using uk microdata to study residential mobility and integration of ethnic groups census 2011:...
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Using UK microdata to study residential mobility and
integration of ethnic groups
Census 2011: Impact and PotentialManchester, 7-8th July 2011
Nissa Finney (University of Manchester)
2001 Census microdata
Individual Controlled Access Microdata Sample (I-CAMS):
• More detail than I-SAR
• District geography
Individual Licensed Sample of Anonymised Records (I-SAR):
• 3% sample• 1.84 million records• Full census topics• Regional geography
Two examples for Today…
1. Ethnic differences in the levels and characteristics of residential mobility
2. Ethnic differences in the geographies of residential mobility
The key qualities of the microdata
Other ‘migration’ datasets don’t have ethnicity (or sufficient numbers of minorities) or are for partial populations e.g. Patient Register, School Census, BHPS
Other ‘ethnicity’ datasets don’t have migration e.g. Citizenship Survey
Ethnic GroupEthnic GroupEthnic Group Migration Geography
Very Large Sample
Authors on migration using census microdata:Al-Hamad, Atkins, Bailey, Birkin, Bond, Bonney, Boyle, Champion, Cooke, Coombes, Duke-Williams, Findlay, Fisher, Flowerdew, Ford, Forster, Fortheringham, Halfacree, Hayes, Hollywood, Jarvis, Livingston, Norman, Owen, Peach,Phillips,Rees, Short, Smith, Stockdale…..
Authors on migration and ethnicity using census microdata:Brice, Champion, Guilietti, Hussain, Norman, Owen, Peach, Phillips, Raymer, Rees, Simpson, Stillwell….
Migration studies with census microdata
Ethnic differences in residential mobility
Within-Britain migration rates by ethnic group (%)
Crude Migration Rate (%)
Age-Standardised Rate (%)
African 18.5 Other 15.5Other 18.4 African 15.1Other White 17.9 Other White 14.5Chinese 17.6 Mixed 13.9Mixed 16.1 Other Asian 13.8Other Asian 15.7 Chinese 13.7Other Black 13.0 Irish 12.7Bangladeshi 11.5 Other Black 11.9Pakistani 11.3 White Briton 11.3Caribbean 11.3 Caribbean 10.9White Briton 11.0 Pakistani 9.8Indian 10.9 Bangladeshi 9.4Irish 10.6 Indian 9.5
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
0-15 16-19 20-24 25-29 30-44 45-59 60-64 65+
White British White Irish Indian Pakistani
Bangladeshi Black Caribbean Black African Chinese
Age-migration profile by ethnic group
Internal migration rates (%)
For each ethnic group, the most mobile are: • managers and professionals• females• private renters• post-16 qualifications• immigrants• students• without children• separated or divorced
Common characteristics of migrants
Ethnic differences in residential mobility
Od
ds ratio
of m
igratin
g w
ithin
Britain
Reference category: White British, Manager/Professional, Single, male, home owner, with qualifications up to GCSE level, non-student, UK born, no children.
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
White
Briti
sh
White
Irish
White
Oth
er
Mixe
dIn
dian
Pakist
ani
Bangla
desh
i
Other
Asia
n
Black C
arib
bean
Black A
frica
n
Black O
ther
Chinese
Other
Ethnic groups
Norms of life transitions
Migration patterns
Heritage
Culture
Traditions
Religion
Differences in…
STUDENT
Ethnicity and migration
Ethnic differences in migration during transition to adulthood may be expected because of differences in:
• Values and marriage markets (US, Fussell et al 2007)
• Family context and intergenerational transfers (Mulder 1997)
• Homeleaving pathways (de Valk and Billari 2007, Mitchell et al 2004, Goldschneider and Goldschneider 1997)
• Gender differences in migration pronounced for immigrant populations (Mulder 2007, de Valk and Billari 2007)
Potential roles of Ethnicity in HE choice and migration
• Consideration of the ethnic mix of the destination (Ball et al 2002)
• Socio-spatial perceptions (Ball et al 2002)• Family influence on higher education
decisions greater for minorities than for Whites (Connor et al 2004).
• Relatively limited experience of older ethnic minorities of UK HE reduces the likelihood of intergenerational transfer of norms of university study (Brooks 2003)
Different choice processes and opportunity structures (Reay et al 2001)
Students: Probability of migrating
Reference category: White British, Manager/Professional, single, male, home owner, qualifications up to GCSE level, not a student, born in UK, without children.
Ethnic Group Student*Ethnic Group
Probability of Migrating (%) p B
Probability of Migrating (%) p
White British 19.28 0.00 -1.43 21.48 0.00 0.14
White Irish 17.94 0.23 -0.09 26.39 0.01 0.36
White Other 16.94 0.00 -0.16 19.41 0.64 0.03
Mixed 15.93 0.00 -0.23 16.46 0.31 -0.10
Indian 14.31 0.00 -0.36 14.92 0.29 -0.09
Pakistani 11.46 0.00 -0.61 9.36 0.00 -0.36
Bangladeshi 9.34 0.00 -0.84 8.03 0.07 -0.30
Other Asian 14.48 0.00 -0.34 14.79 0.48 -0.11
Black Caribbean 11.30 0.00 -0.63 10.12 0.07 -0.26
Black African 14.29 0.00 -0.36 13.28 0.02 -0.22
Black Other 8.33 0.00 -0.97 9.78 0.88 0.04
Chinese 13.78 0.00 -0.40 20.68 0.00 0.35
Other 16.05 0.04 -0.22 18.85 0.67 0.06
AGE 16-29
Migration, Ethnicity and Studying
0
5
10
15
20
25
White British Chinese Pakistani Black African
Pro
bab
ilit
y o
f m
igra
tin
g w
ith
in B
rita
in (
%)
Ethnic group Student
Ethnic differences in geographies of
internal migration
Dispersal from co-ethnic concentrations
Balance of migration,% of population
Group concentrations Group White
Indian -0.40 -1.23
Pakistani, Bangladeshi and Other South Asian -0.34 -0.79
Chinese -0.21 -1.23
Black -1.65 0.13
Based on districts in GB
Net migration rate for types of district for white and non-white groups, 2000-2001, GB
-2
-1.5
-1
-0.5
0
0.5
1
1.5
District type
Net
mig
rait
on
rat
e
White
Non-white
Counterurbanisation
Based on districts in GB
Counterurbanisation
Minorities -279
Whites -1,944
Net Migration, high minority concentration districtsChildren and Older Adults
Geographies of migration by Age
Minorities -8
Whites 1,307
Net Migration, high minority concentration districtsYoung Adults (18-29)
Dispersal Counterurbanisation
Dispersal/mixing within urban areas?
Urbanisation and ethnic mixing
The unique benefits of Census Microdata
• Sufficient sample size to allow analysis of population sub-groups e.g. ethnic groups
• Migration transition variables (type of move, distance of move)
• Co-variates representing full census topics• Geographical detail (Region in I-SAR,
district in I-CAMS)
Ethnicity matters for understanding migration!
The data wish list for migration studies
• Migration histories/Event data
• Data where co-incidence of migration and other life events or status changes are identifiable
• Finer geographies
Promise of Understanding Society
Potential of Census 2011?
Acknowledgements
Co-researchers: Ludi Simpson, Albert Sabater
“The 2001 Census Samples of Anonymised Records are provided through the Cathie Marsh Centre for Census and Survey Research (University of Manchester), with the support of the ESRC and JISC. Use of the 2001 Census Controlled Access Microdata Sample is supported by the Office for National Statistics. Census output is Crown copyright and all tables containing Census data, and the results of analysis, are reproduced with the permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office and the Queen's Printer for Scotland. The authors alone are responsible for the interpretation of the data.”
APPENDIX
Within-Britain migration rates by ethnic group (%)
Crude Migration Rate (%)
Age-Standardised Rate (%)
African 18.5 Other 15.5Other 18.4 African 15.1Other White 17.9 Other White 14.5Chinese 17.6 Mixed 13.9Mixed 16.1 Other Asian 13.8Other Asian 15.7 Chinese 13.7Other Black 13.0 Irish 12.7Bangladeshi 11.5 Other Black 11.9Pakistani 11.3 White Briton 11.3Caribbean 11.3 Caribbean 10.9White Briton 11.0 Pakistani 9.8Indian 10.9 Bangladeshi 9.4Irish 10.6 Indian 9.5
A gender effect?
Reference category: White British, Manager/Professional, single, male, home owner, qualifications up to GCSE level, not a student, born in UK, without children.
Reference Female Student Female*Student Pseudo R squared
White British 19.1 20.8 22.5 22.0 25.9
Pakistani 11.2 10.8 13.3 8.0 13.9
White Irish 18.9 24.5 24.1 28.0 24.7
White Other 22.0 22.9 22.2 25.0 15.2
Mixed 15.6 51.1 60.1 15.6 21.7
Indian 11.3 12.2 12.7 11.9 26.5
Bangladeshi 13.7 22.4 15.6 16.7 8.9
Other Asian 17.0 18.5 15.8 14.3 17.7
Black Caribbean 11.9 13.4 9.3 12.3 13.0
Black African 21.1 13.9 12.3 17.1 15.4
Black Other 11.5 8.3 7.9 9.6 19.3
Chinese 13.3 14.0 16.2 18.6 30.5
Other 19.4 26.0 24.4 23.5 18.2
AGE 16-29