using multi criteria decision analysis to weigh the...
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Using Multi Criteria Decision Analysis to Weigh the
Societal Benefits and Costs of Nanotechnology
Andrea L. Hicks, PhD
University of Wisconsin-Madison
Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering
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Products of the Future:What are we talking about?
Textile: X-StaticBrand: Lululemon“Stink-free gear”
Textile: PolygieneBrand: Patagonia
“Odor control”
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What does the future look like?
(Hicks et al., 2015, ES&T)
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(Hicks et al., 2015, ES&T)
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(Xiu et al., 2012, NanoLetters)
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Methods/Assumptions
Raw Materials Acquisition
End of Life
Manufacturing
Use
Three Textiles with different concentrations of silver A: 22.8 μg/g, B: 4,030 μg/g, and C: 16.4 μg/gPolyester shirts: 145 g
Different silver attachments:A: Tethered B: Ag0 coatedC: Salt coated
Varying nAg loss ratesLifetime: 100 launderingsRegular and high efficiency laundering scenariosconsidered
5% of nAg to WWTP is released as Ag+ to freshwaterLandfill disposal of textile
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(Hicks et al., 2015, ES&T)
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(Reed et al., 2016, ES&T)
Textile B Textile A Textile C Textile B Textile A Textile C
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0.00E+00
1.00E-08
2.00E-08
3.00E-08
4.00E-08
5.00E-08
6.00E-08
7.00E-08
8.00E-08
9.00E-08
A_RE/RE B_RE/RE C_RE/RE A_HE/LN B_HE/LN C_HE/LN
KgCFC-11eq/Textile
Ozone
Silver Textile Laundering SilverLosses Landfill
(Hicks and Theis, 2016, IJLCA)
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0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
A_RE/RE B_RE/RE C_RE/RE A_HE/LN B_HE/LN C_HE/LN
kgCO2eq/Textile
GlobalWarming
Silver Textile Laundering SilverLosses Landfill
(Hicks and Theis, 2016, IJLCA)
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Normalizing the Data
𝐿𝐶𝐴𝑛𝑥 =
𝐿𝐶𝐴𝑟𝑎𝑤𝑥 − 𝐿𝐶𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑥
𝐿𝐶𝐴𝑚𝑎𝑥𝑥 − 𝐿𝐶𝐴𝑚𝑖𝑛
𝑥
(Tsang et al., 2015, ES&T)
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00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91
A_RE/RE B_RE/RE C_RE/RE X_RE/RE
A_HE/LN B_HE/LN C_HE/LN X_HE/LN
Environmental Costs
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Societal Benefits
(Reed et al., 2016, ES&T)
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𝐿𝐶𝐴𝑖𝑝=
𝑥
𝑤𝑥𝐿𝐶𝐴𝑛𝑥
Weighting
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Weighting
Equal Environmental Pro Nano Antimicrobial 0.100 0.050 0.200
Ozone Depletion 0.100 0.106 0.089
Global Warming 0.100 0.106 0.089Smog 0.100 0.106 0.089
Acidification 0.100 0.106 0.089
Eutrophication 0.100 0.106 0.089Carcinogenics 0.100 0.106 0.089
Non Carcinogenics 0.100 0.106 0.089
Respiratory Effects 0.100 0.106 0.089Eco Toxicity 0.100 0.106 0.089
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0
1
2
3
4
5
0 1 2 3 4 5
Benefits
Costs
RE/RE HE/LN
B(RE/RE&HE/LN)
A,C
X X
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Conclusions
• MCDA is an applicable tool for evaluating the societal costs and benefits of nAg
• Weighting is necessary to determine the relative value of the costs and benefits to society
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Acknowledgements
U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Assistance AgreementNo. RD83558001-0 that funded this research
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Questions?
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