uta opening talk mossfa-talk-1 - coastal response research ...€¦ · nancy kinner (director,...
TRANSCRIPT
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MOSSFAMarine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculant
Accumulation Inter-Consortia GoMRI Working Group
(U. Passow, J. Chanton, K. Daly, D. Hollander,)
Synthesize different studies to generate a holistic, consistent picture of transport pathways of oil associated with particles and evaluate the accompanying consequences of the oil spill and procedures meant to mediate the spill (run‐off, dispersant, burning).
Marine snow forms in the water Floc or flocculent material is deposited at the seafloor:
“Dirty Blizzard Hypothesis”
It started with separate, very unexpected observations
Accumulation of large amounts of flocculent material or floc at the sea floor
Formation of huge marine snow in the presence of oil
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MOSSFA:
Steve Murawski (C‐Image), Eric Chassignet (DEEP‐C) & Ray Highsmith (ECOGIG)
GoMRI Research Board
Working group: MOSSFAMeredith Field Sherryl GilbertTracy Ippolito
Facilitator:Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University of New Hampshire)Kathy MandsagerPeter Kinner
Consortia: C‐Image, Deep‐C, ECOGIG – Venue, logistical support, travel funds
Ian MacDonald, Mauricio Silva Aguilera, Samira Daneshgar Asl: for the maps
YOU
Announcements & Outline
Introductory talk – present ideas and schematics the organizing committee has developed to provide a starting point for discussions: Straw person drafts and we are asking all of you to think about and refine these in the break out groups.
Group Introductory talks : Ali Khelifa’s talk canceled. Kendra Daly saves the day.
Introduction to break out groups: Nancy will give details on the tasks and thecomposition of each break out group.
Posters: Long breaks meant to give you time to look at data presented at posters,you will need it in the break out groups
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• Formation, sedimentation and modification of oil associated rapidly sinking marine snow/ OMAs.
• Deposition, accumulation & resuspension of this material (floc) at the seafloor.
Oil contaminated marine snow: Formation mechanisms, particle dynamics,
sedimentation and accumulation at the seafloor
• Response of pelagic and benthic organisms and environment to such an event
Physical coagulation of phytoplankton, detritus, minerals including oil
Biological snow production: Bacterial mucus production, Zooplankton feces & feeding webs with oil
Fragmentation
Zooplankton Interaction: grazing, repackaging
Sedimentation
Microbial modification & degradation
Deposition, Accumulation
Resuspension
Benthic Fauna
Oil layer & droplets
Incorporation of lithogenic material
High River Influence Low River InfluenceHigh nutrients, clays, low salinity Low nutrients, clays, high salinity
Diatoms Cyanobacteria (N2 fixation)
& Radially Outward from Oil Release
Landward/ Higher Riverine Influen
ce
Seaw
ard/ Lower Riverine Input
High POC Flux Low POC Flux
Larger Grain Size
High Foram O2 ToleranceLow Foram O2 Tolerance
Shallow Redoxcline Deep Redoxcline
Lithic/Organic Carbonate
Gradients: Near Major River Mouth
9!!
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85 Day‐Gridded Average Oil‐CoverRed = >90%Yellow = <45%
Area of DispersantUse >90%~ 30 miles off shore
1. Dispersant application decreases oil droplet size and facilitates oil binding with clays, algae and bacteia
2. Algae and bacteria exposed to oil and dispersant form biopolymers .
3. Oil burning produces pyrogenic PAHs and soot particles
4. River discharge releases clays & nutrients and freshwater to offshore
Did mitigation strategies of surface oil intensify MOSSFA & increase the “footprint” of sedimentary oil deposition?
Location Map of In Situ Burning
~ 25 to 55 miles off shore
Ian MacDonald, Mauricio Silva Aguilera, Samira Daneshgar Asl, unpubl.
Gradients in surface oil exposure
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Surface Salinity Fields: August 2010
Model output from Ruoying He (NCSU), http://omgsrv1.meas.ncsu.edu.
Gradients due to Major River
Marine oil snow due to microbial mucus production
Formation of Oil‐associated Sinking Particles:Experimental data on formation mechanisms
Marine aggregates due to phys. coagulation
Fecal pellet from doliolid exposed to dispersed oil droplets
Lee, Paffenhoefer, Koester Lee et al 2002
OMA: Oil mineral aggregates with fresh or aged oil. OIL‐SPM
Passow, unpub. Passow, unpub.
cm‐sized sized to µm‐sized – but all sink rapidly
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In situ Marine Snow Profiles
Daly unpubl.
Abundance # m‐3
Asper unpubl.
June 2010, at DWH spill site
Carbon isotope bi‐plot of plankton samplesData consistent with petro‐carbon entering the food web
Chanton et al. 2012
Oil‐Carbon in the pelagic food web
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Sediment trap results: OC 26 at ~1400 m depth
August/ September 2010:• Exceptionally high POC
sedimentation POC m
g m
‐2d‐1
0
50
100
150
8/1/2010 8/1/2011
Passow, Asper et al. unpubl.
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Deposition at Seafloor
Joye et al. unpubl.
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Sediment Coring Sites
Brighter colors depict more 14C depleted petro‐residues
Deposition at Seafloor
Chanton et al. unpubl.
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ERMA Data- NOAASediment core samples
- 551 sites- 85% sites
impacted
Sedimentary hydrocarbons: Post ‐Blowout: Pre‐Blowout
‐295–10
21–30
41–50
61–70
81–90
101‐250
501‐3850
All Hydrocarbons% Change Post:Pre DwH
Romero et al, unpublished
Montagna et al. 2013 PLOSOne 8(8)
Deep Sea benthic footprint of the DwH Blowout
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Early May 2010: Sediment before oil fallout
October 2010: sediment covered with oil fallout
July 2011 sediment with oil‐derived fallout
Microbial Community Composition in Sediments Reflects Oil‐derived Fall out!
July 2011 sediment without oil‐derived fallout
16S rRNA clone libraries
Bacteroidetes Epsilon Gamma Beta Alpha
Plantomycetes Delta Unknown Acidobacterium Gemmatimonadetes
Cyanobacteria Spirochaeta Firmicutes Actinobacteria Nitrospina
Chloroflexi Candidate_divisions Verrucomicrobia Chlorobi
Gutierrez et al. , PLoS One, in pressGutierrez et al, The ISME J. in press 27
Corals impacted to over 20% of their total surface area and then colonized by hydroids are not recovering so far. Corals impacted to less than 20% of their TSA seem to be recovering.
Patchy impact on Corals
Fisher, Baums, Cordes, Slattery!!
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“Marine oil snow”
Group 1: Oil‐associated Marine SnowFactors impacting the formation & modification of sinking “oil snow”
Oil, Dispersant
Riverine Influences Marine biota
Pyrogenic
Petrogenic, weathering
Dispersant
Feces, feeding structures, removal
Mucus production, HC degradation
Aggregation & Fragmentation
Salinity
Nutrients Clays
OMAs
Mucusoil‐snow
Aggregates with Oil
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Nature & Chemical Composition of Sediments Reflects Inputs and Processes
Petrogenic HC Smaller Oil DropletsBurning‐ Pyrogenic
Ecotoxicology
Clays, Terrestrial Organic Matter,
Increased Productivity
Sedimentology, Mineralogy and Chronology: Grain size, Clay mineralogy, Radioisotope Chemistry , Sediment Resuspension, slumping and Cross‐shelf/Lateral Transport
Organic Matter Sources, Fluxes and Concentrations: Algae, Terrestrial, Microbial, Petrochemical
Redox Changes & Chemical Processes: Porewater Chemistry, Metals, Degradation Rates, Decomposition and Transformation of Petrochemicals
Group 2: Deposition, Accumulation and Biogeochemical Fate of Oil‐associated Floc at the Seafloor
Oil & Dispersants
Sedimentary Depositional
Chem.Env.
Benthic fauna
Riverine Inputs
Deposition & Accumulation
of Floc
Smothering, Bio‐turbation, C‐input (substrate), Poisoning (toxic)
Direct Effects
Group 3: Impacts of Oil‐associated Snow & Flocon Pelagic and Benthic Organisms, Communities & Ecosystems
Impacts f (Hydrocarbon concentration, exposure time, food source, environmental conditions, life‐stage of organism, productivity, organism interaction)
Ecotox‐Physiological Impacts: Lethal to sub‐lethal: Photosynthetic capacity, stress response, immune & enzymatic response,
Population dynamics: Mortality & Growth; Organisms abundance to community composition & functioning
Physical coating: Suffocation, poisoning, transdermal uptake, habitat destruction (burrowing, microbes)
Degradation, Utilization & Modification of HC: Removal of HC, mucus production, marine snow formation,
Intentional Uptake Inadvertent Ingestion
Altered Biochemistry: metabolic transformation of PAHs, metabolic byproducts,oil‐feces production
Oil or Dispersant ‐associated Snow or Floc
Behavioral Impacts: Swimming behavior, reproduction,
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Bathymetric map: Accumulation depends on deposition & transport
MacDonald, Silva Aguilera, Daneshgar Asl, unpubl. 37
Goals of the MOSSFA October 2013 Workshop:
1. What are the main processes/ frameworks? [Overall and for each group]
2. What are spatial and temporal variations of these processes?
3. What are the links between processes and the impacts on the ecosystem?
4. Define research questions for each process within the frameworks
5. What research projects are on‐going or completed that address these processes? What are the results from these projects?
6. Identify needed Research Strategy (i.e., What is being addressed? What is not being addressed? What are the research gaps? How can these gaps be addressed?)
7. Initiate discussion with modelers to identify algorithms that incorporate marine snow/sedimentation processes to improve oil spill models.
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Enjoy!!!!
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Joye et al. in prep.
Sedimentation Event
Preliminary Results—Not for Citation
Ziervogel, Passow unpub.
Resuspension of oil‐contaminated floc
Re‐suspended floc form marine snow with increased microbial enzymatic activities
Glucosidase Peptidase
Bottom water
Bottom water
Bottom water & marine snow
Bottom water & marine snow