uta opening talk mossfa-talk-1 - coastal response research ...€¦ · nancy kinner (director,...

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6/12/2018 1 MOSSFA Marine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculant Accumulation Inter-Consortia GoMRI Working Group (U. Passow, J. Chanton, K. Daly, D. Hollander,) Synthesize different studies to generate a holistic, consistent picture of transport pathways of oil associated with particles and evaluate the accompanying consequences of the oil spill and procedures meant to mediate the spill (runoff, dispersant, burning). Marine snow forms in the water Floc or flocculent material is deposited at the seafloor: “Dirty Blizzard Hypothesis” It started with separate, very unexpected observations Accumulation of large amounts of flocculent material or floc at the sea floor Formation of huge marine snow in the presence of oil

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Page 1: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

1

MOSSFAMarine Oil Snow Sedimentation and Flocculant

Accumulation Inter-Consortia GoMRI Working Group

(U. Passow, J. Chanton, K. Daly, D. Hollander,)

Synthesize different studies to generate a holistic, consistent picture of transport  pathways of oil associated with particles and evaluate the accompanying consequences of the oil spill and procedures meant to mediate the spill (run‐off, dispersant, burning).

Marine snow forms in the water Floc or flocculent material is deposited at the seafloor: 

“Dirty Blizzard Hypothesis”

It started with separate, very unexpected observations

Accumulation of large amounts of flocculent material or floc at the sea floor

Formation of huge marine snow in the presence of oil

Page 2: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

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MOSSFA:

Steve Murawski (C‐Image), Eric Chassignet (DEEP‐C) & Ray Highsmith (ECOGIG)

GoMRI Research Board

Working group: MOSSFAMeredith Field Sherryl GilbertTracy Ippolito

Facilitator:Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University of New Hampshire)Kathy MandsagerPeter Kinner

Consortia: C‐Image, Deep‐C, ECOGIG – Venue, logistical support, travel funds

Ian MacDonald, Mauricio Silva Aguilera, Samira Daneshgar Asl: for the maps

YOU

Announcements & Outline

Introductory talk – present ideas and schematics the organizing committee has developed to provide a starting point for discussions: Straw person drafts and we are asking all of you to think about and refine these in the break out groups. 

Group Introductory talks : Ali Khelifa’s talk canceled. Kendra Daly saves the day.

Introduction to break out groups: Nancy will give details on the tasks and thecomposition of each break out group.

Posters: Long breaks meant to give you time to look at data presented at posters,you will need it in the break out groups

Page 3: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

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• Formation, sedimentation  and modification of oil associated rapidly sinking  marine snow/ OMAs.

• Deposition, accumulation & resuspension  of this material (floc) at the seafloor.

Oil contaminated marine snow: Formation mechanisms, particle dynamics, 

sedimentation and accumulation at the seafloor 

• Response of pelagic and benthic organisms and environment to such an event

Physical coagulation of phytoplankton, detritus, minerals including oil

Biological snow production: Bacterial mucus production, Zooplankton feces & feeding webs with oil

Fragmentation

Zooplankton Interaction: grazing, repackaging

Sedimentation

Microbial modification & degradation

Deposition, Accumulation

Resuspension

Benthic Fauna

Oil layer & droplets

Incorporation of lithogenic material

High River Influence Low River InfluenceHigh nutrients, clays, low salinity  Low nutrients, clays, high salinity 

Diatoms  Cyanobacteria (N2 fixation)

& Radially Outward from Oil Release

Landward/ Higher Riverine Influen

ce

Seaw

ard/ Lower Riverine Input

High POC Flux Low POC Flux

Larger Grain Size

High Foram O2 ToleranceLow Foram O2 Tolerance

Shallow Redoxcline Deep Redoxcline

Lithic/Organic Carbonate

Gradients:  Near Major River Mouth

9!!

Page 4: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

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85 Day‐Gridded Average Oil‐CoverRed =  >90%Yellow = <45%

Area of DispersantUse >90%~ 30 miles off shore

1. Dispersant application decreases oil droplet size and  facilitates oil binding with clays, algae and bacteia

2. Algae and bacteria exposed to oil and dispersant form biopolymers . 

3. Oil burning produces pyrogenic PAHs and soot particles 

4. River discharge releases clays & nutrients and freshwater to offshore   

Did mitigation strategies of surface oil intensify MOSSFA & increase the “footprint” of sedimentary oil deposition?

Location Map of In Situ Burning 

~ 25 to 55 miles off shore

Ian MacDonald, Mauricio Silva Aguilera, Samira Daneshgar Asl, unpubl.

Gradients in surface oil exposure

Page 5: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

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Surface Salinity Fields: August 2010

Model output from  Ruoying He (NCSU), http://omgsrv1.meas.ncsu.edu. 

Gradients due to Major River 

Marine oil snow due to microbial mucus production

Formation of Oil‐associated Sinking Particles:Experimental data on formation mechanisms

Marine aggregates due to phys. coagulation

Fecal pellet from doliolid exposed to dispersed oil droplets

Lee, Paffenhoefer, Koester Lee et al 2002

OMA: Oil mineral aggregates with fresh or aged oil. OIL‐SPM

Passow, unpub. Passow, unpub.

cm‐sized sized to µm‐sized – but all sink rapidly

Page 6: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

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In situ Marine Snow Profiles

Daly unpubl.

Abundance # m‐3

Asper unpubl.

June 2010, at DWH spill site

Carbon isotope bi‐plot of plankton samplesData consistent with petro‐carbon entering the food web

Chanton et al. 2012

Oil‐Carbon in the pelagic food web

Page 7: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

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Sediment trap results: OC 26 at ~1400 m depth

August/ September 2010:• Exceptionally high POC 

sedimentation POC m

g m

‐2d‐1

0

50

100

150

8/1/2010 8/1/2011

Passow, Asper et al. unpubl.

20

Deposition at Seafloor

Joye et al. unpubl.

Page 8: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

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Sediment Coring Sites

Brighter colors depict more 14C depleted petro‐residues

Deposition at Seafloor

Chanton et al. unpubl.

Page 9: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

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ERMA Data- NOAASediment core samples

- 551 sites- 85% sites

impacted

Sedimentary hydrocarbons:  Post ‐Blowout: Pre‐Blowout

‐295–10

21–30

41–50

61–70

81–90

101‐250

501‐3850

All Hydrocarbons% Change Post:Pre DwH

Romero et al, unpublished

Montagna et al. 2013 PLOSOne 8(8)

Deep Sea benthic footprint of the DwH Blowout 

Page 10: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

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Early May 2010: Sediment before oil fallout      

October 2010: sediment covered with oil fallout

July 2011 sediment with oil‐derived fallout

Microbial Community Composition in Sediments Reflects Oil‐derived Fall out! 

July 2011 sediment without oil‐derived fallout

16S rRNA clone libraries

Bacteroidetes Epsilon Gamma Beta Alpha

Plantomycetes Delta Unknown Acidobacterium Gemmatimonadetes

Cyanobacteria Spirochaeta Firmicutes Actinobacteria Nitrospina

Chloroflexi Candidate_divisions Verrucomicrobia Chlorobi

Gutierrez et al. , PLoS One, in pressGutierrez et al, The ISME J. in press 27

Corals impacted to over 20% of their total surface area and then colonized by hydroids are not recovering so far. Corals impacted to less than 20% of their TSA seem to be recovering.

Patchy impact on Corals

Fisher, Baums, Cordes, Slattery!!

Page 11: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

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“Marine oil snow”

Group 1: Oil‐associated Marine SnowFactors impacting the formation & modification of sinking “oil snow”

Oil, Dispersant

Riverine Influences Marine biota 

Pyrogenic

Petrogenic, weathering 

Dispersant

Feces, feeding structures, removal

Mucus production, HC degradation

Aggregation & Fragmentation

Salinity

Nutrients Clays

OMAs

Mucusoil‐snow

Aggregates with Oil

Page 12: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

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Nature & Chemical Composition of Sediments Reflects Inputs and Processes 

Petrogenic HC Smaller Oil DropletsBurning‐ Pyrogenic

Ecotoxicology

Clays, Terrestrial Organic Matter,

Increased Productivity

Sedimentology, Mineralogy and Chronology: Grain size, Clay mineralogy, Radioisotope Chemistry , Sediment Resuspension, slumping and Cross‐shelf/Lateral Transport

Organic Matter Sources, Fluxes and Concentrations: Algae, Terrestrial, Microbial, Petrochemical

Redox Changes & Chemical Processes: Porewater Chemistry, Metals, Degradation Rates, Decomposition and Transformation of Petrochemicals

Group 2: Deposition, Accumulation and Biogeochemical Fate of Oil‐associated Floc at the Seafloor

Oil & Dispersants

Sedimentary Depositional 

Chem.Env.

Benthic fauna

Riverine Inputs

Deposition & Accumulation 

of Floc

Smothering, Bio‐turbation, C‐input (substrate), Poisoning (toxic) 

Direct Effects

Group 3: Impacts of Oil‐associated Snow & Flocon Pelagic and Benthic Organisms, Communities & Ecosystems

Impacts f (Hydrocarbon concentration, exposure time, food source,  environmental conditions, life‐stage of organism, productivity, organism interaction)

Ecotox‐Physiological Impacts: Lethal to sub‐lethal: Photosynthetic capacity, stress response, immune & enzymatic response,

Population dynamics: Mortality & Growth;   Organisms abundance to community composition & functioning

Physical coating: Suffocation, poisoning, transdermal uptake, habitat destruction (burrowing, microbes)

Degradation, Utilization & Modification of HC: Removal of HC, mucus production, marine snow formation, 

Intentional Uptake       Inadvertent  Ingestion

Altered Biochemistry: metabolic transformation of PAHs, metabolic byproducts,oil‐feces production

Oil or Dispersant ‐associated Snow or Floc

Behavioral Impacts: Swimming behavior, reproduction, 

Page 13: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

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Bathymetric map: Accumulation depends on deposition & transport

MacDonald, Silva Aguilera, Daneshgar Asl, unpubl. 37

Goals of the MOSSFA October 2013 Workshop:

1. What are the main processes/ frameworks? [Overall and for each group] 

2. What are spatial and temporal variations of these processes?

3. What are the links between processes and the impacts on the ecosystem?

4. Define research questions for each process within the frameworks

5. What research projects are on‐going or completed that address these processes? What are the results from these projects?

6. Identify needed Research Strategy (i.e., What is being addressed? What is not being addressed? What are the research gaps? How can these gaps be addressed?)

7. Initiate discussion with modelers to identify algorithms that incorporate marine snow/sedimentation processes to improve oil spill models.

Page 14: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

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Enjoy!!!!

Page 15: UTA Opening Talk MOSSFA-talk-1 - Coastal Response Research ...€¦ · Nancy Kinner (Director, Coastal Response Research Center & Center for Spills in the Environment, University

6/12/2018

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Joye et al. in prep.

Sedimentation Event

Preliminary Results—Not for Citation

Ziervogel, Passow unpub.

Resuspension of oil‐contaminated floc

Re‐suspended  floc form marine snow with increased microbial enzymatic activities

Glucosidase Peptidase

Bottom water

Bottom water

Bottom water & marine snow

Bottom water & marine snow