ussa off & org manual v3my.ussa.org/.../2011-12/documents/xcdocsofficialseventorgmanual.pdf ·...

May, 2002 1

USSA Cross-Country

USSA Officials and Organizer’s Seminar Manual - Draft 1

May, 2002 2

ORGANIZATION of presentation

• This manual contains materials collected and presented for the purpose of education of USSA Cross-Country Officials, as well as Organizers of large USSA Cross-Country events.

• Sections:– I. General overview– II. Organizers’ information (non-technical)– III. Technical information– IV. Technical Rules– V. Technical Delegate information

May, 2002 3

USSA Cross-Country

USSA Officials and Organizers’ Manual

SECTION I - General overview

May, 2002 4

SECTION I CONTENTS

• USSA Officiating - Overview• Officials’ Pipeline• TDs’ Pipeline• Venue and Event Organizers’ Pipeline

May, 2002 5

USSA CC Officiating - Overview

• The USSA Cross-Country Officials Committee meets twice every year, and is organized based on the below responsibilities.

• The USSA Cross-Country Officials’ Committee responsibilities are to:

– Provide direction, consultation and decisions regarding USSA CC rules interpretation and rules development

– Supervise National CC venue and course development– Oversee and manage education of TDs, CC event organizers and

officials– Appoint educated, effective and helpful TDs and other officials to

Organizers of high level national USSA CC events

May, 2002 6

USSA CC Officiating - Overview

• Goals:- Increase standard of TD work- Increase standard of CC organizations and events- Increase number of certified competition sites- Develop clear rules, officials’ manuals and TD/Officials’

certification pipeline- Distribute information and guidelines from the International Ski

Federation (FIS)

May, 2002 7

PURPOSE of manual- for Officials

• Help officials understand their roles in the event• Help officials understand the application of

technical rules• Help define goals and understanding of course

and venue certification• Provide examples of officials’ practical duties• Provide concrete examples of technical issues• Provide details (maps, layouts, lists)

May, 2002 8

PURPOSE of manual- for Organizers

• Help organizers understand “scope” of events• Help organizers “get started”• Provide examples of organizational possibilities• Provide concrete examples and issues• Provide details (publications, budgets, etc)

May, 2002 9

USSA TD/Officials’ pipeline

Pipeline is a term used to describe the progression andrequirements of the national certification levels for Cross-Country Technical Delegates and Officials.

May, 2002 10

USSA Officials’ Pipeline

• Level 1: Club event official• Level 2: USSA Regional Official• Level 3: USSA National Official• Level 4: USSA International Official

May, 2002 11

USSA Officials’ Pipeline• Level 1: Club event Official

• Volunteer in any position at local and citizen Cross-Country events

• Participate in USSA educational activities, such as attending local or regional clinics and seminars

• Become licensed USSA official and receive competition guide including rulebook

May, 2002 12

USSA Officials’ Pipeline• Level 2: Regional USSA Official

• Officiate satisfactory at least once every 2 years at level 2 Cross-Country events (see “Venue and Event Organizer’s Pipeline”)

• Attend regional or national USSA Officials' clinic at least once every 4 years and pass open book test.

• Maintain a current USSA official’s license,), and be tracked in the national USSA officials’ database

• Begin specializing in certain area(s) of Cross-Country event officiating/organization (Chief of competition, course, stadium, timing, competition control or secretariat)

USSA Officials’ Pipeline• Level 3: National USSA Official

• Officiate satisfactory at least every 2 years at level 2 or 3 Cross-Country events (see “Venue and Event Organizer’s Pipeline”) in akey position (Chief or assistant chief of competition, course, stadium, timing or secretary, or in other position supervising alarge group of people) at least once every 2 years

• Attend national USSA Officials' Clinic once every 2 years and pass written exam.

• Maintain a current USSA official’s license, and be tracked in the national USSA officials’ database.

• Achieve high level of expertise in certain area(s) of Cross-Country event officiating/organization (Chief of competition, course, stadium, timing, competition control or secretariat) in major National event.

USSA Officials’ Pipeline• Level 4: International USSA Official

• Officiate satisfactory at level 4 Cross-Country events (see “Venue and Event Organizer’s Pipeline”) in a key position (Chief or assistant chief of competition, course, stadium, timing or secretarial sub-committee, or in other position supervising a large group of people - See next page)

• Lecture at or organize a USSA National Officials' Clinic once every 2 years.


• Demonstrate highest level of expertise in certain area(s) of Cross-Country event officiating/organization (Chief of competition, course, stadium, timing, competition control or secretariat) at major international event.

• Pursue special projects under the direction of the USSA Officials’ Committee

USSA Officials’ Pipeline• Areas of Event Officiating and Organization

• 1. Course and Grooming• 2. Stadium/Start/Finish• 3. Timing/Results/Information Technology• 4. Secretariat/Information Technology• 5. Competition Control (Technique Control, Bib

Control, Access Control, etc.)• 6. Chief of Competition

May, 2002 16

USSA TDs’ Pipeline

• Level 1: Aspiring TD or TD in training• Level 2: Regional USSA Technical Delegate• Level 3: National USSA Technical Delegate• Level 4: International FIS Technical Delegate

May, 2002 17

USSA TDs’ Pipeline• Level 1: USSA TD in training

• Sign up as TD candidate in USSA TD database• Participate in regional or national TD clinics• Officiate as member of Jury in level 2 or 3 events• Not yet officiated as TD or assistant TD in level 2 or 3

races

May, 2002 18

USSA TDs’ Pipeline• Level 2: Regional USSA TD

• Officiate satisfactory as TD at level 2 events or assistant TD at level 3 events (see “Venue and Event Organizer’s Pipeline”)

• Organize or attend divisional/regional officials' seminar or clinic once every 4 years

• Attend national TD seminar and pass written exam every 4 years.

• Be in good physical condition and be able to ski any competition course.

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USSA TDs’ Pipeline• Level 2: Regional USSA TD cont....


• Demonstrate excellence as a lead official in two or more officiating areas at level 2 or 3 events, or accumulate experience as coach or athlete at level 3 or 4 events (see “Venue and Event Organizer’s Pipeline”), and indicate interest in TD officiating. Must be recommended for TD candidacy by region/division/district Cross-Country or Officials committee.

May, 2002 20

USSA TDs’ Pipeline• Level 3: National USSA TD

• Officiate satisfactory as TD at level 3 events (see “Venue and Event Organizer’s Pipeline”) at least once every 4 years.

• Organize or present at national officials/TD seminar once every 4 years.

• Attend National USSA TD or FIS seminar every 2 years and pass comprehensive, written rules examination.

• Be in good physical condition and be able to ski any competitioncourse.

• Maintain a current USSA official’s license, be tracked in the national USSA officials’ database and receive national educationmaterial.

• Must be nominated by Level 4 Technical Delegate

May, 2002 21

USSA TDs’ Pipeline• Level 4: International FIS TD

• Officiate as TD, assistant TD or Jury Members at non-domestic FIS events and Championships or domestic World Cup events.

• Present at or organize national USSA Officials' or TD seminars• Assist with preparation of USSA TD and Officials educational

material• Attend international FIS meetings, FIS homologation, or FIS TD

seminars at least every 4 years• Be instrumental in disseminating FIS rules and interpretations to

national USSA TDs and Officials.• Be in good physical condition and be able to ski any competition

course.

• Oversee evaluation and nomination of Level 3 NationalUSSATechnical Delegates.

May, 2002 22

USSA Event/Venue pipeline

Pipeline is a term used to describe the progression andrequirements of the national certification levels for Cross-Country Competition venues and events.

May, 2002 23

USSA Venue/Event Pipeline

• Level 1: Local and Club/Citizen event• Level 2: National Ranking/Junior Qualifier

event• Level 3: National Championship/FIS event• Level 4: World Cup/World Championship

event

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• Level 1: Local and Club/Citizen event• Organize successful local (club) and citizen events, with sufficient

equipment, including timing, grooming, signs etc. Venue is encouraged to adhere to USSA rules for all events and be responsible for adhering to USSA rules if event is sanctioned byUSSA. A list of responsibilities and a USSA rulebook is provided by USSA upon request.

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• Level 2: National Ranking Event/Junior Qualifier• Event is nominated to USSA by regional coordinator, and is

included in USSA competition schedule.• Chief of competition is a licensed USSA national official with

prior officiating experience, and knowledge of rules concerning all race-formats and techniques.

• Event organization works and consults with regionally appointed USSA TD

• Event uses advanced timing equipment and data processing for results (electronic equipment recommended)

• Event uses advanced grooming equipment (appropriate and sufficient for the task), and ideal-line track setting (with snowmobile) for classical races.

May, 2002 26

USSA Venue/Event Pipeline• Level 3: National Championship/Junior Olympics/Nor-

Am/FIS event/Olympic or WSC trial/USSA approved National Series

• Event has applied through USSA "Request for proposal” process (for National Championship, NorAm), through regional committee (for Junior Olympics), or regional coordinator (for FIS events)

• Venue and courses are USSA certified, and have submitted currentstadium and course plans and profiles to the USSA CC Technical Committee.

• TD at prior level 2 or 3 events, or USSA CC Officials’ or JuniorCommittee (as applicable) has approved venue and organization assatisfactory.

• Chief of competition is a licensed USSA National level official with prior officiating experiences at level 2, 3 or 4 events.

May, 2002 27

USSA Venue/Event Pipeline• Level 3: National Championship/Junior Olympics/Nor-

Am/FIS event/Olympic or WSC trial/USSA approved National Series cont....

• Event organization works and consults with nationally appointed TD

• Event uses advanced electronic timing and data processing systemwith back up for timing and results

• Event uses advanced grooming equipment (large grooming machines with tiller capabilities), and ideal -line track setting (with snowmobile) for classical races. Organizer prepares courses forofficial training day before race.

• Event produces and submits results and TD evaluation report according to USSA guidelines to USSA national office within 1 week of the event.

• Organizer conducts in cooperation with USSA Officials’ Committee training program for local officials in the period leading up to the event.

May, 2002 28

USSA Venue/Event Pipeline• Level 4: Olympic Games/World Championship/World Cup

events• Organizer applies for event through USSA "Request for proposal”

process (or through OC for Olympic Games)• Venue is FIS homologated and certified• Venue and organization have prior experience with National

Championship• Organization is experienced, stable and complete, current in all

FIS rules and USSA/FIS certifications, and chaired by a USSA level 3 or 4 official.

• Venue has top quality grooming equipment and snow making capabilities

• Venue and organization fulfills all other requirements per USSA/FIS/IOC guidelines

May, 2002 29

USSA Cross-Country


SECTION II - Organizers’ Information

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SECTION II CONTENTS

• Basic Event Management

• Special Event Management

• Large USSA Event Overview

• Event Organization• Event timelines• Administrative details• Budget Details

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BASIC EVENT MANAGEMENT -OVERVIEW

• (Click on right picture to start)

• Contents:– Methods of race start– Finish line management– Data management– Awards & Ceremonies

Ready, Set, Go!!

Intro to race management…

May, 2002 32

SPECIAL EVENT MANAGEMENT -OVERVIEW

• (Click on right picture to start)

• Contents:• Schedule issues• Administration Functions• Staffing & Personnel• Equipment & Venue issues• Promotion & Publicity• Sanitation & Safety• Food/Catering/Concessions• Leadership & Decision Making• Liability & Risk Management• Evaluation & Wrap Up

Special Event Management

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• World Cup Competitions ($200 - 300,000)•International field•International Jury/FIS involvement•Live TV coverage to Europe•Red group accommodation & travel•Every other year in US (opportunity)

• US National Championships ($30 - 50,000)•National field including NCAA and Juniors•Local TV News coverage•USSA contract

• Continental Cup ($10 - 20,000)•National field•Prize money•Qualify for World Cup

• FIS/NRL Competitions ($100 - $1,000)•Regional field•FIS/NRL points

LARGE USSA EVENT OVERVIEW

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• Event owned by sports’ Nationals Governing Body• US Ski Association (USSA)• Ownership implies main marketing rights

• Event awarded to Organizer through application process• Organizer must have the right to operate a venue

• Contract signed between USSA and Organizer• Several requirements & responsibilities

• Organizer will form an organizing committee• Based on local involvement, support and volunteerism

TYPICAL LARGE EVENT OVERVIEW(USSA Championship example)

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Event organizing budget:Income:

Registration feesSponsorshipsSpectators (tickets, VIP tickets, food sales, etc)Site fee

Expenses:Athlete accommodationsAwards & BanquetsSnowmaking & trail groomingVenue equipment (fences, signs, etc)Advertisement & promotionsFacilities rentals (headquarter, wax trailers etc.)Press and media (press operations center, equip.)Volunteer food and appreciation

Event overview cont..

May, 2002 36

TYPICAL EVENT ORGANIZATION

Event AdvisoryBoard

Administration &Finances

Volunteercoordination

Sport Management Marketing Site Management Event Operations Event Support

Event Directors

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Event Advisory BoardConsists of• representatives from the main stakeholders of the event• influential figures in the community

The main stakeholders are:-Venue owner-County/City/State Park-Event Owner-Event Organizer-Race headquarter hotel-Local business community-Local ski club(s)

Tasks• oversight (“Trustees”)• create mission and vision statements for the event• set policies and priorities • set goals (attendance & financial)• give advise to and assist event directors

May, 2002 38

Event GoalsMission and Vision (example)“ Organize great competitions for athletes, spectators, media and sponsors by

- providing technically superb events using a knowledgeable racemanagement crew- providing excellent service to athletes & teams from the time they arrive- producing exiting “race in progress” information to spectators, athletes and media - using music, interviews and entertainment to enhance the spectators experience- providing a unique program of cultural and social activities”

May, 2002 39

Event Director(s)

Tasks• daily/weekly coordination, administration and planning• interface with national ski association• responsible for knowing all event requirements• responsible for contracts, budgeting and financing

• define the organizational structure of the event• direct work of all sub-committees• facilitate meetings of the organizing committee

May, 2002 40

Main Organizing Committee

Event AdvisoryBoard

Administration&Finances

Volunteer & RiskManagement

SecreteriatCourseStadiumTiming & ResultsAthlete compoundCompetition control & securitySport ProductionWeatherMedical Services

Sport Management

PromotionsSponsor servicesAdvertisementTicketing

Marketing

Materials ManagementsMaintenance & RepairEnvironmentSanitationSecuritySnow removalLook & Signage

Site Management

TransportationTechnical servicesBroadcastPress & MediaAccreditationAwards & CeremoniesCrowd Management

Event Operations

AccommodationHospitalityCultur & EducationVIP & Guest servicesSpectator servicesFood services

Event Support

Event Directors

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•Event Director and assistant•Finance chair•Volunteer coordinator•Marketing chair•Sport Management/Competition chair•Site Management chair•Event Operations chair•Event Support chair

- Members recruited several months prior to the event - Meet monthly at first, then weekly close to the event time

- Review individual committee progress at each meeting- Discuss and solve all issues related to the smooth operation of the event

Main Organizing Committee

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Administration and Budgeting

Administration &Finances

Volunteer & RiskManagement

Event Director

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Administration DutiesWill be working with event directors in forming and formulating plans, budgets, event publications and in handling general volunteer, risk management, logistical and administrational issues.

Tasks:Budget - Forecasting, then monthly reporting and controlPublications - Event invitation

- Team Captains’&Athletes’ Manual- Course maps- Daily programs for spectators- Final Event Protocol and Results Book- Web site (information, registration, results, etc…)

Meeting logistics - Meeting setup and invitations- Meeting minutes- Interface with sub-committee chairs

Volunteer coordination- Registration of volunteers- Volunteer seminars and training- Create job descriptions- Be responsible for scheduling of volunteers

Risk Management - Cover event liability, volunteer liability

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AdvertisementMedia relations

Promotions

SponsorshipMerchandise

Fund raising

SalesDistribution

Ticketing

Hospitality and EventsBanner and promotion follow-up

Sponsor Services

Marketing

Marketing Committee(2 - 5 volunteers)

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Marketing Committee DutiesBe responsible for creating a marketing plan according to the vision of the event. Included in plan should be goals such as general public knowledge of the event, how to create a positive opinion and support among the local population, a set goal for number of spectators, a financial goal, a sponsor goal.

Tasks:Promotions Web site

Advertisements, poster Media relations (press releases, invitations etc)

Fund raisingSponsorships, definition of levelsMerchandise, pin sales

TicketingSalesDistribution

Sponsor ServicesHospitality and sponsor eventsBanner placement and promotion follow-up

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SuppliesMaintenanceSignage

MaterialsManagement

RecyclingEducation

Environment

PowerLightingUtilities

Maintenance &repair

Cleaning

Sanitation

SafetyLaw enforcement

Security Snow removal &Snow making

Site Management

Site Management(2 - 10 volunteers w/ contract partners)

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Site Management Committee DutiesBe responsible for the maintenance and sanitation of existing permanent and temporary buildings, equipment and materials, as well as controlling the storage facilities used. It will perform technical control of electricity, sanitary, culinary water and snowmaking systems. This committee will also keep roads, parking areas and spectator areas safe and accessible and use gravel, snow clearing equipment or snow blowers as needed. It will also coordinate deliveries of materials and equipment, such as tents, trailers, toilets, bleachers, signs etc, and know the intended users and placement of all such materials. This committee is responsible for the implementation of a security system that will guarantee a safe environment for all customer groups.

Tasks:Materials Management

Supplies, Maintenance, SignageMaintenance & Repair

Power, Heating & LightingSnow making & Snow removal

Snow production and distributionPlowing of roads, parking lots, etc

EnvironmentRecycling, Education

Sanitation CleaningSecurity Law Enforcement, Safety

May, 2002 48

ParkingAccredited transportationPublic transportation

TransportationServices

ComputerTelecomMobile & RadioPA system

TechnicalServices

Press centerPhotoInternetDistribution

Press & Media

Host broadcasterLocal TV

BroadcastServices

Flower ceremonyAwards Ceremony

Awards & Ceremonies

Accreditation registrationCard production and distribution

Accreditation

Access and zone controlSpectator control & ushers

Crowd Management

Event Operations

Event Operations(10 - 50 w/ contract partners)

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Event Operations Committee Duties

Coordinate all operations directly related to management of services and operations during the event and on the event day. This includes services that bring spectators to the venue, informs and entertains them during the event, as well as ensuring their safety in case of emergencies. Responsibilities also include support and organization of communication and technical services used during the event, as well as media and broadcast relations and services.

Tasks:

Transportation servicesParkingAthlete & team transportationOfficials’ transportationVolunteer transportation

Technical servicesComputerTelecomMobile & RadioPA system

May, 2002 50

Event Operations Committee Duties cont..Press and Media

Press centerPhoto & InternetMixed zoneDistribution of information

Broadcast servicesHost broadcaster coordinationLocal TV interface

Accreditation Athlete and Non-athlete registrationDevelopment of accreditation groups and zonesCard distribution

Crowd Management Perform necessary crowd control measures, information and ushering

Awards and CeremoniesPlan and perform flower ceremonies according to USSA procedures.Participate in setting up for “main” awards ceremony at night

May, 2002 51

AthletesOfficials & VolunteersSponsors

Accommodation

BanquetsSocials

Hospitality

VIP serviceObservation groupsAttache services

VIP&Guest Services

VolunteersSpectators

Food services

Venue & Townculture

Culture &Education

Food & Merchandise salesChild careLost & FoundUshering

Spectator Services

Event SupportServices

Event Support Services(10-50 volunteers w/ contract partners)

May, 2002 52

Event Support Services DutiesPlan and perform non sport-specific services and activities, ensuring correct and efficient services for all customer groups. Set criteria for success. Tasks:Accommodation Athletes

Sponsors & GuestsOfficials & volunteers

Hospitality Banquets, Social eventsVIP & Guest services

VIP, Guests and Observation groupsAttaché services

Food services Volunteers, Spectators

Culture & Education Venue/Town cultural activitiesSchool classes attendance

Volunteer coordinationRecruiting, Registration, Scheduling

Spectator servicesFood & Merchandise salesLost & foundChildcareUshering

May, 2002 53

Skiing trivia• Year? - First fiberglass ski used in Championship• Best ever American CC result? (Year, person, place)• Most Olympic Gold medals? (person, how many?)• First time snowmobiles used to groom trails?

• Who split their gold & silver medals in half? Why?– What implications did this have?

May, 2002 54

EVENT TIMELINE

May, 2002 55

May: Event Advisory Board & Org committee recruitment(7 months out) County/City/Park commitment

USSA Event contractRace headquarter contractCompetition Committee initial meeting

June: Marketing plan and initiativeAdvisory Board & Organizing Committee initial meetingVolunteer drive for competition committee (local/regional club)Venue layout determined

July: Organizing committee meetingsOperational plan and budget formedVolunteer descriptions due

August: Event advisory Board meetingReview of operational plan and budgetOrganizing committee meeting

Overall Event Timeline (example Jan. event)

May, 2002 56

September: Officials’ & Volunteer clinicsCompetition Committee meetingCourse homologation/certification completed

October: Organizing committee meetingDaily event program finalizedVolunteer driveTD and USSA inspectionOfficials’ & Volunteer clinics

November: Grooming ( & Snowmaking) startingRace invitation packet to athletes, teams and coachesEvent Advisory Board & Org committee meeting

December: Testing of timing equipment & scoreboardOn-snow officials’ and volunteer clinicRace registration and entry deadlineNewsletter & newspaper articles dueTemporary facilities delivered and installed

Overall Event Timeline (example)

May, 2002 57

January:3rd - 7th: Final installation of trailers, tents, signs and temporary facilities

Furniture, paper supplies, copiers etc. provided and installedPC, e-mail and internet access readyPower, phones, utility connection and function checksRadio frequencies determined and testedInstallation of venue timing equipmentMedical facilities determined and set-upTV camera locations determined, setup

8th: Race headquarter opensAthletes arriving

9th: Official training for competitors

10th: First competition

Overall Event Timeline (example)

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DAILY TIMELINE

May, 2002 59

Thursday January 9th06:30 Volunteer check-in starts

Meet with respective group leaders07:00 Timing connection test07:00 Race Headquarter open07:00 Stadium setup (ready by 8 AM)07:15 Competition Committee status meeting07:30 Start posting temperatures on Information Board (every 30 min until

start of race + 30 min)07:30 Final connection test of timing equipment/scoreboard/PA system07:30 TD/Jury Inspection of course/stadium08:00 Jury Meeting08:00 Stadium opens/PA system on/start lists in place for spectators 08:50 Fore-runners on course09:00 – 09:45 Women’s 5 km Free Technique individual start (60 racers)09:45 Jury meeting09:50 Fore-runners on course10:00 – 11:00 Men’s 10 km Free Technique individual start (5 km x 2)11:00 Jury meeting11:15 Flower/Awards ceremony12:30 Competition Committee review meetingPM Stadium takedown17:00 – 18:00 Coaches meetingEvening/Night Course preparation

Daily Timeline (NCAA example)

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ADMINISTRATIVE DETAILS

May, 2002 61

USSA Interface

• Contract– takes time– defines responsibilities– may seem “one-sided”– based on USSA

handbook– entry fees specified– responsibilities:

• accommodation• TD, Officials• banquet• opening/closing

ceremony

• USSA Support– bibs and medals– logo– start/finish banners– banner crew– technical advise– site fee– prize money– media support– promotion of event

May, 2002 62

Media and Sponsors

• Media– press center

• phones, fax• work space

– press releases• awareness• invitations

– registrations• credentials• press kit

• Sponsors– define categories

• gold, silver, bronze

– banner spaces• stadium, location specific• recognition (memento)• sponsor party

– food service at event– logo on posters, publications– special attention!

May, 2002 63

Publications

• Web page!• Event invitation• Team Captains’ & Athletes’ Manual• Spectator program• Results protocol• Web publishing

• registration• information• “real-time” results

May, 2002 64

Event Invitation content

• Welcome• Event overview• Participation right• Entry procedure• Seeding rules• Awards & Prize money info• Accommodation/Lodging info• Contact information• Schedule & Meeting locations• Doping notification• Course maps, area maps• Weather/Climate data

May, 2002 65

Team Captains’ Manual content

• Welcome• Detailed schedule• Sponsors & suppliers• Competition Committee & Jury• Race headquarter hours• Accreditation• Training hours• Bib pickup information• Wax facilities• Course and venue maps• Detailed phone number list• Medical & General information

May, 2002 66

Spectator Program content

• Welcome• Event schedule• Sponsors & suppliers• Athlete bios• Sport history• Description of event formats• Venue and course maps• Other general information

May, 2002 67

Results Protocol content

• Start lists• Results• Jury meeting minutes• Weather forecasts & data• Results format:

– name– start bib– time– competition/FIS points– etc.

May, 2002 68

TD interface

• Selection– in Spring prior to competition

• Inspection and homologation/certification– during summer or early fall– course, stadium, organization, technical checklist– course and venue maps

May, 2002 69

TD interface cont..• Communication and progress reports

– monthly progress reports (e-mail, phone/fax etc)– snow conditions, course preparation etc.

• Duties– technical consultation, TD is USSA’s technical representative

• Arrival and needs– transportation, nice & close accommodation w/ food– review timelines, TCM agenda etc.

• Final reports– FIS and USSA reports, review of Organizer, FIS points calculation

• Fees– $50 per day including travel day, plus transportation costs, accommodation and food

May, 2002 70

Volunteers• Training

– Officials’ seminar, practical training, rules’ update specific to work area– Define job tasks/responsibilities, clarify FIS/USSA rules (technique

control, course access/movement rules, etc)• Coordination

– Scheduling, team leaders assigned, check-in process– sign liability forms

• Rewards– Community pride, teamwork, volunteer party

• Food– Lunch

• Uniforms– jackets (if budgetary possible), or hats, gloves, T-shirts, logo, pin etc.– important, popular– make sure enough for all!

May, 2002 71

Communication

• Create phone list (with accreditation, “around neck”)• Cell phone for TD• Develop radio procedures and training (identification, short, no

“chatting”)• Suggested talk-groups (for approximately 40 radios):

– Jury (5)– Competition Committee (“Chiefs”)– Course crew

• can divide up in course preparation, technical control, etc.– Stadium crew (setup, ski marking, finish area)– Medical (ski patrol, finish area, event doctor)– Venue Management (parking, utilities, roads, keys etc)– Others: Timing, Secretariat, Announcer

May, 2002 72

Facilities• Stadium/Venue specific:

– race secretariat/competition headquarter (copy machines, shelves, supplies)– volunteer check-in (space important)– medical/ski patrol (toboggans, treatment table, supplies etc)– timing (windows, tables & chairs, hooks on walls, shelves)– announcing (quiet, good view, interface with timing)– athlete/team wax cabins/tents (distribution by regions, clean-up costs)– Press Center (phones, tables, information, web access)– VIP/Guest services (food service, information)– USSA Sponsor area (tents, canopies, displays)– Bleachers/Viewing area – Parking

• Non-stadium specific:– race headquarter/athlete registration/accreditation– Team Captains’ Meeting (at least 50 people for US Nationals)– Bib pickup/handout (usually in morning, need good space, organization)– Athletes’ banquet (300 people for US Nationals)

May, 2002 73

Facilities cont...• Signage:

– Stadium:• FINISH ZONE (2)• SKI MARKING• TO START• CLOTHING DROP• LAP (LEFT) - (2)• FINISH (RIGHT) - (2)• MEDIA AREA• 200M, 100M (TO FINISH)• GUEST/VIP AREA• TIMING ROOM• ANNOUNCER ROOM• ACCESS RESTRICTED• START BANNER (Horizontal or Vertical)• FINISH BANNER (Horizontal or Vertical)

• Control zone after finish marked with lines in snow (12-15 m after finish)

May, 2002 74

Facilities cont...• Signage:

– Course:• FEED STATION AHEAD• STEEP DOWNHILL!• SKI PATROL• KM Markers for every kilometer • Intersections marked clearly (for inspection) - otherwise closed

– Courses marked as on course maps (by distance of loop)

– Directional (with arrows):• ATHLETES/WAX CABINS/TENT• SPECTATOR PARKING• GENERAL EVENT INFORMATION• VOLUNTEER/STAFF CHECK-IN• BIB PICKUP• MEDICAL OFFICE• TO STADIUM• TO WAX & SKI TASTING• TO WARM-UP• WARM-UP COURSE

May, 2002 75

Athlete communication & services

• Invitation to all USSA licensed athletes, clubs and districts• Race packet at arrival (course maps, information manual, flyers, etc)• Athletes’ memento (local gift, race photo, etc)• Event results to all athletes (at banquet, or by mail)• Awards’ banquet

– short entertainment– prize giving (USSA medals, prize money, awards to winners)– dinner (buffet or sit-down)– team selections/USSA recognition

May, 2002 76

BUDGET DETAILS

May, 2002 77

USSA Senior National Champ, Jan 8 - 15, 2000Description Qty.

100 Administration105 General expenses120 Athlete and media gifts Participation gift130 Race headquarter hotel Misc. expenses

200 Competition management210 Officials expenses

Comp comm. travelComp comm. per diemHotel cost (see 610 accommodation)TD per diem and hotelTD travel

220 Secretariat requirement & equipmentCopier rentalSupplies

230 Course requirements and equipmentFencingFence postsSignsSnowmobile expensesV boards

240 Stadium requirement and equipmentFencingTools

250 Timing requirements and equipmentTiming contractTiming crew hotelTiming EquipmentTravel for timing crew

Budget (example line-items)

May, 2002 78


300 Marketing320 Promotions & Advertising

400 Venue facilities and services410 Facilities rental

Spectator tent 40 x 40 1Race secretariat headquarter Trailer 1Volunteer/Medical trailer 1Athletes tent 30x40 1Wax trailers 10 x 36 9Signs

420 Snowmaking ElectricityWaterLabor

430 Grooming Labor Groomer supervisorGrooming assistants

440 Equipment maintenance

460 Sanitation Porta toilets 10

Budget (example line-items cont...)

May, 2002 79


500 Event operations510 Press operations & services

Press trailer 10 x 40 1Supplies/snacksFurnitureGifts (press kit)

520 TechnologyRadios 40Phone costsFax machines 3Copier rental 2PCs 5Printers 3

530 AccreditationColored paperLamination

540 Stadium ProductionAnnouncer feeRoom and boardPA system rental

550 Medical servicesAmbulanceSupplies


May, 2002 80


600 Event support610 Accommodations Homestead SLOC staff/volunteers 7 people

TD 1 personUS XC team athletes 5 peopleUS XC staff 3 peopleUS Disabled athletes 8 peopleUS DT staff 4 peopleUSSA staff 3 people

620 Awards and ceremoniesMedalsOther awards 5 races x 9 event medals/prizes 150 totalFlowersStage

630 Hospitality and Social eventsAwards banquetOpening ceremony

640 Cultural eventsClosing celebration

660 Volunteer coordination and servicesUniforms etc. 130 totalSeminars etc.Lunches 750 totalVolunteer party


May, 2002 81

USSA Cross-Country


SECTION III - Technical Information

May, 2002 82

SECTION III CONTENTS

• Course certification and homologation

• Snowmaking information

• Grooming information

May, 2002 83

Course Certification/Homologation

May, 2002 84

Homologation/Certification Goals

• Design and homologation– “so the best athlete wins” and for the ”Joy of skiing”– what athletes like to ski on– proper distribution of hills, slope and length of hills– fair course conditions (width, number of tracks etc)

May, 2002 85

Homologation/Certification Process

• Description of process– Measurement of distance and elevation at “points of

change” along courses• at changes in elevation• at beginning and end of hills, curves etc

– Mapping of course in plan-view and vertical profile– Adapt or adjust course layout to meet FIS/USSA

homologation standards (if needed)– Adapt of adjust stadium layout to meet FIS/USSA

requirements for stadium width and flow

May, 2002 86

Homologation example313.2.1 Description of Uphills

The Uphill is defined by the Partial Height Difference (PHD). PHDis the height difference from the lowest to the highest point of theUphill. Additional description of the Uphill is given by the PartialClimb (PC). PC is the total climb of the Uphill. Sum of all PCs isthe Total Climb (TC) of the course.

PHD

PC1

PC2

TC = PC1 + PC2+…PCn

May, 2002 87

Homologation exampleLength of Course Major Uphills (A)

Gradient 9 - 18 %Average 6- 12 %

Short Uphills (B)

Gradient 9 - 18 %

Steep Up-hills (C)≥ 18 %;≤ 10 m PHD

Qty PHD (m) km location Qty PHD (m) Qty 2,5 km 1 30 - 50 0,7 - 1,7 1 - 3 10 - 29 1 – 2

3.3 1 30 - 50 1 - 2 2 - 3 10 - 29 1 – 35 km 2 30 - 50 1) 1 - 2

2) 3 - 43 - 5 10 - 29 2 - 4

7,5 km 2 - 3 30 - 65 1) 1 - 32) 4 - 6

4 - 6 10 - 29 2 - 4

10 km 1 - 2

2

51 - 80

30 - 50

1) 2 - 42) 6 - 8

5 - 7 10 - 29 3 - 5

12,5 km 1 - 22 - 3

51 - 8030 - 50

1) 2 - 52) 7 - 10

6 - 9 10 - 29 3 - 5

15 km and16,6 km

1 - 23 - 5

51 - 8030 - 50

1) 2 - 72) 9 - 13

≥ 8 10 - 29 5 - 8

25 km 2 - 3

4 - 5

51 - 100

30 - 50

1) 4 - 72) 11 - 143) 18 - 21

≥ 10 10 - 29 6 - 10

May, 2002 88

Why trails are liked by athletes

May, 2002 89


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5km XC trailProfile example

May, 2002 92

Trail - Profiles10 km

15 km

Profile example

Certificate example

CERTIFICATEOF USSA HOMOLOGATED CROSS-COUNTRY COURSE

USSA CROSS-COUNTRY COMMITTEE

Ponderosa State Park: 5 km Not so easy competition course

Comp level Distance Category TC MC HD Lowest point Highest pointNational 5 km D 158 m 26 m 32 m 1523 m 1555 m

USSA Office USSA Stamp USSA Homologation Responsible Date issued

L Bodensteiner John Aalberg Dec 20 2000Signature Signature Valid until

Dec 20 2005

May, 2002 94

Why trails are liked by athletes• “Skiable”

– Diagonal/classical glide possible on uphills– Not many herring-bone hills

• Three on 15 km course

– Not many long double pole sections– Trails follow terrain (not roads)

• makes skiing interesting• constant small terrain changes

May, 2002 95


• Uphills not too long• Upills are varied (in length and steepness)

May, 2002 96

Why trails are liked by athletes• 15 km Course

– A climbs Avg grade Variation Length• 47m/47m 8.5% 7 - 13% 550m• 48m/49m 9.8% 2 - 17% 490m• 36m/38m 7.8% 5 - 18% 460m• 33m/37m 8.0% 14 - 18% 400m• 30m/30m 9.4% 0 - 22% 310m• 50m/53m 7.1% 5 - 18% 700m• 48m/48m 8.1% 0 - 18% 590m

• Total: 302m --> 55%

May, 2002 97

Why trails are liked by athletes• 15 km Course

– B climbs Avg grade Variation Length• 12m 12% 9 - 13% 100m• 14m 15.6% 14 - 17% 90m• 22m 11.6% 6 - 18% 190m• 25m 10% 8 - 18% 250m• 24m 12.6% 4 - 17% 190m• 16m 11.4% 10 - 13% 140m• 17m 14.2% 11 - 20% 120m

• Total: 130m --> 23.8%

May, 2002 98

Why trails are liked by athletes• Uphills do not end abruptly

– followed by flat/undulating section before downhill• Downhills challenging and fast, but also safe

– very little “snowplow’ or parallel-turns– best downhill skier will benefit (will ski “best” line)

• Trails are wide– create fair conditions during mass-start, pursuit, sprint &

relay

May, 2002 99


• No “winding” sections where “skating” is tempting or gives benefit during classical races

• Compact trail system– All trails within 1 km from stadium

• Intimate stadium(55 m wide)• Spectators in stadium can watch whole last 1.5 km

(includes one A-climb, one B-climb)

May, 2002 100

Soldier Hollow Trails• 5-km skate courses/NC relay course

– longer main uphill• Outer/extra part of 16.7 km loop must be very flat to

be able to meet TC requirements– can then use normal 15km loop

May, 2002 101

Soldier Hollow Trails

• BT trails– only TC counts (no homologation)– more technical (since shorter)– main decision is approach to range (hard or easy)– BT care more about time that length (25 min race versus

10km course)

May, 2002 102

Soldier Hollow Trails• Total Championship/Olympic CC Courses:

– 1.5 km: Sprint– 2.5 km: NC 7.5 km Sprint– 5km-A: W Pursuit Classical/Relays/NC 15 km Individ

– 5km-B: M&W Free Pursuit/Relays/NC Relay– 7.5 km: Mass-start 30km & 15 km– 10 km: M Pursuit Classical, W 10km Classical– 15 km: M 15 km Classical, W 30 km– 16.7 km: M 50 km

May, 2002 103

Width of trails• Relay

– Common trails 7m wide (3m for classic, 4m for skate)• Pursuit

– 6 - 7 m (or more)• Mass Start

– 10 - 12m for first km– 7 - 9 m or more for rest of uphills and flat sections, less

for downhills

May, 2002 104

Width of trails• Classical technique courses

– width of grooming machine (5.5m) or minimum 4 m• Sprint

– 15-20 m for start– 8-10m for course– 12m for finish

May, 2002 105

Width of Stadium• Incoming trail 9 m• Start 22 m• Athletes’ access path 4 m• Lap lane 6 m• TV rail camera 2 m• Finish 12 m

• TOTAL: 55 m

May, 2002 106

Snowmaking Information

May, 2002 107

Soldier Hollow Snowmaking

May, 2002 108

Soldier Hollow Snowmaking• Make snow along trails

• pipes under trails• hydrants every 100m, often covering two trails• move snow-guns along sections of trails• push snow with snow-cat• less labor and equipment intensive than “stockpiling”• more cost “up front” during construction

• Stockpile snow on venue• for wear and tear/cover thin spots

• Stockpile snow off venue (500 m higher elev)• in case of heavy rain/warm temperatures at venue

May, 2002 109

Total cost and Total pipe length• Installation on venue($1.2 mill)

• cooling pond• 12 km of pipe/power cable• 132 hydrants• 2 pumps/pump-house at 20 Celsius

• Snowguns ($250,000)• 1 large for stadium (up to 400 l/min)• 1 large for ski test area• 1 large for stockpile area• 20 - 28 small for trails (each up to 200 l/min)

May, 2002 110

Soldier Hollow Snowmaking• Use water only

– Pump: 1000 gallons (4000 liter) per minute• water already cooled in open “cooling pond”• each snow-gun uses 30 - 50 Gallons per minute

– Not as expensive as water&compressed air• Saves electricity (ca. $3000 - $8000 per month)

• Use variable frequency pumps– Adjusts to number of hydrants/guns in use

• Saves electricity

• Pipes installed below frost line (1.5 m) and/or with drainage (no water sitting in pipes)

May, 2002 111

Soldier Hollow Snowmaking• Snow lasts much longer than natural snow• “Snowmax” additive produces better snow• Salting of snow very efficient

• Ammonium Nitrate (100 kg per km - 8 m wide trail)• Keeps snow “perfect” in plus 20 Celsius• Not used on classical tracks

May, 2002 112

Numbers for total snow coverage• Cover all CC courses/stadium:

• 15 km x 7m x .5m = 52,500 m3

• Stadium 200 m x 50m x 1m= 1,000• Ski test area 200m x 50m x 1m= 1,000• Total 54,500 m3

• Time to make snow:• 200 cubic meters/hour: 275 hrs• plus 20 % 50 hrs• Total: 325 hrs (= eight 40 hr-weeks)

May, 2002 113

Numbers for total coverage• Time to truck snow:

• 15 cubic meter/truck: 3600 trips• 1.5+ hrs round-trip: 5400 hrs

• 20 trucks 325 hrs– plus distribution on tracks

May, 2002 114

Grooming Information

May, 2002 115

Grooming Equipment• Machines

– Bombardier• Large groomers 5.5 m wide (main grooming machines):

– CC trails: 2 - 3 machines– Stadium: 1 machine– Ski test area: 1 machine

• Small groomer 2.3 m wide:– For best line for free-technique competitions (downhills)– For grooming mixed zone, finish zone, etc

May, 2002 116

Grooming Equipment

May, 2002 117

Grooming Equipment• Attachments

– Tiller • depth important

– Renovator• refresh snow (adds air into snow) - 30 cm depth

– Blade • good operator important for creating level tracks

– Track-setters• 2 or 3 per machine, must be individually controlled• used for stadium, ski test area, downhill “best line”

May, 2002 118

Grooming Equipment

May, 2002 119

Grooming Equipment

May, 2002 120

Grooming Equipment

May, 2002 121

Grooming Equipment

• Snowmobile equipment– For setting track for classical technique races– Strong machine needed (Scandic/Alpine) for pulling

equipment/people• Strength of Snowmobile and turning radius most

important

May, 2002 122

Grooming Equipment• Tracksetting attachments

– Track removal• must be able to remove tracks in one pass• must leave surface similar to large machine

– Track-setter • must pack side-walls of track• must work in wet snow conditions• should have down-pressure• should have same track-shape as track on large machines

May, 2002 123

Grooming Equipment

May, 2002 124

Grooming Equipment

May, 2002 125

Grooming Equipment

• Tracksetting attachments– Roller

• For minor snowfall morning of race• Need 3 so can cover whole trail-width in one lap

– Compaction drag• For smoothing out or “roughing up” hard track• Be able to back up with snowmobile (“hydraulic lift”)

May, 2002 126

Grooming Equipment - roller

May, 2002 127

Grooming Equipment - drag

May, 2002 128

Grooming Procedures• Do not groom too often

– may create sugar-snow– will create dirty snow (oil, dirt from tracks etc)– snow will become “used up”

• rounded ice-crystals, no “binding”

May, 2002 129

Grooming Procedures• Set final pass w/3 machines

– creates even surface across– followed by track setter– set tracks in downhills and stadium with large machine

• Create even surface– No edges on outside trail– No compression where machine tracks/belts are driving

May, 2002 130

Grooming Procedures• Snow normally takes 1-2 hours to set up• MUST groom on falling temperatures• If grooming too early, may create ice (in track

especially)• If grooming too late, snow may be too hard when

starting → more work for groomers, longer time →soft tracks

May, 2002 131

Grooming Procedures

• Interface with timing equipment installation– transponder cables are installed early morning

• intermediate timing, finish, pre-timing, exchange zone

– installation using chain-saw– cable about 10 cm down in the snow– Can be problem if re-groom morning of race

• All Olympic broadcast cables in pipes underneath trails (installed in the fall)

May, 2002 132

USSA Cross-Country


SECTION IV - Technical Rules

May, 2002 133

SECTION IV CONTENTS

• Technical Rules -general

• Technical rules by sections– course– competition control– stadium– timing– secretariat

May, 2002 134

Technical rules- general

May, 2002 135

-FIS/USSA Rules overview

- New Rules every 4th summer 2000/2004- FIS guidelines every summer- Specific rules for specific areas of competition management

- Section 200 of FIS/USSA rules- Safety- Sanctions

- Section 300 of FIS/USSA rules:- Competition Organization and Duties of Competition Committee- Course specifications and preparations- Stadium start and finish setup- Competition formats: Sprint, mass-start, pursuit- Disqualification and specific sanctions

Competition/Technical Rules

May, 2002 136

Competition Organization/Management(70 - 150 volunteers for US large event)

Asst Chief of Competition Admin assistant

Race secretariat

Information services &Press Interface

Team Captains' Meetings

Protocols

Chief of Secreteriat

Course preparation

Course maintenance

Forerunners

Ski testing &warm-up area control

Chief of Course

Results

Electronic timing

Manual timing

Finish recording

Starters

Chief of Timing& Results

Ski marking &equipment control

Start and finishcontrol

Stadium set-up &Control

Athlete stadiumservices

Chief of Stadium

Maintenance &utilities

Chief of Athlete CompoundServices

Announcing &Interpreting

Scoreboard controller

Audio Controller

Chief of SportProduction

Stadium & Courseaccess

Technique & BibControl

Chief of CompetitionControl & Security

Course ski patrol

Finish areamedical services

Doping &doping escorts

Chief of Athletes'Medical

Chief of Competition TD & Jury

May, 2002 137

Competition Officials and their DutiesChief of Competition- chairs the Competition Committee- supervises the preparation and the carrying-out of the competition- is responsible for all technical aspects of the competition- must check that all officials are qualified to ensure that the competition is carried out in accordance with the International Competition Rules (ICR)- supervises and controls the work of all the competition officials except the Technical Delegate (TD) and elected or USSA/FIS-appointed Jury members- is chair of the team leader’s meetings, a member of the Jury and the Competition/OrganizingCommittee’s representativein dealing with the TD

May, 2002 138

Competition Officials and their Duties cont..

Chief of Secretariat (5 - 10 group size)- reports to the Chief of Competition- is responsible for all secretarial work concerned with the technical aspects of the competition- functions as the “hub” for communication within Competition Management- prepares all the forms for the start, timing, calculation, draw and controls- organizes team leader's meetings- prepares and distributes start lists (and all other lists)- distributes the minutes of the team leader’s meetings and Jury meetings- arranges for the earliest possible publication of unofficial results and for the distribution

of the official results, including any possible disqualification

May, 2002 139


Chief of Course (30 - 100)- reports to Chief of Competition- is responsible in cooperation with the TD, the chief of competition and/or the homologationinspector for selecting courses which meet FIS norms- will consult with experts on the exact course measurement and the production of course maps and profiles- uses the course preparation groups and the forerunners to ensure that the course is in the best possible condition when the weather conditions are bas during the competition- is responsible for controlling all activities along the course prior to and during competition (upkeep, signage, coaches’ movements, snowmobile traffic, fencing etc)

May, 2002 140

Competition Officials and their Duties cont..Chief of Timing & Results (10 - 15)

- reports to the Chief of Competition- is responsible for coordinating with timing company (should not perform actual timing function)- is responsible for the direction and coordination of the officials working in the timing area- supervises manual timers, electronic timers, intermediate timekeepers and calculation official’s work- coordinates the work of the starter, the finish referee and the finish controller with the Chief of Stadium- is responsible for format of start and result lists, and for quality control of the same

May, 2002 141


Chief of Stadium (10 - 40)

- reports to Chief of Competition- is responsible for all activities in the stadium area. This includes start & finish control, ski-marking, commercial marking, anti-doping control coordination, and the general set-up and fencing of the stadium area- coordinates all timing-related activities with the Chief of Timing & Results and all snow-preparing activities with the Chief of Course

May, 2002 142


Chief of Competition Control (5 - 15)

- reports to Chief of Competition- is responsible for bib control and technique/video control functions- decides together with the chief of controllers, the chief of competition and the TD on

the suitable placing of technique and bib controllers- is responsible for the security and access into the course, in/out of the team preparation areas and into the stadium area- coordinates the activities with the Chief of Stadium and the Chief of Course.

May, 2002 143


Chief of Athletes’ Medical (5 - 15)

- reports to Chief of Competition- is responsible for the organization of all medical, ski patrol and first aid arrangements and for the quick transport of patients to the nearest medical facility- is responsible for taking, safeguarding and dispatching specimens to a competent laboratory if anti-doping tests are ordered by USSA. The anti-doping tests themselves are carried out by an official appointed by USSA.

May, 2002 144

Competition Officials and their Duties cont..JuryComposition:- (USSA or FIS) TD (Chair person)- Assistant (USSA or FIS) TD- Chief of Competition- (USSA or FIS) Cross-Country Director/Representative- One member appointed by FIS/USSA (national/regional TD)

Tasks:Ensure that the competitions are organized and carried out according to USSA/FIS rules.

May, 2002 145

Technical rules by sections- course

May, 2002 146

Course section organization(20 - 50 volunteers for US large event)

Assistant chief of course

Mechanical grooming

Best line track

Course preparation

Manual coursemaintenance

Fencing, signsand marking

Feed stations

On-course securityand access control

Course maintenancecrew

Team I

Team II

Team III

Forerunners

Snowmobile routing

TransportationScheduling

Course transportation

Grooming equip.maintenance

Tools, specialequipment

Equipment maintenance

Chief of Course

May, 2002 147

Signage, fencing- marked course/fenced-off intersections- km signs every km- intersection signs for inspectionPreparation and grooming, best line- proper equipment at proper time- lane dividers where needed (finish, sprint race corridors)- edge of trail markers where “dangerous”- best line “walk-through” with TD/JuryFore-runners- for every race, but mostly in case of snowfall

Competition/Technical Rules - Course

May, 2002 148

Grooming Equipment

May, 2002 149

Grooming Equipment

May, 2002 150

Technical Rules• Course

– What can go wrong/how to mitigate/what to do?• course preparation

– backup plan for re-grooming in morning

• course fencing, V-boards & signage– Course fencing to be straightened/adjusted every day– “pop-fences” at intersections to be closed/opened every day– each section crew must know all signage/V-boards placements on their

section

May, 2002 151


– What can go wrong/how to mitigate/what to do?• course access

– Athletes with training bib on non-competition days– People with course access bib (“Team” or “Service”)– Volunteers with “Course” job title on batch– Jury with “All access” arm-band– Broadcast/TV crew inside fence/next to trail– no movement (w/skis) on course from 5 min before start

» Athletes with “Red bib” on competition days

• communication with coaches– Firm, but no physical contact– Report coach/athlete to supervisor if wrong-doing– Jury will determine sanction

May, 2002 152


– What can go wrong/how to mitigate/what to do?• snowmobile traffic and crossings

– must have guards at each crossing– only allowed to follow snowmobile trails prior to competition– can drive on trails (in correct direction) between end of competition and

start of grooming

• snowmobile rules– speed limits– all drivers certified (training course)– must know all snowmobile trails

• TV platforms/camera angle protection

May, 2002 153

Technical rules by sections- competition control

May, 2002 154

Competition Control section organization(5 - 15 volunteers for US large event)

Athletes Compound

Stadium access

Mixed Zone

FoP access Control Technique &Video Control

Bib Control

Manual prep &maintenance

Signs and marking

Wax testing andwarm-up area

Chief of CompetitionControl

May, 2002 155

-Technique and bib control- 2-3 video stations, bib control for shortcuts -communication!- Set up VCR/monitor in advance for expedient viewing of tapes

-Access control- intersections, spectator areas, traffic areas, around stadium, into finish area

Competition/Technical Rules - Comp. Control

May, 2002 156

Technical Rules• Competition Control

– What can go wrong/what to do?:• technique violation - what is?

– Skating during classical races– Obstruction during other races– Tapes must be available before race is over

• bib control - where and why?– Electronics may not work– Short-cuts are possible

• Finish area - how and why?– Must guarantee to see bib number as skier crosses line

May, 2002 157

To include

• Access bibs etc• Fencing (and pictures of violations)

May, 2002 158

Technique/Access control - video example from

Championships (click on picture on next page)

May, 2002 159

Technique/Access control at 2001 World Championships

May, 2002 160

Technical rules by sections- stadium

May, 2002 161

Stadium section organization(30 - 40 volunteers for US large event)

Assistant chief of stadium

Ski marking

Logo and equipment

Equipment control andrecording

Ski marking &Equipment control

Individual racecontrol

Pursuit and mass-startcontrol

Start Control

Finish zone control

Mixed zone control &procedures

Finish control

Lane setup &fencing

Start and finishstructures

Manual stadium coursepreparation

Stadium setup

Athlete entrances

Stadim courseperimeter

Access control

Refreshments

Athlete clothing

Athletes' stadium services

Chief of Stadium

May, 2002 162

-Stadium- general layout

- athletes’ flow to start/from finish- only one way to reach start and ski marking- spectator & announcer friendly

- signage, information board- scoreboard with finish times ASAP- information board near finish with latest information, results

- start formats (pursuit, mass-start, sprint, interval)- pursuit 2 - 5 lanes- mass-start handicap “arrow” start or regular rows by seed- sprint with wide start and finish lanes (one lane for each skier optimal)

- ski marking- one ski can be changed if binding or ski “busted”

- finish area & mixed zone, finish zone, finish cameras- area for TV and press--> mixed zone- move skiers away, avoid blocking finish view- use finish video cameras for non-interval races

- flower ceremonies- as soon as possible after unofficial results are clear- protest time 15 min (but usually know top 3 earlier)- “photo opportunity”, spectator service

Competition/Technical Rules - Stadium

May, 2002 163

Technical Rules• Stadium

– What can go wrong/how to mitigate/what to do?:• Setup

– Timely (1 hr before start, at time of official training)– Can not disturb competition course– Straight lines– Start (and finish) lines (different for each race)– Backup plan for re-grooming

• Perimeter control– control spectators– control coaches– Open & close fences into Stadium– Allow only Jury on Stadium “course” before start

May, 2002 164


– What can go wrong/how to mitigate/what to do?:• Access control to start and finish areas

– Athletes– Volunteers with “Stadium” or “Timing” job title on batch– Jury/All access arm-band– Coaches/service people with “Start” or “Finish” armband– Broadcast/TV/Timing people with “Start” armband

• Ski marking/Logo control– one pair for each athlete (must show bib)– no coach can mark skis for athlete– IOC clothing/logo regulations– FIS will assist with a person

May, 2002 165


– What can go wrong/how to mitigate/what to do?:• Transponders

– Must validate that it matches with athlete’s bib– Must make sure each transponder is well marked

• Clothing/bib check– Check bib and transponder at start – Minimal area available at finish/be space-efficient

May, 2002 166


– What can go wrong/how to mitigate/what to do?:• Early/Late/False start

– plus/minus 3 seconds allowed– early starter will be (time) penalized– late starter can not disturb other athletes– provision for false start on relay & mass-start– agree on clear protocol for Starter

• Finish zone– Red zone “rules”– Strict access control (arm-bands only)– Can not block TV cameras/photographers– Can not block photo-finish cameras

May, 2002 167


– What can go wrong/how to mitigate/what to do?:• Finish zone

– Red zone “rules”– Strict access control (arm-bands only)– Can not block TV cameras/photographers– Can not block photo-finish cameras

May, 2002 168

Stadium layout

May, 2002 169

May, 2002 170

Soldier Hollow Stadium

May, 2002 171

Soldier Hollow Stadium

May, 2002 172

Grooming Equipment

May, 2002 173

Grooming Equipment

May, 2002 174

Stadium layouts per event

- mass-start- individual- pursuit- relay (leg 1, 2&3, 4)- sprint heats

May, 2002 175

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May, 2002 184

Stadium layout

Stadium start width requirementsMass-start: 10 -12 tracks (1.6 m in between)NC individual: 2 lanes (a 3-4 meters)NC sprint & relay: 3 lanes (a 3-4 meters)CC individual: 3 - 4 metersCC pursuit: 4 lanes (a 3-4 meters)Sprint heats: 4-6 lanes (a 3-4 meters)

Stadium finish width requirementsSprint: 4 corridors (each 3 meters)Other races: 3 corridors (each 3 meters or 2 meters)

May, 2002 185

Technical rules by sections- timing

May, 2002 186

Timing section organization(20 - 40 volunteers for US large event)

Assistant chief of timing

Operator - resultssystem

Operator - printsystem

Scoreboard interface

Results

TransponderControl

Sportsboard &Scoreboard

Backup-systemControl

Electronics

Pre-call

Ranking Order

Photo Finish &Video Operators

Finish keypad

Finish

Starters

Late startcontrol

Backup-system

Start

Intermediate timingpoint

Outdoor team

Indoor team

Intermediate timing

Chief of Timing TimingContractor

May, 2002 187

Timing Contractor

• Specifications (examples):– backup-system for results– battery backup for all electronic systems– results according to FIS/USSA requirements– draw program– finish cameras– internet interface– etc..

May, 2002 188

-Timing & results- Checks & back-up

- main system must be electronic(start-wand, electronic eye/push-button, non-manual PC input)- manual backup (keep up with electronic calculations)- design procedure in timing room so results for top skiers always timely

- Scoreboard- electronic or manual- information is (great) athlete and spectator service (and expectation)

- Results format- meet standard specification- include Competition/FIS points- include club/school- “final” format not needed for unofficial results

Competition/Technical Details - Timing

May, 2002 189

Technical Rules• Timing

– What can go wrong/how to mitigate/what to do?:• Start

– problems with start wand» what if start-wand stops working?

– handling and reporting of “ghosts”/no-starters» how to check if interval start procedure is going well?

– handling of late starters (rules 351)» what start time is used? what is the assistant starters job?» what is the procedure at the start line?

May, 2002 190


– What can go wrong/how to mitigate/what to do?:• Transponder system

– attachment, collection and control» space/crowd issue at start» crowd control issue at finish

– why two (2) transponder chips?– What happens if transponder system fails?

» TV, Scoreboard?– ID not matching athlete

» how can this be avoided?

May, 2002 191


– What can go wrong/how to mitigate/what to do?:• Finish

– What determines order of finish?– Can not see photo finish pictures (to determine ranking)

» how to avoid?– How wide is the finish line?– What is the exact alignment of the finish beam/photo finish?– Electronic eye not working in falling snow

» what is used for finish time?– Wrong winner announced in case of “tie”

» how to avoid?

May, 2002 192


– What can go wrong/how to mitigate/what to do?:• Backup system/quality control of results

– When and where is backup-system used? (Rule 353.1.5)– Why must backup-system be so fast and simple?– What happens if skiers are overlapped? (340.1.5)– What happens if tie

» in individual start race? who is listed first?» in pursuit?» In Sprint Qualification?

May, 2002 193

Technical rules by sections- secretariat

May, 2002 194

Competition Secretariat Organization

Assistant Chief of Secretariat

Entries & QualificationsFIS/USSA InterfaceJury MeetingsProtest HandlingCompetition ProductionCermony CoordinationPress InterfaceInformation & CopyRunner

Event duties

Team Information& MailboxesInformation CounterCopy & DistributionInterpreting ServicesWeather DataDistributionProtocol & Result BooksRunners

Information

Recording of MinutesBib Coordination GrpRunners

Team Captains' Meetings

Chief of Secretariat

May, 2002 195

-Secretariat- Entries and registration

- expect hard work last few weeks/when athletes arrive- check USSA/FIS license- check USSA/FIS Ranking list (used for seeding)- clarify seeding rules (mass-start & sprint)

- Race headquarter hours- open when athletes arrive- schedule enough volunteers up front and for bib handout- double check all list before draw, final results etc.

- Team Captains’ Meeting- be professional, use good presentation tools- follow agenda(see FIS/USSA rules), stop unrelated questions anddiscussion- discuss issues in advance with coaches- prepare draw in advance if possible- provide snacks/beverages for Team Captains

- Create and use daily timeline/flow- coordinated by race secretary (call meetings etc)- expect adjustments

Competition/Technical Details - Secretariat

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Event Duties• Entries

– check name spelling– check valid FIS/USSA codes

• Check FIS/USSA Points & Quotas– men—one result better or equal 50 FIS pts– women—one result better or equal 75 FIS pts– Quotas (nation, division, etc)– Ranking lists for draw/start (sprint, mass-start etc)– Grouping

• Red group• Guest class

May, 2002 197

Event Duties

• Competition Production– a.k.a. Venue Production– a.k.a. “the announcer”

• Ceremony Coordinator

May, 2002 198

Sport Information duties

• Information Center for questions• Team Mailboxes for information

pickup• Protocol and Result Books

May, 2002 199

Team Captain Meeting duties

• Prepare agenda• Meeting room set up• Name tags and small flags for each country• Handouts on tables• Make sure bib group is ready• Record minutes of meeting

May, 2002 200

Technical Rules• Secretariat

– What can go wrong/how to mitigate/what to do?:• CMB - last minute issues:

– What is the protest time? When does it start? (355.1.1)– How many athletes will continue in part two of pursuit?– What happens if second part of pursuit is “snowed in”?– What is the relay bib colors?

• SIC - all day long:– What is a late entry? (Rule 333.2.1, 335.1.1)– Where/when is weather information displayed?– How to avoid:

» Lack of information to Service Teams» Inundation of Study Groups

May, 2002 201

Technical Rules• Secretariat

– What can go wrong/how to mitigate/what to do?:• TCM

– Projector failure– Not enough chairs– Chief of Competition late arriving

– Draw:» Who is highest ranked/seeded athlete?» How is the relay start order determined?» Is a substitution allowed after draw (relay, individual)? (Rule

335.1.1)

May, 2002 202

TCM Example: from FIS World Cup Soldier Hollow 2001 (double-click on

picture):

Buderus FISCross-Country

World CupSoldier Hollow, Wasatch

Mountain State Park,Midway, Utah

Jan 8 - 15, 2001

May, 2002 203

USSA Cross-Country

USSA Officials and Organizers’ ManualSECTION V - Technical Delegate Information

May, 2002 204

Contents

• FIS Guidelines• TD checklist• Special Sprint regulations• Special marathon-TD responsibilities

May, 2002 205

2000 FIS Guidelines• New Championship Program• Emphasis on homologation (certification )• Classical technique definition• Broken ski exchange allowed• Competitors given more responsibilities• New timing and results formats• Shortened protest time• New sprint and mass-start rules

May, 2002 206

Championship CC Program

Individual start competitions: Men: 15 km C/F 50 km C/FWomen: 10 km C/F 30 km C/F

Mass start competitions: Men: 30 km C/FWomen: 15 km C/F

Pursuit competitions: Men: 10 km C – 10 km FWomen: 5 km C - 5 km F

Relay competitions: Men: 4 x 10 km C/FWomen 4 x 5 km C/F

Individual Sprint Competitions: Men: 1.5 km C/FWomen: 1.5 km C/F

May, 2002 207

Classical Technique

314.1 Classical Technique

314.1.1 Classical technique includes the diagonal techniques, thedouble poling techniques, herringbone techniques without agliding phase, downhill techniques and turning techniques.Single or double-skating is not allowed. Turning techniquescomprise steps and pushes in order to change directions.

May, 2002 208

Broken Ski Exchange340.1.2 In all competitions poles may be changed. One ski, may be

changed if the ski or the binding is broken or damaged. Theequipment failure must be proven to the Jury after thecompetition. Waxing, scraping or cleaning of the competitor’s skisduring the competition are forbidden. Exception: In classicaltechnique competitors may scrape their skis to remove snow andice, and add wax if necessary. The competitor must do thisoutside the track without help from any other people.

May, 2002 209

Competitors’ responsibilities340.1.1 The competitor is responsible for arriving at the start and

starting at the correct time. Competitors must follow themarked course from start to finish and must pass allcontrollers and behave in a fair manner towards othercompetitors. They have to cover the whole distance on theirmarked skis using only their own means of propulsion. Helpfrom pacemakers or pushing is not allowed.

340.1.3 A competitor who is overtaken must give way on the firstdemand except in sprint competitions and in marked zones ((see 340.1.5).This applies in classical technique courses even when thereare two tracks and in free technique courses when the skierbeing overtaken may have to restrict his skating action.When overtaking competitors must not obstruct each other.

May, 2002 210

New timing & results format352.1.2 Times to one hundredth of a second will only be used for the

qualifying round in sprint competitions.

353.1.1 When using hand-timing, the time is taken when the competitor'sfirst foot crosses the finish line.

353.1.2 In case of electronic timing, the time is taken when the contact isbroken. The measuring point of the light or photo barrier must beat a height of 25 cm above the snow surface.

May, 2002 211

Shortened protest time355.1.1 The unofficial result list will be distributed and posted on theofficial notice board as soon as possible after the competition, with thetime of its publication noted. The Jury must deal with any infractions orprotests within 15 minutes of the posting. The result list becomes officialimmediately following the Jury's decision.

May, 2002 212

Sprint (and Mass-start) rules380.3 Start

380.3.1 In the finals the starting positions are chosen according tothe following:

- qualification time for the first round and then- ranking from the previous round and qualification time

380.3.2 The start could be organized with straight corridors or withstraight set tracks for the first 50 m.

380.4 Course

380.4.1 The course must be sufficiently wide (6- 10 m) and withoutmany sharp corners, so that the conditions are equal for allskiers.

380.4.2 Along straight parts of the course corridors should bemarked, and the leading skier should stay inside thechosen corridor during the marked zone.

May, 2002 213

Sprint (and Mass-start) rules380.3 Finish

380.3.1 The number of finish corridors should equal the number ofskiers in the heat. For OWG, WSC and JWSC this is arequirement.

380.3.2 The length of the finish zone should be 80 m, this can bereduced in situations where the finish is on an up hill slope.

380.3.3 If an obstruction leads to disqualification, and theobstruction caused another athlete not to advance to thenext round, he/she will be allowed to proceed into the nextround. In this case the athlete concerned will start in asecond row, 6 m behind.

May, 2002 214

(Sprint and) Mass-start rules

351.3.3 The mass start should be carried out using a handicap startsystem. This means that the highest ranked athlete (FISPoints List) has the most favourable start position followedby the next highest ranked athlete etc. This can be organizedusing angled start lines with each competitor separated by afixed distance interval.

340.1.4 Once the competitors enter a zone where corridors aremarked they must remain in their chosen corridor unless theyare overtaking another competitor.

340.1.5 In Pursuit, Mass start and Relay-Competitions, competitorsor teams, who are lapped, have to abandon the competition,but will be ranked in the results.

May, 2002 215

2002/3 FIS Guidelines

• New Championship Event• double pursuit

• Emphasis on homologation (certification )• must be homologated before scheduled

• New sprint rules and jury responsibilities• Jury as referees

May, 2002 216

TD Checklist

• TD– Documents in place– Rulebooks available– Outputs in correct formats– Information/Communication in place

May, 2002 217

TD Checklist

• Course & Competition Control– layout– track setting– markings/signs– fences/V-boards– first aid/feed stations– technique control– forerunners/course closures– wax testing/warm-up track

May, 2002 218

TD Checklist

• Stadium & Timing– start area setup– finish area setup– video cameras/photo-finish

May, 2002 219

Sprint Special Regulations

• Jury work and delegation of responsibilities• No protests during heats• Majority of Jury members enough to make

decision (3 out of 5)• Levels of penalties (DQ from race or heat)• Time from qualification used during heats

in case of ties

May, 2002 220

Marathon Special Regulations

• Medical Director part of Jury• Safety for popular skiers• Commercial markings• Grooming

May, 2002 221

USSA Cross-Country

USSA Officials and Organizers’ ManualSECTION V - Technical Delegate

Questionnaire

May, 2002 222

TD/Officials’ testing

• From FIS: TD test questionnaire

• From FIS: practical applications of rules

• USSA Case studies• Written tests as determined by instructor