipness and emigrated to Australia where he volunteered for the Army when war broke out. Hisolder brother, Robert, also born at Skipness had been killed earlier in the same year while serving with the GordonHighlanders.

After the failure of the naval attack on the Dardanells in February 1915, a military campaign was launched against theTurks with the purpose of relieving pressure on both the Eastern and Western fronts. Allied troops were landed on 25 thApril - British and French at Cape Hellas and the Australia and New Zealand Corps north of Capa Tepe at whatbecame known as ANZAC Bay. The Turks, taken by surprise, recovered quickly and, reinforced, fought fiercely toretake lost ground.

Early in August, renewed Allied assaults on the Hellas Peninsula were launched on three fronts. The objective of the1st Australian Brigade, in which Dugald Lindsay was serving, was the strategically important plateau known as LonePine which had been held briefly and then lost after the initial landings in April.

On the morning of 6th August, the ANZAC troops began their assault. Mines laid in the preceding weeks weredetonated and a massive artillery bombardment began from land and sea. The ferocious action that followed - 'anepic of sacrifice and savagery' - was to burn the name of Lone Pine forever into the Australian psyche.

Casualties were piled high even before the Anzacs left their trenches but they pressed on with incredible courage anddetermination to find, unexpectedly, that the Turkish trenches were roofed with pine logs, an obstacle that had notshown up in aerial photography. A primitive kind of warfare now ensued with men firing and bayoneting between thelogs; most of the killing, however, took place in hand-to-hand fighting in the trenches below.

Lone Pine was eventually taken at terrible cost. Dugald was among the dead on that first day and his name is inscribedon the Lone Pine Memorial that stands on the site of the fiercest fighting and overlooks the whole front line.


25/28

25

JOHN MacDOUGALLPrivateS/ 160614th attd. 11 th Btn. Argyll a Sutherland HighlandersDied on 21 st July 1916 at EtaplesAged 25Son of E. McDougall of Shore Street, Bowmore, Islay and the late Hugh McDougall

Bom at Skipness, John moved with his parents to Islay and was an estate worker in Jura. Twenty-seven volunteers left

Jura to fight in the Great War of whom fourteen, including two of the laird's four sons, did not return. John initially joined the 4 th, a holding Battalion and was attached to the 11th during the Somme campaign. His name is on thememorial in Jura Parish Church.

Throughout the months of June and July 1916 the 11 th Battalion was in and out of trenches in the Hohenzollen area,sectors of the Somme line and at Bethune. There were some casualties from shell fire and aerial darts at this period butJohn was to die at the British base at Etaples not from wounds but illness.

Etaples, ("Eat apples" to the men), is on the Pas de Calais coast and during the Great War (and again in WW2) was ahuge area of Commonwealth training and reinforcement camps - at one stage 100,000 men were accommodatedunder canvas on the extensive sand dunes. The area was ideally situated being remote from attack and readilyaccessible by railway from both the northern and southern battlefields.

As well as a base for advanced battle training, which included the notorious and controversial 'bullrings', there weremotor vehicle repair facilities, 16 hospitals and a well-appointed convalescent depot providing rest and relaxation.Farms on the base provided meat and eggs for men recovering from wounds, the effects of gas and other sickness.

Infectious diseases such as measles and trench fever, so common in the crowded, wet trenches, were treated atEtaples. It is considered possible that the devastating 'Spanish flu' that swept the world in 1918 causing many moredeaths than the Great War itself, may have originated at Etaples where its virulent characteristics, unfamiliar at thetime, were recorded 1916.

Etaples Military Cemetery, where John is buried (X1V.D.14A), is the largest in France. It contains the graves of morethan 11,000 men from all over the world, friend and foe. In WW2 Etaples again became a military base and some of

the burials date from this period.


26/28

26

ENVOI

It is nearly three years since work began on this Roll of Honour - I had thought, in my innocence, that it mightpossibly take me six months ! In the event it proved more complex than foreseen so the intention to include a chapterabout lif e in Kintyre in the early 20 th century had unfortunately to be dropped as the research required would have beena time-consuming diversion from the main thesis. Sadly, completion has coincided with the controversial demise ofthree of the great Scottish regiments which feature on several of its pages.

I have tried to be as even-handed as possible in dealing with each individual but because all but one were Other Ranksand therefore very small cogs in the vast machine of the war, almost no detail of them can be found; each picture hadtherefore to be painted with a broad brush. At least it is now known who these men were, where they served andsomething of the circumstances of their sacrifice.

Some gave considerable problems. It was difficult, for example, to place Peter McAlister Hall in the confusion thatpreceded the fall of Hong Kong in 1941 partly because everything belonging to the Royal Scots, including theirregimental records, was subsequently lost to the Japanese. However, the timely discovery of a letter at TorrisdaleCastle which put him in 'C' Company, made it possible to focus a little closer on the pattern of the fighting on 21 stDecember, the day he was killed. I almost despaired of finding out where Donald McConachy had been on the day ofhis death in 1918, but in the course of a successful 'wild goose chase' a pleasing coincidence came to light : my NewZealand contact not only knows the farm in North I sland where Donald had been employed at the time he enlisted,

but is related by marriage to its owners !

I have seen the names of many of the men in this book on their headstones and memorials, and have visited the placeswhere they fell.

That infamous mass grave, Hill 60, (Robert Lindsay) is now an uneven hillock of rough grass and hawthorn trees; onthe Loos battlefield the Hohenzollen Redoubt (John Mitchell) is clearly identifiable and has recently been saved frombecoming a rubbish tip. Passchendaele Ridge, the last, terrible objective of the Third Battle of Ypres (James McAlisterStewart), is peaceful farmland; in the table-flat land near Festubert (Neil Galbraith) some of the deep ditches that soimpeded the Canadian attack can still be seen. Givenchy (where John McAllister was wounded) is an urbandevelopment and the brickfields at Cuinchy "where the Guards were slaughtered" (Colin McQueen) is a disused factoryarea; a supermarket now stands on the site of the chemical works at Roeux (Duncan Nicholson).

The years roll on : villages and towns have to grow and new roads are needed. There is dismay at disturbance of thehallowed ground of France and Flanders where, remember, tens of thousands of the dead of the Great War still lie.But there is close monitoring by specialist archaeologists in sensitive, battlefield areas; rediscovered trenches andartefacts are recorded and human remains, sometimes identif iable, are re-interred with military honours in an officialcemetery of the Commonwealth War Graves Commission - and another name can be removed from a Memorial tothe Missing.


27/28

27

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

The title of this Roll of Honour was taken from the Remembrance Day hymn, 'O Valiant Hearts', the music ("TheSupreme Sacrifice") by Rev. C. Harris to words by Sir John Arkwright.

Research began at the Carradale village memorial where the names of those who fell in both the World Wars are listed.The brass plaque in the church gave me the date of each man's death - thus the first clue to where it had occurred.Personal details of most of the men were obtained from the Debt of Honour Register of the Commonwealth War

Graves Commission and these include the cemetery or memorial where he is commemorated.

Other sources were then tapped - regimental histories, battalion war diaries and contemporary newspapers - in aneffort to get as near as possible to the whereabouts and circumstances of the man's death and to place the action in thewider context of the war. The names of Other Ranks are not recorded in the day-to-day battalion diaries, only thetotals of killed and wounded, so assumptions had sometimes to be made particularly in the case of those who died,possibly days later, from their injuries.

Shipping losses - the position of the vessel, the cargo, the route of the voyage and the cause of sinking - were tracedin the library of the Imperial War Museum. The fate of H.M. Drif ter "Campania II", something of a mystery, waseventually cleared up through the Ministry of Defence Naval History Branch. The sometimes almost illegibleCampbeltown Couriers of the Great War, now on microf ilm in Campbeltown Library, were helpful in certain difficult

cases such as Donald McConachy.

Gordon Hall of the War Research Society was consulted on the disposition of battalions, battles and battlefields.

Many other individuals, local and far away, went to some trouble to obtain information or photographs. One (anoctogenarian) clambered up a wooded hillside in northern I taly to photograph for me the remote resting place ofDuncan Cook of Skipness. There were people I chanced to meet 'in the field' who encouraged me simply by beinginterested in what I was doing.

I am indebited to Alan McLay for the photograph of Carradale village memorial on the first page; to Wallace Hunter,Geoffrey Page and the staff at the Campbeltown Library for reproducing photographs from several sources and TonyLeighton for technical assistance in preparing the cover.

Finally, my thanks to the Windfarm Trust for a grant towards printing costs.

GLORIA SIGGINSCarradale 2006

Proceeds from the sale of this book will be donated to the Commonwealth War Graves Commission


28/28

O Valiant H eartsWords by Sir John S. Arkwright Music by The Rev. C. Harris D.D.

Tune : The Supreme Sacrifice

O valiant hearts who to your glory camethrough dust of conflict and through battle flame;tranquil you lie, your knightly virtue proved,your memory hallowed in the land you loved.

Proudly you gathered, rank on rank, to waras who had heard God's message from afar;all you had hoped for, all you had, you gave,to save mankind - yourselves you scorned to save.

Splendid you passed, the great surrender made;into the light that nevermore shall fade;deep your contentment in that blest abode,who wait the last clear trumpet-call of God.

Long years ago, as earth lay dark and still,rose a loud cry upon a lonely hill,while in the frailty of our human clay,Christ, our Redeemer, passed the self-same way.

Still stands his Cross from that dread hour to this,like some bright star above the dark abyss;still, through the veil, the Victor's pitying eyeslook down to bless our lesser Calvaries.

These were his servants, in his steps they trod,following through death the martyred Son of God:Victor, he rose; victorious too shall risethey who have drunk his cup of sacrifice.

O risen Lord, O Shepherd of our dead,whose cross has bought them and whose staff has led,in glorious hope their proud and sorrowing landcommits her children to thy gracious hand

valiant hearts - carradale - gloria siggins - 2006

Documents