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Using Smart Threads to InterdictRadioactive MaterialsC. D. Hull1, R. Seymour1, S. Pauly1, A. Proctor1, LTC M. Johns2,MAJ S. Frederiksen2, J. Tumminello1, L. Sideropoulos1

1 Nucsafe Inc., 765 Emory Valley Road, Oak Ridge, Tennessee 378302 DTRA, Nuclear Technologies Division, 8725 John J. Kingman Road,

Stop 6201, Ft. Belvoir, VA 22060

Radiation DispersalDevice (RDD)

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Presentation Overview

� Definitions & Goals� Smart Threads Components – Platform Architecture� Smart Threads Integrated Radiation Sensors (STIRS)

� Components and Examples of ‘Scale-ability’� Communications and Reach-back� Synopsis� Questions & Discussion

UraniumYellowcake

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Definitions & Goals

Definitions� Smart Threads is a modular architecture for Chemical,

Biological, Radiological, and Nuclear (CBRN) detectors

� Smart Threads is a dynamic, easily expandable, self-configuring platform

� Smart Threads Integrated Radiation Sensors (STIRS)used for radiation measurements are described

Goals – Goals of the STIRS platform are to enhanceboth deterrent and inconspicuous detection capabilitiesfor SNM and radiological materials.

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� Hardware – Two main hardware components� Smart Sensors. Each Smart Sensor contains:

� Radiation detector – gamma-ray, neutron, etc.� HV supply, signal processing electronics, microprocessor

� Smart Sensor Aggregator (SSA)� Aggregates Smart Sensor data – RS485 bus polls sensors� Microprocessor – Evaluates alarm conditions� Transmits data via Ethernet or wireless protocols� Includes GPS, Bluetooth, and 802.11b wireless

communications modules� Other components as needed

Smart Threads Components

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Smart Threads Components (cont’d.)

� Firmware:� Common protocol and interconnection concept� Modular platform for all types of CBRN detectors� Data processing within each Smart Sensor

� Radiation Smart Sensors report ‘counts’ per time� Perform statistical calculations� Processing sets the bandwidth on the RS485 comm bus� Sensor ‘State-of-Health’ parameters tracked

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STIRS – Basic Platform Architecture

PVT GammaCounterSmartSensor

NeutronFiber Smart

SensorNeutron

Fiber SmartSensor

NeutronFiber Smart

SensorNeutron

Fiber SmartSensor

GammaSpectroscopySmart Sensor

GammaSpectroscopySmart Sensor

Smart SensorAggregator

(SSA)

6V, RS485, Sync

12V, Ethernet and / or Wireless12V, Ethernet and / or Wireless

Smart ThreadsSmart ThreadsIntegrated RadiationIntegrated RadiationSensors (STIRS)Sensors (STIRS) ––Basic ArchitectureBasic Architecture

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STIRS Platform ArchitectureModular Configurations for Specific Missions

� A modular architecture forportable, transportable,and large STIRS systems.

� Utilize ‘standard’ buildingblocks; e.g.,� Power – Line or Battery� HV Supply

� Communications protocolsare standardized� Ethernet� Wireless protocols

GCSS

RS485

PS

CPU

MCA

HV

PREPMT

PVTor

NAI

Optional DC Battery

12V or 24V Battery

PMTPRE

ηDet

PMTPRE

PMTPRE

ηDet

PMTPRE

PMTPRE

ηDet

PMTPRE

PMTPRE

ηDet

PMTPRE

CPU

NFSS

PS

RS485CLUHV

B

A

PBSS

12V Battery RS485

CPU

PS

ODI

RS485

PS

CPU

LCD

Buttons

Vib/AlarmBT

GPSAnt

802.11Ant

BTAnt

SSA

802.11Module

PREPIN

RFGPS

Data LogMemory

ADC

RF

CPU

RS485

BlueToothModule

RF

RS485

RS485

Sync

QuadUART

GSSS

RS485

PS

CPU

MCA

HV

PREPMT

BGOor

NAI

SmartSensors

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HardwareSTIRS Smart Sensors

Each STIRS Smart Sensor contains a radiationdetector, HV supply, signal processingelectronics, and microprocessor(s)

PVT GammaRay SmartSensor

6Li SilicateFiber NeutronSmart Sensor

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HardwareSmart Sensor Aggregator (SSA)

� SSA and Power Supply Module� Collects data packets from sensors� Calculates alarm information� Drives packets to the Operator Display� Integrates GPS, BlueTooth, 802.11b modules

� Power Supply reports status of batteries to SSA� Power Supply recharges batteries

Smart Sensor Aggregator (SSA) Board

Power Supplyand PowerConditioningBoard

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Hardware / FirmwareSTIRS Smart Sensors – RS485 System Bus

Smart Sensor RS485 Communications and Data Packet ConceptSmart Sensor RS485 Communications and Data Packet Concept

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STIRS - Example 1Portable Radiation Search Tools (PRST)

NFSS

NFSS

GCSS

RS485

SSA

� Using any permutation ofSmart Sensors, connectedto a Smart SensorAggregator (SSA), anySTIRS system can beeasily configured.

� Example – PortableRadiation Search Tools(PRST)

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PRST SystemsBackpacks, Vests, Briefcases

� NucSafe PRST Models

Orthographic Projection – DTRA 3G PRST

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Example of ‘Build Your Own’ PRST(Portable Radiation Search Tool)

� Radiation Threat – Need amission specific PortableRadiation Search Tool� Select STIRS Smart

Sensors for mission� Connect to Smart Sensor

Aggregator (SSA)� Configure for Deployment� Architecture allows:

� Choice of CBRNDetectors

� Operator Display� Add-on functions� Multiple Wireless

Protocols� External battery PRST Backpack

GPSAnt

802.11Ant

GCSS or GSSS

RS485

PS

CPU

MCA

HV

PREPMT

BGOor NAI

Optional DC Battery

12V or 24V Battery

BT AntSSA

802.11Module

PREPIN

RFGPS

Data LogMemory

ADC

RF

CPU

RS485

BlueToothModule

RF

RS485

RS485

PBSS

12V Battery RS485

CPU

PS

Sync

ODI

RS485

PS

CPU

LCD

Buttons

Vib/AlarmBT

QuadUART

CPU

NFSSPS

RS485CLU

B

APMTPRE

η Det

PMTPRE

PMTPRE

η Det

PMTPRE

PMTPRE

η Det

PMTPRE

PMTPRE

η Det

PMTPRE

HV

GCSS or GSSS

RS485

PS

CPU

MCA

HV

PREPMT

BGOor NAI

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STIRS Example 2Mobile System Schematic

� Larger and/or morenumerous STIRS SmartSensor components canbe easily configured

� By use of an Ethernetswitch, systems likeSPARTAN can beconfigured.

eth0

PA

SS

SS

SS

RS485

SSA

SS

SS

SS

SSA

SS

SS

SS

SSA

eth0 switch

RS485

RS485

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Mobile STIRS Example – SPARTAN USV

Neutron DetectorPMT PMTNFSS

PMT PMTNFSS

PMT PMTNFSS

PMT PMTNFSS

PMT PMTNFSS

PMT PMTNFSS

Neutron Detector PMTPMT NFSS

PMTPMT NFSS

PMTPMT NFSS

PMTPMT NFSS

PMTPMT NFSS

PMTPMT NFSS

SSA

AC – DCPowerSupply

Panel

Line In

Ethernet PlasticScintillator

PMT

PMTGCSS

PlasticScintillator

PMT

PMTGCSS

PIC

Terminator

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SPARTAN Mobile System - USV

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Van Mounted Mobile STIRS System

Van, SUV, and Patrol CruiserMobile Systems

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STIRS Example 3Multi-lane Vehicle Portal Radiation Monitors

� More complex systems areassembled by connectinggroups of STIRS ‘panels’

� Panels are connected to a‘Panel Aggregator’ computerthat monitors a fully integratedSTIRS system.

� Multiple STIRS systems maybe linked via Site Servers –data is made available tomultiple users and stored todatabases as desired.

Site Server

User1User

2User3User

4eth2

DB1

DB2

DB3

eth2switch

eth0

PA

Lane1

eth1 eth1

eth1switch

Lane2

eth0

PA

eth0switch

SSA

SSSSSS

RS485

SSA

SSSSSS

RS485

SSA

SSSSSS

RS485

SSSSSS

RS485

SSA

SSSSSS

RS485

SSA

SSSSSS

RS485

SSA

eth0switch

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Radiation Portal Monitoring Systems

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Communications and Reach-back

JEOD C4ISR OV-2

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Communications and Reach-back

USV - C4ISR OV-1

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GPS

UnderwaterSearch

Port andContainer

Search

COMM

Rapid DeploymentPortal Monitor

CovertIntelligenceGathering

BlueTooth

ForceProtection

802.11

Post EventMapping

Fleet ProtectionOffshore Interdiction

Fixed PortalMonitors

Ethernet

Warfighter

=PRST

+Spartan RIB

= +SpartanPanel

= +Checkpoint Radiation

Portals

Operational View C4ISR OV-1 - Nucsafe STIRS

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Synopsis

� Smart Threads is a modular architecture forCBRN detector systems� Self-configuring platform� Dynamic� Easily expandable� ‘Scaleable’ – Portable to Very Large Systems

� Smart Threads Integrated Radiation Sensors(STIRS) were discussed in this presentation

� Smart Threads can include numerous CBRNsensor systems

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Questions & Discussion,Acknowledgments

NTS April 1953‘Badger’300 Foot Tower23 Kilotons

Threat Analog:IND on ElevatedFloor of High Rise

Funding for the majority of this research has been provided bythe U. S. Defense Threat Reduction Agency (DTRA), DoD,Contracts HDTRA01-04-C-0008 and HDTRA-05-D-0004.