Valeria Matrang a

Echinodermata

Are Echinoderms of Interest to Biotechnology? 1

C. Petzel t

References 5

Cell Adhesion and Communication : A Lesson fro mEchinoderm Embryos for the Exploitation of New Therapeutic Tools

7

F. Zito, C . Costa, S . Sciarrino, C . Cavalcante, V. Poma, V. Matrang a

1

Introduction 7

2

Why Study Echinoderms? 1 0

2 .1

Echinoderms for Biomedical Research : A Simple Model

to Study Biological Events Occurring in Higher Organisms

1 1

2 .1 .1

Screening for and Testing of Toxic Substances 1 1

2 .1 .2

From Echinoderm Molecules to Mammalian Diseases :How Fundamental Research Points to Clinical Trials 1 2

2 .1 .3

Highly Conserved Proteins Associatedwith Important Biological Functions 1 3

3

Use of Echinoderm Embryos to Study the Basi c

Mechanisms of Communication Among Cells 1 4

3 .1

Sea Urchin Embryo Transparency: A Living Laboratory

for Studying Development and Morphogenesis 1 7

3 .1 .1

ECM Patterning in Echinoids During Embryo Development

1 9

4

Apical Cell Surface 20

4.1

The Apical Lamina 2 1

4.2

The Hyaline Layer 2 1

4.2 .1

Pl-Nectin: An Example of Signal(s) from Outside

to Inside the Embryo 22

4 .2 .2

Other Apical ECM Components 23

5

Basal Cell Surface 24

6

The Blastocoel Matrix 26

7

Receptors to ECM Molecules 26

8

Lateral Cell Surface 27

8 .1

Cell-Cell Adhesion and Communication :The Discovery of Toposome 2 7

8 .2

Other Cell-Cell Adhesion Molecules 3 18 .3

Cell Junctions 3 19

Signalling Pathways 3 210

Growth Factors 3 211

Concluding Remarks 3 5References 3 6

Cell Signalling During Sea Urchin Development :A Model for Assessing Toxicity of Environmental Contaminants . . .

4 5C. Angelini, M .G. Aluigi, M. Sgro, S . Trombino, H. Thielecke, C . Falugi

1

Basic Research 4 61 .1

Cell-to-Cell Signalling During Sea Urchin Development .

461 .2

Fertilisation 4 81 .2 .1

First Phase : Sperm Activation 491 .2 .2

Second Phase : Egg Activation 5 21 .3

First Cell Cycle 5 51 .4

Cleavages 5 91 .5

Ongoing Research 6 02

Applied Research 6 12 .1

Neurotoxic Contaminants 6 12 .1 .1

Health Risks 6 12 .1 .2

Mode of Function of Organophosphates and Carbamates 6 22 .1 .3

Persistence in the Environment and Crops 6 22 .2

Biosensors 6 32 .3

Effects of Neurotoxic Compound son P. lividus Ion Dynamics 6 3

References 6 5

Echinoderm Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production Measure dby Peroxidase, Luminol-Enhanced Chemiluminescence (PLCL )as an Immunotoxicological Tool 7 1G. Coteur, B . Danis, P. Dubois

1

Introduction 7 22

Measurement of Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Production

7 33

Modulation of ROS Production by Environmental Factors

7 44

Impact of Metal Contaminations 7 55

Impact of PCB Contaminations 7 86

Impact of Complex Contaminations 7 97

Discussion 8 0References 82

Monitoring Chemical and Physical Stress Using Sea Urchin

Immune Cells 8 5

V. Matranga, A . Pinsino, M. Celi, A . Natoli, R. Bonaventura,

H.C . Schröder, W.E.G . Müller

1

Introduction 8 5

2

Echinoderm Coelomocytes as Immune Effector Cells :Morphological Features and Recognized Functions 8 7

3

The Origin of Coelomocytes: Terminally Differentiate dor Circulating Stem Cells? 9 0

4

Molecules Expressed by Echinoderm Coelomocytes 9 1

4 .1

Innate Immune Molecules : The Complement System 9 1

4 .2

Agglutinins, Lectins and Adhesion Molecules 9 2

4 .3

Cytoskeleton Proteins 94

4 .4

NK Antigens and Cytokines 9 5

4.5

Stress Response Proteins 9 6

5

Cell Cultures of Coelomocytes : New Tools

to Detect Marine Pollution 9 6

6

Laboratory Experiments 9 9

7

Field Studies 10 3

7 .1

The Northern Adriatic Sea : First Exampleof Monitoring Metal Pollution 10 3

7 .2

The Southern Adriatic Sea : A Case Studyfor the Assessment of TNT Exposure 104

7 .3

The North Sea : A Norwegian Fiord as a Natural Gradien t

of Metal Contamination 10 5

8

Concluding Remarks 10 5

References 107

DNA Damage and Developmental Defects After Exposure to UV

and Heavy Metals in Sea Urchin Cells and Embryos Compared

to Other Invertebrates 11 1

H.C . Schröder, G. Di Bella, N. Janipour, R . Bonaventura, R . Russo ,

W.E.G . Müller, V. Matranga

1

Introduction 11 2

1 .1

Atmospheric Ozone 11 2

1 .2

Penetration of Solar UV Radiation in Marine Waters 11 3

1 .3

Effects of Solar UV Radiation on Aquatic Organisms 11 3

1 .4

DNA Damage 114

1 .5

DNA Repair 11 4

1 .6

Solar UV Radiation and Evolution 11 4

1 .7

Heavy Metals 11 5

2

Marine Invertebrates as Bioindicators 115

2 .1

Sea Urchins 116

2.2

Sea Urchin Coelomocytes 1162 .3

Assay for DNA Integrity 11 7

2.4

Radiation Source 1172 .4 .1

Full Solar Spectrum Lamp 117

2.4 .2

UV-B Lamp 118

2 .5

DNA Damage in Coelomocytes 1182.5 .1

UV Radiation 118

2 .5 .2

Cadmium 1192.5 .3

Combined Effects 119

2 .5 .4

Expression of HSP70 12 1

2.6

Experimental Approach 12 12 .6 .1

Effect of UV-B Radiation on P. lividus Embryo Development

12 1

2.6 .2

Effect of Cadmium on P. lividus Embryo Development 12 3

2.7

Porifera 1252 .8

Sponge Primmorphs 12 5

2 .8 .1

UV Radiation 1262.8 .2

Cadmium 128

2.8 .3

Combined Effects 1282 .9

DNA Repair 129

2 .9 .1

(6-4) Photolyase 1292.10

Corals 130

3

Concluding Remarks 13 1

References 13 1

Echinoderms : Their Culture and Bioactive Compounds 13 9

M.S. Kelly

1

Why Cultivate? 140

2

Sea Urchin Aquaculture 1422 .1

Life History and State of the Art 142

2 .2

Sea Urchin Larviculture 14 3

2 .3

Metamorphosis and the Post-Larval Stage 1462.4

Sea Urchin Grow-Out Systems 14 7

2 .5

Juvenile and Adult Somatic Versus Gonadal Growth 14 72 .6

Artificial Diets 14 8

2 .7

Carotenoids in Sea Urchin Diets 14 92 .8

Sea Urchin Harvest Protocol, Spoilage and Shelf-Life 14 9

2 .9

Disease in Cultured Sea Urchins 15 03

Sea Cucumber Aquaculture 150

3 .1

Life History and State of the Art 15 0

3 .2

Sea Cucumber Larviculture 15 13 .3

Metamorphosis and the Post-Larval Stage 15 2

3 .4

Sea Cucumber Growth to Maturity 153

3 .5

Disease in Cultured Holothurians 15 3

4

Bioactive Compounds from Echinoderms 15 3

4 .1

Triterpene Glycosides 154

4 .2

Glycosaminoglycans : Chondroitin Sulphate 154

4 .3

Neuritogenic Gangliosides 15 5

4 .4

Antimicrobial Activity 15 5

4 .5

Other Types of Bioactive Compounds : Branched-Chai n

Fatty Acids, Lectins, Opsonins, Analgesic s

and Anti-ulcer Compounds 156

4 .6

Regeneration of Nerve Tissue and Arm Regrowt h

in Crinoids

156

5

Sustainable Development 157

5 .1

The Research Requirement 15 7

5 .2

Environmental Considerations 15 7

5 .3

Economic Considerations 15 8

References 15 9

Regenerative Response and Endocrine Disruptersin Crinoid Echinoderms : An Old Experimental Model,

a New Ecotoxicological Test 16 7

M.D. Candia Carnevali

1

Regeneration and its Biological Implications 16 8

1 .1

Regeneration in Echinoderms 16 9

1 .2

The Regenerative Potential of Crinoids 17 1

2

Endocrine Disrupters and Echinoderms 174

3

Crinoid Regeneration and Endocrine Disrupters 17 8

3 .1

Experimental Approach 18 0

3 .1 .1

Exposure Experiments 18 0

3 .1 .2

PCB Exposure 18 1

3 .1 .3

4-NP Exposure 18 1

3 .1 .4

TPT-Cl Exposure 18 1

3 .2

Biological Analysis 182

3 .3

Chemical Analysis : Summary of Analytical Procedure s

and Results 18 2

3 .3 .1

PCBs 18 3

3 .3 .2

4-NP 18 3

3 .3 .3

TPT-Cl 184

4

Exposure Effects of EDs and Biological Implication s

on Regeneration 184

4.1

Mortality 18 5

4 .2

Growth 186

4.3

Malformations 188

4 .4

Histological Pattern 188

5

Conclusions and Future Prospects 19 3References 19 6

Echinoderm Adhesive Secretions : From ExperimentalCharacterization to Biotechnological Applications 20 1P. Flammang, R. Santos, D . Haesaerts

1

Introduction 2022

Tube Feet 2033

Larval Adhesive Organs 2074

Cuvierian Tubules 21 15

Applications of Marine Bioadhesives 21 4

5 .1

Design of Water-Resistant Adhesives 21 55 .2

Development of New Antifouling Strategies 21 6

5 .3

The Potential of Echinoderm Adhesives 21 7References 21 8

Mutable Collagenous Tissue :Overview and Biotechnological Perspective 22 1I .C . Wilki e

1

Introduction 22 11 .1

Collagenous Tissue 22 11 .2

Mechanical Adaptability of Collagenous Tissue 2222

Mutable Collagenous Tissue: Physiology and Organisation

22 32 .1

Overview 2232 .2

Mechanical Adaptability of MCT 22 42 .2 .1

Passive Mechanical Properties 22 42 .2 .2

Active Contractility 22 72 .3

Organisation of MCT 22 92 .3 .1

Cells 22 92 .3 .2

Extracellular Matrix 23 02 .4

Molecular Mechanism of MCT Mutability 23 52 .4 .1

Are Collagen Fibrils Involved? 23 52 .4 .2

Are Calcium Ions Involved? 23 62 .4 .3

Tensilin-Tensilin Protease Hypothesis 23 62 .4 .4

Active Force Generation 23 83

Mutable Collagenous Tissue : Biotechnological Perspective

23 83 .1

Current Commercial Uses of MCT 23 83 .2

Biotechnological Potential of MCT 23 93 .2 .1

Pharmacological Agents or Strategies 23 93 .2 .2

New Composite Materials 24 04

Concluding Remarks 24 3References 245

Bioresources from Echinoderms 25 1

Y. Yokota

1

Introduction 25 1

2

Oriental Medicine and Historical Background 2533

Saponins 2534

Glycolipids 256

5

Pigments 2566

Venoms 2577

Hemagglutinins 2588

Prospects 258

9

Appendix: Antique Illustrations of Echinoderms in Japan

25 9

References 26 3

Subject Index 26 7

Taxonomic Index 27 3

Authors Index 277