THANH uv CAN THOBAN TUYEN GIA.O

DANG CQNG SAN VI~T NAM

* Can ThO', ngay 04 thang 10 ndm 2011. S6A1l -CV/BTGTU _

Vlv nghien cuu bed vi€! cua d6ng chiPham Xudn Htmg dang tren T(Jp chi

Cong san s6 thong 912011 .

~ • , ' ? ': -Bap Tuyen giao cac quan, huyen,VAN ~HONG' O~NG UY'"QliGf 'yen giao (Tuyen huan) cac dang uy tnrc thuoc Thanh uy.

CONG VAN DEN . .so: 4.~~ .

N . h' - 2 (gay ..o.f". t ang ...l.o.. nam QI....

Ban Tuyen giao Thanh uy sao gal dSn cac d6ng chi bai viSt"Thtrc hanh diin ch u trong Diing la iliiu kifn xiiy dung Diing viingmanh" cua d6ng chi PGS, TS Pham Xuan Hang, Truong Dai hoc Xa hoiva Nhan van, Dai hoc Quoc gia Ha NQi dang tren Tap chi Cong san s6thang 9/2011.

D@ nghi cac d6ng chi t6 chirc ph6 bien dSn can bQ, dang vientrong sinh hoat chi bQ.

NO'i nhan:- Nhir kfnh goi,- Lanh dao Ban,- Liru VP.

Nghien CL1'U - Trao doi

- PRAM XUA.N HANG*. ,

j'; tuimg H8 Chi Minb v§ diu: -chit liz S!f hoa qUYfn mrt each nhuimnhuyen m8i quan h~ cacb mang va khoa hoc, ditn tpc va dun chit, Eiing vadiin. Trih If dim chit ciuiNguoi lil nhirng chi gido sinh tl9ng oJ chung fatiip tuc xiiy dtmg diin chit xii h9i chil nghia, ma tnaic hit III trong n9i b9d0~~~ - -

1 - Hen mra th6 kYqua kS ill ngay Cach mangThimg Tam thanh cong, nr nrong H6 Chi Minhve xay dung va phat huy dan chu trong Bang o~xay dung nha mrcc cua nhan dan, do nhan dan,vi nhan dan, da tro thanh IDQt trong nhimg O?Ctnrng co ban cua then dai 11:6 Chi Minh.

Trong Tuyen ng6n D9C ldp, H6 Chi Minhnhftn manh: "Dan ta lai danh 06 ch@OQquan chum~y rmroi -th6 ky ma l?p nen ch~ dQ Dan chuCong hoa"(l). Ngiroi can noi sau khi khang chi~nthanh cong se "xay dung dan chu m61 d~ ti@nt61chu nghia xa hQi"(2). Nhir th~, cling co the hi~uxay dung ch~ dQ dan chu cong hoa Ia tien dS oetien len chu nghia xa hoi, la viec phai lam rong

- rai trong thai leYqua OQlen chu nghia xa hQi.Thang 19i cua cuoc T6ng tuyen cu .thang

1-1946 vim viec ra dm Quoc hQi va ban hanh_Hi€n phap d~u tien trong lich sir dan tQC, danhd§u rri6c phat tri~n nhay vot chua nrng co ve th~ch€ dan chu cua mroc nha. Do la Hi@n phap danchu khang dinh vi th~ chu nhan o§t nuoc thuocve nhan dan.Moi quyen hrc, quyen loi deu thuocnoidan. B~t d~u ID('>tthai dai IDa nguoi dan illkiep doi no 1~ cua ngan narn phongkien, tramnarn thuc dan oa hien ngangbuoc len vii daichinh tri nuoc nha. Thong qua do, Cach rnangThang Tam da dern lai cho nguoi dan quy~n lamchu d§t nuoc thirc su, cai IDa rigan narn truce e16khong c6.

Trang cac tac pham H6 Chi Minh d~ lai, c6 t61621~n Ngiroi d§ C?P d~n ch6 dQdan chu, 44lfuJnoi ve nen dan chu. Thea Ngiroi, thirc hanh danchu trong xa h(>iIa-'Thuc hanh dan chu de lamcho dan ai cling dircc hirong quyen dan chu tudO"(3). Trang bai Thuong thtrc chinh tri, H6 ChiMinh -danh IDQt mvc noi vS ch@dQ dan -chu t?Ptrung va khang dinh: "Tap trung tren n€n tangddn chu" voi "Phuong cham, chinh sach, nghiquyet cua Bang -d~u do qulin chung dang vient?P trung kinh nghiem va y kien lai ma thanh,R6i lai do cac h('>inghi cua Dang thao lu~n giaiquyet, clnr khong ai duoc W Y dQc doan"(4). C6th~ coi d~y 1a giao hu§n cua Bac v§ quy trinhxay dung 'chinh sach cua Dang va Nha mroc. ViIe, chi co "Che d9 ddn chit tdp trung khien chotoan the nhan dan ... deu tro nen chu nhan chanchinh cua mroc nha"(5). V~ phuong thtrc xaydung Dang, Bac lai chi rd: "Trong Bang thuchanh dan chu rong rai, tlnrcng xuyen va nghiemchinh tirphe binh va phe binh la each t6t nhii d€

>I< PGS, TS, Truong Dai hoc Khoa h9C Xii hQi va Nhallvan, Dai h9C Quoc gia Ha N9i

(1) H6 Chi Minh: Toan 't{ip, Nxb. Chinh tri qu6c gia,Ha Ne>i 2000, t. 4, tr. 3

(2), (3) H6 chi Minh: Sad, t. 5, tr. 551,30

(4), (5) H6 Chi Minh: Sad, t. 7, tr. 240, 219

N ghien ciru - Trao doi

cung c6 va phat trien su dean ket va thong nhatcua D,'mg"(6).

Tro v~ vci tu tuong H6 Chi Minh, chung tathay, trong thai ky d6i moi, tu nrong v~ dan chucua Dang, ta ciing nrng biroc phat trien. Muc tieuxay d\II1g d~t mroc ducc ~ac dinh qua cac ky daihoi, trong do nhan thirc v~ dan chu va vi tri cua nocling d~n d~n sang r5.

Hci nghi giira nhiern ky khoa VII cua Dang i~nd~u tien khang dinh muc tieu xay dung d~t:nuacla "Dan giau, nucc manh, xii h(3i cong bang, vanminh ". Nghi quyet Dai hoi VII~ khang dinh laimuc tieu do. Dai hQi IX co buoc ti~n moi, duathem khai niem ddn chit. VaG muc tieu, thanh"Dan giau, nuoc manh, xa hoi cong biing, ddn .chu, van minh ". Dai hor X tiep tuc khang dinhmuc tieu nay. Nay, Cuong linh xay dung d~t mroctrong thai ky 'qua do len chu nghia xa hoi (sua d6i,b6 sung nam 2011) va Bao cao chinh tri tai Daih01 XI khang dinh muc tieu xay dung d~t mroc la"Dan giau, nuirc manh, ddn chit, cong bang, vanminh ". Co th@thay, viec nhan dien dan chu va vitri cua no trong muc tieu xay dung d~t mroc ciingla mot qua trinh.

Truce khi di xa, Chu tich H6 Chi Minh noidi~u mong muon cu6i cling cua Ngiroi 13."ToanDang, toan dan ta dean k~t phan d~u, xay dungmot mroc Vl~t N am hoa binh, thong nhat, doc lap,dan chu va giau manh'<". Ba muoi sau nam quamroc nha da co hoa binh, thong nhat, doc l~p, naynhiem vu xay dung mot xa hQi dan chu, giau manhlei nhiem vu toan Dang, toan dan dang thirc hienthee Di chuc cua Nguoi.

2 - B~t luan trong hoan canh nao thi dan chutrong khuon kho phap 1u~t luonvila 1a dong h,rc,vila 13.m\lc tieu phat tri~n d~t nuac. Khi cac chutruang, chinh sach dUQc xay d\II1gva th1,1'cthi mQteach dan chil thi qu~n chung hi~u r5 hon quy€nlQ'iva trach nhi~m, d6ng thai,tham gia ngay mQthang h,li hon, thanh cong s..ecang d~y dll, mauchong han nhu Bac H6 dff chi r5. Nhu th~, dan chil1£1phuang thuc t~p hQ1J suc m<;mhtoan dan toc, m£1truac h~t 1£1suc m~nhtri tu~, ni€m tin, c6ng hi@nva ph\lng S\l'. Suy ra, dan chil la n€n tang lam chodan tQc truang t6n, phat tri€n vfrng chic vacungsuy ra r~ng, strc m~nh cua Dangphai t~p trung

QUQ'ccao nh~t sire manh cua dan toethong quaphat huy dan chu trong Dang va trong xa hoi,

Xet tir tham sau lich su dan tQc d@nnay, co th~noi rang, trong ill duy va hanh dong cua nguoiViet, y thuc dQc l~p dan -tgc daJdang rnang tinhxuyen su6t lich su mroc nha va tro thanh sire manhtruyen thong lam nen van hi~n dan toe. D6 la mottrong nhimg net n6i trci trong lich S11nr nrong VietN am cling nhu trong thuc ti~n dung mroc va giftmroc. Con y thirc dan chu, xet theo chi~u dai lichsir dan tQc, v§.n dang la y§u t6 moi, hinh thanhtrong thoi dai H6 Chi Minh, b~t d~u ill thang loicua Cach mang Thang Tam 1945.

Trong ca ch§ hoat dong cua Bang, Nha mrocta thi tinh dang la dam net, tinh dan tQc la truyenthong, con tinh dan chu, tuy da dat duoc nhi@ubucc ti§n (qua thuc hien nguyen tic xay dungDang la "tap trung dan ChU"(8) trong Bang, tinhnhan dan trong quan h~ Dang va dan), nhung v§.ncon la ySu t6 cham c16imci, chira dap img yeuGiu phat trien, d~c biet so voi yeu Giu vi tri cuaDang c~m quyen. Phai chang, v~n d~ c6t 15i cuathuc hanh dan chu trong Dang, truce hSt la xacl?p ducc ca chS thtrc hanh dan chu trong Dang vatrong xa hQi mot each cu th@hon tren cac Iinh Vl,IC

xay dung Dang v€ chinh tri, nr nrong, t6 chirc vacong tac can bo.

N6} nhu th§, khong co nghia Dang ta chira conhiing quy dinh v~ dan chu trong cac linh Vl,IC heatdong noi tren. Nhung, tai sac hieu lire va hieu quachira dat ducc muc dich d~ ra. Nhirng quy dinh §,ycan thieu cu th~, hay cong tac kiem tra, giam satcua ban than cac h~ thong chirc nang cua Dangchira du nang I1,1'Cva sire chi~n d~u? Co le.ca hai,co ch~ va con nguoi! .

. 3 - Cuang 11nhxay dvng d~t nuac trong thaiIcy qua <1Qlen chu nghia xa hQi (b6 sung, phat tri~n.nam 2011) xac dinh: "Dan' chit xCih(3i chit nghia1<1b~m ch~t cua ch~ dQ ta, vila la m\lc tieu, wala dQng l1,rccua S1,1'phat tri~n d~t nuac. Xay d\l'llgva tUng buac ho~m thi~n nen dan chu xa hQi chungma, bao dam dan chu duQ'c th\1'chi~n-trong th\1'c

. t~ cUQc s6ng (; m6i dp, tren t~t eft cac llnh V\l'C.

(6), (7) H6 Chi Minh: Sad, t. 12,·tr. 497 - 498, 512

(8) Trong di cao cLla H6 Chi Minh, cling c6 nhibu ch6·NgLn'ri gQila "Dan eM t~ptrung"

N ghien cuu - Trao doi

Dan chu gan li§n voi kY luat, kY cuong va 'phaiduoc th§ che h6a bang phap lu~t,d1Xgc phap lu~tbao dam"(9). Tir duong 16i cua Cuong linh, suy rav~n d§ dan chu, kY luat, 10' cuong la y~u t6 xuyensuet tren t~t ca cac linh vue cua thoi ky qua dQ,dong thai, dieu lam nen gia tri hien thuc chinh laDuong 16i tren phai diroc th~ ch~ h6a bang phapluat, dircc phap luat bao dam.

Chi€n luoc phat trien kinh t~ - xa hoi 2011-2020chi TO: "Coi trong mo Tong dan chu true tiep trongxay 'dl,l11gDa~g' va xay dung chinh quyen, khacphuc tinh trang Dang buong long sir lanh dao hoacbao bien lam thay chirc nang, nhiem vu quan lydi§u hanh cua chinh quy~n"~IO).Hien tuong Dangbuong long su lanh dao la xu~t phat nr leY luat, leYcuong chira ducc coi trong. Dang bao bien lamthay chirc nang quan ly cua Nha mroc la bieu hiencua sir khong khoa hoc v~ chinh tri, chira dat yeudu v§ dan chu ngay trong h~ thong chinh trio

Dan chu la mot bieu hien cua nang hrc lanhdao va sire chien d~u cua t6 clnrc dang va dirocxem xet ngay tir trong sinh hoat dang. Do do, yeuc~u "That S\I phat huy dan chu trong sinh hoatdang" nr sinh heat chi bQ,'sinh heat cftp uy a ca sad~n sinh hoat Ban Bi thir, BQ Chinh tri, Ban Ch~phanh Trung irong; d6ng thai gifr nghiem ky lu~ttrong Dang"(ll).

D~ huy dQng, phat huy t6i da sire manh toandan toe, Bao cao chinh tri tai Dai hoi XI cua Dangchi ro: "L~y muc tieu xay dung mot mrcc VietNam hoa binh, doc l?p, thong nhat, toan ven lanhth6, dan giau, mrocmanh, dan chu, cong bang, van'minh lam di~m tuong d6ng ... d~ t~p hgp, doan k~tmQi nguai VaGm?t tr?ll chung, tang cuang d6ngthu~n xa hQi"(12).Day la chu truong t~p hgp sucm?nh toan dan toc trong sv nghi~p xay dl,l11gvabao v~ T6 qu6c tren ca sa ma rong dan chud~ t~phgp tri tu~, long tin va S\T dong g6p ph\mg sv T6qu6c cua toan th~ cQng d6ng Vi~t Nam trong vangoai nuac.

4 - Dan chu trong Dang mang y nghia quyStdinh d~n dai sbng dan chu trong xi'! h"oi. D::mg taill nhan dan ma ra, vi nhan dan ma ph\1c V\1,ngoai19i ich Cllanhan dan, Dang ta khang c6 lqi 1ch naokhac. Do d6, "tang CHang dan chu trong Dang vaphat huyquy§n lam Chll cua nhfm dfm la nQi dungquan trQng cua d6i mai thinh tri phai duqc tien

hanh dong bQ voi d6i rnoi kinh t€"(13).D~ lam tronSlY rnenh vi; vang d6 va d~ huy dong tbi da siremanh toan dan toe, tnroc het, tinh dan chu phai tronen d~m net hon trong sinh heat dang cling nhutrong phuong thirc lanh dao cua Dang:

MQt diem moi cua Dc,tihoi XI cua Dang la da:xac dinh: "G~n quyen han voi trach nhiern trongviec thirc hien chirc nang lanh dao cua cac dp uydang", Quyen han va trach nhiem tren cua cac dpuy, c6 nghia la cua toan h~ thong Dang. Day lamot quan di~m Ion, quan trong, c6 y nghia hoanthien, nang cao trach nhiern lich sir cua Dang trongS\T nghiep xay dung va bao v~ d~t mroc. Dang tala dang' earn quyen nen quyen han va trach nhiem

,r~t Ion, song moi quan h~ giira quyen han va trachnhiern dirong nhir chua diroc giai quyet mot eachkhoa hoc. Trong pham vi lanh dao cua minh, cacdp uy c6 quyen han rfit Ion, quyet dinh nhimg vfind@quan trong cua moi linh V1JCdoi song xa hQi,cuoc song cua nhan dan, nhirng trachnhiem cuad.p uy dirong nhir chtra diroc gin voi phap Iuat,moi dung a trach nhiem d.p uy, trach nhiem congdan. Tlnrc ti§n fiy chua th~ nang t~m chirc nang,nhiem Y\1 cua t6 clnrc dang cac d.p.

Ro rang, mot khi quyen hrc chinh tri r~t Ian. thi tftt y~u phai g~n voi trach nhiem tuong img

moi bao dam tinh khoa hoc, ma trach nhiem phaiduoc th@ ch~ hoa mot each C\1th~, tire lu~t h6ava bao dam bang hl~t. Quyen hrc khong gin li§nvoi phap lu?t thi qUYSnhrc d§ rei VaGtrang thaivo bien. Quan di~m cua Dai hoi XI cua Dang g~nquyen han vai trach nhi~m trong vi~c th1,l'Chi~nchuc nang HInh d?o cua cac d.p uy la nh~m giaiquy~t thfiu dao mbi quan h~ d6.

Di§u 4 Hi€n phap nuac Cong' hoa xa hQi chungma Vi~t Nam da xac dinh.vi tri, vai tro lanh G?Ocua Bang CQng san Vi~t Nam dbi vai Nha nuoc,

,vai h~ thbng chinh tri va toan xa hQi. Vi tn, vai tra~y la tfit y~u lich su Clla qua trinh each m?ng Vi~tN am. Tuy v~y, nen chang v~n C§n lu~t h6a trachnhi~m cua chinh dang c~m quy§n trong chucnang lanh d?o Nha lluac. MQi Chll,th~ clla Nhanuac hI Trung uong t6i ca sa, M~t tr~n T6 qubc

(9), (10), (11), (12), (13) Viin ki¢n D9i h(!i dgi biiu toangLide Ian tln'1' Xl, Nxb. Chinh tyj qu6c gia - Sl,T th?t, Ha N(>i,2011, tr. 84 -:-85,145,259,239" 240,145

N ghien ciru - Trao doi

Viet Nam va cac t6 chirc chinh tri - xa hoi d~u'" ..

da co luat. Phai chang, chu tnrong cua Dai hoiXI la can nghien ciru "lam sang to mot s6 v~n d~v~ dang earn quyen'"!", nen chang duoc bat diubang viec d~t v~n d~ bao dam 6~ng phap luat aquy mo cao nhat cho cac hoat dong cua Dang, nhatla khi Dang ta dang lanh dao xay dung Nha nuccphap quyen xa hoi chu nghia, mot nha mroc mangdarn ban ch~t dan chu xa hoi chu nghia, Quyenluc chinh tri r~t 100 phai duoc g~n chat voi trachnhiem phap iu~t r~t cao.

Tir phan tich tren cho thay, da d~n luc dn phaithuc hanh dan chu trong Dang bang vi~c to an bQh~ thong Dang phai chiu trach nhiern thee luatdinh mot each cu thS trong thirc hien clnrc nanglanh dao Nha mroc va xa hoi. Dang lanh dao bangchien hroc, chu tnrong, dirong l6i va nhtrng quandiem 100; Dang lanh dao thong qua t6 clnrc dangva bang hanh dong girong miu cua dang vien. D6la tinh thin nhat quan cua N ghi quyet D':1ihoi XIcua Dang,

Hanh dong girong m~u cua dang vien chi diroctoi ren va khang dinh trong moi tnrong sinh heatdang thuc sv dan chu. Moi tnrong dan chu trongDang tnrochet la/luon la moi tnrong tv phe binhva phe binh tlnrong xuyen va nghiem chinh. Dayla moi tnrong t6t nh~t d~ t':10su phat trien, thongnh~t cua Dang. Thirc t~ hien nay cho thay, vii khitv phe binh va phe binh lam cho Dang vtrng rnanhchira ducc chu trong thuong xuyen a nhieu t6clnrc dang.

Trong tic pham S~'raa6i 16i lam viec, Chu tichHE>Chi Minh da d~ c~p tv phe binh va phe binhtheo nghia la mot nguyen t~c t6 chirc cua DangCong san. Nguoi d~c biet quan tam lam th~ naodS Dang ta luon giG: duqc ban ch~t t6t d~p, dunang h,rc va phim ch~t lanh d':1ova dua sv nghi~peach m~mg cua dan tQc di d~n th~ng 19i hoan toanoNgum chi r5: "MQt dan tQc,mQt dang va m6i connguai, ngay horn qua Ia vI d<;ii,c6 suc h~p din lan,khong nh~t dinh h0m nay va ngay mai vin dugcm9i nguai yeu m~n va ca ngqi, n~u Iong- d<;ikhongtrong sang nua, n~u sa VaGchu nghia ca nhan"(I5).

Chu tich H5 Chi Minh cling canh bao, n~u chodng mQt dang vfrng m<:inhIa mQt dang khong h~c6 sai lim khuy~t di~m gi, thi d6 Ia Chll quan duyy chi. Trong th\1c ti~n d~u trarih each m'img, Dang

" .-.l.._

ta khong ngirng tnrong thanh, vtrng rnanh ca ve nrtuong, t6 chirc va can bo, nhirng trong qua trinhd~u tranh lau dai va gian kh5 ~y, khong th~ tranhkhoi c6 nhirng ngiroi mac phai sai lam, tham chibi@nchat. D6 la cai nhin bien clnrng v@con nguoiva xa hoi. Ban linh va phfrm ch~t cua Dang ta laa ch6, c6 du kha nang va dung khi nhin ra va suachtra nhtrng sai lam, 'khuyet diem cua minh. Chutich HE>Chi Minh chi r5: "mot Dang ma gi~u giemkhuyet diSm cua mirih la mot Dang hong. MQtDang c6 gan thira nhan khuyet diem cua minh,vach r6 nhtrng cai do, vi dau ma co khuyet di~mdo, xet r5 hoan canh sinh ra khuyet diem do, r5itim kiSm moi each d~ sua chtra khuyet di~m do.Nhir th§ la mot Dang tien bQ, manh dan, chacchan, chan chinh"(16).

Mu6n thirc hien t6t tv phe birih va phe binh,dn tao ra mot moi tnrong dan chu. Trong nQi bQDang, trach nhiem d6 thuoc v~ ngiroi lanh dao."N~u can bQ khong n6i nang, khong d~ y kien,khong phe binh ... , th~ la mot hien tuong r~t x§.u.Vi khong phai ho khong c6 gi n6i, nhimg vi hokhong dam noi, ho S9'. ThS la m~t het dan chu trongDang. Th~ la nQi bQ cua Dang am u, can bQtro nennhtrng cai may, trong long u~t ire, khong dam n6ira, do u~t UC rna hoa ra oan ghet, chan nan"?".Tinh trang nay v~n th~y a noi nay noi khac, dp

. nay c~p khac. Di~u Bac day hon 60 nam truce,horn nay vin mang tinh thoi sir n6ng bong.

Trong b6i canh hien nay, khi ·dp tren c6 th~d~ dang phe binh dp duoi, thi cling dn c6 b~nlinh lang nghe y kib g6p y, phan bien cua dpdiroi, cua nhan dan d~ nang cao trinh dQ chuyenmon, hoan thien nhan each va phuong tlnrc lanhdao. Mu6n vay, doi hoi D<'mgta phai la bi~u tU()'ngdim chu mau m1;CC nhdt, co du ban Hnh l~ng nghey ki~n gop y, phan bi~n, phe binh cua quin chungqhan dan dS hoan thi~n duang 16i va phuong thucHinh d<:io,nang cao trinh dQ chuyen mon, hoanthi~n nhan each cua dQi ngu can bo, dang vien,xung dang. vai Jich su hao hung cua Dang va ni~mtin cua nhan dan.O .

(14) Van ki¢11 Dqi h(Ji Xl ao dan, tr. 255

(15) H6 Chi Minh: Sad, t.I2, tr. 557 - 558

(16), (17) H6 Chi Minh: Sad, t. 5; tr. 261, 280