valentine,g. creating trangressive space - the music of kd lang
TRANSCRIPT
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Creating transgressive space: the music of kd lang
Gill Valentine
Thi. ~r ~xam"'" oOW It.. music of kd lang is roruum«l by ksbian .ud~, It makes • di,tinction bet,.. ..... IhrH pr<><n .... of. consuming music. First. il locus .. on til. consumption of I;v~ mu,ic "' concerts. 5.<:ondIy. it ~ the ..... y thol music f"""" • b..ckdrop t{l our ovtryday octlvi~ - Iht ooundsc.Jp<' - or..! i. Ih<fd'or~ 'o~Md' in puNk plocn. Finolly. it <x>nSid.rs the pro<n'S of consOou<Iy lj.lming to mu,k By examining tt..s. differ",! oct. 01 eoo<umrtion.!he pIp"" roruid.n how lang', ....we em IKihl.te Iht prodI>ction of 'I'-"~.,..j highlight. 1<rI$lom be/,,"ftn the in l",!i""" of an mist in producing. >OUI\d ond the way it i . .. ad by audi....:es
key Wotd& m",ic sex.alily ",,,.wnption .~ UK
lnlrodudion
In a r~t pIpet du.lImging the vi, uI I bi.o, of g~g .. phic.1 work, Susan Smith 0 994, .!J&) .rgues lor lhe
"""" oxplid t Inror»oroiioo oi O<>U:>CI ~y on.! mu!ioc in porti<ul .. into ..... ord. in humon g<'OgT'I'hy. ><Id ......,.Uy ""0 ,.""" .. p<clt of Iht ~ co............! with cult ... .! poIjlia.
Dr.wing on • wide rong. of >oure .. including mu,,,,,,logy, sociology md cultural stud .... Smith illust,. , .. tho ><><i.1 .nd poIilk.al ' ;gni&.1><'<' of music 10 lhe construction 000 pmorm.on«: of idffilili .. ; the "",pow~nl of individual. and rommuniti." and _ of struggle and ~i.b"",
ThHe aro an concepts fundom""t~1 in th. '!-.roti,· a' ion oi lesbian &00 goy .oxu.oliti .... Yo" de.pite tn. ""nt .. lity oi music to Iosbian"'; goy lIConeo (Binnie 1993). much oi tho cr"",.dillCiplinory won. int..-· rog.tlng tho int .... ction of .."....!it;,.. 000 populor culturo ho., likl- hum.n g.ogr.pny, rnviJ.g~ vi""al r.pr ....... tation. ond ~tions of qUefi id ... titi ... and ,truggl .. (lkIrston and Rkit;"dson 199~, Wilton 199~) over mu, ical on ..
By exomining how the muoic of ju.t 0'"'" arti.t kd I.ng. i, c<m,um..! by k-sbiarl audi_ 1 thi. poptr
T,_ kI flo- c.",-, NS ", ." ..... ' 99'
d"""",tr.t .. not only tn. po>ffr oi mUiic to articulate ""x..al ider.titi .. and communiti<> but .1 ... it. obility to f~litat. tn. production of .. xllilli=:! space. in thi> CO><' q......- 'p~. In .., doing. it 01", highlight. t<mioru brno, . ...." tho intonti".,. of an .rti.t in producing 0 I"'rtirul .. souz-.:! :and tho woy thai tho n-.aic i. , .... d by .udi""""
Tho ~ mok.. 0 di>tinction ~oen Ihr.., djjfa=t 1""""'''' of comuming m"'ic. Fir>t it focu ... on 1M coruumption of liv. musk .t public V",,\Ie!!. H ..... tn. oct of c"""'rnption i> int. ntional and an lho ........ or. mgog«i not ju.t hoaring, s.rondly. it examino>s tho woy that mu,ic 'omt> • ba<Llrop 10 our ev.ryday octiviti .. - In. _ndlICap" - .nd i. ther.for. oit.n hurd 0.- 'ovo","",d' (in thot tr.. act of consumption i, not deliber.te) in 'puboc' plKe..' Thirdly, it con.idm lhe pro«ss of conscio<ls.ly li.t'-"'ling to mu"",. Tht. i, .n act tNl corrunonly takts pl~ in ·priv.~'> .po« and often involv .. using mu,ic . s a v.hid. 10 transport tho Ii.t ........ to on im'g inary or fantasy world
The musical world of kd lang: country OIIllaw, mainstream s tar, '""bian icon
lui lang is • mu.icion who t...d critic.! <u<:ce<. in the early 1980. as a country ond west ..... . inger.
tsSN 0010-17" (;I Roy. t c.o."pIO<oI Sod<ty (wi,h , .. I"""",, oIl1ri1;,h c.o,;.-. p/->t<ol '99'
TraflSJcrJOflS 01 rile IflSllture 01 Bntlsh Geograpllers ItI 1995 Royal Geooraohica l Society (With the Instrtute QI
•
n.. pia« 01 muoi<
l'>OIob/y w;th I .... .a...m Aios%oI. I<IId MIl """",. In 1990 . ...... anon oppt"ed 10 ~ in ~ 01 filming when ..... up...! I"" COUf\try and --.I...,
""'tkll nt.bU ... .......,1 by millng .... Id ..... rtium<:nl IIIiI criliciu<l ", .. I·pnxI...:tion procn ... .00 p.o-rAQled vegellrUnism ' To • mu. Ic.1 ,..",Id th.1 i. m.. • .oclftiud by • "",. I..,lllna culture and resona\n wilh cowboy .... gn. this w ... I ... ious I.on .. gm.sion (Ainley ond c~ 19911. lang WIS ,OrtIO\'ed from I"" pl.oy 1 .... 01 country and wnt..., .adio stations in bo-ef.~ arell, sum IS Alberti ond N<b<ub. and 10'''' .... Ivily crilidud in ....,...~ Her r-ecord OOtnf'ony rnW<! 0"""' 1000 kit ..... uading....,. ",Ie In t .... campaign. and oomplCl dioa II\d CI.S<iI,.. w~re _I Nd b¥ dilSu,led cOoJnlry . nd wr.t.", fon, (Brnnftl 1993). Howrv.,. in Morro 1991. Ions siSn.olted Ih~ begin. nirIg. 01 an .rtioti< dtporture from ..... oountry origins with tht ,n. .... al I .... mido:I]"-oi. lhr-roaci oIbum Jtw>-. IN, won prrotiglou. """icallwardo. tronoforrnirlg""" inlo I rn.oin>ta .... st_.wI pIKing ...... on the COY ... of intcmaIioNI ~ ouch IS V"" jly 'IOU and ~.
In lhe oorty cloy. 01 '-'g', country and w...tom <aI'ft, I ....... wos sp«Ul.otion lhat , ho WI . I 1esbim. A. hor CllUr de ..... 1oprd ond ...... ouodimoe ox· ]>It>ded. Long hu IlirlCl.d. II'g" S"Y following. A, Dlvid fUpworth (1993. 1)9) writ,.. in tho ,od 'n' roll rnaailZinr. Mojo. I.v\g Iw
iIII~ pap _ to • _ ri<h >tr ..... 01 IIw !.v'idoI ......,...t.p. IIw ItmoIt ...... _ ~ __ IomoIr.
C ....... lry and w,..\<rn "pp"" on lho ..mace .... ""Iiuly mu.w:.oJ gent< to ' ]>Iwn I l.-obion icon,. given lhat tho di",,,,,,,,. of <:OUntry 10 most dmnllely h".","""u;al. being oWI.h with Iraditional reprnrnl.t ions of 8ond .... lho ·nudt .. family" and .rson.oIing with polriotic ,..r~ (Mocb.. 19'J.1~ AInley and Cooptr ( 199!~ fur """"'].,. orguo!hot """"Iry ".,..,;c .. not ""'"'P"libIt with Ilw .-tho. of 'politial t"O/TtCln ... · !hot pmnrltt<! rrYRy lnbion '~ilin' in lho 197Ot. Thry .. gut 01 ~ that , . ..... gliMd ...... I..bian rudimct """ilt 01 ...... ust
01 country mus;,: .. I vohiclr. .. 1 ...... lhon~ ...... al ii' (;biJ. 14).
Bul Ih;, ouwnplion thol gay co",,,,,,,, .. ,h"",1d 1'>01 .tipond to I .... IOfO ........ Uy" oriml.ted B""'" of m"* beli .. tho lid that c-onsumplion is not • p",s1v. Id . ROlhn, .. joobon (1 99J. 1(9) argun. it iI I pr~ by whid! .lrtd"ICI ..... 'giVftl ""'1Rir'I&
'" IIYough Iht;r ad; .... ;,"'oopoc"llon in poop\t'. Ii. ....... Poopir are lho.rf~ ~ of diy ...... eoponses to 'ptodud.·. ~ing. t.ltI$IOrmif18 ...d .... 1>vetting lhoir .... aning. oro>rding 10 the conleot of (on,umplion (Willi. 1m) A I 51.ln (\99l, 99)
poinll OIlt:
AI ~ _ ....... 10WId "')'"1 1<1 ' .. od" """"'" ... .... os- IIw gr.oin -~ IIw I""""""" 01 __ in "'" ....... ..d .......... ~_ "'" lont-. ""'"
....... -Thit .. wmelhing a1 • .,.dy.-..:ognitrd by .... archtrs workioIg on populo: mu>i<:. As Simon Frith (19&3.
23) &rS"trl.
T_ybop ",It",. ;, .. """"" modo by I"," lin. "ho b..y tho .ocordl ..... ~ as by t"" boy. ,,1>0 ploy I"" .....,;". In tho ...... w.y. long. w... 01 ...... artist. bof....,
hn. hu t-n giwn a cu1t.nl moaning. .. hid! oN: did 1'>01 ~y inlmd, by Inbi.n ~ -'tho girlt" _ who buy her "",oic ...d memor.bili.a
Th .. ~ al 'doirning' populo: otaro as goy and "'v .... ling oft .... mylruc Of f.nlMY idOftlit leo .fOIIrod lhom il, gndby (I 99J, 170) doimJ.
.m.t ......... .. IIw so<ioI ~. 101 tho <iI"<Wotion 01 <tri ..... di.""""",,, in t><'f"'lot ........, .. I<>bo.n -Tho ""''''ingo and idrnIitin IItributt<!lo d&·
..... ortist. and lhoir mu.k in lhit wI)''''' """ Sud but art lluid im.aginingo whidt ... oontinually ~oobd. .w.o..ted on and '_soti.lt<! in con· v .... tiono between womon. "Thew colltdi .... ly con· , truolr<! "' .... IIt;. •• '" .xohanged Ihrough informal JOCiI I .... tworko on bol~ • local .rod I n.olioru.i bu.
'NhiI' 1 recogniring lhol tho l'>OIion al • Inbian communilY, and i.-.d«d Ioob;... ,"...lily . •• IIOCiaI and hitlorical cono!nlcts. Sally M .... (1992) ........".. lhol$ .. gun that thit ~ of 1'Piopli.ling ...... 01 htrotrwt ;, importmt in tht COIUtruttion al IrIbian idrntihn. As ..... writ .. of M.donn.ro
w. r«d "'"" oi-._ 01 • t.ob;.o notion. ,,<Ii II W<
~ ~. fK1ionolily - .~~ ..... n<-<d ow ~ mytilo on imog< 01 I.tbIan ....... lity .. 1Od-. ... hoY. proiodod .. ....thmh .... 1",,·tNt Mociotwo. Tho pIt_ d<riv«l from 111>0 ."",,",," 11.01 01 .. opfWfnIty ~ rcInocnption. • 01 hoi" ~ to ......... ~ our oppooil\oftOl
. " ...,.,..j -. .. .oI!irn>od ... It 10 • t.b.y wIMch ofo<t;¥<Iy <m>mt •• Wi.".'" ldrnIity. tiIoioI. l<Yiii. citftI In 1It.d>y l~j. 1411-50)
lang', m",ic in puticulor, Imd. ito.1f to • goy ,.>ding bote.use her 'ppNIln«. pm-",..".tiw , tyk lynn rod tho ~i<""""'! th.! ...... rnak.s.,.,.11 boo ,ud~y (""l~ with Iotbi.n ""'aninB To quote 51,;" (i991. 1071 ~ "IS probobly tho .... 1 ..... 1 _ .ntfthincor since ct.dys BrntIry', An ~ ",,"Mod by v..my r .. " ;ourn.Iiot I.ftl~ Bennott. (1\1\13. ~O) who ~ her thus:
n.. it. W"","" who w" c1nrly bom l<> pmom.. Not tho! yOtl'd ~ L'Iow ol.!', • w_ • fir" Mght Toll ond bro.d "-kino<\. w<uins • bid cut . ... ,. coat !it:<kt<d wi'" !!old. bid pont, ... I,_owil ... ....I~o.d bUd< Nbbor ohil ·kd .. won. boot...;,. look< _ Iike.~.
lib nat only hrr obvious ondrogyny tho! """"",. 18ft J.ttoi ... to idontify with ..... Through her body I.anguoj!; •• '-g .ol.., subtly projr<·h. Ift>O< of ir.do(>ft ..... and boIdN ... .. ~Ib rxploinl:
llor p,..y d.wt t..i. 10 IuD but ohon. ond w..." .... t_ ..... I>Nd and oIridet ..,..,., I ..... R.., on I"""
""'" '1""'3 I.g, you suddonIy ,...tit< tho', """'1n3 with . Io:ind of "")'Sial froedom you' •• """<f 0<ft'I.
JnnM Iins" 'dispLJy -"8' I>oIoR. (i!OL 50)
IbbWno tmcl to pnu;vt IIIfH o,tribtom as the opp<lOil:c 01 .... t., o .. """Dy idoontilltd ~w fuN· niMy and I>tr.tt as .i~ • IHbi... H,..../it y. Moll womm in the pubIi< dotnAin oubjed to tho ~ g .... ouch .. the dw.oct~ CagM)' from lho US ttkv;.ion om .. C"l"'Y bttI ~. ilia short lang', •• sflIive pruen<. (Ako<:k.rod Robson 1990l.
lang', phY'icaI •• ShtivtnfSl iI milTQfN in tho depth. p<lW" ODd "'" of her voke. Modal. (1 994, Mil doims tho! it I< tl-Q which 'Siv .. 11ft vocal uti.1ty I d)bh qualily'. Dottnibing lang'. BU """'" ,III . .... orguH thol
~1. a..,;., -""" hIccupt.,...drIo. quI<ky~ .. d ~ .. ond """,10 ';" thIo _ ito ~...,.
ond "'pIt< "'Y I<oIoIotI ....tins '" M. Sod vocal .me. """"' • riSid contour '" mdody 'hno:by "' ..... S • Jft"d~<I'.KMOO !Iu! w>d.tICOtfl Ih< ,...... d.rins pttmQ.< '" _ oiI"«fun ond <1<01 ... TIl< oonhol ond boIiba .. IIh .. hid. '-'3 """'" It ... hiSh to k>w ond bod< "lI ..... h.nJty ~ th. IodyIiko voc.ollly\<o d. Tommy Wvnott •. 8ftndo 1M Of Dolly I'lOIon. (iIW.. ~~,
......... Loyshon II 01 .
n. ~ 01 Lang. Irads Is flirt"" l,ociIij .. ed by ,ho ..,ish u .. 01 ambia- P'"~ one! 11ft londency ' 0 ploy up ..... douI>Io fflond ... of ..... lyr\Q. N Mock ... explaiN:
lang inw ....... to occupy to. f.mmo tole "'38<11ed by .ho ,_. In th. Iyri<o .. '8iJ. "'"' ,.... ... , "'" __ 01 , .... tun. juKlopoM'o ",,",vOf'lllonol ......;.,J
..... - oI"'""'-d "-' ...p... ........,." . ond pudid.
.... mytM. - willi 0 "",odt. fuIy oNodoK ...... _ .. porfonnoo"", <no<tiros • ,.x.I ond dyboh _ In
............. !iW..u.J)
Oapi'e....-. "'~ of ..... """,ic or.d identity. kd Long inn~1y pIoyed down her ....... li.y. 6n;,)ly ·""mllI!! our '0 th. goy ""gui ... TIor lid"""", in Juno 1991 {lkmon 1992). Ilut .... ronlin ..... oIaomchly.o ~ It.. woy INt ...... ",,,,ic it tud by her lay f ...... dm)/Il8 thol t""" is ... y conntdion bottwHn Iwf "' ..... a-.d Iwf -....1 """,.ily. q told tIw S- F...a-~ th.ot
1''''0 .......... \lui "'1' ........ 1 .............. Tlwy I\ftbIon 1_1 ..... 10 «01;00 Iha/ .• ""''''oy I F...t ond tapO<I M. CW ...... 1'H1, cpooIod .. Modo ... IW4. ~
And s!w ""- "'p"otedly mad<;1 cleat thai ~ wonl. 10 be known If '. professioNl orll.t, !'lOt • pm' ... oionaIlf.obi ... • (Ainky u>d ~t 19'1J. 19~
Priot 10 tho adoption of the ",Nctanl long II •
gay ioor\ Inbi.no had oI",ady f~II 'oI ~. on tM <'<IUt\Iry or.d watftn ~
In Iht 10/,. whm ~ .ook """"IY"Y .. both po~ .. 1pIo and IIyk. Iht .-.y . ...t . ..nI<m b.r ..... """ d th<..,.q ........... . i ... ""' .. tIw "''''''y.'' ~ <OII'mUnity. n ..... ~. 10 1"- ...",..,._ joW. that .......... could .... .,.. 80 in ftaMd INrIo ond jo.-. and ............. "P. raiw "" cyebrow~ <VftI d_. with. girllowM oIongoIdo aU lho .hol&hi got. doins tIw ....... (Rid, 1'H1, qo>OI<d in Mod<u! lnl :..19)
In .Iw mid .l~ k>bian or.d goy ...... in North Anvrica b.gon 10 f.,-.n <»UI'Itty a-.d womm nigh". - • 'cnu' tNt opuad M IN UK. This ...t~ '()<r "","ry R ""ft'em ccOncided with ."" • .w.., of 0 IeobW> IiIrn. o.-t Iwm. Sri in 19500' Nevada.. tho Jibn 1 .... 1""'" counlry or.d w .. ' .m Iov. 1IOtIgO. ""lably th. """,ic of ro •• y Oino .• key ",.ooi<JJ itIflu.on<r on lIng. Tho growth in III. popubrity of country ond w.,.em 0100 dow:l,i\ed wi.h a bro.drt late-198Of folk boom willtin .11. North ~an and E..-op<''' ~.... music scenes. in whidJ I<.n.Ie ~MO
T1w pIKe 01_
,..normins ~ muoi< Wfff at Ih. 100 .. hont. AMnt Stein (1 99)) not .. th.! the 1~&9 I>kw MusOc Aw.d n<>IfIin.I!ions for Folk All>um 01 I'" Y.", indudod Michen. Shodod. PI-.>nc. Tr",ey Chopm." and the Indigo Gi,II, A liM' UP which promplod the winrwr, Midlello Sho<:ktd.. 10 quip in .... a.t'<~Ia.nc •• ~ tho! tho cat.gory would ha .... t-n """'" ' 1'[>rOPria.ly dubbood bnt !nbion v"",..ritt \>nlJ
11'1 lhis ........ AlIfn (1994) Ofl"" thot tho ",La. IM:>nIhip bori_ tho popuJ.rity 01 COIMIIry ..d w",,,", ..d kd lang is that 01 • chid .... ..d~ .itualkln, SIw ouggnt. thai.
I ..... Country . W..t"", <ulN<c it ""' .",,,",d by kd ang f....Jom. in II>< ....... INt she .... be... .. inlluooliol Ils>o .. in t .... d.vdopmont of 1M. <>011",., and _wowIy .... , popu1arily ~ ....... '" 0 lim<
w!.on eo...try " W......" iI aloo I>o<o<nIns popoI_ in ................ ~. (doJ_j)
Mod<>as (199<4. Z60).I"" INtlhe JHbiaoI ~ 01 <OWIhy and Wfltnn ..... i< ;, • ~maIo Form 01 'camp'.
I fnj tho .,.-. poriid;>ol"'" Ito .<I<Intry IN! -.t= ""'SIC. 0, ~ nioI. in tho bor.. \>0111 dillurbin;! ond quit ... ~ Ddb.><bins bt<ou .. ~ ........ I" boy right 11'00 lho OON<IVotlv, prol<'<! of R.Oj!...J8usll 'Amoricon t,~·, .. t,;d, ~I)' ... _ ","co,''''' and oIIowo omoght ~ 10 _ 10 '- ..JIOf __ bosh &Ill poopIo. w""","",
lr«ouoc ~ ..- .......... cnl"f" of Iho f"<'i«t. ........ ~ its~l-.-by~"" in tho cIo<kineto oi ....ory muoi< - .. thott I\omins _ry IftIo amp,
All..., (1994) i. """"' couti""" but cl.im. that. .lthougn .• .."p. i. widely rog. rdtJ 01. probkmoli< lorm Itsbl ... ounlry.nd we,l.", .on h< tee" os 0 parody. or '<'Working, 01 the 'trodili.on.al' mosruliM cowboy of t ... -.I ..... film g~ and • "'appro. prioI:ion of. ""'0:1. idmt;ty. 8ut u ~Is (1993. ~O) poont. out • • video of lhe ~1 of w.,g'. prosrmion from counIry and WflI.... artist 10 ~am II ... ,~a1s lhal .no Iw ..... r-odiod and plo~ with ~
In """ cIif ...... <p<>rting • chori ....... lorocado tuil .an .klmy lody mlSht "' •• 10 ... ~ ~ ... """" the "'11' ohoN ... !>or hoi, in , bruoh "" , f or _"'" _ .... IYms "I' In . bouBani 195ao hairdo and .... tronfy pri po/y<otor ....... . .. T1wto ~ .... tho limo bo\(! ...... c.n.d.. .• Juno A,.....J Fa. Moo! l'ooaol';'03 hmaIo voal.st ...t """1'1«1 In 0
'" a-. whoto .. ,ddioqs SOWI\ .-cpIrte ,.;oh ~ .... Thi •• bihly 01 lo"l!', 10 pl.y with. t • .",grns and
. ubvm ],oc!it k>rW gmdr, .oleo whillt ,till btinS O<Xtplod in mol/ut, .. m popular cult u .. me .... Ih.t .... act. .. • lI.,dord-boarer fot 1abI.." In • homOMxu.aI ... o rld In a way lhai ~y lnbiar> art"". ~ song. with owrtly ~ Iyno, sud. as KriI WdJl.nKon and Holly N ... , ~_. At Ainity and CGOpft' 0 993. l~) nplain:
h<ry lim< .... pulo", ... "I'P"" on TV, Of In 0
-)'10 ""'8-. .... is ..... to oarry -!.ins oi ' ... ' "'0 plo<.o ........ Inbi.or. hi". noI be... ~odbtio«,
I" to doing. ....... 01", 0 pr«oriouo tighlropo 01 ambigu:ity • .ttompting Mither to )",... n.. hmfo.. snu.al oIh..m-buylnS public by Iomg Jabeollod • 1nlun ortitt'. nor boriuy I...- g.y kollowins who .., q.Ii<lto _ .......... ~d.btit ... <Jl ......unibtion Of·...!/ina out'. '" hoIding.,-ition ttc..t .odnowl. edg .. both ...... mIIgin.o[;ly ..d ..... rnfmlonship 01 the dornirwlt ..... 11 .... - being irtoic!o and ",,111M _ lang pro.d~ mu.H: tNt ,an bo uud to p<o.duc. 1000000n 'f'~ .nd tr .... gr .. ' t..t~ro~x.....r """iron. """,Is. It 1'lheS<! 1p~-pro.ducing quolilic1 of I.,g·, music Ihot &<0 topk:nd In the following uclion. of lhis~,
kd lang'. Uv .. ronurts: bringing womo:n logrih ...
TI>oro at. fow Jpa<a w...... womm. ~ .1"", \osbi...,., con COft'lf logol .... In 1~ n~ in the w. y thai .... n "0 .1010 10 do to, fOf "xomplt 01 loolboll ground. (F,ith and M,Robbiot 1918), Most ",oryd'Y ~ from the high sltHt to the shop_ ping coni •• .., .... 1IIMd '10 boO t..t .. r»tow..r. It is
~Iy odnow~ tNt they ""' p>0<Ic>M:I In this ....y, thai It juII how they _l. they ""' juII l ....... (Bell It . 1, 199<4). w ...... It.... ~ 1J"'Cft .., p>0<Ic>M:I diIF ....... tly. for rxMnpIo ......... two ~ kiN In tho pad. a."J'OMS I .... conIIrutlod· ..... <Jl IhrH · .... lural' he!erOKllu.al ...,vironmmlo ('hI,~
Siml!arly. when kd lang porfo,"\1 hot music publicly 01 (on«ri v..,~ sum " I .... Hoo ........ ....rulh O<kon and the Albm Holl Jhn., spacn. whim &rO
takor. 100 granttd .. het .. ",........r. .., adlutolly prod-.J t""-$h the rnnfIiro8t given 10 IwrIhn
'" mw.ic IS oo.mlhing dilI.rft1!. Nf!\<'ly . s lnbi. n sp.c~, Through appropriating It.. space <i It.. <'OI'I«'It vtnu •. hor lesbian aud;e~ drmon, hl .. to It..- row h.t....,...xuil. ther., how t!... production of 'p;oc< i. d.pmdtnl on lho~ pr..m\. In so doing, t!... M~JCIl.I.! .ud~ h«orn .. owar. of how 'oul oi pl..,.- it e;on Iffi whrn • >p~ i. ,uddmly tak.., for grantM I S • lesbian environment rather thon I hderos.xu.ol one. This i , illustrated by Ihi, quotation from • WOIIWl <i<scribing her fust <xpm.,.." of • lang COIlC'ftt.
I. WI, qUI< .,. .."..;"g ""~ r<ally _ a .... """'tly all f<nW<. """"I ~ weU probably 99"f.mok. I don', ~ how m."y il Jln. Ilomm<nmith Od<oo] .. 01< bu. il .... pMi<d to th< r>ll ...... Thot .... '!"it. an """,,"<nCo i"" b.oins ;wrong" "" mony goy Wom<n. A few goy !l"Y' ... on I .... .nd • t.w "'oighl roup!«. Tho! w .. ,Nlly /"""Y. w.tdlin;! thnn como in. All the strilght wornon with ,t,.,;, boyfri<nd. would sort of walk in ..... u.. m<ft ... ",k! Look ,,,,,,...:J ....t go 'uh', you .h",,1d 1>0, .. oem II-.< ohod. on I ...... f~ wl>tn tb<y «oIio<d d', oIJ dykt. Th<y w<r< "'f>'irInin3. (!..bian int.rvi_)
To .ppr"Pri.~ • ph .... from Grossberg'. (19&61 1990. 116) study of rock 'n' roll lang's music Ih<rnor. 'ino<tibH • geography of d ... i",· on hOf .ud~ ;md 'on Ih, .pace within which the .udi~ exists', In thi> way. by """.Iing .pa«> for a tesbian ,udi<r= in 1..1""""1<1101 aron", kd lang's music .I.., Iegilimiz .. tt.. pnformance of di .. idtnl .. x ... 1 identilin in I~ public .r..,.... FOf example. ~ Long has on. fool """,rely in mainsl re.m culture, many do.eted Ie.bi.ano, who .hun g.y bars for Ie .. of b..ing identified by friend. or "'I.tiv .... g.y. fed ,bl. to "pres, Ih.ir .. xualiti .. by .ttffld· ing h., co"""rl l. .. fe in t!... knowlodg. that hetero.. xual 'olhrn' will ""t n..,.."."ly cotton on to the · ...... 1 signific""",' of their mu, ical t ... t • . n..... some women's sexualiti .. . '" <ti:roiwly publicly c"",tiM ed through these >d, of comwnption.
Unlike listm ing to • comp><i dioc. going to • concert i, • very vi",.l experi~ (Sheph<rd 1 ~l) whore th. mu>Lc is mMial.d through t ... body of til. performe' , through sound. im. ges and movemenl. AI h., C<>fK"erts, lang leads hor .ud",,,,," on wi th. d;.t of l..bian inn""ndo, using ""t only hor v~ ....d sound but also her body. ge.tures and f<mar.. betw .. n oong. 10 imply that the <ubi ecl 01 her lyrics and herdesi= is . women. But ult imalely. lang !>.ocks oil. leaving her own ,.,.uality "",b igLlOU$ or elusive .. this woman deocribe",
A...n"", Ley"",,", II aJ
Tho dwism. W hod and II.. "pporI .h. built "1'. She w" • bit 01 . .. _ and Ih< .... levi,,!! il .. Ih< jwnp<J of! thr II'S< wrlh 00 Suil", or.d .... "",vi"!! her body Ifound. She "'""" cut with tt-.;, .tory. it w .. sod. • bulid "I' .... ...-yon< lhought or.. w .. going Ie 'oome out' but ~ w ... nod ..... t ..... Sho...d Tve gol _h;ng Ie t.II you. U ..... ·• -. • tot of rumour. aboul m< in II.. pap<n. Welt I'm • ur . n<! th. ~e w<nl be.o<tl: thinking <h. w .. going 10 lOy t..bw. and 111m or.. said Uberoce 1m or oomrlIUng like th. t. (kobia<> I"t~)
By manipul.ting her g.y ,udience Ihrough ho, 'p<1f0Tm~·. lang luln$ tho co~ artn. into • site of lesbian desire. F,.."j hom II.. con.train!> Ih.t encumber lesbi.an klenlihe, in everydoy envi,,,,,· mft1l's. tt.. audimc . .... able to perform thoi' own desl, ... to kin, hold h.nds and .... en 10 ,espond to lang by th,owing underwe .. onto tho .tage The "udi"""" .. e,..,t merely .ur.Jly roruuming the sound of lang's music, lhey.f< il.., experitnC~. viw.1, t.ctile and even olfoctory fju. t think 01 an Ih"", . weaty bodies) <flviI""""","
The atmo>pl>en< w" obooIutety .Itd!",. I'v< ""'tf
I-n onywt,m, w~h """ ... """I buzz. It w" ,n..". hyotm.. .. JO(M\ .. lho, a.,t..., "'.....d. .. l wil<:h«l .. il Ih< "'0' aboul to "PP''' il w .. hyot ..... Worn<n W<f< Kf<aming lik< I'"" nov..-....., ~ ~ .. you ... ~ "" dip" of old "".1'" """""r1~ you know what I ""'''''- (\<sbi .. inI<'fV~")
A joom.Ii,t reviewing h., concerl in Ih" J,W~ "" s.. ..... ~ mak.. the .. m<' poinl, .n .. il in a me", fo"",,1 tone,
the very shang. fftling of being pori of an aOO;<n« wl><r. womrn .. oanrnL,,!! at ...,100 worn .... with
the "'t ..... ty pubno;mI .- ...... Uy ~ I"" )...,., Donov ..... (leUh J9\tJ, 71
Frith (1975. l~Z) .. g ..... tn.1 th,ough thi, «>!. J. bonhve .twi,onment of performance. Ul which I ..... musician speaks for tho em""", II.. ,rti,1I can both <"'.te and articulate th" kl .. of 'community' amongst tt.. .00;'""". C,,,..b.,rg (1986) mak.. a .imil.. point wh.n ho ougg .. to th.t wh.t i, expe<i~ by II.. .ud;"""" is a pl" .. u,," of empowerment •• well as the m.t. ri. l plcasure, of til. body, As lhe.. quotes d.emon<l,.le, lang'. ronc....-t, cert. inly gene .. te thi, ,.,... of community' and empowerment
1 1«>1 thiN. il'. "".1 10 .. """"'<! • ,.1>01< l<>ad of dy .... 11' • • rul «-nS< of community knowl,,!!
Thtp-of_ II\ot owrybody in tho M t """ 10 py. (\nl>ion ... .rn.-.)
Tho "~ .... ornuir,s. II SO ......... ...,., • huu 10 be """"'8 '" nuny ~ I f<ll ... Uy otrong ...d >Odd 10 p«>pI< I'U romt oul ....... I .. ;11 '''''''' out. Ar>d II>tn of ""'- Y"" ~o Nnr I<> .. ",k ...:I dotI·, COl oudd<nIy )'<>1" .. 01\ }"OW o..n '8- (\nl>ion
"''''''-1
As. lhor O«ond q.ootililOft ouggHto. hown'<"!". !hi. _ of rnnvrnmity io not a ' IUl" 0< ta.nng toIIIINnIy but • monworlum:! of ".rnogin<d co_ munit}'" ~ 193J, R.,.., 1990~ lmogintd.. bootiU .. all It.. memb.tr. of lhor iudinl« will .... v ... m ... ' or know of r~h at ........ r><i.,mcr and boot....., Ihr wo""",, Itmporarily mrnlolly prn:tiw a bond of romt~p <!r.pilr athrr dilFr......., ... (>gr. rlhnic. ily. polilic.ol ~oo...) and intqwlilieo brtwo<ftl lhoot prnmt' (f't>rLan 1'1a9~ Tlw ......., of com_ m...uty ill Ihrm".,.., bui. on • fIt.rling oymboIi< lKtion of <onlri»N intimacy and unity.
AI J...,. concnts,. \.ong 1dNai,," fo< her p~_
Nnlly In!>i.w> .....wnce ... im.ogirwy boo.ondary briw ...... 'I"-rm' (hc1 ... "...INaIs) and "us" (gay audi-""".) bul. ,m.inly unld""," , ..... 0.1 in I99Z, ohe would lI"orn stq> OIlbi<k Iho ........ rId d""y or play down "-rr """,a1iIY. Lik w,.." M l"-r preY""" quo. Iii"", Impliro, l"-r "mosp/I<1"e of Lang ,,,,,,,,,It. ,on m'lpow..- .... (lftIm 10 'come 0.1' bul l his .. If. <'OI~U oflen dissoIv .. once tftoy ..... oul.;de tfto ar .... and hKl in tho 'hoIorow" ... r world. In !hi. way • ...."y womm .01 long'. <on<uts ..... fod lho OpMn . •• , .... I"",, lho adu.ality. of .... "",,,,,,,,,. ..-od idmIily. This ...tf-ronl(iouf monil"'Loiion and " Ming of hor.~;' ~S for .. h;ch lang ... be-... "-r.v;ly <ril k-iu<l ;n lho gay pr .... (Brighl 1990: Mo<l u. 1994).
Transg.Hsing ",vrt"yday . p"crt: "hey'r e p laying OW" song '
Wr _ boonb.rd.d Iry un..Iiritod _ in .hop>. 1<Ipf'mIarlfb. .-rst ... .onh.. pub. and ~ even 01 .. ork (AlnIfy and Ce><>pr' 19910 Rtgrv 1960). As 0.0 .. 1199}. 396) wriles:
""'hili m<>Oic ronlrirol .. 10 I .... pub~ ,pi- ii . k;r>d of ' ... y', "",,_, .. 1>01 ",I""""" Unhb I .... 0,<'W~. (<1ft ptn<I'K'< of oonvnodi/;,od 1mo3'" ~ m.IIic Itodo . liIr 01\ II-.. lido .... kind of _ad.", modo poosobIo I>y~ .• dioftodlon otut. mo«<IVfI. ii -.....
,~
W. ..., ofmiv.-ly .....,."."..j by in ..... ibk .....,;col wollf"P« tW.1lio and Molm (914) but jus!
.. tWf..-.-n1 .. all~ GIl d..ng. tho 1m of. OJ>K' 00 <.on diff .. .,,1 muric. Tho pow .. of Iht Bu;d dynamis.m of mu,ic in Ihe "",<1 i. itl . bilily aur.lly 10 coniur. up Or to . USS .. , oomtiftinS or _ ,hn. lhal go« ~yood l"-r here and now. A. middk-of· I~road monic. Lang'. lracts are frequmly M..! .. p.ort of this rnusicsrapf and. .. wd\ l"-ry have tho potfttlial 10 1' .... 8""" 01 dI-sIablli« he1ero_U.I ~ Ilwough thei, ..bitily 10 u~ _ ..... S aboul Inbion <u/t ..... In ewryu.y .,,-vir"""""", lhot tho dominant ... 1 .. _....1 culllit\' .loft not ".." kI Mar Of Pv'" .tcogniz. Ih., it is Iwaring. H ... music is 'in,i<k' bul ~oo 'oul.id.·,
Just as I>ackg,ound mu.k ;, not m ... ly. p' ''ive ho.ckdrop to atM' ..ctivrtir<. nf'ilh .. Is lho COIISU"'f" tion of Ih .. music alw' ys. pOlS'v • ..ct (frilh 19'7&). To ~. hearing Lang". mwic in an .--yday ~ c ... br on articuLotion of lheir own id.nlity. An idmtily Ih.oi .. .&inned or .........w.,fd by hrsvuy acurt ........ wilhin lho ......"., ...... As Frilh (1937. tH) '-~ .populot tnII$Ic I, S<>mdhing poo.....d .. f .... <>WJ\ 'their f.vowil. m ..... in w.yo that I_ I inl....., and penoN] 10 lhom' and build mu.ic Inl<> IMir own ... n ... of ..,If W ",,11.dive jc\."j itl ... Lang', mu,ic is 'ow,",(/, by ~ .... , "'8..,:11 ... of wh<-tMr 1M ,, .. Inlend, lhi, 0< not. Hr&rinjJ iI. .. opposed 10 listonlng 10 it and apprK\aling lhe ocoustlc qualiliH 0/1'" IICItIfId. can Ihf.-.fou ovokr _......, of 'lIM!y _ pa.\'1118 "our"
song' J:Yftl Inbiono .. ho d<> not Iih J.ng or Iht sound l!..ol .... makn GIl rnpond in I .... w.y 10 hrr Ir~Q bee ........... has t-r. .tI.tirr>od' by Iht goy <On\frMInity. lang', music c ... Ihc-....t".. =.Ir 0 mttU.1 Nplut. br'wan. w""' ... ·• idontily and l"-r mund_ h.ogrmonk Iwl ... _ xu,] ,onl.", In which Iht music: j. booing pI.y..! (Gr"",brrg 19&0),
I .... in .1-.. poiI...:I JqJ ~ • BIMt, ho< "oct. <om< ""I'm bb- ..... rt. kJ '-'s' """ yo. pm "" .-.d I .. ""'_ II'. noa- 10 ..... it 10K ..... ,.... ""-' ..... dyk. n lib • __ 01 pndo - l /Ms a-:L l ....
!hoi """. tt.r.. .•• bet"" w<Ifd lor ~ ...... pride ~ I don' ltIm.. II ,...l,., ........... lIr>l>o<n ........... , 1 . lw'Y'ioush .. t-..n 1 ... 1h< oI, .. ghto oI...,.k lillging >long 10 kd W. ok, ,I.", not_ of yo..., s!>r', onr 01 us' a..t>ioro inl<TVirW<'<)
1 w.. in • """" l"-r <>Ii><r .loy mOndln,s my 0 .... l:o.oinoM .-.d II-..n C _ __ • """'" 01\ .-.d I "'" 01 ..... Itd ' 0 myd """ Ioobd up. ,.... .,..,.. ""-
-01\ . ', ld. one! .. I d;d r ~ tho f)'e of Ihio oIher dylt - WId __ ~ iMogh<d (\nlIoIon jll,,,'I< W«)
Thi. ability of lang', music to 'ignify • HnU of ~Ionglnil or irn.ginrd community ~.t 1flhiMI. ""' .... that wh<fl two wom ... calm eoch oI"ot'. eyn in thl. w.y. her mU,;C fO<ilil.ltt IhI s...ting m:.tion of .Inbi..,.pa<e. A ·priv.te' sp.>« momon. lorily sham:! in 'publiC. A""""" tho! if dynamic and 1lIicI. It Is • priv.t~ OJ*<' ~_. whilst • mutu.oI ............ to • Inb;,r, .. t ....... .aIIowo .. """'" to ",<><I each 01""",, idmhl"" it do.. not ...... k thom "", ... y;';bly .~. /tom thooo oIh.crs pr ....... t. ~ .• ....,sic (on t~ urich ""t ', oociaI corl<>g~hy" (G~.~g 19!16) of ,"",,,.J i<knt~i .. in ",,<,ryd.y ~I. aliowOng """" S'Y WomM to locate thcrn .. lv~. In r~l>lion 10 oIl>trt.
In rhi. way. muok ~ only bring. ptQpIe who hove lin·.... mrI befor<: t<>gotM. in • p.wing .......... nt but ..... ploy_ ... itI1porUnt roIt in mopJ>in3 out oociaI rorIwods. f rith', (197& 43) study cI Y<IIIr'$ P""'J'k", III\I!oicaI t ... t .. fout,d lho, 'music 0C1'V<'d ... the bodge 01 inolividU<llity on which frimdohlr <hoic: .. could bt I>u..d', In • oimil ... "tin. 1Ir.dby'. 0993, 1~3) ......... ch on 1Hbi .... and popul.r music ,.waIN tn.,
Ex"-s~ top<'> io . pr.octi« thai =_. fti<ndJ.hip 1'ItI.....t. ...... through I,,'~ to 01'" women', '-' ..... Urns about oIhrt """"" on:! be<,"" .. port 01 • __ d ""-I wItur.l b-oowWdv.
kd LortI ..... oigni/Ocant .ok to ploy in this 1'f'X'"' 01 Inbian netw~ through .... du.oI pooilion OJ Leobion iron and mointl .. .n "or. Cay wonvn oft.., find it diffi<uJI to m.oh OOI'It..a with <>IMrs in n'<ryday heteroou...J ""vironment. bo<_ f .. r oi homophobia 10'..,.. Ih<-m 10 cone • .J their J<x...Jity (Hall 19&?; VaI""t .... 199h)_ ~ strat<sy to 0"""",,"," this isolation is to tlip ....btle Int., known .. 'dr0r>9in8 )'iN, il\to ~~ryWy """ ........ ions 0'_ 1916, Valtnlint 199.lb~
CMrry Smylh 099J, &) has ~ the Ip'nIion 'Do )'011 lile kd iqr .. ""'", if not tlw, hi ...... tnt oi a wom.on'. ""Xl.I.II!~y,~
I ..... S~ to • oori<r<n« iJ\ IlrigN"" ond I ..... •• W 10 8"'" t./! '" -...,.,. I'd ncwr _ Mo«_ JIJoyw", ,II. IUrN up .... I kook """ look "' t..r ond t!.ought oah h.L And w<'", dri ... g """'& Iallins obo<.! ...00. ond tMlg. ond I pull ....... on. And .... Nid 'oft do)'O\' Ilk< !.dr. st.. ,,_ 1IA..Ir,s.bo.ot Mw .... ·d boo... to .... of h<r _ .. tl\ol: "",01'." ... Mt "'Y
""""'- t..yst.x. It ..
"., ' "",. ~ """ lI1oduo1/y by t-., ...... IaI _ sot ,..,...j to ·c.xrOng "",' to.och 04 ..... ond._ '", RrNl /rtondo..-i!h ..... ond hor p.art....- .. . SM', 11-1< 0<IIy I<obi.I tv., ~ """ >I """"' allhough lhor. """I bot 0Ih.n .. 0<1l'0<I but yoo'v< got ..., ... oy 01 boo,,!!, I<n .,..., th.y .... ' (......., ;nt.rvi<wft)
t'v< gOl.;>hutosraph.." .. tho ~ oIhor ~ It ... .. tobn >I """ 01 ..... """-"ft< ~~. I -t 10 do> • ""8~ ct... ond fot """ of my wditiono I """ to ..- 0 """,. I .a..J lot """" h<Ip -.I, _ .-.-.;l ........ 110 Ion- _ '-"of. "'"-) ond ........ "" J...-..... ~.,.... ..... pi<Nt< 01 ld 1 Nid ...... , pot pi<Nt<", .... ...,,;,j, SOl il from K.thy" ... J ..... Kothy -.I ....-...l to ~ hor to ........... "'""'. So .... ·.Iw..l domitoly • 1.1lo:.!ns point on<! con M"""" ..",_100. ond th.mor. frier.!ohip. I W«IId .... v .. hovo 801 to ""'" K.oIhy boI~""""', 1 hod ..., ro._ 10 me<:! Ot
talk to hor 01"""'" ld Ion&-~ 1nI ........ -.)
II it not only lang f.,.. who eon .... Iwr ...... 1< to hftp I'e"" athe ... ~ ~"P'"" lheir own """ rstoblioh fritndohipo_ ~ who do not Ilk or <vm. don! [ "'y, 1o.I~ the -m tlul long mol .. but ........... of hor pIa<-.o ... goy cult",.J icon Qn lISe thrir music in til. ......... y. nu. implin thot il I, not ~y lhe •• ,,) ... tl< qu.>!iti .. "" hor music lhot produc .. 'quHr .~. Tho .. he ... ing lang', musl< do not N'<'t"Soirily hove to bot musically lit .... I .. or list"" to Ih. oound .he mob. bul ...... rely ~n4e it .. Ianac fo< ~ 10 ha~ "''''''''6 lot lhem and facilitlte a diH ___ ~ ""~. In lhe ...... way, lwo ~ could ~&tch ~..m other'. ryo< ..mkt _ching onoIhor Inbion icon.. sud> .. Moo1 .... t-Uv .. ti&ov. ploy 01 WimbIodon. and prod"," qwor ~. Howovor, ~ tport. "' ..... ach ....... or corn_ .dw,. .... not COO'IJtI<>n!y pm ri n'orydoy di •• CQU"" in lho sa"", w.y that bng'. muok i •. n 1. mo~ difficull or dwn.y to uo< t .... m in .v.ry<lay pi", .. to ""u ""I .om,'on," ""u.o!ity than il I. to dip long', m",k on • I,p'" p~r ,I horne. in lhe eM. in lhe offiN, lho thop or It.. gym.
Fanluy and i ..... ginalion: cnaling q .... b'.~e
Tradi __ y Iiolotrir.;j io. .. , """ p<II>Iic. For • J>If<" 01 ...- '0 bot 11...-.:1 - • __ .1>0 _ "" .. ", <imlmIl_.. _ • .:moin ~ ~bilily an ,Iw.y. bo ... .....d. «how 1993. 3 ...... 1
'" a.ow (1993. 396) adnowlt<lgos. the invenlion ""t..""pI>oneI and.;" ~rhcula:, It.. W,.II".-. have chang«! ali i""',
1M pIo<t ci "....k
What Ihr W.dkmon provkIts I. Ihr poooibiIity ci • barri.r,.~. t>oI_ ...... and Ihr...,.w, '" llul .. in _. ci undiJIuot.od oIoqo. I ..... dioappt .. .. • Iiftn« pioyq ........ Tho W..a:.n...no... ..... In ott... ......:I. 10 bo IIIiMInS
~ 10 boo I>OII~ but 10 boo __ "- tIw. MUli< is 1ft< vdti<W lhat c .... l.onspoo1 lIS to _ ..... rIand _ .... I~ whi<h. In IIw c .... 01 Long', f-. io 10 a pnv"'~ kobion f."l ... y wookl mh.obilnl by tho .1 .... W .... I IIw WaIbnoo\ ..... now IIw Oitcmon. 0&: ... is IIw ........ 10 Hi(·produ.:t- YOiUI own opKe. AI tho pn'U 01 a bull ..... )'0" con __ up J.rs ..... 0I111ui ..... oIgni/in, whilst IIw IIIU$i(. .nd t....c., I"" ~ tllal )""" 1Ia~~ ere.tnl /or )'(IUOWIf r<main invi&iblr 10 01 ....... Music is <Oipoo~aI and. .. ...m. .Jk>ws us .. inlmft'O mmtolly 10 det-ch __ inf;d<
/rom I"" OIJlfiM ..... 10 m~. /rom IIw ""s..nonic hrll'f~1y 01 0IJt .... <f}'doy II<IrTOIJnIling • .
WhiM I"" Wolkmar. now 0110 .... "MOe 10 bo carried from pia« 10 pia« and ploynl at will it w ... tho radi<>. I"" I'f«Ird ploy ....... lhe c .. 5<'II. dt!clc wlUd. Ii .. 1 commo<!lM.! mIlS;': and ~Nblnl musriono 10 f"""rir.lr lho privott Ip ..... of 1M hom" and I"" car (R.grv 1986), It is I"" pri~. I " "Pac<' of I"" bMroom Ihal ....... iN the II'I<>il Imro<' t.nt . il. of mu,kol con.umption for ...... y yaung womm living In ~''''I.I homo., h i lh (197&. d) arg .... lhat pl.yinS music 'bKomn Ih ... sinl way fo, I"" Y"""g 10 ""'Inbln and di.play lhoi' control of th.;, '00"...·.
At om! I",,'" I"" bod,,,,,,,, i. tIw plac. lor liol..,ing 10 rttOId. or tapn but .. frith (1918) daims. it can 0110 bo tho plac<! lor d ...... ing up. posing. /anl.olzin.g and p<II>O'Nif'g otllm, MIlS" is tl",M. vicanow tompIJIy. it fU~ • 'I*" but it obo ere.", • ~ boo.Jw . .. RinnI.on (l95ll1 1990. 10) .t.l .... _list.., -", a CC>f>t""t 01 imat!:inaoy "01 ....... . " bll~g It indeed oAm an dlon to ntoblish """","""ion wilh I ...... •.
W rit"" obwt: lho "".,.........,. 01 ~"8 on Elvis I'fnIry Ion. s..r Wiw (1 984/1990 . .1901) .. """bt ..
N ... ...toItoc.,U I t...t ....... vrry IonrIy ponon ....... ~ tI..t I fit in ..,.,6f . ....... . ........a .... witto ...... tw....... ~. In Imr ,.. .... I ....!rnrood !No in _ of 1IIY • ..ty __ of """ lOY. t..t '" ,hot , ........ jur' ~. EI .... hIIo<I • y_ Pl'in lIlY W. in _y.u...... .... yo Hot ..... ... y ci bmf; oca<ptob\y .~' b«ouo. _ """"Iy w"" t f~ to bt an EM. f .... 1wn I .... .,.... Moo' ci .. n. ...... ....thor humon btiroc '0 w'-' I coo.tId ~ ....d bt idoonll/W _II. Wh,,, I fri\ Ior..!y ....d t....uy.&on. .. tho woc\d. tllm .... alwayo ~1";',
.. , Hot ..... pri • .te >p<OoI &wr.l who w. aIw'Y' 111m .... ...... t .. ...hot , , . In my ""'" pri • ..., ",.,..101 I could f<><s'" I ............ .bIo ....d IonrIy by 1io'mF« '0 hio _ .. Iu lhis qoohlion d.m" ... I,.."". cotnitIfI 10 i.Jm.
l ify .. SIll' can bo a diIIicuh ...t iooJating ... p.rIm«. Now. ho~ .. , ,.n..r INn h.oV<" 10 tum 10 FJ~io lot "'1'P"rt. H Sur W;o" did. y<tung ............. who ...., boginnins 10 define Ihrir oenWiIy h.ow kd Lana: H • I'ocus 10 help lhem Ioatr It.nn..l~", in relotion 10 oth.on.
Playing Lons'. _ in I""~..J home allows }'OW13 ~ 10 .u out .... dmlily in a aoIluroi ..... ......,I..J ~ thol is oA .... COI"cIlnining ....J ~eosi' .... Whilst !h.it -.:I rol.l.dions m.y look the ........ any y<><Blg hrI~ womon' .. lho diIf.....- is if' th< .... 01 tIw music witt. fa"' .. y {Ainley and COOJ'<" 1~2) 10 <n.I~ .,.. ~voke imaginary or rounI ... ~. n- .~ .I""'ft in which I~ I .. ,,,,,", c .... orti<ut.I~ on! ~V<" OIJj their I .. bian idmIily tticmou,ly 'hrough brig, Music cln Ihrrdon 1,.....,.00 tho mund .... by loking young lesbian, OIJI of I ......... IV<'I and h..ing Ih.m from I .... 1"" ......... of h<leroo=u.ol family Ilk, A. Frilh (l93~, 23) cLoirru, such ·prival. g;om ... WIth public I.., .. a", 10' man~ I ... , • wa~ of m.al:Jng ~ of thtir .. xu.lilY.
I,oo!c.lly, how~v." il i, ooly 1>« ..... I"'g', mu"", i. not, 10 many h<\.....,..,x ... I'.1 ~ ... t. ov."ly 1Kb1 .... Ih.t )l<llJng women con usc h<t if' thi. way ... bridg~ btlwftn tht hrlrroocxuo!ily of rv<f}',uy Me ar.:I their o ... ·n .. x",1 desires, J..,g·,lyrics on tho oIbum hog ...... , lor enmplo, ... e largoly ..... his...,.,. In CC>f>1 ... 1 10 IIw compuIso<y hrleroso"""'ily 01 most romantic popular music (frilh I\/lln Th .......... voio<f, androgy""';ly on! perla"'.I; ..... stylo. allow Inbion list-. to rrinsoibt ..... Iyncs .. an uprn-lion of wmr-~ d...W in a ..... y thai il i. ,....,Iy poosibk in viot.toI formo al ~ '-"""= . ...... ... tok-vioion .nd fdrm. wilh roiIrdivt S"y .... .oningo.
Folk motIic .. a g<nI~ io gmnolly peru;v..:l 10 boo .., emoIionoI form 01 mu>ioc ... Uoy<! (1 915, quot..:l in Frith ond Mc:ROObir 1918 • .f) st<>l..,
c.-.oy lho folk -.: ..-. ct..- 10 ""P"'" u....r "'"sin3 by " .... pooioog ,ho -nd on to.., ., ••••• tlft pIanr. not ~ to ..apt &0.. it, but I iD& ~ ...ith 1_.1. Iw-trtrtg biIter. """" tnt .. bet. of ~ .. inIo _~ bNutil\.tl "we- honour.w., 10 tI..t w'- ...,. -J ~ """'" 10 .. .oldy '" lito 0IId 01 lho ~ ,ho <mrir'orrntnl io not m...g..L but thry Oft
boI, ... Iltted 10 woppi< .... h ~ .
Writing in ~> Hq>WOrih UW,), 10) .. ,.. 01 1Ant!'. album Ina"'''' thot it it 'a set 01 -.gs ~ t ... 1inr Iinr between ,>pi"", and p.m in t ... ~.uly ot,S" 0110...,' M,ony 01 t ... t,ott. on /twtrut. whkh IMIg hu ~tly adrnlttod _'" inlpi,...d by u"'~uil"" love fo, 0 mamod womm. .,.e 0 b.,.Qrntt<:, 01 the "8oni .. and Klt.ooies of ... laoonshlps. for goy w"""",,, ~'$ _ic. wjlh it. .... Lond>oIic oty~. can It..r.-f"", _ .. an oulid fco. ~""ioo. I .... ' c.nnot ~&ily bor ~ in u... ~11y hri...-xu.ol nlmonmml of ..... try. <by If'K". In porIiNIor. -... int.....nn..n deKribtd using h... Irocb _ a subslitu\<' for exprnling in words. <mOtions t .... 1 .,.e difficult. or <1IIhorr"';ns 10, women 10 art,o:ut.l. to ot"'",
Uk. all mu.O<, Long's tong. con 01.., .... v •• p«iaI re>oNI'oC'f! for poopl~ individu..olly """ roiledinly h«.ao.IH tMy can "'OU 'hr pall. Music organi>: .. our ........ of If-'<' and ~, For .x.vnpIt. Iang's m ...... b oflen pLo~ at vy oociaI and pclitiGll n<ftIi$.n:I.. --". severol inlorvifwHs_iontd tNt Lont!:', tnocks;n a k~ 10 unIoddng rncmories of '<'Oming out'. of rNiionships. /nendoIUpJ. Coy Pride "'"""'"' and of being wilh ot .... ~ for Ihr first lim •. The ptnONl meaningl th.I _go ocq"; ... in Ihi. way make listening to musk not on .btt,ocl eXl"'ri~ bu t • concr"'. <>nil (Ho"on 1957) and 50 mllSk ..... an importonl ""'" 10 ploy in thr «_I.u <'O<lSlrudior1 and ~ior1 oI· .. ho .. ' ......... ·w ..... _ "and',
Soi,wt." .. """" r .. '" ........ 111 p.or:luI. .... ond J'I b. oinsirc aIorc in IIw I:;tdloft thiM:ine: .obouI ho. or On<
0/ ho. _. or _~ Y"" I:s>ow. ond "'J
M .... 1t <Oft"It io ond oitog"""" .. ..d. Ir. 00 funny. .N', I'" no idN r ... . dyk., ..... "'"' Iikn ''''' __ (Inl> .... Int .. ...;.w...)
Thi. capKily of mu>1< t l} ~.k llmuh.rwowly '0 di6 • ...,t poop!.! "" dibnonl "",..I .. oommunicoling a mulhplioly of ........ g ... giws """" lnbUns • ... ay of managing u... reloiicn>hip bd_ • pinl. '\nbion' otIf...d . 'pub/;C Mtf'n)WnW otIf. In I,,", .... y. lana'. """'" and. by impbcation. Inbion <ul. lure can .... ..do """ ""bveo\ Ihr oft ..-. commonly id ... tiRo<l .. ·sI,.oight' - thr family hcwno _ coIoni.t. "'8 hft"""",~ ... 1 dr>rncstl< life WI. h Inbion .... ."ing. SometimfS lhe ksbian.po« which io mln.rd out Of
shoprd wilhin thr f;unily hom. i, <>poqu~ 10 otf.o.r family """",b<'f. .nd .., il cuat., • 'fokt' helen>.""..01 .pace I~ i, . ..£~' for Jeoblono '0 enjoy .• Ihr quote abo~e d<'fnon:Itrot ... 8y II'Iirnicl<ing or j>MOdyir@ he\...".xuoI~, Ions'. !nUll< oIlowf.
Andm,. L..,.w- .. oJ.
goy _ 1o we .. hn ... .ut "" hn oIooeve """1st pi~.1y mocking thr bIirodn.", of heI"""",.ual rdoliv .. II} what I, taking pt-. Howe ...... :101M
Ii ..... wlw:n thr boun<brie. of tM Inbi.... bubbJ. ",..,.Ied within lhe horn. a~ tr&rlSp.rm' .nd _.k. th,,~ io a I .... ir>n bet ... _ ~alily.nd lakery, lang', musk con thordo~ 0100 bocomt the mrdium through wtuct. parmi' """'" 1o r«<>gni.. I ...... dought .... ..,....Iily. Other .. omen ......... r1\U:Ii(.
• b ... to ~ pNf1lt. both 1o the notion thai ~ ... gay .ond 1o g.y ...Jtu.... o-y s",yth (1WJ) ,«oIIt
My fnr imp" " • <II "" w<n on \ely on Lot. night: """'" thow .... ~ M .,;th my I"""'t. my Dod "yins 'I. that. boy "'. g;,1T onol t"'t .""' .... ton, ~, 1 w .. '" pr.,..J 0/ ho" boauoc It "oily broushI • ~ i<on .,to my ........ onol I ... oIIy h.J to ...... wjtf, 1Hbia ... in my ........ in • w.y tho! rdottd to Ihtm th<t ~
Ions'. rnuok c ..... t"' .. for. be both rntdiurn ..d ....... ge in I'" f"'X"' of "'Satiating and I",.f...,... inl! Ioobian idomtitin in pivot. 'f'K"".
Concluo'I}n : the , plce_producing quallt let of l""g ', music
n..... ;, a deveIr>pin.g intnMI wilhin gqraphy In ~ ~otly rrrusjcscapft (Sm;th 1'194), Cent,oI to lhio. is a mmidtntion of the abilily of rrom.: II} prod..... diIF< .. , ~ kinds of opace to vi,... ~. Thio paper 11M IooUd ~ ......, .uI~t. kd lang. to C'OfIIidor lhe w.,.. that hrr """'" eM< ~ quooer space and .....body IeobW. i<kntit;r,.
kd lang doiln, Ihot hrr m",1< io no! leobiAn """ie. She doeo not p,oduce il . pecificoJJy IN • I • • bi"" .""ionee bul r.I,,", ldenlir;... ... m.inol'~orn arli"'. producing mu,le for 1 .... 1 """''''. But. dnpil. hrr ;.,tnll""" a. I'" ptoducer/portomlfr. htr ",ulic is ....od by ....... y g.y ~ • IHbian """Ik . .... ...rn. it;, d.oirnod Of'ownrd' by thmt and if uocd 1o .rna.Iat., Inbion idorI\i\los and 1o ~ quHf
' F-" by bringing W"""",, I~hrr """ by fdlotins 1M I~ ..... ion of het~ erwi, ... 'itnif.
More coonrle~ ;, why kd Long'. m.me ;, «)r>o
swntd. in thIS w.y and w .... t .. pr<t. of her ...... 1< con tribute 101M produclion of q ...... space, MIISI< .. 0 oI ,l'I"'fY COf\Cfpt to S'''?' i.lang', mu.'" """.Iy lhr K" ... t'" OOtInci lhal shr ~J The ly''''' of her ..,ngsJ The way w 1"" .... " .. hrr tracks1 Ot lho identity cl lhe pn1om1fr herwI{l Ot i. II. _ I would
Tho plo« '" """i<
"'1\=, .11 01 th~ thlng<l Ccnainly, ..".... w~ "Pp .. r to id.,.,tify with and oppropri.t~ Lang" mu,ic h«._ they ~in tl>< ~tie ..,.,.,.j Ihol ,h. m.kes to """. lesbian quiliti .. , fOf" ~x.",pt. her voke i. r .. d .. bold and in~nt. for oIfwt>, il i. Ihe Iran. S ..... iv • • tyl. of l;rng', pfii"orm;rnc. th. t is signilicant . Some ;';"ntify with the .mbiguity of Lang', lyrics whit,l 011..." find her phy.;cally, rail..., than music.lly, . ttradiv • . Mony mtmy odopl fit, mu,ic a, their own h«"""" .1>< is • lesbian ",I. model ilIld • rid> and Iamoull om' . 1 that.
We 1><., ....d list= to mY,ic In very ruff""",t ,,,,,t ... 1 .nd tempor.! cont",h le,g. live conctrt .. as p.n 01 the soundscope and in ·priv.I' f.nb,y '!'len). At lang'. co~., it i, II... .rti,I', .ger><y thaI."""... to pl.y a centr.1 po.rt in producing quet1" spac. in lhese ......... She d<lip.rately p<r' 10"'" ale.bian ido-nt ity through not only I><r round and 1)'Ii($ but .Iso her word • • nd u.., of her b<xly. SfIe cre.t .. • I .. bi." .ped.d. in a w.y that lamou. lesbian, from otner l'IOI\·m .... icol walko of lile, who ...... imil. rly .dopted or owned by tl>< g.y ·com· munity', ,,,,,,,01, For example. Martina N.vr.tilon e.n bring women togelher .t t ..... is venueo but, .lthough rai.ing the profile of 1.,.bi...,. and acting "' • role model, ,he don not actu.!ly .rtirul.le I .. bi"" de,ire in the way that l.mg don . t her public p<>rio"",,,,,,,,,, lesbi.n sport. >I.,.. or comedian, may po-rfonn g.y identit .. , but these perform.""" lad. the . rotic ing!'odi." t lang <an generate th,ough sound, vojce and 1M movem."t of her body to her own music. Simi]arl y,. """""n i,. mOl'< intoxiat ins, .. nsu.] mvironm..,t. where tho .udi..,ee u n respond to the perf<>rmeT verbally and phy,ic.lIy ..,-.d SO conlribule to the prodL>di"" of lesbian spac<. thon a tennis .t>dium or th • • t re. No one throw. thei, underwe.r ",,10 =1", comt when Man in. Navratilov. 'pp"'''' or onto III< .Iag. wh." Sandy T olovig perform ..
When lang', music is he.,d by lesbion. in • differ..,t .p.l i.1 conte.t. for .. ample .. port of lfoe .veryday SOW1<l~, ;t i, leu dear whot ro]e the .rtisl p].y> in th.> pwduehon 01 q~ space, l.«biaru <:On"""" ]ang', mu,ic in di£f<,renl w'Y>' for ,om" il is lfoe acou,tic sound lang rnak .. that tn.y Ii,1m 10 and res[>Ond 10 but. pantdoxk.!ly, <>Ihe,.., who di, like the sound ].ng makos, 0' .ven Ling her .. ll, c.n still respond to he.ring (but not ~'''''ily li,tening 10) her music .nd u .. ~ as •
vehicl. 10 Iron,s,..., 'he!ero><xual' environ"",nt • . In thi, ~~, music can be a hollow mediwn in which tn. .gency of the con.~ i, mo~ importanl than
.., In., int.,,>iom/&ctions of tn., .nist. And tina, in lerms of producing q ..... , space, there se<:ms little distinction bdw""" two I .. bi .... n..,ing lang and catching .ad. other'. eye, and w.tching. video of Mortina N.vratilova in • public environment and doo.g the ..", •. The . ignificant difference lhot music '1'1" "'" to make is thol il il • m~ dis· <Uri, convenient and accessible v.rude lor producing q<J_ sp.oce in thi, w.y than other me&.. h«ou .. , uniik video lor ex. mple, music i. IUbtly omnipre..",t in many everyday ... virorun."l-s.
When m .... ic i, pt.~ as a backdrop .. pari 01 our .veryday SOUndK~ we often hur ;t but do not actua]ly li,ten to it, When music i, con,urr.od in 'prin le' space - this can be in lhe home. tlw: ,ar or whilsl "","';ng • Walkrnan or Dironan - w. oft"" li>!en to il and b«ome absorbed in it. ,uch that it aUow> us 10 driiKh """,elv.-. from '"'" phy'ical ,urrounding. and 10 be tr.ruported to an imaginary or fanl.,y world . l.mg'. mu>ic facilitates I<obion lant •• y bec.use I><r sound. voj"" Iran>gr .. siv~ ,tyle and ..ru,iguou' lyric! c.n ~.sily be ~ad as "'p=-oing gay <I.,,;'e. A ~oding that ho< be= lacilit.ted by long I><"",lf publidy «mung oul ~ . lesbian. Bu t the ambiguity and t,..n.g~.iven ... lhot lang', mD>ic convey' '''' not p=-equisil .. lor music to be used in lesbian I."t",y. G.y m .... nd women han alw.y. ",ad Ih.;, o .... n meaning. into (pernrted7) very dllkrenl mu.ic.1 !SOund., performed by . n eclectic range of arti,t< (e,g, Elvis. Madonna.. Take Th. t. Dolly r,nO<\ Judy Gorland, Dusty Springfield on<! !SO on). In this ""''', the power of music to produce queer '1"« does no! ... c .... ri]y lie in the actual sound • p.>nirular performtr mak .. (although Ihis obviou,ly ,an lacilil.te some Iypes of imagin . ing') but in the . bility of mIlS" per '" to t .. ",port. li.tener . way. to be somcwlw:rc el .. with SO<nCon<'
e~. Thi, Auid dynamism of mu.ic 'pp<"'''' to ;,.. ono of it, mo.t import . nl space-producing qu.lities,
It is OJ>p.~t from ex.mining the kd lang phmom..,. that music has the power 10 evoke • very d~renl ..,.. .. of 'I"'c< to that evoked by light and 10 COfltribule 10 the production of differ_ enl .. "'lUal ..,vironment,. The diff • ....,t .pace. producing quiliti .. of music a"""" to be bound up with t~ proce .... thl'OLLgh whkh 'music' i. perfonned but ol><>, more importomUy, consumed . Th;, suggests thot music p ......... ts. rich agenda lor future geogr.phicol ....... rch, In particular, Iflere app<-.... to be . need lor geographers to pay more .U .... tion to unpaCking Ih. tenn 'mu,ic' to uncowr it' spac<producing Gualilies; 10 explor. t~ relationship
-bn_ 1M Idomtily of ~ ~I"'pnf""","""" ond tho ..... sic produ<ftI (pmicuLuty in m.1K)n to «>nt<mpOl'Ol')l popular music}. to enmllll' It.. w~Y' ,11.0, difF,,..,,, form. of music ore p,odu«od and rol\S\lll\td in dill'ertnt sp;>ti.1 .md tomporll <'Ot1to. to; and '0 mnJlo;\e,..,,,,,, of the dillogu .. and I,ru;on. bctw-. thHe p'''' ......
Acknowlf<i8tmenU
I with to t ....... Pot.,. Jocbon and s.....n Smith lor that helpful CCImJr'IrnI. on • p~vious duft of !hit manuscript. 10m"'" gr.t<ful to lin oIpNbri;caJ order) D.vId S.I~ JoM l!innie. ~. Brodby. Al'dy Leython, Dave Maiko. and stofF and ot..dmt. • t the lrutilul' 01 Popula, Music, . t U~rp<Xll Uruv .... lty. fo< encour.ging me to pm.!.t with thO papor ~I' my m...;c..J illil<'racy. I wish 10 ad:nowWg" Ur.y Knopp', hrlp in obI.oining I0O'I<
INlmal publifhrd in , ''' lr.i F....uy. [ ~ wioh 10 lhonk !tog ... i.ft for I ... «litori.al ~ and hb p.aI~.
Not" I. The """.", 1 ....J in .hi> I"'J'O" I, .... wn ft.,..,
on-<l.plh, _ .. ~ ... t.;.v ...... w~h .w ~.
t>I... .. hi<t. ........ ~ .. port '" . .... ....t. pmjtd .... !oobiooo' ~.rod •• "",;" ... , '" CW1')'doy..,..... (VaImin. 199 ... rod bt.
1. IIy puI>Iir pIacn.. I ........ P'- oh<ftd ... 111. othrn,. ....... pot.. ~ thr .... Iq t-. but 11»0_ ..... ........ thr """'" ..... thr ""- 10 ~ ... ,...,.., ~ (q . lor • .,..ty~ So< . 100 f_ J .
l . By pnv ... ~ r "..A'I pIo<fl "here _ ;. ~.&on.. no. ;. ~ 01 ho<Iw buI .on .00 "" in. <at or on. Wo/kmor, in, ,tw.d ~ (._. 01'1 • "ain), In ,Imo ....... po..obIidprl"'e Of< fU;J lermo WITh muillpi< ""'anings.
• . in tbio odv..tisomwnt 1oro8 "...d, bnId.t • row ................ .-..1..-- .......... to 81 ... ""mNI, 'I'~ '" thr .......... <ioI ..... __ .. """ -.... but wily <10 .... coli _ pot> -' _ ~I If you
~ how meoI .... modo.. you'd 1000 Y"""' MId.. I mow. r", r..,." _It «><ftry "'" !hoi', wily I bf,;....,. y<'t!ri"'- (lloh I .... ' 1991 941
,. n.. ' ]JIrIo' "'" 'IIoyo' _ <tM .. , .. ~y ......:I by Ittbioru lind VY ....., .. ploylu! I ........
e . Twrnly y ..... "So Ihrr. w .. not • 'I'"'" 10< long wonhip to tok plo«. In ,"" 19100, ffminiso-n I-.eovll]r """"""'" tn<>iI (hut not oIIl Ioobion ~ At th. lim<. ......... ~ w .. onIl-K}Io ond """*" to .......... ~ to be th. oI.;odI-Ibtion oi all... ..- and ottiobnt to .......... oi
~ loythoot " til.
....... witIo I"'f"'Iot ....-. '" Iho IMOo. thio paiit;taI tMtI>odo., .... be.... ~td .. ......,. ~ w.yo. ~~ otyIo and f"'" ... ...,.. 10 deo.iK ""'" """"'" ..,.j to ho •• _ ... ........ bod. "" the .g ...... II to ,.... ..... ~.." di ...... ond frwnmt.J Itthon ~ ,bot !q ........ inhobit.,
1. Th<ro ;,. oi .......... not <>n<~ """"' ..... 1HbiM 'rornmunily', F<>t ~ Idoion tpootn .... "". '"lilly • Ilk oi tcrUoI IIotwa!tI ~ ~potid. ~ Ic.buoo ~ ond ... """ How, rvt"E, 1nbiorw ofi ........ ,.,.. .. , .. " to thr ............... iIy'. ~ II pori\noIofIy ~ ... ""'" oi _qI< ...... ' .......
5, s..................., fiN lhe riO)' '-'$ to "fP'''I'.>omI ond ~ by o<hen .. opp«Mive on<! ...... 01 •• , long wonftip .too .ppe ... I" be • very while p/>enom • """" (_, f<K ex,"""', Allen 19941.
9, Cheny Sm.Y'~ ~ • wdI-kno .... Iesloioo1 -Ie.rk who .... writt... orioleIy "" _ 1_ 1lWo .....,u_ 10 I""" r.- • vid.<o mode by w lon& f_ .. ,.f,;d, Smyt/l ond __ -lo:r.owft Io!obI.-oo .. IIIb:nlo"*<i ........ Iloo ld Lon:s pl., ... ,., .... I, 10 not ~ ovailobW but .... be... .......... at Io:.d", _~ ..,.j at ./\ Jo.obi.. ~ "'" the 900'
Corl~, t.o..;Ion N<r.ormbe< 1993
Rft ..... n~ff
I\lnfey R ..... Co<>per S 199. Who'. «>rI>'Iinjj whol T_Wr ...J ~LlII-lJ
lUNey J. lOW! eo...,.. S 1\193 Who! to ,Il10 IhontI aoIlod '-'11;1 SM.oor l 19
_ B _ ...... I 1990 e.g...,. "'" I.«ey mriool*" _ &-- .15 U -Jj
......... L 1994 I:d '-'a ond the ....... IeJIoj." body r_ ~ 01 thr as... ~ Coo ... " , .......... "'" .&-l l Mot<h
I\ndenon B III&.! m..r,on/ """ ...... /it<, ~ ... ,,,,
~~.-J ...... '" .. ,,-'isoto Polity. !.-don Bo,H 0 BinnI< J C ...... J and V..rentino C 1994 All
hyp<d "" ond no pIoa to go GmMr, 1'IM>...v C.tl_ lll-41 _l l99JIuI. q ..... ita- V ... ,..F_~ ~,
BiooNe , l\I9l f.-..,.4tody .. II>< hoooe '" """ ,_ _"'" at '"'" pIoa oi __ =:aa .... UnI....aty ~ l.oNooft. Stpl""ba
Brodby B 1991 ~ .-.:I f"'P"I- ..- don ~ .-...tIn who 10 1linP>81 in CriIkn G .... a.....ritr, .btimo... ,.,.j ~, ",I/wt l'IuIo ....... """""" U&-11
B<isht 5 1990 F ......... Ieobion d ........... in s..,;, .. ,....n .• it>Moo fir _IJ 0eI0 P ..... Soo Fo_ 14H
s..-._ P ...d 11._ C "'" 1_ A _
- ' ~ 1"I'--,.."....... ..... I!QotIedg .. .....
n.. plaa 01 muoic
o.Q'" R 1 WJ u"fenln8 ~;..,..; .. , ml'>i< rninio(u,j .. & • d .... <OIlyp" of ~ .booll'<v~oIi<1o\ ifI o..ru.g S
..d, Tht 00"""/ studi" """" RooII..dg.. London
'"~ F,Mh S 1978 Tht.oril"w of,."d; e<>n<t .... , ~ Frith S 19~~ Coni ... .,... of . rock rnhc Nt«> 51,ft>_
2J A ugu>f 11- J Frith S 19117 Toww, on .... Ihriic 0/ p<lpuW m"'k: in
I.opport R -.I McClory S .do M"", "..,J ~, rio. ,.,/il,,, of """I""'imm. ~ .,./ mtpi"'" BJ-SO
Frith S 199~ The ",,'hu. l >tudy of ~ IN.IOic in G,oo.I><,S L N.lsom C and T,.1chI..- P .do C...r",,,,1 .. ..&. ~.og<, London 174-M
Frith S and M<Robbi. A 1978 Rod or.;! _w.Hty s....... U"",fWo, ~~ 1- 14
G..-b<rg L 1950 I •• h.,r< rod .ft", puokl "f"lttt«l 1990 in Fritlt S and Go<><Iwin A .0. 0. """" RooH.og<, London 111 _lJ
Hall M 1989 Privot< .. p<ti~ in Ii>< pubik: dotnoin, I<>biam in organiubom in IlNm J SII<ppord 0 T....,..d.$h.nff P ""d 1lwr.1l G «k Tht "",","1jI of otp>Ii",~"", s.g., London Sb-1O
Hopworth 0 1993 Tho kd L.w.g inl..v..... MajD. , IN roc/; '. ro" __ o..c.mbor 61- 10
Horion 0 1951 Tho d;..\og.,. 0/ cwmhip "' POPUIor oong r<'J"'<I~ 1990 in fritlt S ",d Co<><I .. n. A .0. 0. =<>nI Roo.I«lgr. London 14- ;\(>
j.ckoon P 1993 TOwaN" ClJlturol poIili<!! of c"""""r-1I0O'I in BiN J c...t", B Pum .... T RoM<I"", C ....:\ Ti<knot- L .0. M.lppi'\t I;'" ,.06" IMJ <wl_ zloNi doo'lf<' R~I.ogr, London Z07- l./I
ulth W 1993 EM, I, .~w _ ....J Il .... Ouuliful I1w I~ "" s-/oy 14 ~ruory 1
Lomon B 1992 " d, ~g _ . quiri Iifr Jlw Ad""",1i 1lO~, 16 r .... J3--,46
Uoyd A 191~ foil; "'"J: i. btgla..J PolaJin. London Mod .. M 199, Qu<.ot thought. "" """'try mU>i< anJ
kd lon,g in B",tt P Wo<><I E ond Thom .. C C <d< Qwmog ,;... pilik I;'" """ In ........ _ """"a>I"IlI RooII...!,g. , N.w Yorl; 257-71
MwtI S <d 1992 N"" ...... mli<i.oorl Horvet<r wt..".h •• f, Hm>d H<rnJ"I .. d
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PM)", S 1989 u",'iljl ,.,/it;", 1<>"",. f.,,,,,';_ mrJ ,;... Ii .. " of ",,",""";1jI Tomp!< Unl> .. oity Pr..., I'hi'""lphi.o
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Il<j<> M 1\l1l(I The ~ OCUIl<!ocop< .. . ronl<>l ..... ' 'ori<ntor...,.;c and I"",~ popul.r mu$k: Md; .. C.II.,. mrJ 5o<><ty 8 3,4J-S~
Rich It B 1991 0.. .fondi"8 by JI"'" gid Arl{onot. JO 19 Ri ......... D 195(1 U"~ w f'<'PUl.or mUSt< r<prinl.o
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Skophr'" J 1991 M_ .. _I 1<>1 ?O~1y rn... c:.rrori<l<!.
SrroItIt S 1994 Soundsap< Afflr >.6 l lJ2-00
St.;" A 199) ANir<>g)'llY 8"'" pop. 001 ;. ~ !..b.." m",ic1 "' Sir", A «l Si>I= ~ ~""'" ".,.,... tIN It</t,',. "".'"" P"'l!";" London %-1119
V.I.",; ... G 1993. N<gotioling and """'8"'8 .-..Ihpl. ..><wd 0l."I;~. Ie.bioo time.'I""" .1I.log;.. T""""""'" IJ/ tN lmIitJJ, of /lnti;l, Gtogntplttn 18 1.l1-18
V.I."'; .... G 1993b Desp«.ldy -!tins s...... . • !l">g'ophy of \<sb ..... friond.hil" lin, .15 109--16
WoUi. R .r><! M.1m K !9M P.II"",. of """so tq>rinlod !99O m Frith S and C.....twin A .0. Or mimi RouliodS" L->ndon 16O--M
WoI~ .. B 1991 lcd, IonS_ ii', • ~,,'" bd fun ~ "1'1'" • .0 So. fr • .a... I:'".",;"" 2 AugUR
Wmi. P 1990 C"""""" 00"" Op<n Unly",,,fy Pr .... Mill"" K<y ....
Will"" T 1995 _"j. i."",bl<, 1rWio .. mrJ,IN""";"t imIIg. 1lO<J1~. L->ndon
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