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The linguistic encoding of landscape in Lokono

Rybka, K.A.

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Citation for published version (APA):Rybka, K. A. (2016). The linguistic encoding of landscape in Lokono. Utrecht: LOT.

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English summary: The linguistic encoding of landscape in Lokono

This thesis investigates the how landscape elements are expressed linguistically in Lokono (Arawakan). As a background to the analysis, an account of language vitality and a description of the grammar of space are given. The linguistic analysis of landscape starts with landform terms, which form a system of non-lexicalized phrases sharing a generic term horhorho ‘landform’. The findings reveal that landscape vocabulary is organized on partonymic and spatial relations. Second, I discuss vegetation terms, which distinguish terms for dry and wet areas of vegetation. The results point to the body of environmental knowledge encoded in such vocabulary and the importance of socio-cultural practices in shaping the system of landscape classification. Third, I focus on place names, discussing their morphosyntactic, sociolinguistic, referential, and semantic properties. Lokono place names form a language-internally definable class, identified by the proper/generic distinction and the what/where distinction—a type of noun categorization discussed in the remaining chapters. What-nouns encode entities that are prototypical Figures, while the where-nouns encode entities that are prototypical Grounds. The distinction is found in the cognitively universal directionality component of the spatial expression and is based on the ontological properties of the referents. A comparative study of the distinctions in three languages identifies a hierarchy of nouns illustrating the likelihood of a noun being categorized as a what- or where-noun. The cline is analyzed in the light of the cognitive geography theory of objects and places, shedding light on which ontological properties of landscape are grammaticalized in language structure.

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Nederlandse samenvatting: De taalkundige codering van landschap in Lokono

Dit proefschrift onderzoekt de codering van landschap in de Lokono taal. Als achtergrond bij deze analyse wordt een beschrijving van de taalvitaliteit en de grammatica van ruimtelijke uitdrukkingen gegeven. De taalkundige analyse van landschap introduceert ten eerste termen voor terreinvormen, die een systeem van niet-gelexicaliseerde sintagma’s vormen die de generieke term horhorho 'terreinvorm' gemeenschappelijk hebben. De bevindingen laten zien dat het landschap-vocabulaire wordt ingedeeld aan de hand van partonimische en ruimtelijke relaties. Ten tweede bespreek ik termen voor vegetatie, die onderscheid maken tussen droge en natte gebieden. De resultaten wijzen op het totaal aan omgevingskennis dat gecodeerd is in een dergelijke woordenschat en op het belang van socio-culturele gebruiken in het vormgeven van het systeem van landschapsclassificatie. Ten derde richt ik me op plaatsnamen, waarbij ik hun morfosyntactische, sociolinguïstische, referentiële en semantische eigenschappen bespreek. Plaatsnamen in het Lokono vormen een groep die taal-intern definieerbaar is, en die geïdentificeerd kan worden door het onderscheid tussen de opposities eigen/generiek en wat/waar. Deze manier van categorisering van zelfstandige naamwoorden wordt besproken in de overige hoofdstukken. Zelfstandige naamwoorden van het type wat coderen entiteiten die prototypische Figures zijn, terwijl de waar-zelfstandige naamwoorden coderen entiteiten die prototypische Grounds zijn. Dit onderscheid is gelokaliseerd in de cognitief universele richtingscomponent van de uitdrukking van ruimte en is gebaseerd op de ontologische eigenschappen van de referenten. Een vergelijkend onderzoek naar dit onderscheid in drie talen heeft een hiërarchie van zelfstandige naamwoorden blootgelegd die de waarschijnlijkheid dat een zelfstandig naamwoord wordt gecategoriseerd als een wat- of als een waar-woord illustreert. Deze schaal wordt geanalyseerd in het licht van de theorie van objecten en plaatsen uit de cognitieve geografie, hetgeen licht werpt op de vraag welke ontologische eigenschappen van het landschap gegrammaticaliseerd worden middels taalstructuur.

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