utilisation of construction-related mobile apps in
TRANSCRIPT
i
UTILISATION OF CONSTRUCTION-RELATED MOBILE APPS IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
LEW JIA CHUN
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
ii
DECLARATION OF THESIS / UNDERGRADUATE PROJECT PAPER AND COPYRIGHT
Author’s full name : LEW JIA CHUN_________________________________________________
Date of birth : 25th JANUARY 1994____________________________________________
Title : UTILISATION OF CONSTRUCTION-RELATED ______________________
MOBILE APPS IN CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY_________________
Academic Session : 2017/2018___________________________________________________
I declare that this thesis is classified as :
I acknowledged that Universiti Teknologi Malaysia reserves the right as follows:
1. The thesis is the property of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia.
2. The Library of Universiti Teknologi Malaysia has the right to make copies for the purpose
of research only.
3. The Library has the right to make copies of the thesis for academic exchange.
Certified by :
SIGNATURE SIGNATURE OF SUPERVISOR
940125-01-5565 ASSOC.PROF.SR.DR KHERUN NITA ALI
(IC NUMBER) (SUPERVISOR’S NAME)
Date : 10th JUNE 2018 Date : 10th JUNE 2018
NOTES : * If the thesis is CONFIDENTAL or RESTRICTED, please attach with the letter from the organization with period and reasons for confidentiality or restriction.
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGI MALAYSIA
√
CONFIDENTIAL (Contains confidential information under the Official Secret
Act 1972)*
RESTRICTED (Contains restricted information as specified by the
organization where research was done)*
OPEN ACCESS I agree that my thesis to be published as online open access
(full text)
PSZ 19:16 (Pind. 1/07)
i
SUPERVISOR’S DECLARATION
“I/We* hereby declare that I/We* have read this thesis and in my/our* opinion this
thesis is sufficient in terms of scope and quality for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Science (Construction)
Signature :
Name of Supervisor I : ASSOC.PROF.SR.DR KHERUN NITA ALI
Date : 10th
JUNE 2018
Signature :
Name of Second Reader : PROF.DR ABDUL GHANI BIN KHALID
Date : 10th
JUNE 2018
* Delete as necessary
ii
UTILISATION OF CONSTRUCTION-RELATED MOBILE APPS IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
LEW JIA CHUN
A report submitted partial fulfillment of the
Requirements for the award of the degree of
Bachelor of Science (Construction)
Faculty of Built Environment
Universiti Teknologi Malaysia
June 2018
iii
DECLARATION
I declare that this thesis entitled “UTILISATION OF
CONSTRUCTION-RELATED MOBILE APPS IN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY” is the result of my own research except as cited in the reference. The
thesis has not been accepted for any degree and is not concurrently submitted in
candidature of any other degree.
Signature :
Name : LEW JIA CHUN
Date : 10th
JUNE 2018
iv
DEDICATION
Special thanks to my beloved parents, family members
and friends for their support, help and understanding
Thanks for everything
v
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
My deep and sincere gratitude goes to Assoc. Prof. Sr. Dr Kherun Nita Ali
who expertly provides precious advice, guidance and comments for my research.
Thanks for the willingness to spend her valuable time and share me with a lot of
information and knowledge needed. Apologize also goes to her for any mistake or
inconvenience brought to her during the entire process to complete this research.
My appreciation also extends to the main contractors in Johor Bahru who
contribute to the completion of questionnaire as well as my beloved coursemates
who willing to accompany me in the process of distribution of questionnaires to the
main contarctors.
Lastly, i would like to acknowledge with thankful to my beloved family who
always give me the motivation, encouragement and supports along the road in
processing my research, they all kept me going and without them this research would
not have been completed on time.
vi
ABSTRACT
Integration of mobile technology like a smartphone with mobile apps can
assist the real working environment, for example provide the mobile inspection,
real-time environmental data streamlining and problem-solving within time-frame
which enhance the mobility in the jobsite operation. Most of the construction
professionals are aware that the existence of construction apps but the usage of
construction apps is almost silent. Therefore, there is exist incomplete picture about
the usage level of construction-related mobile apps in Malaysian construction
industry. Hence, this research aims to determine the current level of usage as well
as the factors affecting the usage of construction apps among the main contractors.
A quantitative approach through questionnaire survey was distributed to the G6 and
G7 main contractors in Johor Bahru through email, google form and by hand.
Targeted respondents must own mobile devices and they are part of management
level such as project manager, construction manager, site engineer, site supervisor
and so forth. There were 67 sets of questionnaires that have been collected and
analysed using descriptive analysis assisted by frequency distribution and mean score
method. Based on the findings, the usage level in terms of utilisation was high,
however in terms of frequency was at medium level. The factors affect the usage of
construction-related mobile apps among the main contractors in the construction
industry are convenience, internet connectivity as well as app rating and review. In
nutshell, the construction companies, government and app developers had obtained a
complete picture and overview of the existing issues regarding the usage level as
well as the factors affecting the usage of the construction apps. Thus, the
improvement and proper actions should be carried out for sustainable development of
the ICT in the construction industry.
vii
ABSTRAK
Integrasi teknologi mudah alih seperti telefon pintar dengan aplikasi mudah
alih boleh membantu persekitaran kerja yang mencabar, contohnya menyediakan
pemeriksaan dan pemantauan secara mudah alih, menyelesaikan masalah dalam
jangka masa yang tertentu dan meningkatkan pergerakan dalam operasi tempat
bekerja. Kebanyakan profesional pembinaan menyedari bahawa kewujudan aplikasi
pembinaan tetapi penggunaan aplikasi pembinaan hampir diam. Oleh itu, terdapat
gambaran yang tidak lengkap mengenai tahap penggunaan aplikasi mudah alih yang
berkaitan dengan pembinaan di industri pembinaan Malaysia. Oleh itu, kajian ini
bertujuan untuk menentukan tahap penggunaan semasa serta faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi penggunaan aplikasi pembinaan di kalangan kontraktor utama.
Pendekatan kuantitatif melalui soal selidik telah diedarkan kepada G6 dan G7
kontraktor utama di Johor Bahru melalui e-mel, borang google dan melawati syarikat
pembinaan secara langsung. Responden yang disasarkan mesti memiliki peranti
mudah alih dan mereka adalah sebahagian daripada tahap pengurusan seperti pengurus
projek, pengurus pembinaan, jurutera tapak, penyelia tapak dan sebagainya.
Terdapat 67 set soal selidik yang telah dikumpulkan dan dianalisis dengan
menggunakan analisis deskriptif dibantu oleh pengagihan kekerapan dan kaedah skor
min. Berdasarkan penemuan, tahap penggunaan dari segi penggunaan adalah tinggi,
namun dari segi kekerapan hanya berada pada peringkat sederhana. Faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi penggunaan aplikasi mudah alih berkaitan pembinaan di
kalangan kontraktor utama dalam industri pembinaan adalah kemudahan, sambungan
internet serta penarafan dan ulasan aplikasi. Secara kesimpulan, syarikat pembinaan,
kerajaan dan pemaju aplikasi telah memperoleh gambaran lengkap dan gambaran
mengenai isu-isu yang sedia ada mengenai tahap penggunaan serta faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi penggunaan aplikasi pembinaan. Oleh itu, peningkatan dan tindakan
yang sepatutnya perlu dilakukan untuk pembangunan ICT dalam industri pembinaan
lestari.
viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER TITLE PAGE
TITLE PAGE
DECLARATION iii
DEDICATION iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT v
ABSTRACT vi
ABSTRAK vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS viii
LIST OF TABLES xiv
LIST OF FIGURES xvii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xix
LIST OF APPENDICES xxi
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background 2
1.2 Problems Statement 4
1.3 Research Questions 6
1.4 Research Aims and Objectives 7
1.5 Research Scope 7
1.6 Research Significance 8
ix
1.7 Research Methodology 8
1.7.1 Data Collection 9
1.7.2 Data Analysis 10
1.8 Proposed Chapter Organisation 12
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 14
2.2 Mobile Technology 15
2.3 Mobile Devices 16
2.4 Mobile Applications (Apps) 17
2.4.1 Mobile Apps Type 18
2.4.2 Characteristics 18
2.4.3 Mobile Operating System 21
2.4.4 Marketplace 23
2.4.5 Features 24
2.5 Information and Communication Technology (ICT)
in the Construction Industry 29
2.6 The Internet of Things (IoT) in Construction Industry 31
2.6.1 Safety Management 32
2.6.2 Design 32
2.6.3 Materials Tracking 33
2.6.4 Equipment Monitoring and Repair 33
2.7 Mobile Technology in Construction Industry 34
2.8 Mobile Devices in Jobsite Operation 34
2.8.1 Utilisation of Mobile Devices in Jobsite
x
Operation 35
2.9 Mobile Apps in Construction Industry 36
2.9.1 Construction Apps Functional Area 38
2.9.2 Classification of Construction-Related
Mobile Apps According Job Scope 44
2.9.3 Factors Affecting Usage of Construction-
Related Mobile Apps in Construction
Industry 52
2.10 Summary 55
3 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 56
3.2 Phase 1: Preliminary Study 57
3.3 Phase 2: Literature Review 58
3.4 Phase 3: Data Collection 58
3.4.1 Research Population 59
3.4.2 Research Sampling 60
3.4.3 Research Instrument 61
3.5 Phase 4: Data Analysis and Findings 67
3.5.1 Frequency Distribution 67
3.5.2 Mean 68
3.6 Phase 5: Report Writing 70
3.7 Summary 70
4 FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction 71
xi
4.2 Questionnaire Delivered 72
4.3 Respondent’s Background Information 75
4.3.1 Respondent’s Position 75
4.3.2 Respondent’s Educational Background 78
4.3.3 Respondent’s Working Experience 79
4.3.4 Respondent’s Ownership of Mobile Devices 80
4.4 Usage Level of Construction-Related Mobile Apps in
the Construction Industry 81
4.4.1 Usage of Apps in Design Process 82
4.4.2 Usage of Apps in Tendering Process 83
4.4.3 Usage of Apps in information Requirement
Process 84
4.4.4 Usage of Apps in Construction Process 86
4.4.5 Usage of Apps in Construction Maintenance
Process 88
4.4.6 Overall Usage of Apps in Construction
Industry 89
4.4.7 Usage Frequency of Apps in Design Process 91
4.4.8 Usage Frequency of Apps in Tendering
Process 93
4.4.9 Usage Frequency of Apps in Information
Requirement Process 94
4.4.10 Usage Frequency of Apps in Construction
Process 95
xii
4.4.11 Usage Frequency of Apps in Construction
Maintenance Process 98
4.4.12 Overall Usage Frequency of Apps in the
Construction Industry 99
4.4.13 Summary Usage Level of Construction-
Related Mobile Apps in Construction
Industry 100
4.5 Factors Affecting the Usage of Construction-Related
Mobile Apps in Construction Industry 101
4.5.1 Influences of App Characteristics in Terms
of Apps Usage 102
4.5.2 Influences of Potential Problems in Terms
of Apps Usage 103
4.5.3 Influences of App Features in Terms of
Apps Usage 105
4.5.4 Summary of Factors Affecting Usage of
Construction-Related Mobile Apps in
Construction Industry 106
5 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction 108
5.2 Research Conclusion 109
5.2.1 Usage Level of Construction-Related
Mobile Apps in Construction Industry 109
5.2.2 Factors Affecting the Usage of
xiii
Construction-Related Mobile Apps in
Construction Industry 110
5.2.3 Relationships between Factors Affecting
Apps Usage with Apps Usage Level among
Contractors in Construction Industry 110
5.3 Research Limitation 112
5.4 Recommendations for Future Research 113
REFERENCE
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
xiv
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE
NO. TITLE PAGE
2.1 Mobile App Types 18
2.2 Mobile Applications Categories 27
2.3 Information Required on Contruction Site 37
2.4 Functional Areas 37
2.5 Functional Areas with Construction Apps 44
2.6 Functional Areas, Construction Apps with its Use 45
2.7 Apps in Design Phase 49
2.8 Apps in Tendering Phase 49
2.9 Apps in Requirement Phase 50
2.10 Apps in Construction Phase 50
2.11 Apps in Maintenance Phase 51
3.1 Phase in Research Methodology 57
3.2 Population of Grade 6 & 7 Registered Contractor in Johor
Bahru 60
3.3 Flow of Questionnaire 61
3.4 Integration of Functional Areas 63
3.5 Construction Apps Selection 65
3.6 Questionnaire’s Indication 68
3.7 The Level of Mean Scale 69
xv
4.1 Questionnaire Delivered Status 72
4.2 Contractor's Grade 73
4.3 Lists of Contractor Companies 74
4.4 Amount of Respondents According Department &
Position 75
4.5 Respondent's Educational Background 78
4.6 Respondent's Working Experience 79
4.7 Respondent's Ownership of Mobile Devices 80
4.8 Mean Scale for Level of Usage 81
4.9 Lists of Apps Used in Design Process 82
4.10 Lists of Apps Used in Tendering Process 84
4.11 Lists of Apps in Information Requirement Process 85
4.12 Lists of Apps in Construction Process 86
4.13 Lists of Apps in Construction Maintenance Process 88
4.14 Detailed Apps Usage in Construction Industry 90
4.15 Performed Tasks in Design Process 92
4.16 Performed Tasks in Tendering Process 93
4.17 Performed Tasks in Information Requirement Process 94
4.18 Performed Tasks in Construction Process 96
4.19 Performed Tasks in Construction Maintenance Process 98
4.20 Detailed of Usage Frequency of Apps in Construction
Industry 100
4.21 Mean Scale for Level of Agreement 101
4.22 Detailed of App Characteristics 102
xvi
4.23 Detailed of Potential Problems 104
4.24 Detailed of App Features 105
4.25 Summary of Factors Affecting Usage of Apps 107
xvii
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE
NO. TITLE PAGE
1.1 Research Flow Chart 11
2.1 Smartphone Satisfaction Rate 21
2.2 Popularity of App Categories 27
2.3 Construction Applications 38
2.4 Available Apps in Construction Process 48
4.1 Questionnaire Delivered Status 72
4.2 Contractor's Grade 73
4.3 Percentage of Respondent's Position 76
4.4 Percentage of Respondents by Department 77
4.5 Percentage of Respondent's Educational Background 78
4.6 Percentage of Respondent's Working Experience 79
4.7 Percentage of Respondent's Ownership of Mobile Devices 80
4.8 Apps Usage Percentage in Design Process 83
4.9 Apps Usage Percentage in Tendering Process 84
4.10 App Usage Percentage in Information Requirement
Process 85
4.11 Apps Usage Percentage in Construction Process 87
4.12 Apps Usage Percentage in Construction Maintenance
Process 88
xviii
4.13 Apps Usage Percentage in Construction Industry
According Process 90
4.14 Summary of Apps Usage in Construction Industry 91
4.15 Usage Frequency of Apps in Design Process 92
4.16 Usage Frequency of Apps in Tendering Process 93
4.17 Usage Frequency of Apps in Information Requirement
Process 95
4.18 Usage Frequency of Apps in Construction Process 97
4.19 Usage Frequency of Apps in Construction Maintenance
Process 99
4.20 Summary of Usage Frequency of Apps According to
Process 100
4.21 Influences of App Characteristics in Terms of Apps Usage 103
4.22 Influences of Potential Problems in Terms of Apps Usage 104
4.23 Influences of App Features in Terms of Apps Usage 106
4.24 Factor Affecting Usage of Apps 107
xix
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
ABBREVIATION
FULL NAME
ICT - Information and Communication Technology
IoT - Internet of Things
IT - Information Technology
LTE - Long-Term Evolution
RFI - Request for Information
EDM - Electronic Document Management
BQ - Bill of Quantities
CAD - Computer Aided Design
QC - Quality Control
QA - Quality Assurance
CMA - Construction Management Application
M2M - Machine-to-Machine
OS - Operating System
GPS - Global Positioning System
CPU - Central Processing Unit
PDA - Personal Digital Assistant
APP - Application
CIDB - Construction Industry Development Board
SSL - Secure Socket Layer
xx
URL - Uniform Resource Locator
SDKs - Software Development Kits
IDE - Integrated Development Environment
PC - Personal Computer
UIDs - Unix User Identifiers
xxi
LIST OF APPENDIX
APPENDIX
TITLE
A - TOTAL POPULATION & SAMPLE SIZE
B - APPS CATEGORISATION & SELECTION
C - QUESTIONNAIRE
xxii
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Information-intensive is a primary characteristic of construction industry
where lots of information will be generated along the development of construction
process. Integration of mobile technology like smartphone with mobile apps can
assist in real working environment, for example provide the mobile inspection,
real-time environmental data streamlining and problem-solving within time-frame
which enhance the mobility in the jobsite operation (Harun, 2015). At the same
time, it can contribute to the accurate and up-to-date view in the construction site
(Harun, 2015) and ease the scope of works in construction site such as create
effective communication, accelerate the construction processes and managing
information (Goh et al., 2014). Construction processes and management applications
are effective and user-friendly to the users when they are in the jobsite operation
because it can be used by anyone as there is no specific training required to run the
apps system (De Dominicis et al., 2013). As a result, application of technology in
construction industry can brought to the production efficiency enhancement, effective
communication and coordination (Ekow & Kofi, 2016) as well as eliminate potential
environmental impacts at early phase which ‘‘prevention is always better than cure’’
(Nikander & Eloranta, 1997).
2
Research Background 1.1
Labour-intensive, information-intensive, fragmented, unique and complicated
are the nature of the construction industry, which involved client, consultants,
contractors, sub-contractors and suppliers in each construction project (Khelifi &
Hyari, 2016). Construction industry provides high working opportunities,
Olanrewaju and Abdul-Aziz (2015) had proved that the construction sector was
dedicated to the high rate of employment and Pearce et al. (2013) had highlighted the
construction industry was contributing to the development of national economy.
Therefore, there are a necessity for the construction industry to apply information and
communication technology (ICT) in order to respond to the multiple participants and
complexity of construction works especially in the communication, coordination,
planning, process and so forth.
“All of a sudden people want things in hours instead of within days” (Betts,
1999). Integration between construction with information and communication
technology (ICT) can improve the productivity and safety, reinforce workers’
performance, minimise misinterpretation and reduce the unavoidable human error
(Sarshar et al., 2004). Development of technology was brought to the creation of
computing devices which serve as the information exchanging and data storing
medium in the context of technology. However, wireless technology and mobile
solution had been taking place in the construction industry as an advancement and
improvement from the computing devices. Venkatraman and Yoong (2009)
highlighted the mobile solution brought the construction processes undergo the
effective and efficient way due to the hand-held personal computer has not been fully
utilised and limited to the scope of design and management.
According to Sattineni and Schmidt (2015), mobile devices were adopted and
introduced in the construction sector on early 1990s, which act as the communication
medium for example text message or calling. In current technology status, mobile
devices were not restricted only for text messages or calling, but it changes to the
3
touchscreen mode, offer the reasonable screen size to the users, equipped with the
internet connectivity function and allow the download and installation of mobile apps
which called smartphones (Jubien, 2013). Olofsson and Söderberg (2013) were
indicated hardware buttons was replaced by touchscreen controls like using taps and
gestures. Doster (2014) noted that the workers can immediately receive and access
into the project information like viewing the project documents, specifications,
drawings and also the work plans by smartphones or tablet adoption. As a result, time
and cost saving will become the main merits that causing the utilisation of mobile
devices in the construction site (Azhar et al., 2015).
Emergences of mobile applications (apps) were caused by the growth of
mobile solutions in the current information technology worlds. Mobile apps is a
software program or application developed by the hobbyists, professionals or apps
contractors (Greene & Shilton, 2017) which will run on the mobile solutions like
tablets or smartphones (Ruiz, 2013). Mobile applications were exceeding 700,000
quantities in the smartphone’s store center like the Apple Apps Store and Google Play
Store with the fast rate of technology development (Xia et al., 2014). Azhar et al.
(2015) had claimed that the construction-related mobile apps were approximately
reached the amounts of 13,000 which take a project from planning phase until the
completion. The growth of mobile applications which customise for the construction
industry such as BIM 360, CAD Reader, Punch List, Plan Grid and so forth in order to
fulfill the construction businesses of scheduling, communication and coordination,
keeping the progress work and allocating tasks to the workers (Khelifi & Hyari, 2016)
4
Problems Statement 1.2
Current trends all over the worlds related to the development and evolution of
the Information and Communication Technology (ICT) and seek for the purpose of
creating high productivity, accessibility, functionality and convenience in our daily
life. When come into the construction industry, the situation is similar to the above
statement as the clients or developers also in the pace of looking forward to the fast
track, easy access, and high productivity with quality control in the construction
project. Bowden et al. (2006) had mentioned the clients or developers expected for a
quality service and projects to achieve their requirements as expected. Unfortunately,
the current construction sector still lacks and poor in the awareness, understanding and
knowledge regarding the information and communication technology (ICT) like
mobile applications, web-based communication and also the information systems (S.
L. Kajewski et al., 2001).
Fragmentation, multiple parties and one-time project as the characteristics of
the construction industry and most of the contractors remain the conventional attitudes
and approaches in managing the construction tasks which depends on the conventional
communication tools (Dave et al., 2010). For example, they use the walkie-talkie to
coordinate the construction tasks and as the communication medium in the
construction project (Sun & Howard, 2004). Apart from that, they also believe that
manual process will be more conformed to their working circumstances (Nourbakhsh
et al., 2012), where paperwork are used as the main medium to store and exchange the
project information (Sun & Howard, 2004). As a result, adverse to change to
paperless working environment may lead to low productivity and unavoidable human
error during the construction stage.
Development of information and communication technology (ICT) had
brought to the invention of computing devices and mobile devices. These technology
solutions have been entirely transformed and altered the way we learn, work, play and
5
live. Nevertheless, mobile devices are a more flexible alternative when compare to
the computing devices. For instance, Nourbakhsh et al. (2012) indicate the personal
computer or laptop is impracticable for the construction manager, site engineer or site
supervisor to be equipped when they are mobilising in the construction site. All
information that needs to be recorded will be limited only in the site office, hence
resulting the loss and incomplete information (Nourbakhsh et al., 2012).
Currently, integration between mobile devices with technology were brought
to the arrival of smartphones, tablets and mobile applications in the construction
industry (Perera et al., 2017). According to Ekow and Kofi, awareness of
construction-related mobile apps among the construction professionals are in the
appreciable levels and they know the combination between mobile devices like
smartphone and tablet with the applications (apps) can significantly brought the
convenience to the construction players in the construction industry. The
marketplace like Apple’s App Store and Google’s Play Store have now experiences
the increasing proliferation of construction-related applications.
Past research has concentrated mainly on the usefulness of the construction apps
which the utilisation of the construction-related mobile apps among the construction
players has been neglected and almost silent (Ekow and Kofi). Moreover, research
that carried out by (Chai, 2016) had highlighted the categorisation of
construction-related mobile apps according to the construction process, meanwhile
Shah (2017) focused on the most beneficial mobile devices and the drawback by using
mobile technology in the construction industry. As a result, there exist incomplete
picture for the usage level of construction-related mobile apps in Malaysian
construction industry (Ekow and Kofi). The following statement also can be
supported by the perspective from Harona et al. (2015) which stated that the ICT was
not fully to be utilised and applied in the Malaysian construction industry due to lack
of confidence for the functionality of the relevant technology such as the adoption of
construction mobile apps. They also evidenced that lacking of recommended
construction mobile apps for the jobsite operation was made the construction players
faced to the difficulty in the apps selection.
6
Research Questions 1.3
The research questions had been developed through the explanation from the
research background and problem statement:
a) What is the current level of usage for the construction-related mobile apps?
b) What are the factors affecting the usage of construction-related mobile apps?
7
Research Aims and Objectives 1.4
The aims of the research are to understand the level of usage among the main
contractors and the factors affecting the usage of construction-related mobile apps in
the construction industry. The following objectives are discussed as below:
a) To determine the current level of usage for the construction-related mobile apps.
b) To investigate the factors affecting the usage of construction-related mobile apps.
Research Scope 1.5
The research focused on the Johor Bahru areas due to the high rate developing
of the construction project. The target respondent was limited to the main contractors
with Grade 6 and 7 registered under Construction Industry Development Board (CIDB)
who owns their personal mobile devices.
8
Research Significance 1.6
Determination of the usage level among the main contractors for the
construction-related mobile apps can create a complete picture for the level of usage in
the recognition of construction-related mobile apps (Ekow & Kofi, 2016) and also
obtaining the overall image for the development of information and communication
technology especially the mobile applications in the construction industry.
Identification to the factors affecting the usage of construction-related mobile
apps has given the construction companies, government and application developers an
overview of the occurred issues. Improvement as the priority, government must
foresee the trends and implications of ICT which enhance the adoption rate in the
construction industry because it can support the economic growth (Kundishora, 2014).
Government must understand the situation and come out with the potential policies,
incentives or approaches to promote the mobile apps utilisation meanwhile for the
application developers, they must develop a functional, comprehensive and technical
mobile strategy to enhance the mobile apps’ performance which fulfill the user’s
requirements (Edelman, 2010).
Research Methodology 1.7
Determination of the research title was based on the current occurrence issue
and it potentials in the future trends. Research questions have been developed
depends on the issue in order to give the overview of the current issue. Literature
review is an important part to provide the theory and detailed information about the
terms and keywords of “Utilisation of Construction-Related Mobile Apps in
Construction Industry”. Information and Communication Technology (ICT), internet
9
of things (IoT), mobile devices and mobile application (apps) will be completed
explained. According to Naoum (2012), detailed information about the research
design must be launched when the purpose of the research and literature review had
been accomplished.
1.7.1 Data Collection
Regarding to this research, quantitative approach was conducted to achieve
both research objectives. Data had been collected through the questionnaire form and
distributed to the main contractors in Johor Bahru area by hand, email and via online
method (Google Form). Main contractor members such as project manager,
construction manager, site engineer, site supervisor, quantity surveyor and site safety
supervisor will be the targeted respondents because they are the professionals involved
in various construction phases from the commencement to completion of a project
which deals with many parties like suppliers, sub-contractors, consultant and client.
A questionnaire was structured in 3 main parts which comprised of the respondent’s
background, level of usage for the construction-related mobile apps and factors
affecting the usage of construction-related mobile apps in the construction industry.
10
1.7.2 Data Analysis
After data collection was fully completed, data analysis was conducted by
using the descriptive analysis method because of the data obtained from the
questionnaire is in actual numbers and percentages. With that, frequency distribution
used to analyse the raw data of respondent’s background. Besides that, 5 point
Likert-scale is structured in the questionnaire towards the level of usage for the
construction-related mobile apps and factors affecting the usage of
construction-related mobile apps. Therefore, mean score method was applied to
allow the descriptive analysis for the level of usage and factors affecting the usage of
construction-related mobile apps.
11
Figure 1.1: Research Flow Chart
Topic Selection - Mobile Apps
Understand current issues and problems
- Incomplete picture for the usage level of
construction apps
Establishment of Research Questions, Objectives,
scope and significance
Literature Review
- Journal, conference articles, past thesis, reference books,
Reports
Mobile technology (mobile devices & mobile apps)
ICT in Construction Industry
IoT in Construction Industry
Utilisation of Mobile Technology in Construction Site
Data Collection
Objective 1:
- Questionnaire will be
distributed to the main
contractors.
Objective 2:
- Questionnaire will be
distributed to the main
contractors.
Data Analysis
- Descriptive Analysis
(Frequency distribution & mean)
Result
Conclusion & Recommendations
Phase 1
Preliminary
Surveys
Phase 5
Report
Writing
Phase 4
Data
Analysis
Phase 3
Data
Collection
Phase 2
Literature
Review
12
Proposed Chapter Organization 1.8
Chapter one had given the picture on the background of the innovation and
development information and communication technology (ICT) in the construction
industry. The existing issues and problems were fully identified and it act as the
motivation to carry out this research. The requirements of this research, such as
identify the research aims and objectives, scope, significance and also research
methodology were well developed.
Chapter two focused on the literature review. Journal, conference papers,
reports, books, website and past thesis are used to explain the ICT, mobile devices and
mobile apps in the construction industry. This chapter is purposely to give the overall
understanding about the terms, benefits, functions and limitations of mobile
technology in the construction industry.
Chapter three is about the research methodology. The methodology applied in
this research was quantitative approach where the questionnaire will be distributed to
the G6 and 7 main contractors in Johor Bahru areas by hand, email or via online
method (Google Form).
Chapter four was covered data analysis of the data collected through
questionnaire approach. Distribution frequency and mean score approach will be
applied to transform the data gathered in the chart. After that, a descriptive analysis
had been applied to analyse and explain the information in the chart created.
Chapter five as last part which the conclusion and recommendations had been
developed. All the findings through the data analysis were summarised and the
overview regarding to the research had been presented. As a result, a conclusion will
13
be created as well as the limitations faced while carrying out the research.
Recommendations will be given in this chapter for the purpose of future research.
14
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
14
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction
There are four main parts will be discussed in this section. For the first part,
mobile technology such as mobile devices and mobile apps will be reviewed.
Mobile apps as the main focal point to be discussed regarding to its characteristics,
types, operating system, marketplace and features in order to provide knowledge and
understanding to the mobile apps. In the second part, information and
communication technology (ICT) will be described with its features and also the
advantages toward the current environment especially in the construction industry.
In third part, internet of things (IoT) in construction industry will be explained.
Lastly, the development of mobile technology in construction industry such as the
utilisation of mobile devices and mobile applications in the jobsite operation will be
highlighted.
15
2.2 Mobile Technology
The changing of information technology (IT) was contributed to the business
society and environment where the business routine had been transformed. The
technology revolution has enabled the globalisation of economy and competition
which result in the huge change in the industries such as communication, financial,
services, construction and so forth (Sun & Howard, 2004). According to H. Wang
et al. (2017), adoption of mobile applications had become widespread due to the
pervasiveness of smartphones which the amount of apps in Apple’s App Store and
Google’s Play Store had exceeding billion of downloads and this was made the
mobile apps become a big industry.
Mobile Technology is an advanced technology that transform the information
and communication area into wireless networking environment and it supported by
the application of mobile devices and mobile applications (Patil et al., 2012). As
stated by Lemlouma and Layaida (2004), the raising amount of new mobile types
was push the development in mobile networking like the capability to access network
by computing devices such as desktop, laptop and notebook. Scenario in the
construction industry, Lofgren and Rebolj (2007) found that the speedy development
of mobile and wireless communication technology were brought the new trends
which construction players can be introduced with the use of mobile device like
smartphone and tablet (Harstad et al., 2015).
16
2.3 Mobile Devices
Mobile device is a simple and small computer which equipped with CPU,
battery, memory, keypad and screen (Casey & Turnbull, 2011). There are various
types of mobile devices available in the current market which have the criteria of
models, types and styles (Kroski, 2008). Mobile devices can provide the portability
and mobility function which can be used in anywhere although changing location
properties (Nosrati et al., 2012). Since 1990s, there are numerous mobile devices
appear in the market such as personal digital assistant (PDA), smartphone and
Tablet.
A smartphone offers an advanced computing capability and network
connectivity which supported by a mobile operating system (Nosrati et al., 2012).
The mobile operating systems leading the market are IOS and Android. Currently,
smartphone provides many function like media players for audio and video, cameras,
GPS navigation, touchscreens, web browsers, bluetooth, speech recognition and near
field communication (Dar & Parvez, 2013). Smartphone also have the features of
cellular internet connectivity which cell phone companies like Digi, Maxis, Celcom
were offer internet data plans for the smartphone users to enjoy the internet access in
anywhere with sufficient coverage range (Mothar et al., 2013).
A tablet has been introduced in early 19th
centuries but at the stages of
concept ideas with prototypes. Tablet offers larger touchscreen than a smartphone
which provide more accessibility and user-friendly when using it. The functions of
tablet are similar to the smartphone like wireless web browser, GPS satellite
navigation, photo and video viewing, downloading apps, media player and cameras
(Nosrati et al., 2012). As stated by Mothar et al. (2013), tablet can support the
cellular internet connectivity in order to allow the accessibility of internet in any
location.
17
2.4 Mobile Applications (Apps)
Introduction of Google’s Android Market and Apple’s Apps Store were
launched in 2008, and both marketplace have achieve about 1 million downloadable
and rateable apps (Martin et al., 2017). Meanwhile, Ekow and Kofi (2016) had
found that there has been an amount of quantities of applications which the
downloads were exceeding 102 billion times. The increasing quantities of mobile
applications in apps market simultaneously provide the users with the advancement
in smartphones capabilities where can apply it in anytime and everywhere (Shin et al.,
2012). Rakestraw et al. (2013) claimed that the developments of mobile
applications are all depends on the growth of global usage in smartphones.
According to Minelli and Lanza (2013), a mobile application is developed
using the Software Development Kits (SDKs) which installed in Integrated
Development Environments (IDEs). SDKs will supply the facilities to implement,
test and deploy applications inside the IDEs. Mobile applications have been
invented and need to be run on a smartphone. An application can be downloaded
and installed on the smartphone from the specific application store outlet such as
Google’s Android Market and Apple’s Apps Store as both are the leading apps
marketplace (Jaiswal & Kumar, 2014).
Krouse (2012) explained the applications have one main purpose which is
delivering the services to the users with easy access, good function and high
efficiency even though the apps might cover several fields and executes various tasks.
According to Jutel and Lupton (2015), mobile software applications have
transformed to become the important parts for the smartphones, tablet and any other
mobile solutions. A million of applications had been designed for these mobile
solutions and it is an essential for each of the mobile solutions since their first
appearance.
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2.4.1 Mobile Apps Type
Table 2.1: Mobile Application Types
App Types Description
1
Browser
Access
Apps
- Information is obtaining from the native browser by clicking
the URL of the web (online information searching).
- Apps are not installed in the devices.
- Examples: www.google.com, m.yahoo.com
2 Native
Apps
- Not required the network to transfer the data (offline
function).
- Apps are installed in the devices.
- Examples: Notes, Reminder in smartphone.
3 Hybrid
Apps (Web)
- Apps required the connection of internet to run and function.
- Apps are installed in the devices.
- Examples:
1. Social Networking: Facebook, Instagram, Twitter.
2. Instant Messengers: Whatsapp, Skype, Wechat
4 Hybrid
Apps (Mixed)
- Apps can be operated under offline and online environment.
- Apps are installed in the devices.
- Examples: Medical apps, games (can be played alone,
offline and online for playing with multiple players)
Source : (Flora et al., 2014)
2.4.2 Characteristics
Key attributes to define an excellent and successful mobile applications are
accessibility, portability, functionality, efficiency, maintainability, usability and so
forth (Flora et al., 2014). App developers must take in considerations with these
key attributes to ensure the mobile applications can react to the user’s requirement.
Mobile applications have their own functionality and scope of works on the
19
performance level but all the applications consists of common characteristics such as
responsiveness, convenience, localization, security and application focus (Flora et al.,
2014).
2.4.2.1 Responsiveness
Users required the accessibility to the databases, functionality of an
application and remain responsiveness while an application was running or operating
in long duration (Flora et al., 2014). Freezing background must aware by the
application developers and they must always improve and update the system for the
apps in order to enhance the apps responsiveness when the users tap on the devices
(Karaseva, 2014).
2.4.2.2 Convenience
App design must be simple, detailed content and valuable which can receive
the acceptance by the users (Flora et al., 2014). It must be able to provide users the
terms of easy access, understanding and quick response to the apps function. The
mobile applications should be easy to install and use by the users due to most of
them are impatience to wait and learn how to operate and run the particular mobile
applications.
20
2.4.2.3 Localization
A good mobile application has to provide the position-based information
which it is a crucial feature that render mobility impressive, give excellent user
experience, convenient and also valuable for example the global positioning system
(GPS), multiple networking protocols and so on (Flora et al., 2014).
2.4.2.4 Start-up Time
Ability to start-up a mobile apps by mobile devices within short duration is
the desired and expectation for the users because they are using the mobile devices
frequently (Flora et al., 2014) and if took long duration to start-up the mobile
applications are seen as wasted of time (Karaseva, 2014). The mobile device users
seek for the quick launches when open up the mobile application.
2.4.2.5 Security
Security in mobile applications act as vital role to prevent the hackers or
attackers from easy accessible to the user’s information or confidential information
and resources on their mobile devices. Encryption to a mobile application is a
necessity for the data sync online and data transferred through network. Therefore,
Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) had been introduced into the mobile applications
security to encrypt the information of a user (Flora et al., 2014).
21
2.4.2.6 Application Focus
Desktop applications are differed compare to the mobile applications, desktop
applications are offered variety of functions and features (Flora et al., 2014).
Application focus brought the meaning of consist clear defined set of things which is
simple, focus on specific features and can directly response to the objective
(Karaseva, 2014). A good developed mobile application must have its own specific
goals and allow the users to respond the tasks in a fast way (Chai, 2016).
2.4.3 Mobile Operating System
Figure 2.1: Smartphone Satisfaction Rate
Source : (Gandhewar & Sheikh, 2010)
A mobile operating system act as a soul for every mobile devices (Sen, 2015).
It is a system software which provides mobile devices like personal digital assistant
77% 72%
41%
33%
25%
0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
iPhone OS X Google Android Blackberry RIM
OS
Palm OS/Web
OS
Windows Mobile
Smartphone Satisfaction Rating - By Mobile Operating System
iPhone OS X Google Android Blackberry RIM OS
Palm OS/Web OS Windows Mobile
22
(PDA), tablets and smartphones an operational platform (Okediran et al., 2014).
Mobile operating system has undergone a three-phase evolution in the market which
the mobile operating system architecture has transformed from complex to simple
system. The three-phase evolution indicated are first phase with the personal
computer (PC) based operating system followed by second phase of embedded
operating system and the third phase was smartphone-oriented operating system
(Okediran et al., 2014). There are numerous of mobile operating system in the
market like Windows, Blackberry, Android and IOS.
However, Android and IOS were led in the market which the satisfaction
rating are the highest compared with other operating system (Gandhewar & Sheikh,
2010). The uniqueness of android was freely available and java based meanwhile
IOS good on features and quality (Sen, 2015). Therefore, that are not surprising
this two operating system can stand on the top ranking compared with other mobile
operating systems.
2.4.3.1 IOS
IOS was released in 29 June 2007 and developed by Apple Inc. It is the
mobile operating system that activates the iPhone, iPad and any other Apple devices
(Okediran et al., 2014). IOS invented small size touchscreen, limited input devices,
specifically and direct manipulation. Users able to control the on-screen interface
items and can run the interface operation by the function of touch-based gestures like
tap, hold, pinch and swipe.
23
2.4.3.2 Android
Android was released in 23 September 2008. It is an open source operating
system for Android mobile devices and developed by Open Handset Alliance led by
Google Inc. (Renner, 2011). Play Store, Google Play Services, Google Music and
Google Search are the Android core which launched under the open source Apache
License. Therefore, all of the Android core elements are proprietary and licensed
(Okediran et al., 2014). Android operating system have the features of efficient
shared memory management, Unix user identifiers (UIDs), pre-emptive multiple
tasks and also file permission after combined with Linux kernel and Jaya (Renner,
2011).
2.4.4 Marketplace
An applications marketplace is a software platform that provides the users to
search and download the apps on their own smartphones. Marketplace can be
described as the profit earning tools due to the involvement of third-party developers
or freelance programmers (Rakestraw et al., 2013). There are two leading mobile
operating system which is IOS and Android (Jaiswal & Kumar, 2014), both are
contribute to own marketplace such as Apple’s App Store and Google’s Play store.
Rakestraw et al. (2013) also found that the marketplace provides users the
opportunity to compare the prices between similar applications in order to obtain the
worthy price and quality of mobile apps.
24
2.4.4.1 Apple’s App Store
Apple’ App Store provides Apple mobile devices like iPhone, iPad and iPod
touch devices an apps platform to be viewed and downloaded. IOS is an operating
system for Apple devices and it was first released in 2007 for iPhone. This market
store was developed by Apple’s iOS Software Development Kits (SDKs), free apps
and paid apps are both available in this app store. In order to access to full version
and functionality of a particular apps, the users must pay the relevant amount of
money to react particular features of the apps (Jaiswal & Kumar, 2014).
2.4.4.2 Google’s Play Store
Google’s Play Store as the marketplace which gives the function of browse
and download for the Android mobile devices like smartphone and tablet. Android
is an open source mobile operating system developed by Google Inc. Google’s
Play Store can be considered as the largest app store in the Android ecosystem when
compared with Amazon marketplace and Blackberry Android marketplace. In this
marketplace, it also consists of free and paid apps depends on the completeness of
the functions and features of the applications (Jaiswal & Kumar, 2014) .
2.4.5 Features
Mobile application features are representing the apps information from the
app title, app icon, app maturity, app screenshot and so on. It can provide the users
overall details information, give easy review and understanding on the applications.
There are some app features to be discussed such as app title, app icon, app
25
screenshot, app description, app categories and app rating and review to provide the
understanding for the mobile application features.
2.4.5.1 App Title
App title is the first impression when a mobile app user gets the apps.
Therefore, a unique and creative of app title must be taken in consideration in order
to attract the users to try it and use it. It is also should be primarily readable, app
focused and consists of high recognition value which leading the mobile users to
remember the app title in their mind (Mourao, 2016)
2.4.5.2 App Icon
App icon act as the priority consideration for selecting an app before the
mobile app users start to explore the app functionality. As mentioned by Banga and
Weinhold (2014), app icon is the element that makes an impression to the mobile app
users. App icon designed with an open border shape and graphics rendering can
offer the better recognition for mobile app users (C. C. Chen, 2015). According to
(Apple Inc., 2017a), the app icon must be simple and streamlined, not easily
mistaken for one of the system-provided icons and readily understood and widely
acceptable.
26
2.4.5.3 App Screenshot
App screenshot is pictorial information to show mobile app users about the
app interface when it is running. Generally, users will base on the app screenshot to
evaluate the suitability of the app. By adding a video on screenshot phase, it can
share the app’s functionality and attract the attention from mobile app users which
helps them create an opinion about the app product followed by trying the particular
app (Alexova, 2015).
2.4.5.4 App Description
Description of an application act as the main element that can bring the
impact towards the consumer’s interest to download, install and apply it. The
consumers typically look for the specific features in the description based on their
requirements or expectation. An apps description must be user-friendly which
provide users the easy understanding and overview of the functions and services
(Alexova, 2015).
27
2.4.5.5 App Category
Figure 2.2: Popularity of App Categories
Source : (Think Mobile, 2017)
According to Think Mobile (2017), there are 33 categories of apps in
Google’s Play Store meanwhile 24 categories in Apple’s App Store. From the
statistic, it is clearly shown that the purpose of people using the mobile apps are
playing games, learning through education app, conducting business, communicate
and relax.
Table 1.2: Mobile Application Categories
Categories Description
1 Communication Internet Browsing ; Email IM Client ; Social Networking
2 Education Numerical and Alphabet
3 Games Puzzle / Strategy ; Cards / Casino ; Action / Adventure
4 Multimedia /
Entertainment
Graphics / Image Viewer ; Presentations Viewer ; Video
Players ; Audio Players
5 Business /
Productivity
Calendars ; Calculators ; Diary ; Notepad / Memo / Word
Processors ; Spreadsheets
25.06%
9.81%
8.48%
8.32%
6.07%
4.92%
3.91%
Games
Business / Productivity
Education
Lifesytle
Entertainment
Utilities
Travel
Popularity of App Categories
28
6 Travel City Guide ; Currency Converter ; Translators ; GPS /
Maps ; Itineraries / Schedules ; Weather
7 Utilities Profile Manager ; Idle Screen / Screen Saver ; Address
Book ; Task Manager ; Call Manager ; File Manager
Source : (Islam et al., 2010)
2.4.5.6 App Rating and Review
App marketplace like Google’s Play Store and Apple’s App Store provide the
users to review the comments leave by other users on their downloaded apps. Both
marketplace also assigning star-rating system (Khalid et al., 2015) which is
symbolised by “Stars” from 1 to 5 (Mojica et al., 2015). App reviews have the
significant impact to the app rating. As supported by Khalid et al. (2015), they
stated the users can give a review-comment to rationalise the star-rating. For
example, negative review towards an app will directly contribute to the low rating.
Apple Inc. (2017b), ratings and reviews help people make informed decision when
considering whether to try out the apps. Applications with positive ratings and
reviews can increase the download rate and customer feedbacks provide an insight
into real-world usage that helps direct future development efforts. As a result, user
ratings and reviews were act as priority terms when the users making the download
and purchase decision for the applications (Mudambi & Schuff, 2010).
2.4.5.7 Quantities of App Rating and Review
A good app rating and review was dedicated by the high quantities of app
rating and review given by the users. According to Awad and Zhang (2006), the
higher the app reviews, the higher the chance of mobile device users aware the
particular app. Alexova (2015) said the app review as the online conservation, the
higher number of review about an app has led to an increase of awareness regarding
29
the app product. Thus, the higher the amount of app reviews and ratings will
significantly brought the positive impact on mobile app download and demand
(Alexova, 2015).
2.5 Information and Communication Technology (ICT) in Construction
Industry
Evolution of information and communication technology had led huge
change to the different industries like manufacturing, servicing, banking and
financing and also the construction and engineering. Information and
communication technology (ICT) is a diverse technological approaches applied for
communication, dissemination and information management and storing
(Owusu-Ansah, 2013) which includes computing devices, wireless network, mobile
devices, software system and so forth. Introduction of ICT into the construction
industry from the conception stage until the completion of a construction project can
be considered as a developing trend where the growth of mobile devices, computing
devices and also software system were took place (Rimmimgton et al., 2015). From
the previous statement, it can be fully confronted with the unique, fragmented and
complex of the construction industry due to the needs of assemble, installation,
fixing and erection activities to complete a construction project (Chai, 2016).
Information management’s procedure by applying the Information and
communication technology (ICT) in the construction industry begins with the
generation of data and information with the transmission and understanding of the
information to allow the commencement of the construction process (Onyegiri et al.,
2011). According to (Chai, 2016), effective and efficient of resource management
for the inventory, manpower, plant and machinery, technology and information,
budget and personnel can be achieved when the information management had been
30
electronically. Electronic format of the information gathered are ease to be
amended, controlled and distributed which the overall performance and productivity
of the construction works can be enhanced with reduce the time consumption in
processing the data and information (Onyegiri et al., 2011).
Utilization of Information and communication technology (ICT) has increase
drastically in our daily operation (Owusu-Ansah, 2013) and it has been converted
into the key indicator of transforming traditional mindset and patterns into the
modern and technological concept in the 21th century (Beno, 2009). Current status
in the construction industry is introducing the use of technology such as computing
devices, mobile phones and wireless network which eliminate the conventional
method of paper-based and non-automatic in exchanging the information
(V.Barbarosoglu & Arditi, 2016). Followed by the terms of communication, Y.
Chen and Kamara (2011) found that communication problems were hold a majority
extent suffered in construction projects. As the resolution plan, appropriate
technology used like mobile apps and mobile devices in the construction
management is a necessary (Y. Chen & Kamara, 2011) in order to remove the
conflicts and exceptions due to the outdated information, shortage of materials and
incomplete work items (Deibert et al., 2009).
Mobility is a vital role in transforming construction industry. Wang et al.
(2006) explained that architects, site engineers and project managers sometimes
spent maximum duration in controlling and monitoring multiple construction projects
like carry out the inspection, coordination and communication with sub-contractors,
clients or consultants, revise the drawings and so on. Hence, application of mobile
solutions into the construction projects can help them in managing the resources or
requirements with high performance, quality and conveniently. As supported by
Ekow and Kofi (2016) stated the innovation of construction management and
production had brought by the technology advancement for example mobile
solutions and computing.
31
Y. Chen and Kamara (2011) claimed that mobile devices, mobile apps and
wireless network must collaborative to enhance the productivity, accuracy of
information, reduce time consumption and costs from rework issue (V.Barbarosoglu
& Arditi, 2016). Mobile devices must enable the users to control and manage the
site information with highly responsiveness, mobile apps must able to provide the
specific capability and use to fulfill the requirements on site meanwhile wireless
network should allow the users to apply the mobile apps on the mobile devices with
the sufficient coverage range (V.Barbarosoglu & Arditi, 2016). Therefore, mobile
technology can provide the quality monitoring ability towards the site conditions and
simultaneously create the information which is accessibility within the time-frame
(Deibert et al., 2009).
2.6 The Internet of Things (IoT) in Construction Industry
Internet of Things (IoT) has been introduced in 1998 by Kevin Ashton in
contact with future internet with the modern wireless telecommunication scenario
(Bandyopadhyay & Sen, 2011). Connection, integration, collaboration and
interaction between the presence of Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID)
technology, cloud services, smartphones and sensor devices can directly enhance the
information exchange performance, increase efficiency and productivity (Atzori et al.,
2010). When IoT merged into the construction industry, there is the significant
contribution and transformation in various aspects for example safety management,
information management, resource management and so forth.
32
2.6.1 Safety Management
In construction site, any occurrence of accidents will have the direct negative
impact to the construction parties and construction projects. As stated by Kolo (2015)
suspension of construction project and dispirit among construction workers are
caused by the accidents or injury of construction workers. As the alternative,
integration between IoT with safety will brought the huge change to the construction
worlds. According to Susan (2017), application of remote operation capability
based on the connection of internet with the machine can helps in control remotely
from a safe location. The workers are unnecessarily to operate the large and
dangerous machinery with change to control and stimulate the machinery out of the
hazardous zone.
2.6.2 Design
Introduction of IoT into the design phase are necessary. Current trend in
construction industry are related to the adoption of Building Information Modelling
(BIM) especially in the design phase. As supported by Schlueter and Thesseling
(2009), there is a necessity to obtain and understand all the information of the
proposed building from its technical system, pattern and materialisation in order to
achieve the good performance in the early design phase. In facts, 3D model of
building and plans are act as useful visualisation tools for the workers or top
management to control the construction project. For example, collaboration
between IoT with the sensor system in the building can effectively help the
construction players to well monitoring the changing inside the building due to the
environmental factors or other sources. The Sensors will then transfer the
information obtained back to a central system through the wireless connection to
update the BIM system and also helps in making decision for the maintenance and
design variation (Susan, 2017).
33
2.6.3 Materials Tracking
Previously, suppliers are used barcode scanning method to track the
material’s movement. However, the introduction of IoT into the material
management area like the Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) and cloud-based
Global Positioning System (GPS) has changing the typical working patterns. RFID
and GPS can provide the real-time items monitoring based on location and remove
time gaps between scanning stations. By integrating RFID tagging for the
transportation purpose, trackers can easily get the exact position of the shipment and
take into account for the weather and traffic circumstances. As a result, the
combination of data obtained through the functionality of RFID can helps to
anticipate an arrival time accurately by the trackers (Ray, 2016).
2.6.4 Equipment Monitoring and Repair
Internet of Things had replaced the basic method like calendar-based
inspection for the equipment used. As alternative to improve work efficiency,
sensors can be embedded in equipment and it will notify for the parts that needed to
be repaired. When there is an abnormal conditions and reach to a safe operating
limit the sensor also will be performed. Moreover, communications between the
machines are encouraged in the construction industry which called
machine-to-machine (M2M). M2M are now includes the data management, the
users can obtain all the machinery data through a virtual network in order to carry out
the machinery analysis regarding it overall performance and operating limitations
(O'Brien, 2017). According to Ray (2016), RFID technology can be used in
tracking the equipment on construction site to ease the equipment management.
34
2.7 Mobile Technology in Construction Industry
Advancement, improvement and innovation towards the mobile technology
can brought the advantages for construction corporations continue to expand and
reach the new milestone. A simple action with click on a mobile device’s screen
will directly contribute to the increasing of job efficiency, satisfaction and also
profitability. As a result, mobile technology can be concluded as a valuable asset in
construction industry because of altering the way construction companies manage
projects and accelerating process of information exchange which brought the positive
impact to the construction players and also projects (Doster, 2014).
2.8 Mobile Devices in Jobsite Operation
According to Abdel-Wahab and Vogl (2011), productivity enhancement is one
of the aims in the construction industry. Construction sector is chasing for the
approaches that can bring the high efficiency and productivity to the construction
works (Y. Chen & Kamara, 2011). As the advancement in information and
communication technology, the integration between mobile devices with technology
into jobsite operation procedure can brought the benefits of job efficiency, achieve
good performance in terms of quality and productivity (Azhar & Cox, 2015).
Mobile Devices such as smartphone and tablet are both contribute to the
construction field works. For example smartphone provide the construction manager
or site supervisors the function of text messages, call and run the construction
applications and tablet also equipped in the construction site to manage and control the
daily aspects of construction tasks (Shaw, 2014). Based on Azhar and Cox (2015),
mobile technology had dedicated positive implication on the construction operations
35
which the smartphones and tablets were the most beneficial mobile devices in the
context of managing construction project.
Adoption of mobile devices on the construction site can ensure the rapid access
of project documents, work plans, materials and specifications, construction drawings
and so forth especially for the construction players like workers, site supervisor, site
engineer, site safety supervisor and so on (Azhar & Cox, 2015). Advantages of using
the mobile devices can symbolically assist in converging and systematising the entire
construction process which brought to the positive effects of errors reduction,
discrepancies elimination and quality improvement (Ochoa et al., 2011).
2.8.1 Utilisation of Mobile Devices in Jobsite Operation
As Stated by Leskinen (2008), smartphone had been utilised in the
construction site for the main purpose of creating better communication relationship
among the construction parties on the site. For example, calling, messaging and
emailing were the main activities to be carried out. Besides that, some of the site
supervisors and site engineers also use their smartphone to take the site photo and then
processing to share in the communication group like Whatsapp and Wechat in order to
response the particular issue on site within the effective time frame (Abe et al., 2013).
Based on Kim et al. (2013), the smartphones are used to gather the importance
construction information with the assistance of Global Positioning System (GPS)
location. This function can provide the ability to foresee any uncertainty in the site
and also obtain the details and specific information required.
Tablet offers bigger screen size compared to smartphone and it was used by the
project managers, construction manager, site supervisors, superintendents and
36
foremen to get the information in design and site meetings, site conditions and also
monitor work progress. As mentioned by Davies and Harty (2013), mobile tablets
have been equipped by the construction players in the job scope of record quality and
progress of data on the construction site and also give the accessibility to the design
information on jobsite operation. Construction site are full of unforeseen issues and
also uncertainty where the materials sometimes are difficulty to be accessed.
Therefore, J. H. Lee et al. (2013) explained that the construction players were now
utilise the tablet to track the materials and also equipment on site to achieve the
systematic working flow. Apart from that, project information sharing and
management can be adopted on the tablet as they are mobilising on the construction
site, it can brought the positive impact which is accelerating the procedure in terms of
information sharing (Ochoa et al., 2011).
2.9 Mobile Apps in Construction Industry
In recent years, construction corporations were aware the potential of mobile
application adoption into the construction projects. As the construction projects
have undergo deeply, the more and large amount of information will be generated
(V.Barbarosoglu & Arditi, 2016). There were different role of construction
professionals needed to be responsible for manage the construction tasks
(V.Barbarosoglu & Arditi, 2016). Survey on information requirements for mobile
apps applied in construction management was important (Nourbakhsh et al., 2012)
and a “Construction Mobile Application (CMA) had been created by Nourbakhsh et
al. (2012) which provide the function of user-friendly, efficient and easy to use. As
a result, it can benefit to respond the information needed for different categories of
professional. The table below had shown the required information needed for
owners, consultants and contractors.
37
Table 2.2: Information Required on Construction Site
Information Requirements
Owners
Delay Records ; Site Instructions ; Schedule Updates ; Productivity
Performance ; Change Orders ; Variation Orders ; Daily Reports ;
QC/QA Problems ;
Consultants Design Intent and Clarification Information
Contractors
Access Schedule Updates ; Violation Reports ; QC/QA Problems ;
Accident Reports ; Productivity Information ; Inspection Results ;
Progress Photos ; Change Orders
Source : (V.Barbarosoglu & Arditi, 2016)
Introduction to the mobile applications into the construction industry can
increase the efficiency from the quick information gathered through the adoption of
apps (Bowden et al., 2005). Haas et al. (2002) has found that the available
construction related mobile apps were range from simple calculations to detailed
architectural renderings. On the other hand, Liu et al. (2016) also indicate the
important areas of jobsite operation which these functional areas can be grouped into
specific categories and assisted by the adoption of the mobile applications.
Table 2.3: Functional Area
Functional Area
Quality Management Procurement and Tender Management
Subcontractor Management Contract Management
Health and Safety Management CAD, BIM and Drawing Documentation
Logistic and Supply Management Customer Relations Management
Document Control and Record Keeping Productivity Management
Project Planning, Scheduling and
Coordination
Budgeting, Estimating, Cash Flow and
Cost Management
Source : (Liu et al., 2016)
38
2.9.1 Construction Apps Functional Area
According to Sun and Howard (2004), a roadmap has shown the relationship
between the combination of technology and construction process. The software
applications can brought the significant functions to the construction project
especially in connection with the problem solving along the construction process.
Figure 2.3: Construction Applications
Source: (Sun & Howard, 2004)
Shared
Project
Database
Construction
Design Requirement
Maintenance Tendering
Business and
Information
Management
Planning,
Scheduling and
Site Management
Computer Aided
Facilities
Management
CAD and
Visualisation
Computer Aided
Cost Estimating
39
2.9.1.1 Computer Aided Design and Visualisation (Design)
Computer-aided design (CAD) systems are the basic tool used by the
designers in the design process to develop 3D CAD models (Jezernik & Hren, 2003)
and according to Charles and Hansen (2004) which stated the visualisation is an
essential to the object creation. By using the CAD system, the designers for
example architects can share the design information with other construction players
with the demonstrating of 3D model (Jezernik & Hren, 2003). As supported by
Sarcar et al. (2008), CAD is helping in the design creation, modification, analysis
and optimisation. Moreover, CAD system are assisting the designers to generate
design ideas, visualise the concept of buildings or structures and stimulate the way of
the selected design when perform in real world (Ajene & Sylvester, 2014).
By study the research carried out by (Shah, 2017), she found that mobile
technology can assist in design phase like coordinate the 3D model and 2D drawing
which indicate the drawing specifications and details. Apart from that,
documentation of CAD, BIM and drawing also as the responsibility part for the
mobile technology in order to accelerate the work’s productivity and increase the
performance where the construction players can quickly view, manage and monitor
the information instantly.
2.9.1.2 Computer-Aided Cost Estimating (Tendering)
Emergence of estimating software for the product cost calculation and
estimation had been driven by the advancement of computing technology. There
are a lot of example for computer-aided cost estimating available such as aPriori,
Concurrent Costing, SolidWorks Costing and Perfect Costing in the market (Ehlhardt,
2014). As mentioned by Sun and Howard (2004), they explained that the adoption
of computer software can create a convenient, fast and effective working
40
environment. Keng and Ching (2012) found that CostX, Buildsoft, CATOPro and
Masterbill are the costing software which can assist in the taking off tasks in
producing the bill of quantities (BQ). In facts, estimator can accurately obtain the
quality take-off from the design plan and specification.
In terms of usage, Liu et al. (2016) had claimed the tendering phase can be
supported by the mobile technology when carry out the works related to the
budgeting, estimating, cash flow determination and cost management. According to
Eileen (2017c), each construction project required individual budgeted and allows
bids, budgets, expenses and revenue of the project to be fully obtained. Apart from
that, Westfall (2017) also claimed that the procurement, tender and contract
management can be handled as effectively through the application of mobile
technology when in the jobsite operation which assisted by the document
management and lifecycle management. It allow users to organise, track and keep
the contracts for the future reference and the detailed information about the
obligations, negotiation terms, payment collection, approval and amendments
processing can be identified.
2.9.1.3 Business and Information Management (Requirement)
In construction industry, huge amount of information like construction
drawings and specifications, BQ and others project information mostly generated in
paper-based pattern (Sun & Howard, 2004). In case, occurrence of computing
devices was brought the positive impact to the information management.
According to Sun and Howard (2004), Electronic Document Management (EDM)
system like OpenDoc or TDOC can well allocate the project information from
separation for easy access and monitor. Then, there are various number of
computer software can be applied in resource management, cost control and project
planning, scheduling and monitoring. As a result, the introduction of software
system into construction industry can improve the overall performance of the
construction project (Chassiakos, 2001).
41
In addition, exchange information among the construction players were
important as the success of a construction project all depends on the timeliness,
completeness, accuracy and availability of the information. Hence, manual process
causing the delay of information exchange must be avoided and eliminated (Son et
al., 2012). For example, Shah (2017) was determined the actions of the mobile
users in terms of communication are texting message, email information and video
calling which as the medium for information exchange among the construction
players. Sharing and viewing of project document and file like material purchase
document, view the construction drawing and so forth by using the mobile devices
assisted by apps can be easily performed. Besides that, requirement phase
important when dealing with the client, therefore customer relationship management
should be well-monitored to achieve the effective communication with the client and
store their work order information for future review (Eileen, 2017b).
Requirement and document management are both criteria for the project
successfulness. In requirement management, collection and documentation of the
information must be started from initial stage until the completion stage.
Communications among the construction players must able to overcome the
changing issue occurred on site because it will happened along the project life cycle.
Meanwhile, document management like creating and editing the project document or
information are necessary in the construction industry due to the huge information
will be generated when the construction project are running, then share to the related
construction parties for review and have the further discussion about the particular
information (Eileen, 2017a).
42
2.9.1 4 Planning, Scheduling and Site Management (Construction)
Computer software like Microsoft Project and Primavera can brought the
advantages like helping project planner to plan ahead the work programme and
coordinate the construction tasks in order to drop into the delaying issue. There is a
site monitoring system called Construction Site Monitor (CSM) which applied into
the construction project. Scopes of works included are track movement on site,
improve reporting quality, enhance security level, and provide detailed and accurate
information regarding the construction project. On the other hands, Jobmaster and
ICON also designed for internal process in construction phase such as distribution of
drawings, manage subcontractor procurement matter, variation control and monitor
defect works (Sun & Howard, 2004).
In the construction phase, mobile technology was used in the project planning,
scheduling and coordination in the construction site, construction professionals like
project manager, construction manager or site supervisor can tracking the site
progress when mobilising in the jobsite area and immediately reporting the site
progress to the client’s representatives or for internal review [ (Shah, 2017) and (Liu
et al., 2016) ]. As mentioned by Shah (2017), subcontractor management was the
most impacted by the utilisation of mobile technology in jobsite operation because
main contractor and sub-contractor are both parties that bonding together in order to
achieve customer needs. Along the construction works, subcontractors will assist
main contractor to complete the job-scope appointed. High commitment, trust,
effective communication and problem-solving among both parties in the construction
project will obviously influence the project performance (Shah, 2017). Logistic and
supply or called material management can assists in resources tracking (Shah, 2017)
which the resource allocation allows the construction players like site manager and
site supervisor to assign the resource required in a construction project (Eileen,
2017c). As a result, resource availability, potential conflicts and site schedule can
be fully understanding regarding it flow, issues faced and current productivity in
order to generate the recommended action plans based on the findings or data
analysing for the terms stated (Eileen, 2017d).
43
2.9.1.5 Computer Aided Facilities Management (Maintenance)
Computer aided facilities management is a software system that suitable
applied in maintenance and operation works, construction and project management,
inventory space management, architectural planning and so on (Elmualim &
Pelumi-Johnson, 2009). Actually, computer-aided facilities management was
developed by a integration of computer-aided design (CAD) and database
management system. CAD used to show information on departments and locations
of personnel together with their services meanwhile database system was hold
information on people and their services where if they move the services also move
simultaneously. According to Yu et al. (2000), there are large quantities and
different types of information required by facility owner and manager in daily
operation. Hence, the facility software system can provide the abilities of energy
management, space management, utility and maintenance management.
Moreover, mobile technology like mobile devices and mobile apps can be
adopted in jobsite operation to increase the productivity and quality. As supported
by Liu et al. (2016), quality management as well as the safety and health
management must be focused to prevent the construction project meet with the
unwanted problems like accident, spreading of disease and collapse of structure.
Mobile technology can add a credit into the quality, safety and health management
which the related construction professionals can capture and share the site photo
along the site safety inspection. Besides that, Short (2017) said that predictive
upkeep and condition monitoring must be in place to reduce the uncertainty and
failures. Frequently checking and monitoring the condition of the buildings or
structures to evaluate the performance and maintain it when there is an unsatisfied
component discovered.
44
2.9.2 Classification of Construction-Related Mobile Apps According Job
Scope
Liu et al. (2016) had classified the selected construction apps under 7 main
functional areas from the 16 types of specific functional area of apps. It can
provides more easier viewing and understanding from huge amount of construction
apps in Google’s Play Store and Apple’s App Store. In addition, Liu et al. (2016)
also shown that the common used of construction apps according the specific
functional areas.
Table 2.4: Functional Areas with Construction Apps
Functional Areas Construction Apps
1 CAD, Design and
Drawing
DWG FastView-CAD Plan Viewer / Home Design 3D
- FREEMIUM / AutoCAD 360 / Floor Plan Creator /
CAD Touch Free
2 Calculators
Handyman Calculator / Handy Construction Calculator
/ Constructing Calculator / Construction Calc Pro /
Construction Calculator
3 Estimating
Construction Estimator / Material Estimator Calculator
/ Civil Quantity Estimator / Building Materials
Calculators / Construction Estimator App
4 Construction Site
Operations
Bubble Level / Raken Daily Reporting / Clinometer +
bubble level / Construction Daily Log App /
Construction Manager
5 Project
Management
Fieldwire / BuilderTREND / Fieldlens for Construction
/ Procore / PlanGrid (Construction) / Co-construct
6 Safety Safety App / Zero Harm / Core Safety / CCS Safety 2.0
7
Integrated
Construction Cost
& Accounting
CostCon / Xero / MYOB / CatGroup / Viewpoint
Source : (Liu et al., 2016)
45
On the other hands, Ekow and Kofi (2016) had categorised the construction
apps into five parts and stated the uses of the selected construction apps in order to
give the understanding about the functions and usage area.
Table 2.5: Functional Areas, Construction Apps with its Use
Functional Areas
Construction
Apps Uses
1 CAD, Design and
Drawing
AutoCAD WS Access and edit all of CAD Files
AndCAD It supports all AutoCAD files and has
features
Rilievo
It handles architectural surveys and
was built to eliminate the need for
paper surveys.
DAKO PRO Civil
Engineering
This app, by Dako Software, is built
specifically to help meet the design
needs of civil engineers.
2 Calculators
Concrete Design
Calculate the amount of concrete and
reinforcement needed for a work. The
app has features that check the
compression zone and cracking.
Carpenter's
Calculator
This app covers the basic needs of
carpenters on the job site. It also used
for calculations for roofing and pitch.
Construction
Master Pro
It helps to compute standard
construction calculations and
trigonometric functions. That means
contractors and construction workers
can tally estimates for everything from
stairs to concrete.
Roofing Calculator Calculate material costs
Concrete
Calculator Calculation materials of concrete
46
3 Estimating
Universal
Estimator
Universal Estimator handles multiple
types of projects, including painting,
flooring, framing, and roofing, right
from a single app.
A Estimate All Pro
Handle all types of estimating – from
concrete, painting and remodeling to
other construction estimating jobs
Painting Estimator
Accurately estimate paint projects.
Estimate paint cost, material cost and
profit and overheads.
Material Estimator
Calculator
Estimate materials and cost of
concrete, fences, decks, bricks, tiles,
flooring, gravel, painting, drywall and
paneling
4 Construction Site
Spirit Level Checking levels at construction site
Site Boss
Checking Site Diary, Request for
Information, Purchase Order, Change
Orders/Variations, Back charge
Notice, Site Instructions, Meeting
Minutes, Tender Request, and
Extension of Time
Site Photos Picture taking
Daily Construction
Records
Site records, weather and site
conditions
5 Project
Management
iConfirm
Keep all of your site documents in
order with the iConfirm app, which can
manage job site verification forms,
change orders and photo
documentation. Documentation can be
signed directly on your phone, and all
documents are legally binding.
Tradies App The suite features a site diary, change
orders, invoicing, quoting, requests for
47
information, purchase orders and bid
requests.
Construction
Manager
Use to track of projects and tasks. Get
feedback from subcontractor and
customer
Architecture of the
Construction
Mobile Application
Inspection Report, QA/QC report,
Design Intent and Clarification, and
site instruction are the data generated
by the consultant. Schedule Update,
Accident Report, Violation Report,
Productivity Information, Progress
Photo, Daily Report, and Delay
Recording are data produced by the
contractor. The data flow between
contractor and consultant
Microsoft Office
Checking word doc, spreadsheet, pdf
and powerpoint files and other
Microsoft files
Source : (Ekow & Kofi, 2016)
Meanwhile, Chai (2016) had categorised hundred more of construction apps
into five main construction processes. The construction processes involved are
design, tendering, requirement, construction and maintenance. As mentioned by
Chai (2016), the highest apps available was in the construction phase since the
natures of construction stage are fragmented, labour-intensive, information-intensive
and unique which required the construction professional spent more time in
managing and monitoring the resources whether in office or construction site.
48
Figure 2.1: Available Apps in Construction Process
Source : (Chai, 2016)
Integration between mobile devices with the mobile apps can contribute to
the convenience of utilisation in the design, tendering, requirement, construction and
maintenance phase. Potential to perform like personal computer but own it unique
in terms of mobility and portability were added the acceptability for the construction
players to use the mobile devices.
52
83
18
233
28
0 50 100 150 200 250
Design
Tendering
Requirement
Construction
Maintenance
Apps Available
49
2.9.2.1 Design Phase
Table 2.7: Apps in Design Phase
Apps Functions
1. Onsite PlanRoom
2. AutoCAD-DWG/Viewer&Editor
3. FINALCAD-For Construction
4. Magic Plan
View project plans and documents
when away from the office.
View, create, edit, store and share
drawing / designs.
Create and measure floor plans.
1. CAD Reader-DEG/DXF Viewer
2. DWG FastView-CAD Viewer
3. BIMx-BIM eXplorer
4. Autodesk FormIt 360
5. BIM 360 Team
View and navigate 2D and 3D models
Displaying building component
information
View important project plans and
documents at anytime and anywhere.
Source : (Chai, 2016) and (Google, 2017)
2.9.1.2 Tendering Phase
Table 2.8: Apps in Tendering Phase
Apps Functions
1. ACE-Aided Cost Estimation
2. Material Estimator for Civil
Construction Work
3. Construction Estimator App
Accurately calculate building costs for
different types of buildings.
Estimation of material in daily
construction works like concrete
estimation, plastering estimation, bricks
estimation and so forth.
Source : (Chai, 2016) and (Google, 2017)
50
2.9.1.3 Requirement Phase
Table 2.9: Apps in Requirement Phase
Apps Functions
1. Trimble Contractor
Track materials charges and compare against
quotes.
Record changes or variations attached with
documented proof of the change order.
1. TenderDB Malaysia Simplify contractors and suppliers to refer tenders.
1. Whatsapp
2. Wechat
Send and receive messages, calls, photos, videos,
documents and voice messages.
Source : (Chai, 2016) and (Google, 2017)
2.9.1.4 Construction Phase
Table 2.10: Apps in Construction Phase
Apps Functions
1. NoteVault Notes
2. Site Specs
3. Tradies
4. Raken Daily Reports
5. Daily Progress Report
Log
6. Bosch Building
documentation
7. Fieldlens for Construction
8. Fieldwire
9. Wrike-Project
Management
Add photos to logbook with timestamp.
Recording field notes and word documents.
Filter all photos to create daily progress/status
reports
Keep everyone up-to-date with site
conditions, safety, quality control and
security.
Providing quick and easy site diaries,
variations, RFI, meeting minutes and
purchase order.
Daily reporting, type and dictate information
51
10. Project Planning Pro directly while on the jobsite.
Record progress of the project.
Schedule the work.
Monitor project progress on a daily basis.
Quickly access folders and projects, assign
and schedule tasks.
Create plans and schedules or import existing
Microsoft Projects plans and edit/update.
Track resource, assign responsibility, track
weather condition and mark-up photos and
plans.
1. Equipment Inventory App
Store collected data, capture photos, text,
location and instantly manage heavy
equipment inventory.
1. Concrete Calculator
2. Construction Calc-24h
Trial
3. Unit Converter
4. My Civil CalC
5. Civil Calculator
6. Building calculator
Calculation of quantities of material required
on site.
Calculating angles, measurements and
quantities.
Basic calculation for length (distance), area,
weight (mass) and volume (capacity).
Source : (Chai, 2016) and(Google, 2017)
2.9.1.5 Maintenance
Table 2.11: Apps in Maintenance Phase
Apps Functions
1. iAuditor-Safety
Checklists
Carry out site safety inspection with capture
and sharing of site photo
Manage risks, keep audit and inspection
52
records.
1. GenieBe1t
2. Aconex Field
3. BulldozAIR-Task
Management
4. APROPLAN
Report potential issues with photos and
comments.
Automatic audit trail of all progress reports,
comments and notifications.
Quick and easy to make annotations and
comments on plans and documents
Source : (Chai, 2016) and (Google, 2017)
2.9.3 Factors Affecting Usage of Construction-Related Mobile Apps in
Construction Industry
According to Islam et al. (2010), they found that there are some existing
challenges and limitations were affecting the mobile application used by the
construction players in construction industry. Similar to S. Kajewski and Alwi (2006)
which stated the new technology implemented will always face with the challenges.
Therefore, the related issues that influence the usage of mobile technology are training,
security, connectivity, cost and viewing.
2.9.3.1 Lack of Training
Khan et al. (2011) explained that training is a necessity in the business routine
nowadays because it can improve the effectiveness and productivity of employees
and the organisation. Training can improve self-capability in managing the existing
issues and contribute to better performance as the job experience was increase the
53
personal skills. Azhar et al. (2015) had stated lack of training is considered as the
major problem when adopt the mobile apps in construction industry. He had found
that ineffective of construction apps adoptions by the employees were caused by the
companies did not provide any training session for them.
2.9.3.2 Difficulty in Viewing
Screen sizes of the mobile devices like smartphones and tablets are one of the
important considerations to meet the customer requirements. Most of the people
prefer mobile devices with larger screen sizes for example Asian regions have
significantly shown their preference in plus-size mobile devices (Hsieh et al., 2016).
Therefore, screen sizes can be considered as the factor of affecting the selection of
mobile devices. As mentioned by Islam et al. (2010), small screen size of mobile
devices will led to the difficulty in viewing the information. Considering mobile apps
would be the used for quality control and viewing the documents digitally, adoption of
suitable screen size of mobile devices are necessary in the construction industry
(Azhar et al., 2015).
2.9.3.3 Internet Connectivity Issues
Internet accessibility can offer the high quality of information searching and
receiving and sharing (Carl et al., 2001). As supported by Mascheroni and Ólafsson
(2016), he claimed that people who have more internet access points are available to
discover a wide range of mobile device features. Connectivity limitation and
geographical distance are the barriers which influence the effectiveness of
communication and availability of information sharing in the construction site
(Peansupap & Walker, 2006). Enhancement of wireless connectivity by the
companies like 4G LTE and Wi-Fi towards their employees are necessary in order to
create high quality of work (S. Lee et al., 2013).
54
2.9.3.4 Cost Issue
Introduction of new technology into construction project will become
difficult when the construction companies had tightened their budget (Rivard et al.,
2004). Most of the construction companies are not interested on the mobile
technology investment (Chassiakos, 2007). Lack of understanding about the
technology maintenance related cost was brought the impact to the mobile
technology utilisation (Love et al., 2006). In facts, factor affecting the usage of
mobile technology was caused by the high maintenance cost required in maintaining
the devices (Sulbaran, 2013).
.
2.9.3.5 Security Issue
Security and privacy issues must take in consideration when using a mobile
device (Rajan & Jayashree, 2015). Concern towards the entire mobile devices
security system needed to be enforced to avoid the risk of information leakage
caused by Malware (Takahara & Yasaki, 2013). Current situation is most of the
companies allow their employees to use their own mobile devices, however there is a
danger when the employees are lack of understanding about companies policies and
practices. As a result, security threats like viruses, information hacking and Trojan
horse will appear in working environment (Rajan & Jayashree, 2015).
2.10 Summary
In overall, the introduction of mobile technology includes the mobile devices
and mobile apps had been reviewed. After that, information and communication
55
technology (ICT) and internet of things (IoT) in construction industry also had been
highlighted followed by the application of mobile technology in construction
industry specifically focus on the utilisation of mobile devices and mobile apps in the
construction industry as well as the affecting factors on the usage of apps. The next
chapter is research methodology which will be discussed in details about the data
collection and also the data analysis technique.
56
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
56
CHAPTER 3
RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Research methodology is a method to systematically solve the research
problems in meaningful way. According to Silverman (2006), typical research
approaches used in collecting data are quantitative approach and qualitative approach.
For complete this research, quantitative approach had been chosen in order to answer
the research objectives in effective way. Process to carry out this research is
divided into five phases as shown below:
57
Table 3.1: Phase in Research Methodology
Phase Description
Phase 1 :
Preliminary
Survey
Topic selection, understand current issues and problems,
establishment of research objectives, scope and significance.
Phase 2 :
Literature
Review
Journal, article, past thesis, books and reports:
I. Mobile technology
II. ICT in construction technology
III. IoT in construction technology
IV. Utilisation of Mobile technology in construction industry
Phase 3 :
Data Collection
Distribution of questionnaire to the main contractors with Grade 6
and 7.
Phase 4 :
Data Analysis
Frequency distribution and mean score to analyse the data collected
from questionnaire with the descriptive analysis.
Phase 5 :
Report Writing Conclusion and recommendation
3.2 Phase 1: Preliminary Study
A wide area of topic is studied and the scope was focus on mobile technology
which is mobile applications (apps) in the construction industry. Initially,
identification and understanding of the related issues especially in the construction
industry has been carried out by using the sources from journals, past thesis, article
and books. Confirmation of the current issues related to the mobile technology in
the construction industry was act as the problem statements in this research. Lastly,
objectives, scope and significance of the research were formed.
58
3.3 Phase 2: Literature Review
Literature review provides the reader a complete picture of knowledge and
better understanding about the research topic which at the end give the sufficient
insight to design the research effectively (Naoum, 2012). A lot of reading and
review had been conducted through journal, article, past thesis, books and reports
regarding to the information and communication technology (ICT), mobile
technology like mobile devices and mobile apps as well as the factor affecting to the
utilisation of mobile apps in the construction industry. As a result, proper literature
review can provide the better design for the data collection and analysis which helps
the research process can be smoothly conducted.
3.4 Phase 3: Data Collection
In this research, quantitative research was used to complete the data
collection since this method is used as inquiry into social or human problem based on
testing hypothesis or theory composed of variables, measured with numbers and
analysed with statistical procedures (Creswell, 2013). Furthermore, survey
approach is applied to answer the research objectives which questionnaires will be
distributed to the main contractors.
Questionnaire is an economic and fast approach for carrying out the research.
Questionnaire is less expensive which is time, human and financial resources saving
and offers greater anonymity. Moreover, it can also provide high validity of results
and suitable for the survey in wide geographical area (Kumar, 2011).
59
In order to conduct the data collection for this research, identification to the
G6 and 7 main contractors located in Johor Bahru areas are important for data
collected effectively. Well-designed of questionnaire forms were distributed
afterward to the main contractors via email and by hand. In addition, online
questionnaire (Google Form) was created to ease the answering by the main
contractors.
3.4.1 Research Population
In this research, targeted respondent was the main contractors with Grade 6
and 7. The reason of choosing Johor Bahru areas as targeted location is due to the
booming of new development (Jan, 2017). The purpose of targeting the Grade 6
and 7 main contractors because they possess a wealth of experience and expertise in
the construction project. Based on Kareem and Bakar (2011) who cited Yusuf and
Osman 2008 had stated contractor with large size which Grade 6 and 7 show their
needs on the information technology (IT) and have used it on the construction site.
After that, the population of this research involved main contractor’s construction
players from different scope of works in construction site. They are project
manager, construction manager, site engineer, site supervisor, quantity surveyor, site
safety supervisor and any other construction practitioners. These construction
players as targeted respondents because they are frequent mobile devices users
involved in various project phases including planning, design, and construction which
deals with many parties like suppliers, sub-contractors, consultant and client (Ekow &
Kofi, 2016).
60
Table 3.2: Population of Grade 6 & 7 Registered Contractors in Johor Bahru
Grade of Registered Contractors Populations
Grade 6 96
Grade 7 397
Total 493
Source : (CIDB, 2017)
3.4.2 Research Sampling
Based on the normal distribution theory, a minimum number of 30 samples are
required to fulfill the requirement. However, the determination of research sampling
were obtained by referring to the (Krejcie & Morgan, 1970). Total population of 493
will be dropped between the population size of 480 and 500 with the sample size of
214 and 217 respectively. Thus, a total sets of 216 samples must be collected from
the registered contractors under CIDB to fulfill the requirement of 493 total
population.
Sample Size = 214+217
2
= 216
61
3.4.3 Research Instrument
Once the research samples were identified, the questionnaires forms can be
fully developed and focus on the particular respondents selected. Questionnaire will
be distributed by hand, email and through online Google Form to increase the response
rate for this research. Closed-ended questions will be applied which limit the
respondent to the set of alternatives being offered (Reja et al., 2003) and provide the
space for the respondents to fill in their answer based on their opinion.
3.4.3.1 Development of Questionnaire
Clear and concise questionnaire is necessary in order to get the
understanding by the respondents and can obtain the high value of results. Flow of
the questionnaire must be well arranged according to the requirements in order to
answer the research objectives stated for this research.
Table 3.3: Flow of Questionnaire
Part A
General Information:
This section will obtain the general information about the respondents
and their companies in order to present the reliable information required
as mentioned in the data collection phase.
Part B
Level of Usage for the Construction Related Mobile Apps:
This section will evaluate the respondent’s usage level towards the
functions and capabilities of the listed construction apps.
1. Usage level in terms of utilisation
2. Usage level in terms of usage frequency
62
Part C
Factor Affecting Usage of Construction Related Mobile Apps:
This section can give the complete pictures about the factors influencing
their usage rate on the construction apps.
1. App characteristics.
2. Potential Problems.
3. App features.
3.4.3.2 Design of Usage Level and Apps Selection
Regarding to the part B question which the usage level of construction-related
mobile apps in construction industry, there are the areas of job scope will be listed
and the closed-ended question will be prepared for the respondents to answer
according to their level of awareness. The areas will be classified into design,
tendering, requirement, construction and maintenance phase and each of these phases
will have its specific sub-questions. After that, listed of construction-related mobile
apps selected from the app store will be asked to obtain the overview of current
usage level of the main contractors in terms of utilisation and usage frequency since
the apps chosen were the highest rating, free available and good in overall
performance and required huge download frequency.
Based on the previous research from [ Ekow and Kofi (2016), Azhar and Cox
(2015), Azhar et al. (2015) and Liu et al. (2016) ], there were some listed
construction apps according to the functional area. With such concept of research
design, categorisation of construction apps functional area had been made between
the research of Liu et al. (2016) with Sun and Howard (2004) in order to scope the
specific areas for the huge amount of construction mobile apps.
The 7 main functional areas grouped by Liu et al. (2016) will be merged into
the 5 main construction process stated by (Sun & Howard, 2004). Combination of
the functional areas can be extracted through the identification of job scopes from the
63
explanation in construction applications stated by (Sun & Howard, 2004). Table
below had shown the combination and merging of both research’s functional areas.
Table 3.4: Integration of Functional Areas
Sun and howard
2004 Application
Tong and mathrani
2016
Design (D) Computer-Aided Design
and Visualisation - CAD, Design and Drawing
Tendering (T) Computer Aided Cost
Estimating
- Estimating
- Integrated Construction Cost
& Accounting
Requirement (R)
Business and
Information
Management
- Project Management
Construction (C) Planning, Scheduling
and Site Management
- Calculators
- Construction Site Operations
- Safety
- Project Management
Maintenance (M) Computer Aided
Facilities Management
- Construction Site Operations
- Safety
Sources : (Liu et al., 2016) & (Sun & Howard, 2004)
Appropriate recommended construction related mobile apps in the
construction business routine from design phase until the maintenance phase are
necessary in order to assist the construction professional to achieve the effective and
efficient work done under complex construction activities (Liu et al., 2016).
According to the research carried out by Chai (2016), all of the listed construction
related mobile apps extracted from Google’s Play Store and Apple’s App Store had
been identified through the app rating, app rating’s quantities and app download.
The identified construction apps must both available on the Google’s Play Store and
Apple’s App Store. According to McIlroy et al. (2015), high popularity and ability
64
to respond to reviews are the main criteria for choosing an app, however the reviews
space was not available for most of the apps in Apple’s App Store also with the app
ratings. Therefore, apps available for both marketplaces as the necessary and the
apps identification and reference will based on the Google’s Play Store since it is an
open source operating system with provide the platform for access the app rating and
review (Jaiswal & Kumar, 2014).
Based on the merging of the 7 functional areas stated by Liu et al. (2016) into
the design, tendering, requirement, construction and maintenance, the construction
apps that had been processed through the analysing of app rating, app download and
app rating’s quantities were completed and the high rating of construction apps as
well as the overall performance according to the app rating’s quantities and app
downloads for each categories will be selected and generated in the questionnaire
forms. Coding for app category will be used in the app selection part which Design,
Tendering, Requirement, Construction and Maintenance.
After the determination of the apps available for both Apple’s App Store and
Google’s Play Store, the construction apps that fulfill the requirements will be
selected which is based on the higher app rating, good in overall performance based
on app rating’s quantities and app downloads.
65
Table 3.5: Construction Apps Selected
Functional Area Construction Apps Selected
Design
1. MagicPlan
2. Onsite PlanRoom
3. CAD Reader-DEG/DXF Viewer
4. DWG Fast View CAD Viewer
5. BIMx-BIM eXplorer
6. AutoCAD-DWG Viewer & Editor
7. Autodesk FormIt 360
8. BIM 360 Team
9. FINALCAD-For Construction
Tendering
1. ACE-Aided Cost Estimation
2. Material Estimator for Civil Construction Work
3. Construction Estimator App
Requirement
1. TenderDB Malaysia
2. Trimble Contractor
3. Whatsapp
4. Wechat
Construction
1. Note Vault Notes
2. Equipment Inventory App
3. Site Spec
4. Concrete Calculator
5. Tradies
6. Raken Daily Reports
7. Construction Calc-24h Trial
8. Unit Converter
9. My Civil Calc
10. Civil Calculator
11. Building Calculator
12. Daily Progress Report Log
13. Bosch Building Documentation
14. Fieldlens for Construction
15. Fieldwire-Construction Management & Punch List
66
16. Wrike-Project Management
17. Project Planning Pro
Maintenance
1. GenieBe1t
2. Aconex Field
3. BulldozAIR-Task Management
4. APROPLAN
5. iAuditor-Safety Checklist
Source : (Chai, 2016) & (Google, 2017)
3.4.3.3 Design of Factors Affecting Usage of Construction Related Mobile Apps
For part C, closed-ended questions will be prepared. From the literature
review, there are the listed factors or potential problems in terms of mobile apps
utilisation in the construction industry to be asked in the questionnaire. For app
characteristics and app features, there is also being the factors to affect the usage of
mobile apps. As mentioned by Karaseva (2014), understanding the user needs can
lead to the key characteristics to be explored, with the listed characteristics were
provided the evaluation space for the mobile users to determine the influencing
factors towards the utilisation of mobile apps. For app features, it also act as the
indication to influence the mobile users to use the apps which Ghose and Han (2014)
found that the raising of app demand was dedicated by the length of description,
number of screenshot, review and rating’s quantities and the average app rating.
67
3.5 Phase 4: Data Analysis and Findings
Data analysis method used in this research is descriptive analysis with the
assistance of Statistical Package for Social Science Version 19.0 (SPSS Version 19.0)
and Microsoft Excel 2010. Descriptive analysis is the simplest method and
provides easy understanding of the overview of the results obtained. According to
Naoum (2012), descriptive analysis is suitable to be adopted when there is the data
presented in percentages and also the numbers. In this research, frequency
distribution and mean score will be used to transform the raw data gathered from the
questionnaires into the meaningful information that will answer the research
objectives.
3.5.1 Frequency Distribution
As stated by Naoum (2012), frequency distribution is used to analyse the
large amount of raw data and when it is involving the percentages calculation. For
example, highest percentages or frequency of the data will show the most preferable
or acceptable answers from the respondents. The results can be presented in
various forms like pie chart, bar chart and tabulation. Below will show the
percentage or frequency calculation:
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 (%) = 𝐹𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑆𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝐴𝑛𝑠𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑇𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑅𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑠 × 100%
Frequency distribution will be used for Part A which is the general information
from the company and respondent’s background, ownership of mobile devices as
well as the usage level of apps in terms of utilisation.
68
3.5.2 Mean
Mean score usually to be adopted when there is a Likert-scale question.
Mean range was indicated from 1 to 5. Based on Coolidge (2012), mean score is
required to examine the level of importance for the factors influencing the selection
of the measurement methods and level of agreement for the issues or problems.
The ranging from 1 to 5 with the different indications will be used to analyse the
different questions. Below table will show the indications for each question.
Table 3.6: Questionnaire's Indications
Parts Questions Indications
Part B: Determine the
usage level of
construction-related
mobile apps in
construction industry.
Usage level of
construction-related
mobile apps in the
construction industry.
1 – Never
2 – Rarely
3 – Sometime
4 – Often
5 – Always
Part C: Investigate the
factors affecting usage
of construction-related
mobile apps in
construction industry.
1. App Characteristics
2. App Features
3. Potential problems
1 – Strongly Disagree
2 – Disagree
3 – Neutral
4 – Agree
5 – Strongly Agree
The purposes of adopting mean score approach is to examine the level of
usage in terms of usage frequency and factor affecting the usage of
construction-related mobile apps in construction industry. The formulae to
calculate the mean score is shown below.
69
Mean, x̅ = ∑ 𝑎𝑖𝑋𝑖
∑𝑋𝑖
Where, x̅ = frequency × scale
∑aiXi = The sum of all the scores in the set
∑Xi = The number of scores in the set
Besides that, mean score will be applied to analyse the questions in part B
and Part C in the questionnaire which calculate the relevant scale range for each
question.
𝑀𝑒𝑎𝑛 𝑆𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑒 = (5𝑥27) + (4𝑥14) + (3𝑥6) + (2𝑥2) + (1𝑥1)
27 + 14 + 6 + 2 + 1
= 4.28
Therefore, the categories will base on the mean value of 4.28 which falls in
the range of high level. Table below had shown the mean scale for the level of
usage and level of agreement for the factor affecting usage of construction-related
mobile apps in construction industry.
Table 3.7: Mean scale for Level of Usage and Level of Agree
Mean Scale Level of Usage Mean Scale Level of Agreement
3.67– 5.00 High 3.67 – 5.00 High
2.34 – 3.66 Medium 2.34 – 3.66 Medium
1.00 – 2.33 Low 1.00 – 2.33 Low
70
3.6 Phase 5: Report Writing
Phase 5 will be the final part in this research which to summarise the results
obtained from the phase 4 (data analysis and findings). The summarised results
have attained the research objectives which conclude the research conducted from
the initial stage until the completion stage. Limitations faced when conducting this
research was recorded as well as provides the appropriate recommendations for the
future study.
3.7 Summary
As summary in chapter 3, questionnaire form and online (Google Form) were
acted as the data collection method to obtain the data from the main contractors.
Meanwhile, frequency distribution and mean score were selected as data analysis
tools in order to ease the transformation of data in the questionnaire into the
understandable information.
71
CHAPTER 4
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
71
CHAPTER 4
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter discussed the results based on the analysis and the findings in
connection with both objectives which are usage level and factors affecting the usage
of construction-related mobile apps in the construction industry. It consists of 3
main sections, the first section gives the overall understanding of the respondent’s
background information, second section highlighted usage level of
construction-related mobile apps in terms of utilisation and usage frequency
according to design, tendering, information requirement, construction and
construction maintenance process and overall apps usage level as well as the last
section with the discussion on the factors affecting the apps usage among the main
contractors.
72
4.2 Questionnaire Delivered
Hundred more Google Form questionnaire surveys have been sent to the
registered contractor companies but the response rates were low. Therefore, direct
walk-in method had been carried out to enhance the responses rate from the
contractor companies. Table 4.1 had shown that a total set of 97 questionnaires
were distributed to the personnel who involved in the construction project by walk-in
method included 12 sets online questionnaire received from Google Form. They
have been given around 3 week periods to complete the questionnaire forms before
the collection. Figure 4.1 illustrates the responses rate was appreciable which the
returned questionnaire forms possess a high percentage of 69% (67 sets of the
returned questionnaire) compare to the 31% (30 sets of the unreturned questionnaire)
of unreturned questionnaire forms.
Table 4.1: Questionnaire Delivered Status
Questionnaire Delivered Status Quantities Percentage (%)
Returned 67 69
Unreturned 30 31
Total 97 100.00
Figure 4.1: Questionnaire Delivered Status
69%
31%
Questionnaire Delivered
Returned Unreturned
73
A total set of 67 questionnaire surveys were successful to be completed by
37 registered contractor companies which 5 from Grade 6 and 32 from Grade 7
contractor companies shown in Table 4.2. Hence, Figure 4.2 clearly represented
with 13.5% of Grade 6 contractor companies followed by 86.5% of Grade 7
contrcator companies had complete the questionnaire forms. In addition, Table 4.3
had listed out the name of registered contractor companies who assist in completing
the questionnaire surveys.
Table 4.2: Contractor's Grade
Contractor’s Grade Quantities Percentage (%)
G6 5 13.5
G7 32 86.5
Total 37 100
Figure 4.2: Contractor's Grade
13.5
86.5
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
G6 G7
Per
cen
tage
(%)
Contractor's Grade
74
Table 4.3: Lists of Contractor Companies
Registered Construction Company Grade
1 Danau Homes Sdn Bhd G7
2 Larkin Supplies Sdn Bhd G6
3 Pamir Development Sdn Bhd G7
4 Ketara Teknik Sdn Bhd G7
5 AME Construction Sdn Bhd G7
6 Astaka Padu G6
7 Capital 21 G6
8 Tentu Canggih Holding G6
9 UEM Construction Sdn Bhd G7
10 Samsung ct G7
11 Active Building Construction Sdn Bhd G7
12 Wellcon Construction & Trading G7
13 Fullji Construction Sdn Bhd G7
14 Xing Guang Construction Sdn bhd G7
15 Hwa Hin Sdn Bhd G7
16 KFK Construction Sdn Bhd G6
17 Tay Hup Brothers Construction Sdn Bhd G7
18 Archi Casaka Design Sdn Bhd G7
19 Pembinaan Teng Tat Sdn Bhd G7
20 Atlantis C&E Sdn Bhd G7
21 Chuan Luck Piling Sdn Bhd G7
22 Pembinaan Proli Sdn bhd G7
23 TSK Construction Sdn Bhd G7
24 Camire Sdn Bhd G7
25 Kelisa Murni Sdn Bhd G7
26 Enthai Construction Sdn Bhd G7
27 Gerbang Nusajaya Sdn Bhd G7
28 Teto Engineering Sdn Bhd G7
29 Triowell Construction Sdn Bhd G7
30 Dover Construction Sdn Bhd G7
31 HR Builder Enterprise Sdn Bhd G7
32 Eco Builder & Construction Sdn Bhd G7
33 Fook Yu Electrical & Building Contractor S/B G7
34 Majidee (Holdings) Sdn Bhd G7
35 Dekad Jitu Sdn Bhd G7
36 NZ Bina Sdn Bhd G7
37 Prosmier Construction Sdn Bhd G7
75
4.3 Respondent’s Background Information
This section discussed the detailed personnel information obtained from the
questionnaire surveys started from the respondent’s position, educational background,
working’s experience and lastly the ownership of mobile devices.
4.3.1 Respondent’s Position
Table 4.4, Figure 4.3 and Figure 4.4 present the composition of respondents
according to their department and respondent’s position. From Table 4.4, the total
respondent number is 67 and all of them are from the department of project
management, commerce and contract, engineering and also safety and health.
Table 4.4: Amount of Respondents According Department & Position
Department Position Quantities Percentage (%) Overall
Percentage (%)
Project
Management
Project / Managing
Director 5 7.46
28.36 Project Manager 5 7.46
Project Executive 4 5.97
Construction Manager 3 4.48
Assistant Manager 2 2.99
Commerce
& Contract
Contract
Manager/Executive 9 13.43
34.33
Quantity Surveyor 14 20.90
Engineering
Site Manager / Agent /
Coordinator 6 8.96
34.33 Site Engineer 8 11.94
Site Supervisor 9 13.43
Safety &
Health
Safety & Health Officer 1 1.49 2.99
Safety Supervisor 1 1.49
Total 67 100.00 100.00
76
Figure 4.3 shows the 12 different types of percentage for respondent’s
position, quantity surveyors took the highest percentage of 20.90% (N=14) from the
overall number of respondents. Site engineers who contribute to the completion of
questionnaire survey were 8 numbers which are 11.94% from the total numbers of 67.
Quantities of site supervisor and contract manager are both achieve 13.43% (N=9) as
well as project director and project manager both record 7.46% (N=5) respectively.
The personnel who responsible for the site inspection, resource management, and
work progress management such as site manager, site agent and site supervisor were
in 6 numbers which are 8.96%. The number of respondents below 5 was the project
executive (5.97%, N=4), construction manager (4.48%, N=4), assistant manager
(2.99%, N=2), safety and health officer (1.49%, N=1) and safety supervisor (1.49%,
N=1).
Figure 4.3: Percentage of Respondent's Position
7.46
7.46
5.97
4.48
2.99
13.43
20.90
8.96
11.94
13.43
1.49
1.49
0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 20.00 25.00
Project / Managing Director
Project Manager
Project Executive
Construction Manager
Assistant Manager
Contract Manager/Executive
Quantity Surveyor
Site Manager / Agent / Coordinator
Site Engineer
Site Supervisor
Safety & Health Officer
Safety Supervisor
Percentage (%)
Respondent's Position
77
Figure 4.4 summarises the respondents according to the department.
Commerce and contract department and engineering department were both achieved
34.33% respectively with a total number of 23 for each department. Apart from
that, project management department also attained 28.36% equal to a number of 19
meanwhile 2.99% of respondents were worked under safety and health department.
Figure 4.4: Percentage of Respondents by Department
28.36
34.33 34.33
2.99
0.00
10.00
20.00
30.00
40.00
50.00
Project
Management
Commerce &
Contract
Engineering Safety &
Health
Per
cen
tage
(%)
Respondents According Department
78
4.3.2 Respondent’s Educational Background
Table 4.5 provides data about the number of respondents according to
education’s level. Figure 4.5 had presented most of the respondent holds the higher
education certificate either is Degree, Master or PhD, 76.12% with 51 out of 67
respondents. Diploma and SPM level of respondents achieved 19.40% (N=13) and
4.48% (N=3) respectively meanwhile no respondents further their study until STPM.
Table 4.5: Respondent's Educational Background
Educational Background Quantities Percentage (%)
SPM 3 4.48
STPM 0 0.00
Diploma 13 19.40
Higher Education (Degree & Above) 51 76.12
Total 67 100.00
Figure 4.5: Percentage of Respondent's Educational Background
4.48 0.00
19.40
76.12
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
SPM STPM Diploma Higher
Education
(Degree &
Above)
Per
cen
tage
(%)
Respondent's Educational Background
79
4.3.3 Respondent’s Working Experience
Table and Figure 4.6 present information about the respondent’s working
experience in their construction industry. It is clearly demonstrated that almost half
of the respondents have the experience from 1 until 5 years which is 32 out of 67
with the percentage of 47.76. They were the fresh graduates or newbies for the
construction industry. Working experience with 6 until 10 years to be highlighted
with 29.85% (N=20) followed by 10.45% of construction players who had more than
20 years’ experiences and normally they are holding the managerial level in
companies. Respondents with 6 until 10 years and 11 until 15 years both were
recorded 5.97% with the 4 number of respondents respectively.
Table 4.6: Respondent's Working Experience
Working Experience Quantities Percentage (%)
1 - 5Y 32 47.76
6 - 10Y 20 29.85
11 - 15Y 4 5.97
16 - 20Y 4 5.97
> 20Y 7 10.45
Total 67 100.00
Figure 4.6: Percentage of Respondent's Working Experience
47.76
29.85
5.97 5.97 10.45
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
1 - 5Y 6 - 10Y 11 - 15Y 16 - 20Y > 20Y
Per
cen
tage
(%)
Respondent's Working Experience
80
4.3.4 Respondent’s Ownership of Mobile Devices
Development of information and communication technology (ICT) is the
current trend in the world, it is stated that people are aware and use the technology in
their daily life. The statement above can be supported by the information provided
in Table 4.7, it is clearly shown that all of the respondents have own and use the
mobile devices in their jobsite operation. However, they tend to own the
smartphone compared to the tablet or occupy both concurrently. Smartphone
holders were acquired at highest percentage which is 85.10% (N=57). Both
smartphone and tablet holders along their jobsite operation were recorded as 9
numbers with 13.40% followed by 1 tablet holder which is 1.50% from the overall
ownership of mobile devices.
Table 4.7: Respondent's Ownership of Mobile Devices
Mobile Devices Quantities Percentage (%)
Smartphone 57 85.10
Tablet 1 1.50
Both (Smartphone & Tablet) 9 13.40
Total 67 100.00
Figure 4.7: Percentage of Respondent's Ownership of Mobile Devices
85.1
1.5
13.4
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Smartphone Tablet Both (Smartphone
& Tablet)
Per
cen
tage
(%)
Respondent's Ownership of Mobile Devices
81
4.4 Usage Level of Construction-Related Mobile Apps in the Construction
Industry
Usage of apps in design, tendering, information requirement, construction and
construction maintenance process had been analysed through the utilisation and
selection of apps from the respondents. In this case, frequency distribution had
been adopted to show the percentage of the apps that have been used and selected by
the respondents. The highest utilisation and selection of apps had been highlighted
to present the most used and popular apps in each process. After that, a summary of
overall apps usage to be clearly defined and analysed to show the usage level is high
or low.
The last section under section 4.4 had outlined the usage frequency of apps in
each process according to the performed task which at the end to deeply described
the usage level of construction-related mobile apps in construction industry among
main contractors. Respondents were asked to indicate the level of usage for the
performed tasks of apps. A five-point Likert scale was applied where 1 represents
“Never” while 5 represents “Always”. After that the mean score for the usage level
was tabulated and the range for the level of usage is as explained in Chapter 3.
Table 4.8 had been applied to give the image of usage level of construction-related
mobile apps in terms of usage frequency on the performed tasks extracted from the
apps as discussed in Chapter 2.
Table 4.8: Mean Scale for Level of Usage
Mean Scale Level of Usage
3.67 – 5.00 High
2.34 – 3.66 Medium
1.00 – 2.33 Low
82
4.4.1 Usage of Apps in Design Process
Table 4.9 provides data about the apps can be used in the design process and
indicates the popular apps to be used by the respondents. It is clearly demonstrated
by the Figure 4.8 which the highest utilisation rate of the app is AutoCAD-DWG
Viewer & Editor (N=34) followed by 41.79% (N=28) of the respondent in using DWG
Fast View CAD Viewer to view, control and monitor the construction drawing.
There were 20 equal to 29.85% of respondents have used CAD Reader-DEG/DXF
Viewer in jobsite operation. The other listed design apps have been used but are less
than 20% of utilisation rate. BIM 360 Team (19.40%, N=13), FINALCAD-For
Construction (11.94%, N=8), Autodesk FormIt 360 (8.96%, N=6), BIMx-BIM
eXplorer (5.97%, N=4), Onsite PlanRoom (4.48%, N=3) and MagicPlan (2.99%,
N=2).
Table 4.9: Lists of Apps Used in Design Process
Apps in Design Process Use Usage Percentage (%)
MagicPlan 2/67 2.99
Onsite PlanRoom 3/67 4.48
CAD Reader-DEG/DXF Viewer 20/67 29.85
DWG Fast View CAD Viewer 28/67 41.79
BIMx-BIM eXplorer 4/67 5.97
AutoCAD-DWG Viewer & Editor 34/67 50.75
Autodesk FormIt 360 6/67 8.96
BIM 360 Team 13/67 19.40
FINALCAD-For Construction 8/67 11.94
83
Figure 4.8: Apps Usage Percentage in Design Process
4.4.2 Usage of Apps in Tendering Process
Table 4.10 gives information regarding the utilisation of apps in tendering
process. There were 3 apps listed for the tendering process, but the result presented
by the Figure 4.9 had shown that the usage of the app under tendering stage was
dissatisfactory. Material Estimator Calculator and Construction Estimator App were
both achieved 20.90% with the amount of 14 respondents respectively have used it in
the budgeting, estimating, cash flow and cost management. There was also 7
respondents (10.45%) have selected and used the ACE-Aided Cost Estimation in
their daily work routine. For information, some of the respondents have left their
comments regarding the utilisation of apps in tendering process which stated they
have mostly used the computer software for example Excel, Office and Glodon to
2.99
4.48
29.85
41.79
5.97
50.75
8.96
19.40
11.94
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
MagicPlan
Onsite PlanRoom
CAD Reader-DEG/DXF Viewer
DWG Fast View CAD Viewer
BIMx-BIM eXplorer
AutoCAD-DWG Viewer & Editor
Autodesk FormIt 360
BIM 360 Team
FINALCAD-For Construction
Percentage (%)
Apps Usage in Design Process
84
fulfill their job scope in their companies. There was the reason for the
dissatisfactory of apps usage percentage under tendering process.
Table 4.10: Lists of Apps Used in Tendering Process
Apps in Tendering Process Use Usage Percentage (%)
ACE-Aided Cost Estimation 7/67 10.45
Material Estimator Calculator 14/67 20.90
Construction Estimator App 14/67 20.90
Figure 4.9: Apps Usage Percentage in Tendering Process
4.4.3 Usage of Apps in information Requirement Process
From 5 main process started from design, tendering, information requirement,
construction and construction maintenance process, the apps usage rate in process of
information requirement was achieved the high satisfactory level. From the result
shown in Table 4.11, Whatsapp was the highest utilisation of apps which recorded
95.52% (N=64) high rate followed by Wechat with 43.28% (N=29). Whatsapp and
10.45
20.90
20.90
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
ACE-Aided Cost Estimation
Material Estimator Calculator
Construction Estimator App
Percentage (%)
Apps Usage in Tendering Process
85
Wechat are the main apps to be used in the communication, information sharing and
record keeping, additionally with the easy manipulation and free for download, both
apps became the most popular apps to be selected and used by the main contractors
in their jobsite operation. In contrary, TenderDB Malaysia and Trimble Contractor
were both recorded only 1 (1.49%) and 3 (4.48%) respondents respectively.
Table 4.11: Lists of Apps in Information Requirement Process
Apps in Information Requirement Process Use Usage Percentage (%)
TenderDB Malaysia 1/67 1.49
Trimble Contractor 3/67 4.48
Wechat 29/67 43.28
Whatsapp 64/67 95.52
Figure 4.10: App Usage Percentage in Information Requirement Process
1.49
4.48
43.28
95.52
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
TenderDB Malaysia
Trimble Contractor
Percentage (%)
Apps Usage in Information Requirement Process
86
4.4.4 Usage of Apps in Construction Process
The utilisation of apps in construction process is the most apps listed
compared to design (9 apps), tendering (3 apps), information requirement (4 apps)
and construction maintenance process (5 apps). There are a lot of apps can be used
in controlling, monitoring and managing the construction process and Daily Progress
Report Log was the highest utilisation of app with 46.27% (N=31) from the analysis.
They used Daily Progress Report Log typically to record project details, capture
progress photos, deliveries, visitors, delays and so forth. From Figure 4.11 also
displayed the second highest apps which is Unit Converter (26.87%, N=18) followed
by Building Calculator (23.88%, N=16). The remaining 14 apps were lack of
utilisation which the usage rate was below 12% or can be said that below 10
respondents had used the particular apps in the construction process. There were 8
respondents (11.94%) have used Site Specs and Fieldlens for Construction
respectively, 7 respondents (10.45%) have used Civil Calculator, 6 respondents
(8.96%) have used Raken Daily Reports and Construction Calc-24h Trial respectively,
5 respondents (7.46%) have used NoteVault Notes, 4 respondents (5.97%) have used
Bosch Building documentation and Concrete Calculator respectively, 3 respondents
(4.48%) have used Fieldwire and My Civil Calc respectively, 2 respondents (2.99%)
have used Equipment Inventory App as well as 1.49% (N=1) of respondent had used
the Tradies, Project Planning Pro and Wrike-Project Management respectively.
Daily Progress Report Log as the highest usage app due to its simple and easy
understanding operating layout or interface meanwhile the low utilisation rate of
apps might be caused by the complex interface to manipulate, non-application focus
and so on.
Table 4.12: Lists of Apps in Construction Process
Apps in Construction Process Use Usage Percentage (%)
NoteVault Notes 5/67 7.46
Raken Daily Reports 6/67 8.96
Daily Progress Report Log 31/67 46.27
Site Specs 8/67 11.94
87
Fieldlens for Construction 8/67 11.94
Bosch Building documentation 4/67 5.97
Tradies 1/67 1.49
Project Planning Pro 1/67 1.49
Wrike-Project Management 1/67 1.49
Fieldwire 3/67 4.48
Equipment Inventory App 2/67 2.99
Construction Calc-24h Trial 6/67 8.96
Concrete Calculator 4/67 5.97
My Civil CalC 3/67 4.48
Building calculator 16/67 23.88
Unit Converter 18/67 26.87
Civil Calculator 7/67 10.45
Figure 4.11: Apps Usage Percentage in Construction Process
7.46
8.96
46.27
11.94
11.94
5.97
1.49
1.49
1.49
4.48
2.99
8.96
5.97
4.48
23.88
26.87
10.45
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
NoteVault Notes
Raken Daily Reports
Daily Progress Report Log
Site Specs
Fieldlens for Construction
Bosch Building documentation
Tradies
Project Planning Pro
Wrike-Project Management
Fieldwire
Equipment Inventory App
Construction Calc-24h Trial
Concrete Calculator
My Civil CalC
Building calculator
Unit Converter
Civil Calculator
Percentage (%)
Apps Usage in Construction Process
88
4.4.5 Usage of Apps in Construction Maintenance Process
As seen from Table 4.13 and Figure 4.12, the highest app adopted by
respondents in construction maintenance process was iAuditor-Safety Checklist
which resulting in 31.34% of usage rate with 21 respondents have used it. On the
contrary, GenieBelt, Aconex Field, APROPLAN and BulldozAIR-Task Management
were at the low usage rate which was under 10 respondents in utilising it along with
their work routine. The usage rate for Aconex Field was 11.94% (N=8), GenieBelt
(8.96%, N=6), APROPLAN (7.46%, N=5) and lastly the BulldozAIR-Task
Management with the 3 respondents equal to 4.48% of usage rate.
Table 4.13: Lists of Apps in Construction Maintenance Process
Apps in Construction Maintenance Process Use Usage Percentage (%)
GenieBe1t 6/67 8.96
iAuditor-Safety Checklist 21/67 31.34
Aconex Field 8/67 11.94
APROPLAN 5/67 7.46
BulldozAIR-Task Management 3/67 4.48
Figure 4.12: Apps Usage Percentage in Construction Maintenance Process
8.96
31.34
11.94
7.46
4.48
0.00 20.00 40.00 60.00 80.00 100.00
GenieBe1t
iAuditor-Safety Checklist
Aconex Field
APROPLAN
BulldozAIR-Task Management
Percentage (%)
Apps Usage in Construction Maintenance Process
89
4.4.6 Overall Usage of Apps in Construction Industry
The respondents who had used and selected the listed apps were considered
as app users meanwhile those who did not use or select any of the listed apps had
tend to be categorised as non-app users. Figure 4.13 had apparently displayed the
app usage according to the 5 main process in the construction industry, the process is
design, tendering, information requirement, construction and construction
maintenance. The bar chart shows that app usage in information requirement
process had achieved the highest proportional of app utilisation which 98.50% of
respondents had used the apps and only 1.50% of respondents defined as non-app
users. App usage in design and construction process are both more than 80% which
in design process (app users = 89.6% ; non-app users = 10.40%) as well as in
construction process (app users = 83.6% ; non-app users = 16.40%). In
construction maintenance process, 56.70% of respondents had used the apps in
manage the maintenance works for example site inspection, safety management,
quality management and so forth meanwhile 43.30% of respondents were the
non-app users under maintenance process. App usage in tendering process was the
special case which more than 50% of respondents have not used the apps for
tendering process. They had stated that computer software for instance Glodon and
Excel are more practical in the calculation, estimation and measurement works.
Therefore, there were the 52.20% of non-app users compared to 47.80% of app users
under tendering process.
90
Table 4.14: Detailed Apps Usage in Construction Industry
Utilisation of Apps in Construction Industry Percentage (%)
Yes No
Design Process 89.60 10.40
Tendering Process 47.80 52.20
Information Requirement Process 98.50 1.50
Construction Process 83.60 16.40
Construction Maintenance Process 56.70 43.30
Summary 75.24 24.76
Figure 4.13: Apps Usage Percentage in Construction Industry According Process
Additionally, Figure 4.14 had clarified the summary of apps usage in
construction industry among the main contractors. There was 75.24% are the app
users compared to 24.76% of the non-app users.
89.6
47.8
98.5
83.6
56.7
10.4
52.2
1.5
16.4
43.3
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
100.0
Design
Process
Tendering
Process
Information
Requirement
Process
Construction
Process
Construction
Maintenance
Process
Per
cen
tage
(%)
Apps Usage in Construction Industry
Yes
No
91
Figure 4.14: Summary of Apps Usage in Construction Industry
4.4.7 Usage Frequency of Apps in Design Process
As summarised in Table 4.15 and Figure 4.15, the construction professionals
who used the apps in managing the design aspects were like to view project plans
and documents in anywhere and anytime as well as view, create, edit, store and share
drawing or designs that had been amended to the project teams or sub-contractors.
They have used the apps but not in the high frequency due to the limitations and
appropriateness of the mobile devices in terms of applicability. For example,
performed tasks in design process like create and measure floor plans, view,
coordinate and navigate 2D and 3D models together with displaying building
components or specifications are more suitable to be launched and operated by using
the computer. To conclude the usage frequency in terms of the design process, it
was recorded at the medium usage level.
75.24
24.76
0
20
40
60
80
100
Yes No
Per
cen
tage
(%)
Summary of Apps Usage in Construction
Industry
92
Table 4.15: Performed Tasks in Design Process
Usage Frequency of Apps in Design Process
Performed Task Mean Score
View project plans and documents when away
from the office 3.36
View, create, edit, store and share drawing/designs 3.31
Create and measure floor plans 3.12
View, coordinate and navigate 2D and 3D models 3.18
Displaying building component information
(specification) 3.01
Overall Mean Score 3.20
Figure 4.15: Usage Frequency of Apps in Design Process
3.36
3.31
3.12
3.18
3.01
1 2 3 4 5
View project plans and documents
when away from the office
View, create, edit, store and share
drawing / designs
Create and measure floor plans
View, coordinate and navigate 2D and
3D models
Displaying building component
information (specification)
Mean score
Usage Frequency of Apps in design Process
93
4.4.8 Usage Frequency of Apps in Tendering Process
The lowest apps utilisation was in the tendering process and its usage
frequency was within the medium level which presented in Table 4.16 and Figure
4.16. The construction players especially contract manager or executive and
quantity surveyors sometimes have used the apps in tendering process to estimate the
materials along with calculating building costs and manage the cash flow. However,
they are preferred to use the computer in the estimation and calculation works for
example the computer software such as Glodon and excels. The application of
computer software is more efficient to be used in the work routine compared to the
utilisation of apps by using mobile devices.
Table 4.16 Performed Tasks in Tendering Process
Usage Frequency of Apps in Tendering Process
Performed Task Mean Score
Calculate building costs for different types of
buildings 2.78
Estimation of material in daily
construction works 2.84
Overall Mean Score 2.81
Figure 4.16: Usage Frequency of Apps in Tendering Process
2.78
2.84
1 2 3 4 5
Calculate building costs for different
types of buildings
Estimation of material in daily
construction works
Mean Score
Usage Frequency of apps in Tendering Process
94
4.4.9 Usage Frequency of Apps in Information Requirement Process
Table 4.17 and Figure 4.17 have demonstrated the mean score for the usage
frequency of apps in information requirement process for example Whatsapp,
Wechat and Trimble Contractor. In the information requirement process, most of
the construction players were used the apps to send and receive messages, calls,
photos, videos, documents and also voice messages along the jobsite operation
followed by share and view the project documents in order to quickly come out with
the effective plans to coordinate and monitor the construction tasks. As a result,
these both actions were recorded as high usage frequency by the construction players.
In contrary, the tasks such as track materials, record changes and variation and
simplify relevant parties to refer tenders were the least actions to be carried out or
performed by the construction professionals in their daily works. As concluded for
the usage frequency in information requirement process, it was achieved the medium
usage level.
Table 4.17: Performed Tasks in Information Requirement Process
Usage Frequency of Apps in Information Requirement Process
Performed Task Mean Score
Track materials charges and compare against quotes 2.49
Record changes or variations attached with documented proof
of the change order 2.63
Simplify contractors and suppliers to refer tenders 2.42
Send and receive messages, calls, photos, videos, documents
and voice messages 3.97
Sharing and viewing the project document 3.90
Overall Mean Score 3.08
95
Figure 4.17: Usage Frequency of Apps in Information Requirement Process
4.4.10 Usage Frequency of Apps in Construction Process
Usage frequency of apps in construction process had been summarised and it
was under the medium usage level. Detailed information had been analysed and bar
chart as Figure 4.18 had clearly revealed the construction professionals have used all
of the functions from apps to manage and coordinate on jobsite operation because the
chart displayed that the usage frequency was almost equally which within 3.00 until
3.55. Therefore, it can be explained as the apps in construction process was bring
more functional and equilibrium capabilities to the construction players when they
are controlling the site tasks, tracking work progress, reporting potential issues on
site and so forth. As mentioned in Table 4.18 and Figure 4.18, tracking, recording
and reporting site progress was the main action to be performed meanwhile the least
performed task was the action of creating, edit and update plans and schedules or
2.49
2.63
2.42
3.97
3.90
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
Track materials charges and compare
against quotes
Record changes or variations attached
with documented proof of the change
order
Simplify contractors and suppliers to
refer tenders
Send and receive messages, calls,
photos, videos, documents and voice
messages
Sharing and viewing the project
document
Mean Score
Usage Frequency of Apps in Information
Requirement Process
96
import existing Microsoft Projects plans. Planning and scheduling management is
more suitable to be conducted through the computer because of its complexity of
characteristics hence it cannot be simply completed by the application of mobile
devices.
Table 4.18: Performed Tasks in Construction Process
Usage Frequency of Apps in Construction Process
Performed Task Mean Score
Add photos to logbook and timestamp function provided 3.39
Recording field notes and word document 3.25
Filter all photos to create daily progress/status reports 3.40
Keep everyone up-to-date with site conditions, safety, quality
control and security 3.42
Providing quick and easy site diaries, variations, RFI, meeting
minutes and purchase order 3.45
Daily reporting like type and dictate information directly
while on the jobsite 3.40
Tracking, recording and reporting site progress 3.54
Access folders and projects with assign and schedule tasks 3.18
Create plans and schedules or import existing Microsoft Projects
plans and edit/update 2.99
Track resource, assign responsibility, track weather condition and
mark-up photos and plans 3.31
Store collected data, capture photos, text, location and instantly
manage heavy equipment inventory 3.19
Calculating quantities of material required on site 3.22
Basic calculation for length (distance), area, weight (mass) and
volume (capacity) 3.25
Overall Mean score 3.31
97
Figure 4.18: Usage Frequency of Apps in Construction Process
3.39
3.25
3.40
3.42
3.45
3.40
3.54
3.18
2.99
3.31
3.19
3.22
3.25
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
Add photos to logbook and timestamp
function provided
Recording field notes and word document
Filter all photos to create daily
progress/status reports
Keep everyone up-to-date with site
conditions, safety, quality control and…
Providing quick and easy site diaries,
variations, RFI, meeting minutes and…
Daily reporting like type and dictate
information directly while on the jobsite
Tracking, recording and reporting site
progress
Access folders and projects with assign
and schedule tasks
Create plans and schedules or import
existing Microsoft Projects plans and…
Track resource, assign responsibility,
track weather condition and mark-up…
Store collected data, capture photos, text,
location and instantly manage heavy…
Calculating quantities of material required
on site
Basic calculation for length (distance),
area, weight (mass) and volume…
Mean Score
Usage Frequency of Apps in Construction Process
98
4.4.11 Usage Frequency of Apps in Construction Maintenance Process
Usage frequency of apps in construction maintenance process has the similar
usage rate with construction process which the 5 performed tasks under maintenance
phase were within the mean score 2.90 until 3.25. Therefore, it can be defined that
the construction professional such as safety officer, safety supervisor, site engineer,
site supervisor and so on were used the app's functions equally. They have used
apps to report potential issues attached together with photos and comments mostly
and followed by capture and share the site photo along the site safety inspection
session. As a result, the usage frequency of apps in construction maintenance
process was at the medium level.
Table 4.19: Performed Tasks in Construction Maintenance Process
Usage Frequency of Apps in Construction Maintenance Process
Performed Task Mean Score
Carry out site safety inspection with capture
and sharing of site photo 3.24
Manage risks, keep audit and inspection
records 3.00
Report potential issues with photos and
comments 3.28
Auditing all progress reports, comments and
notifications 3.01
Make annotations and comments on plans
and documents 2.90
Overall Mean Score 3.09
99
Figure 4.19: Usage Frequency of Apps in Construction Maintenance Process
4.4.12 Overall Usage Frequency of Apps in the Construction Industry
The result of overall usage frequency are presented in Table 4.20 and
converted into Figure 4.20 to clearly display the usage level in terms of usage
frequency among main contractors in the construction industry. From the Table
4.20, the mean score is within the range from 2.80 until 3.30, therefore it is obviously
illuminating that the usage frequency of apps in each process was dropped under the
category of medium level.
Table 4.20: Detailed of Usage Frequency of Apps in Construction Industry
Usage Frequency of Construction-Related Mobile Apps in
Construction Industry
Process Mean Score
Design 3.20
Tendering 2.81
Information Requirement 3.08
3.24
3.00
3.28
3.01
2.90
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
Carry out site safety inspection
with capture and sharing of site…
Manage risks, keep audit and
inspection records
Report potential issues with photos
and comments
Auditing all progress reports,
comments and notifications
Make annotations and comments on
plans and documents
Mean Score
Usage Frequency of Apps in Construction
Maintenance Process
100
Construction 3.31
Maintenance 3.09
Overall Mean Score 3.10
Figure 4.20: Summary of Usage Frequency of Apps According to Process
4.4.13 Summary Usage Level of Construction-Related Mobile Apps in
Construction Industry
From the discussion above, usage level in terms of utilisation was resulting in
high level however for the usage frequency was at the medium level. Therefore,
usage of the construction-related mobile apps among the main contractors has the
direct and indirect relationship with the influence factors such as app characteristics,
app features and potential problems which discussed in next section.
3.20
2.81 3.08
3.31 3.09
1.00
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
Design Tendering Information
Requirement
Construction Maintenance
Mea
n S
core
Usage Frequency of Construction-Related Mobile
Apps in Construction Industry
101
4.5 Factors Affecting the Usage of Construction-Related Mobile Apps in
Construction Industry
This section discussed and analysed the findings of factors affecting the usage
of construction-related mobile apps among the main contractors. Respondents were
asked to indicate the level of agreement for the 3 main categories which are the app
characteristics, potential problems and app features. A five-point Likert scale was
applied where 1 represents “Strong Disagree” while 5 represents “Strongly Agree.
The mean score for the factors affecting the usage of apps was tabulated and
ranking had been analysed based on the detailed in the app characteristics, potential
problems and also app features. The range for the level of agreement is as
explained in the previous chapter which is Chapter 3. Table 4.21 shown the mean
scales for the level of agreement.
Table 4.21: Mean Scale for Level of Agreement
Mean Scale Level of Agreement
3.67 – 5.00 High
2.34 – 3.66 Medium
1.00 – 2.33 Low
102
4.5.1 Influences of App Characteristics in Terms of Apps Usage
App characteristics are important in determining the drawback or acceptance
for the mobile apps. Table 4.22 and Figure 4.21 were evidently ascertained the
respondent’s selection and opinion for the listed app characteristics based on their
experience in adopting the mobile apps in their daily life. From the analysis,
characteristic of convenience was the first priority looked by the construction players
along their work routine, they seek for the assistance from apps to manage and
coordinate the complicated tasks as conveniently. Application focus seen to be
important because simple, focus on specific features and response directly to the
objective by apps can bring the high satisfaction to the mobile users. Followed by
characteristics of responsiveness and start-up time, people want the quick
accessibility to the app functions without waiting for a long duration. In terms of
security and localisation, they request for the safe private information protection as
well as the position-based information but these two characteristics were lack of
influences compared to other app characteristics which have the mean score of more
than 4.00.
Table 4.22: Detailed of App Characteristics
App Characteristics Mean Score Ranking
Responsiveness 4.06 3
Start-up time 4.04 4
Localisation 3.69 6
Application Focus 4.10 2
Convenience 4.37 1
Security 3.93 5
103
Figure 4.21: Influences of App Characteristics in Terms of Apps Usage
4.5.2 Influences of Potential Problems in Terms of Apps Usage
There are 5 potential problems that always became the issues for the
influences of apps utilisation. Detailed information had been highlighted in Table
4.23 and Figure 4.22 which the first ranking of problems normally causes the apps
usage rate whether high or low was the internet connectivity issue. Some of the
apps required the proper internet connection in order to be operated such as
Whatsapp and Wechat. The difficulty in obtaining internet connection especially
for the high rise projects caused the project teams lost of the online communication
and site problems sharing through the selected apps used by whole project members.
Apart from that, issue of difficulty in viewing for example the digital construction
drawing by the apps in design process for instance AutoCAD-DWG Viewer & Editor
and DWG Fast View CAD Viewer was normally faced by the construction players
4.06
4.04
3.69
4.10
4.37
3.93
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
Responsiveness
Start-up Time
Localisation
Application Focus
Convenience
Security
Mean Score
Influences of App Characteristics in Terms of Apps
Usage
104
when they are viewing the digital drawing on site, necessary zoom in and out as the
action to be repeated which might influence the completeness of the information
shared. In contrary, cost and security issue tend to be neglected and can be explained
as the least influences power for the usage of construction-related mobile apps in the
construction industry.
Table 4.23: Detailed of Potential Problems
Potential Problems Mean Score Ranking
Lack of Training 3.73 3
Difficulty in Viewing 3.76 2
Cost Issue 3.24 5
Security Issue 3.39 4
Internet Connectivity Issue 4.27 1
Figure 4.22: Influences of Potential Problems in Terms of Apps Usage
3.73
3.76
3.24
3.39
4.27
1 2 3 4 5
Lack of Training
Difficulty in Viewing
Cost Issue
Security Issue
Internet Connectivity Issue
Mean Score
Influences of Potential Problems in Terms of Usage
105
4.5.3 Influences of App Features in Terms of Apps Usage
This section only can be answered and completed by the respondents who
had experience in adopting apps. In this research, analysis on the apps utilisation
had concluded that all the respondent have the experience in using apps although
some of the respondents only adopt apps in the certain process but they tend to be
considered as mobile app users. There are 6 main app features have been analysed
and Table 4.24 had shown the app rating and review was the main factor selected by
the construction professionals which influence apps usage the most. App rating’s
quantities also became an issue for the users when they are in the process of selecting
and downloading the apps. As in Figure 4.23, app icon, app title, app screenshot
and app description were not the main impact factors from the view of the
construction players, they were believed that the app rating, review as well as the
rating’s quantities can help them in decision making on the apps utilisation.
Table 4.24: Detailed of App Features
App Features Mean Score Ranking
App Icon 3.63 4
App Title 3.57 6
App Screenshot 3.61 5
App Description 3.78 3
App Rating & Review 4.12 1
App Rating's Quantities 4.10 2
106
Figure 4.23: Influences of App Features in Terms of Apps Usage
4.5.4 Summary of Factors Affecting Usage of Construction-Related Mobile
Apps in Construction Industry
Summary for the influence factors had been analysed and the detailed
information can be obtained through Table 4.25 and Figure 4.24 which the level of
agreement towards the factors affecting to the usage were dropped under high level
means that influence of app characteristics, potential problems and app features in
terms of usage frequency have high impact to the usage of apps. In addition, the
first consideration that the users looking for was the app characteristics followed by
app features and lastly with the potential problems.
3.63
3.57
3.61
3.78
4.12
4.10
1.00 2.00 3.00 4.00 5.00
App Icon
App Title
App Screenshot
App Description
App Rating & Review
App Rating's Quantities
Mean Score
Influences of App Features in Terms of Apps Usage
107
Table 4.25: Summary of Factors Affecting Usage of Apps
Factor Affecting Usage of Construction-Related Mobile Apps
Influence Factors Mean Score Ranking
App Characteristics 4.03 1
Potential Problems 3.68 3
App Features 3.80 2
Figure 4.24: Factor Affecting Usage of Apps
4.03
3.68 3.80
1
2
3
4
5
App Characteristics Potential Problems App Features
Mea
n S
core
Factor Affecting Usage of Construction-Related
Mobile Apps
107
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND
RECOMMENDATIONS
108
CHAPTER 5
CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Introduction
This chapter had summarised the results and findings of the research that was
conducted in the Chapter 4 with regards to the level of usage as well as the factors
affecting to the usage of construction-related mobile apps in construction industry.
The limitations and predicaments encountered while conducting this research had
been highlighted. Recommendation provided for the future research was included
in the end of the chapter in order to provide more significant study regarding mobile
apps in the construction industry.
109
5.2 Research Conclusion
Conclusion had been divided into 3 sections to provide complete picture for
the level of usage of the construction-related mobile apps together with the factors
affecting the usage of construction-related mobile apps among the main contractors
in construction industry. The relationship between level of usage and the influence
factors to the usage of construction-related mobile apps had been highlighted.
5.2.1 Usage Level of Construction-Related Mobile Apps in Construction
Industry
People can download and use the mobile applications in anytime and
everywhere so that there was no problem for the apps utilisation. Similar situation
with the app users in the construction industry, all of them were used the applications
in their jobsite operation but the usage frequency had shown something different
compared to the apps usage. Comparison with apps usage in terms of utilisation
and utilisation frequency, it can be concluded that most of the main contractors have
used the apps which brought the meaning of high level of utilisation but the usage
frequency of apps among them was achieved medium level only which is
incompatible due to the app’s functionality, applicability, convenience and so forth.
There were some factors have directly or indirectly influences the usage frequency of
mobile applications, therefore it should be take notes by the construction companies,
app developers as well as the government.
110
5.2.2 Factors Affecting the Usage of Construction-Related Mobile Apps in
Construction Industry
From the analysis towards app characteristics, potential problems and app
features, the main influencing factor for each category had been highlighted.
Convenience, internet connectivity and app rating and review were the domain issues
to influence the usage of construction-related mobile apps among main contractors in
the construction industry. When study in detailed, these issues have the direct
connection with the apps usage and the relationship can be obtained as well as better
understanding to the impact brought by the affected factors as discussed earlier.
5.2.3 Relationships between Factors Affecting Apps Usage with Apps Usage
Level among Contractors in Construction Industry
The relationships between the factors affecting app usage with apps usage
level among the construction professionals in the construction industry had been
highlighted. Apps utilisation was resulting in high usage rate which more than 75%
of respondents have used the construction-related mobile apps in their jobsite
operation due to the easy access and free for download from the apps marketplace.
This provides the users the opportunity to use the apps. However, there was still
consists of about 25% did not use the apps because of the influence from app rating
and review. By referring to the rating and review, some of the negative comments
will influence their decision on the utilisation of apps. In terms of usage frequency,
the usage level was under the category of medium level which can be concluded that
although the construction players have used the apps however the frequency of
utilisation cannot be matched to the apps in terms of utilisation. Therefore, the
factors affecting the usage of the apps have been highlighted and there are 2 main
factors which are convenience issue and internet connectivity issue was bringing the
impact to the apps utilisation among the construction players.
111
Construction players want the convenience purpose to solve the complexity
of construction tasks and some of them used the apps but not in high frequency due
to the limitations, for example the viewing screen and operation of the mobile
devices. In addition, some of the construction professionals were preferred to use
computer in their work routine rather than with the mobile solution because they
think that computer’s function is more comprehensive and can complete more tasks
compared to the mobile devices and applications. Furthermore, internet
connectivity issue was the typical problems faced by the construction players in the
construction site. Some of the mobile apps required the internet connection in order
to run the application for example update and report the site progress, view and share
the site conditions and conduct site communication. Without the stable internet
connection, the mobile apps tend to be meaningless and useless. Therefore, there
was the reason why the usage frequency cannot achieve the high level of usage
frequency.
As a result, construction players have used the apps in design, tendering,
information requirement, construction and construction maintenance process with
download it from the apps marketplace but the frequency of utilisation among them
was at the medium level which mainly caused by the factors of convenience issue,
app rating and review issue and also internet connectivity issue.
112
5.3 Research Limitation
Throughout the entire process to conduct the research, there were some
problems encountered:
i. Response rate through the distribution of online questionnaire (Google Form)
was dissatisfactory and most of the email provided by the CIDB website
was irrelevant.
ii. Difficulty and time-consuming in distribute the questionnaire to the main
contractor companies through the direct walk-in method.
113
5.4 Recommendations for Future Research
Recommendations have been suggested in order to provide more deeply
research towards the mobile applications in the construction industry:
i. Method of data collection which is questionnaire form can be changed to
interview approach in order to provide more accurate data for the research.
ii. Usefulness of construction-related mobile apps from the perspective of
construction professionals can bring the further understanding regarding the
mobile applications in the construction industry.
iii. Another similar research should be conducted with a wider scope of covering
other states in Malaysia to ensure unbiased findings.
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APPENDIX A
TOTAL POPULATION &
SAMPLE SIZE
Total Population and Sample
Population Sample Population Sample Population Sample Population Sample
10 10 110 86 300 169 950 274
15 14 120 92 320 175 1000 278
20 19 130 97 340 181 1100 285
25 24 140 103 360 186 1200 291
30 28 150 108 380 191 1300 297
35 32 160 113 400 196 1400 302
40 36 170 118 420 201 1500 306
45 40 180 123 440 205 1600 310
50 44 190 127 460 210 1700 313
55 48 200 132 480 214 1800 317
60 52 210 136 500 217 1900 320
65 56 220 140 550 226 2000 322
70 59 230 144 600 234 2200 327
75 63 240 148 650 242 2400 331
80 66 250 152 700 248 2600 335
85 70 260 155 750 254 2800 338
90 73 270 159 800 260 3000 341
95 76 280 162 850 265 3500 346
100 80 290 165 900 269 4000 351
Source: (Krejcie & Morgan, 1970)
APPENDIX B
APPS CATEGORISATION &
SELECTION
Apps Categorisation and Apps Selection
Design (D) ; Tendering (T) ; Requirement (R) ; Construction (C) ; Maintenance (M)
App
Category
Apps Available in Google's
Play Store & Apple's App
Store App
Rating
App
Download
App
Rating's
quantity
Payment
Mode
App Title
R Bosch Building
Documentation 4.1 50K 442 Free
C CheckD Floor Plan 4.1 1K 14 Free
R Daily Progress Report Log 4.1 10K 185 Free
C Note Vault Notes 4.2 5K 52 Free
M Safesite 4 1K 5 Free
C eSUB Field Works 3.7 1K 11 Free
C Site Report 3.4 5K 44 Free
M Inspect Loaders
Report Damages 3.2 1K 17 Free
M APROPLAN 4.6 1K 18 Free
C Equipment Inventory App 4.7 1K 6 Free
M My Inspection App 4.3 500 7 Free
C Pattillo Construction 5 10+ 1 Free
C Track Construction
Equipment 5 1K 2 Free
M SnagR 3.5 10K 71 Free
M Snag List - Site Audit,
Inspection & Reporting 3.5 1K 2 Free
C Site Specs 4.5 100 8 Free
D Tekla Field3D 3.4 10K 183 Free
D FINALCAD-For
Construction 4.5 10K 119 Free
D Modern House Plans 3.5 500 2 Free
C A-Beam Lite 3.8 10K 260 Free
C Steel Beam Bulk
Checker. Shape 3.3 500 3 Free
D BIM 360 Team 4.1 10K 155 Free
M BulldozAIR- Task Management 4.2 10K 68 Free
R Survey Pro Central 3.9 1K 25 Free
D Structural Navigator 4.4 1K 8 Free
M Aconex Field 4.2 10K 63 Free
T ACE Aided Cost Estimation 5 50+ 1 Free
M Project Planning Pro 3.9 100K 3487 Free
C Concrete Calculator 4.5 50K 176 Free
C Archaio 0 10+ 0 Free
M Wrike - Project Management 4.3 10K 4767 Free
C Construction Reporting App 5 100 1 Free
M GenieBelt 4.3 5K 37 Free
M GanttMan 4 50K 678 Free
C Safety Meeting App 4 10K 140 Free
C iAuditor - Safety Checklists 4.3 100K 1484 Free
D CAD Touch Free 3.9 1M 15954 Free
C Trimble Contractor 4.1 10K 97 Free
D PadCAD CAD Drafting 3.7 100K 1835 Free
C Tradies 4.1 10K 193 Free
D DWG FastView-CAD Viewer 4.3 1M 13577 Free
D BIMx-BIM eXplorer 4.3 100K 3018 Free
D AutoCAD-DWG
Viewer & Editor 4.2 10M 140150 Free
D Autodesk FormIt 360 4 100K 4314 Free
R TenderDB Malaysia 4.8 1K 16 Free
C Cosntruction Manager 3.8 10K 219 Free
C Construction Daily Log Pro 3.8 1K 20 Free
R Fieldlens for Construction 4.2 10K 115 Free
R Fieldwire-Construction
Management & Punch List 4.6 50K 645 Free
C Site Diary-Daily Construction
Report 3.3 1K 21 Free
C Raken Daily Reports 4.4 50K 609 Free
C Construction Calculator 3.9 100K 1589 Free
T Construction Estimator App 3.8 100K 294 Free
D CAD Reader-DWG
/DXF Viewer 4.4 100K 898 Free
C Construction Calc Pro 4 5K 140 Free
C Construction Calc-24h Trial 4 100K 742 Free
C Unit Converter 4.4 10M 163080 Free
C My Civil CalC 4.5 50K 517 Free
C Civil Calculator 4 100K 1074 Free
C Building Calculator 4.5 100k 1474 Free
D magicplan 4.2 1M 22931 Free
D Turbo Viewer 3.9 100k 2149 Free
D Leica DISTO™ sketch 3.3 100K 881 Free
D OnSite PlanRoom 4.5 10K 42 Free
APPENDIX C
QUESTIONNAIRE
DEPARTMENT OF QUANTITY SURVEYING
FACULTY OF BUILT ENVIRONMENT
UNIVERSITI TEKNOLOGY OF MALAYSIA
RESEARCH TITLE:
UTILISATION OF CONSTRUCTION-RELATED MOBILE APPS IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
RESEARCH OBJECTIVES:
i. To determine the current level of usage for the construction-related
mobile apps.
ii. To investigate the factors affecting the usage of construction-related
mobile apps.
SUPERVISOR : ASSOC. PROF. DR. KHERUN NITA BINTI ALI
RESEARCHER : LEW JIA CHUN
COURSE : BACHELOR OF SCIENCE (CONSTRUCTION)
I.C. NO. : 940125-01-5565
H/P NO. : 016-7854635
E-MAIL : [email protected]
Note:
This survey is governed by the limiting condition which is only for academic purpose.
The researcher wishes to get your promptly cooperation to fill up this questionnaire. All
information disclosed will be kept entirely CONFIDENTIAL. Your cooperation is
highly appreciated. Thank you.
PART A: RESPONDENT’S BACKGROUND
1. Name : ___________________________________
2. Contact No : ___________________________________
3. Email : ___________________________________
4. Position : ___________________________________
5. Contractor’s Grade : ___________________________________
6. Working’s Experience : ___________________________________
7. Education’s Level:
SPM Diploma
STPM Higher Education
(Degree & Above)
8. Do you own any of the following:- (if you own both please select both):
Smartphone please state the brand:__________________
Tablet Please state the brand:__________________
Others: ________________________
Signature :____________________________________
Date :____________________________________
Company Name & Stamp :
B. USAGE OF CONSTRUCTION-RELATED MOBILE APPS IN
CONSTRUCTION INDUSTRY
1. Please circles the listed apps selected from the app stores with high rating
and review to show the usage level of the construction-related mobile apps.
A. Are you using the listed apps in managing the design process such as CAD,
BIM and drawing documentation?
MagicPlan DWG Fast View CAD
Viewer Autodesk FormIt 360
Onsite PlanRoom BIMx-BIM eXplorer BIM 360 Team
CAD Reader-DEG/DXF
Viewer
AutoCAD-DWG Viewer
& Editor
FINALCAD-For
Construction
Did you use any other apps to help you in managing the design process?
a._________________________________________
b._________________________________________
c._________________________________________
B. Are you using the listed apps in managing the tendering process such as
budgeting, estimating, cash flow and cost management?
ACE-Aided Cost Estimation
Material Estimator Calculator
Construction Estimator App
Did you use any other apps to help you in managing the tendering process?
a.________________________________________
b.________________________________________
c.________________________________________
C. Are you using the listed apps in managing the information requirement
process such as customer relations management, document control and
record keeping?
TenderDB Malaysia Wechat
Trimble Contractor Whatsapp
Did you use any other apps to help you in managing the information requirement
process?
a.________________________________________
b.________________________________________
c.________________________________________
D. Are you using the listed apps in managing the construction process such as
subcontractor management, logistic and supply management (materials),
productivity management as well as the planning, scheduling and
coordination?
NoteVault Notes Raken Daily Reports Daily Progress Report Log
Site Specs Fieldlens for
Construction
Bosch Building
documentation
Tradies Project Planning Pro Wrike-Project
Management
Fieldwire Equipment Inventory Construction Calc-24h
App Trial
Concrete Calculator My Civil CalC Building calculator
Unit Converter Civil Calculator
Did you use any other apps to help you in managing the construction process?
a.___________________________________________
b.___________________________________________
c.___________________________________________
E. Are you using the listed apps in managing the construction maintenance
process such as safety and health management and quality management?
GenieBe1t iAuditor-Safety Checklist
Aconex Field APROPLAN
BulldozAIR-Task Management
Did you use any other apps to help you in managing the construction maintenance
process?
a.___________________________________________
b.___________________________________________
c.___________________________________________
2. Please tick the following questions regarding the usage frequency of apps in
design, tendering, requirement, construction and maintenance phase.
5 – Always 4 – Often 3 – Sometime
2 – Rarely 1 – Never
A. How frequently you use the apps in design process such as viewing the
drawings?
1 2 3 4 5
1. View project plans and documents when away from the office.
2. View, create, edit, store and share drawing / designs.
3. Create and measure floor plans.
4. View, coordinate and navigate 2D and 3D models
5. Displaying building component information (specification)
B. How frequently you use the apps in tendering process such as budgeting,
estimating, cash flow and cost management?
1 2 3 4 5
1. Calculate building costs for different types of buildings.
2. Estimation of material in daily construction works
C. How frequently you use the apps in information requirement process such
as customer relations management, document control and record keeping?
1 2 3 4 5
1. Track materials charges and compare against quotes.
2. Record changes or variations attached with documented proof of
the change order.
3. Simplify contractors and suppliers to refer tenders.
4. Send and receive messages, calls, photos, videos, documents and
voice messages.
5. Sharing and viewing the project documents
D. How frequently you use the apps in construction process such as
subcontractor management, logistic and supply management (materials),
productivity management as well as the planning, scheduling and
coordination?
1 2 3 4 5
1. Add photos to logbook and timestamp function provided.
2. Recording field notes and word documents.
3. Filter all photos to create daily progress/status reports
4. Keep everyone up-to-date with site conditions, safety, quality
control and security.
5. Providing quick and easy site diaries, variations, RFI, meeting
minutes and purchase order.
6. Daily reporting like type and dictate information directly while on
the jobsite.
7. Tracking, recording and reporting site progress.
8. Access folders and projects with assign and schedule tasks.
9. Create plans and schedules or import existing Microsoft Projects
plans and edit/update.
10. Track resource, assign responsibility, track weather condition and
mark-up photos and plans.
11. Store collected data, capture photos, text, location and instantly
manage heavy equipment inventory.
12. Calculating quantities of material required on site.
13. Basic calculation for length (distance), area, weight (mass) and
volume (capacity).
E. How frequently you use the apps in construction maintenance process such
as safety and health management and quality management?
1 2 3 4 5
1. Carry out site safety inspection with capture and sharing of
site photo
2. Manage risks, keep audit and inspection records.
3. Report potential issues with photos and comments.
4. Auditing all progress reports, comments and notifications.
5. Make annotations and comments on plans and documents
PART 3: FACTORS AFFECTING THE USAGE OF
CONSTRUCTION-RELATED MOBILE APPS IN CONSTRUCTION
INDUSTRY
1. Please tick the below likelihood of the factors affecting usage of construction
apps in construction industry based on the indications:
5 – Strongly Agree 4 – Agree 3 – Neutral
2 – Disagree 1 – Strongly Disagree
A. App Characteristics
App characteristics must be taken into considerations in order to achieve the
user’s satisfaction and needs. How do you think the app characteristics listed
below will influence the apps utilisation among the users? Kindly list out the
other app characteristics that you think might influence the apps usage in the
construction industry.
1 2 3 4 5
1. Responsiveness (Response of the app when users tap on it)
2. Start-up time (Operation speed when start the app)
3. Localisation (Available for location and positioning function)
4. Application Focus (Specific function provided)
5. Convenience (Easy access and understanding the app functions)
6. Security (Protect user’s private information)
Others:
Others:
B. Potential Problems
The potential problems listed below were the factors that will affect the usage of
apps in construction industry. Do you agree with that? Kindly list out the
other problems that you think can bring the implication to the apps usage in the
construction industry.
1 2 3 4 5
1. Lack of Training
2. Difficulty in Viewing
3. Cost Issue
4. Security Issue
5. Internet Connectivity Issue
Others:
Others:
[ If you are using the construction-related mobile apps in the jobsite operation,
please proceed to Part 3 - C ). ]
C. App Features
Each app owns it features which will provide users the better understanding
regarding the app’s functions as well as the performance. How do you thinks
about the app features listed below will bring the effect towards the apps usage in
the construction industry?
1 2 3 4 5
1. App Icon
2. App Title
3. App Screenshot
4. App Description
5. App Rating & Review
6. App Rating’s Quantities
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