ut material properties
TRANSCRIPT
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Piezoelectrics LongitudinalVelocity
(cm/ sec)
R,
d33
(10-12 m/v)
g33
(10-3 vm/n)
FrequencyConstant
(Hz-m)
Density
(g/cm3)
Acustic Impeadance
g/cm3-sec
(x105)
AlN .488 N/A N/A N/A 2440 8.8 42.94
Barium Titanate .564 1200 149 14.1 2740 5.55 33.5
Lead Zirconate Titanate
PZT-2 .441 450 152 38.1 2090 7.6 31.3
PZT-4 .460 1300 289 26.1 2000 7.5 34.5
PZT-5A .435 1700 380 24.8 1890 7.75 33.7
PZT-5H .456 3400 593 19.7 2000 7.5 34.2
K180 .400 425 180 41 2006 7.7 31
K270 .406 1300 270 26 2032 7.5 31
K278 .406 1100 240 26 2032 7.5 31
K350 .396 1700 290 25 1981 7.7 30.5
K500 .396 2700 500 20 1981 7.6 30.5
K550 .408 3000 550 20 2032 7.8 31
Lead Titanate
K NTA .417 170 62 40 2082 7.5 33
K N3B .427 215 70 37 2134 7.65 33
Lead Metanlobate
K-81 .305 300 85 32 1524 6.2 19
K-83 .548 175 65 42 2743 4.5 24.5
K-85 .335 80 180 27 1676 5.7 18.5
PVDF .220 12 33 339 1100 1.78 2.5
Lithium Niobate
(Z-cut) .773 N/A N/A N/A N/A 4.64 34.0
(Y-cut) .688 N/A N/A N/A N/A 4.64 31.9
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Sodium BismuthTitanate
140 18 15 2082 N/A N/A
K15 .417 N/A N/A N/A N/A 7.2 29
Lithium Sulfate (Y-cut)
.546 10.3 15 165 2730 2.06 11.2
Quartz .566 4.5 2.3 N/A 2830 6.82 15.2
Tourmaline .754 7.5N/A N/A
3770 3.1 23.4
Transducer Characteristics
The sound field of an ultrasonic transducer operating at a single frequency is divided into a near field and a far field zone. Thtransition between these zones occurs at a distance Yo+ (or N) and is sometimes referred to as the "natural focus" of a flat ( unfocused ) transducer. The near/far distance Yo+ is significant because amplitude variations that characterize the near field(and can make flaw evaluation difficult) change to a smoothly declining amplitude as the distance from the transducer increa
The tables presented here for unfocused and focused ultrasonic transducers represents a range of typical transducers. Animportant column in the unfocused tables, Normal Range of Focusing, shows the normal range of focusing for immersiontransducers in water for both spherical and cylindrical lenses. The Down Field Focal Zone column shows the start and end o
the Yo+ maxima on the transducer axis as the distance from the transducer increases.
Spherical or cylindrical focusing changes the structure of the transducer field by "pulling" the Yo+ point nearer the transducerthe focal point of the transducer. Again, the Down Field Focal Zone column shows the beginning and end of the focal zone,where the amplitude falls 6 dB below the maxima at the focal point.
It is important to note that the driving excitation normally used in NDT applications are either spike or rectangular pulsars, nosingle frequency. They can significantly alter the results shown in both tables. Nonetheless, the supporting analysis is widelyused because it represents a reasonable approximation and a good starting point.
Unfocused-
Frequency(MHz)
Diamet
er (in.)Focal
Length
(in)
6 dBSpot Size
(in)
START
(in)
END (in) FocalGain
SPHER.(dB)
CYL.
(in)
1.00 1.00 2.50 .146 1.9 4.10 11.80 9.3
2.25 .500 1.50 .078 1.10 2.50 10.00 7.5
2.25 .750 2.00 .069 1.50 2.80 24.00 21.5
2.25 .750 3.00 .104 2.20 4.90 13.30 1.8
2.25 1.000 3.00 .078 2.30 3.90 27.90 25.4
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2.25 1.000 5.00 .130 3.80 7.90 15.00 12.5
5.00 .250 .75 .035 .60 1.20 12.90 10.4
5.00 .375 1.00 .031 .80 1.30 26.50 24.0
5.00 .375 2.00 .062 1.50 3.50 8.30 5.8
5.00 .500 1.50 .035 1.20 1.90 30.20 27.7
5.00 .500 3.00 .070 2.20 4.90 12.90 1.4
5.00 .750 2.00 .031 1.60 2.20 39.20 36.7
5.00 .750 4.00 .062 3.10 5.40 40 24.0
5.00 .750 6.00 .094 4.60 9.40 16.20 13.7
5.00 1.000 3.00 .035 2.50 3.30 41.40 38.9
5.00 1.000 4.00 .047 3.20 4.60 37.50 35.0
5.00 1.000 6.00 .070 4.70 7.60 3.20 27.7
10.00 .125 .38 .018 .30 .60 12.90 10.4
10.00 .250 .75 .018 .60 1.00 30.20 27.7
10.00 .250 1.50 .035 1.10 2.40 12.90 10.4
10.00 .375 1.00 .016 .80 1.10 39.20 36.7
10.00 .375 2.00 .031 1.50 2.70 26.50 24.0
10.00 .375 3.00 .047 2.30 4.70 16.20 13.7
10.00 .500 1.50 .018 1.20 1.60 41.40 38.9
10.00 .500 3.00 .035 2.30 3.80 30.20 27.7
10.00 .500 5.00 .059 3.80 7.60 17.90 15.4
10.00 .750 3.00 .023 2.50 3.20 42.80 40.3
10.00 .750 4.00 .031 3.20 4.50 39.20 36.7
10.00 .750 6.00 .047 4.70 7.40 32.50 30.0
15.00 .125 .50 .016 .40 .80 16.20 13.7
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15.00 .250 .75 .012 .60 .90 37.50 35.0
15.00 .250 1.50 .023 1.20 2.10 23.70 21.2
15.00 .375 1.50 .016 1.20 1.70 39.20 36.7
15.00 .375 2.50 .026 2.00 3.20 30.40 27.9
15.00 .375 4.00 .042 3.10 6.00 19.30 16.8
20.00 .125 .50 .012 .40 .70 23.70 21.2
20.00 .125 .75 .018 .60 1.20 12.90 10.4
20.00 .250 .75 .009 .60 .80 41.40 38.9
20.00 .250 1.50 .018 1.20 1.90 3.20 27.7
20.00 .250 3.00 .035 2.20 4.90 12.90 10.4
Focused Transducers
Frequency
(MHz)
Dia.
(in)
Diameter/wavelength
Beam
Spread
(Degrees)
6 dBSpot
Size atYo+
(in)
NearField
Yo+
(in)
Normal Range ofFocusing
Down Field Focal Zone(6dB)
MIN
(in)
MAX
(in)
START
(in)
END
(in)
.50 .750 6.410 8.947 .188 1.202 Yo+
Yo+
.719 2.322
.50 1.000 8.547 6.707 .250 2.137 Yo+ Yo+ 1.279 4.128
1.00 .750 12.821 4.470 .188 2.404 1.619 1.923 1.438 4.644
1.00 1.000 17.094 3.352 .250 4.274 2.158 3.419 2.557 8.255
2.25 .250 9.615 5.961 .063 .601 Yo+ Yo+ .360 1.161
2.25 .375 14.423 3.973 .094 1.352 .809 1.082 .809 2.612
2.25 .500 19.231 2.980 .125 2.404 1.079 1.9923 1.438 4.644
2.25 .750 28.846 1.986 .188 5.409 1.619 4.327 3.237 10.448
2.25 1.000 38.462 1.490 .250 9.615 2.158 7.692 5.754 18.574
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5.00 .250 21.368 2.682 .063 1.335 .540 1.068 .799 2.580
5.00 .375 32.051 1.788 .094 3.005 .809 2.404 1.798 5.804
5.00 .500 42.735 1.341 .125 5.342 1.079 4.274 3.197 10.319
5.00 .750 64.103 .894 .188 12.019 1.619 9.615 7.192 23.218
5.00 1.000 85.470 .670 .250 21.368 2.158 17.094 12.786 41.276
10.00 .125 21.368 2.682 .031 .668 .270 .534 .400 1.290
10.00 .250 42.735 1.341 .063 2.671 .540 2.137 1.598 5.160
10.00 .375 64.103 .894 .094 6.010 .809 4.808 3596 11.609
10.00 .500 85.470 .670 .125 10.684 1.079 8.547 6.393 20.638
10.00 .750 128.205 .447 .188 24.038 1.619 19.231 14.385 46.436
10.00 1.000 170.940 .335 .250 42.735 2.158 34.188 25.573 82.553
15.00 .125 32.051 1.788 .031 1.002 .270 .801 .599 1.935
15.00 .250 64.103 .894 .063 4.006 .540 3.205 2.397 7.739
15.00 .375 96.154 .596 .094 9.014 .809 7.212 5.394 17.413
20.00 .125 42.735 1.341 .031 1.335 .270 1.068 .799 2.580
20.00 .250 85.470 .670 .063 5.342 .540 4.274 3.197 10.319
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Metals
LongitudinalVelocity
ShearVelocity
SurfaceVelocity
Densityg/cm3
AcousticImpedanceg/cm2-secx10
5
cm/s
in/ s cm/s
in/s
cm/s
in/s
Aluminum .632 .2488 .313 .1232 N/A N/A 2.70 17.10
AL 1100-0(2SO)
.635 .25 .310 .122 .290 .114 2.71 17.20
AL 2014(14S)
.632 .2488 .307 .1209 N/A N/A 2.80 17.80
AL 2024 T4(24ST)
.637 .2508 .316 .1244 .295 .116 2.77 17.60
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AL 2117 T4(17ST)
.650 .2559 .312 .1228 N/A N/A 2.80 18.20
BearingBabbit
.230 .0906 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.10 23.20
Beryllium 1.29 .5079 .888 .3496 .787 .310 1.82 23.50
Bismuth .218 .0858 .110 .0433 N/A N/A 9.80 21.40
Brass .428 .1685 .230 .0906 N/A N/A 8.56 36.70
Brass,Half Hard
.383 .1508 .205 .0807 N/A N/A 8.10 31.02
Brass, Naval .443 .1744 .212 .0835 .195 .0770 8.42 37.3
Bronze,Phospho
.353 .139 .223 .0878 .201 .0790 8.86 31.28
Cadmium .278 .1094 .150 .0591 N/A N/A 8.64 24.02
Cesium
(28.5C)
.0967 .0381 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.88 1.82
Columbium .492 .1937 .210 .0827 N/A N/A 8.57 42.16
Constantan .524 .2063 .104 .0409 N/A N/A 8.88 46.53
Copper .466 .1835 .0890 .035 .193 .0760 8.93 41.61
Gallium .274 .1079 N/A N/A N/A N/A 5.95 16.3
Germanium .541 .213 N/A N/A N/A N/A 5.47 29.59
Gold .324 .1276 .120 .0472 N/A N/A 19.32 62.6
Hafnium .384 .1512 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A
Inconel .572 .2252 N/A N/A .279 .110 8.25 47.19
Indium(156C)
.222 .0874 N/A N/A N/A N/A 7.30 16.21
Iron .590 .2323 .323 .1272 .279 .110 7.70 45.43
Iron, Cast .480 .189 .240 .0945 N/A N/A 7.80 37.44
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Lead .216 .085 .070 .0276 .0630 .0248 11.4 24.62
Lead, 5%Antinomy
.217 .0854 .081 .0319 .0740 .0291 1.9 23.65
Magnesium .631 .2484 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.74 10.98
Magnesium(AM-35)
.579 .228 .310 .122 .287 .113 1.74 10.07
Magnesium(FS-1)
.547 .2154 .303 .1193 N/A N/A 1.69 9.24
Magnesium(J-1)
.567 .2232 .301 .1185 N/A N/A 1.70 9.64
Magnesium(M)
.576 .2268 .309 .1217 N/A N/A 1.75 10.08
Magnesium(O-1)
.580 .2283 .304 .1197 N/A N/A 1.82 10.56
Magnesium(ZK-60A-TS)
.571 .2248 .305 .1201 N/A N/A 1.83 10.45
Manganese .466 .1835 .235 .0925 N/A N/A 7.39 34.44
Molybdenum .629 .2476 .335 .1319 .311 .122 10.2 64.16
Monel .602 .237 .272 .1071 .196 .0772 8.83 53.16
Nickel .563 .2217 .296 .1165 .264 .104 8.88 49.99
Platinum .396 .1559 .167 N/A N/A N/A 21.4 84.74
Plutonium .179 .0705 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 28.2
Plutonium(1% Gallium)
.182 .0717 N/A N/A N/A N/A N/A 28.6
Potassium
(100C)
.182 .0717 N/A N/A N/A N/A .83 1.51
Radium .0822 .0324 .111 .0437 .103 .0404 5.0 4.11
Rubidium .126 .0496 N/A N/A N/A N/A 1.53 1.93
Silver .360 .1417 .159 .0626 N/A N/A 1.5 37.8
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Silver, Nickel .462 .1819 .232 .0913 .169 .0665 8.75 40.43
Silver,German
.476 .1874 N/A N/A N/A N/A 8.70 41.41
Steel, 302Cres
.566 .2228 .312 .1228 .312 .123 8.03 45.45
Steel, 347
Cres
.574 .226 .309 .1217 N/A N/A 7.91 45.4
Steel, 410Cres
.739 .2909 .299 .1177 .216 .0850 7.67 56.68
Steel, 1020 .589 .2319 .324 .1276 N/A N/A 7.71 45.41
Steel, 1095 .590 .2323 .319 .1256 N/A N/A 7.80 46.02
Steel, 4150,Rc14
.586 .2307 .279 .1098 N/A N/A 7.84 45.94
Steel, 4150,Rc18
.589 .2319 .318 .1252 N/A N/A 7.82 46.06
Steel, 4150,Rc43
.587 .2311 .320 .126 N/A N/A 7.81 45.84
Steel, 4150,Rc64
.582 .2291 .277 .1091 N/A N/A 7.80 45.4
Steel, 4340 .585 .2303 .128 .0504 N/A N/A 7.80 45.63
Tantalum .410 .1614 .114 .0449 N/A N/A 16.6 68.06
Thallium
(302C)
.162 .0638 N/A N/A N/A N/A 11.9 19.28
Thorium .240 .0945 .156 .0614 N/A N/A 11.3 27.12
Tin .332 .1307 .167 .0657 N/A N/A 7.29 24.2
Titanium .607 .239 .331 .1303 N/A N/A 4.50 27.32
TitaniumCarbide
.827 .3256 .516 .2031 N/A N/A 5.15 42.59
Tungsten .518 .2039 .287 .113 .265 .104 19.25 99.72
Uranium .338 .1331 .196 .0772 N/A N/A 18.9 63.88
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UraniumDioxide
.518 .2039 N/A N/A N/A N/A 6.03 31.24
Vanadium .600 .2362 .278 .1094 N/A N/A 6.03 36.18
Zinc .417 .1642 .0949 .0374 N/A N/A 7.10 29.61
Zircaloy .472 .1858 .093 .0366 N/A N/A 9.03 42.6
Zirconium .465 .1831 .0886 .0349 N/A N/A 6.48 30.1
Liquids
Velocity, Longitudinal
Density
(g/cm3)
AcousticImpedance
(g/cm2-sec (x105)
cm/s
in/s
Acetate, Butyl (n) .127 .05 .871 1.02
Acetate, Ethyl .118 .0465 .900 1.6
Acetate, Methyl .115 .0453 .928 1.07
Acetate, Propyl .118 .0465 .891 1.05
Acetone .117 .0461 .790 .929
Acetonitrile .129 .0508 .783 1.01
Acetonyl Acetone .140 .0551 .729 1.359
Acetylendicloride .102 .0402 1.26 1.280
Alcohol, Butyl .124 .0488 .810 1.003
Alcohol, Ethyl .118 .0465 .789 .93
Alcohol, Furfuryl .145 .0571 1.135 1.645
Alcohol, Methyl .112 .0441 .792 .889
Alcohol, Propyl (i) .117 .0461 .786 .919
Alcohol, Propyl (n) .122 .048 .804 .983
Alcohol, t-Amyl .120 .0472 .810 .976
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Alkazene 13 .132 .052 .860 1.132
Analine .169 .0665 1.022 1.675
Benzene .130 .0512 .870 1.129
Benzol .133 .0524 .878 1.16
Benzol, Ethyl .134 .0528 .868 1.16
Bromoform .092 .0362 2.890 2.670
Butylene Glycol (2.3) .148 .0583 1.019 1.511
Butyrate, Ethyl .117 .0461 .877 1.03
Carbitol .146 .0575 .988 1.431
Carbon Bisulfide .116 .0457 N/A N/A
Carbon Disulfide .115 .0453 1.26 1.449
Carbon Tetracloride .093 .0366 1.595 1.478
Castor Oil .148 .0583 .969 1.430
Chlorobenzene .130 .0512 1.10 1.432
Chloroform .0987 .0389 1.49 1.471
Cylclohexanol .145 .0571 .962 1.40
Cyclohexanone .142 .0559 .948 1.391
Diacetyl .124 .0488 .990 1.222
Dichloroisobutane (1,3) .122 .048 1.14 1.390
Diesel Oil .125 .0492 N/A N/A
Diethylene Glycol .158 .0622 1.116 1.770
Diethyl Ketone .131 .0516 .813 1.07
Dimethyl Phthalate .146 .0575 1.20 1.758
d-Fenchone .132 .052 .940 1.241
Dioxane .138 .0543 .1033 1.425
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Dipheynyl in diphenyl oxide26.5%
.150 .0591 N/A N/A
Ethanol Amide .172 .0677 1.018 1.755
Ethyl Acetate .199 .0783 .90 1.069
Ethyl Ether .0986 .0388 .713 .702
Ethylene Glycol .166 .0654 1.113 1.847
Fluorosilicone Oil Dow FS-1265
.076 .0299 N/A N/A
Formamide .162 .0638 1.134 1.842
Furfural .145 .0571 1.157 1.670
Gasoline .125 .0492 .803 1.00
Glycerin .192 .0756 1.26 2.42
Gravity Fuel Oil AA .149 .0587 .99 1.472
Isopentane .0992 .0391 .62 .615
Kerosene .132 .052 .81 1.072
Linalool .140 .0551 .884 1.23
Linseed Oil .177 .0697 .922 1.63
Mercury 20C .142 .0559 13.87 19.7
Mesityloxide .131 .0516 .85 1.115
Methylenthylketone .121 .0476 .805 .972
Methyl Iodide .098 .0386N/A N/A
Methyl Napthalene .151 .0594 1.090 1.645
Mathyl Acetate .121 .0476 .934 1.131
Monochlorobenzene .127 .05 1.107 1.411
Morpholine .144 .0567 1.000 1.442
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Motor Oil (SAE 20) .174 .0685 .870 1.51
M-xylol .132 .052 .864 1.145
n-Hexanol .130 .0512 .819 1.065
Nitrobenzene .146 .0575 1.2 1.758
Nitromethane .133 .0524 1.13 1.504
Olive Oil .143 .0563 .948 1.391
Paraffin Oil .142 .0559 .835 1.86
Paraffin (15C) .130 .0512 N/A N/A
Peanut Oil .146 .0575 .936 1.365
Pentane .101 .0398 .621 .626
Petroleum .129 .0508 .825 1.07
Polypropylene oxide (38C)Ambiflo
.137 .0539 N/A N/A
Polypropylene glycol (38 C)(Polyglycol P-400)
.130 .0512 N/A N/A
Polypropylene glycol (38 C)(Polyglycol P-1200)
.130 .0512 N/A N/A
Polypropylene glycol (38 C)(Polyglycol P-400)
.157 .0618 N/A N/A
Pyridine .141 .0555 .982 1.39
Salt Solution (10%) .147 .0579 N/A N/A
Salt Solution (15%) .153 .0602 N/A N/A
Salt Solution (20%) .160 .063 N/A N/A
Silicone (30 centipoise) .099 .039 .993 .985
Silicone Oil (25C) Dow 710 Fluid .135 .0531 N/A N/A
Solvessa #3 .137 .0539 .877 .201
Sperm Oil .144 .0567 .88 1.268
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Tallow (16C) .039 .0154 N/A N/A
tert Butyl Chloride .098 .0386 .84 .827
Tetraethylene Glycol .158 .0622 1.12 1.784
Transformer Oil .139 .0547 .92 1.28
Trichlorethylene .105 .0413 1.05 .413
Triethylene Glycol .161 .0634 1.123 1.975
Turpentine .128 .0504 .893 1.14
Univis 800 .135 .0531 .870 1.191
Water (20C) .148 .0583 1.00 1.483
Water D2O .140 .0551 1.104 1.54
Water (Sea) .153 .0602 1.025 1.572
Xylene Hexaflouride .088 .0346 1.37 1.205