using international energy agency data to calculate the environmental impact of connecting maritime...

Using International Energy Agency Data to Calculate the Environmental Impact of Connecting Maritime Ships

to Shoreside Power

Dr William HallResearch Fellow in Energy Technology, Coventry University

Introduction

• Ships at berth use auxiliary diesel engines to provide electrical power

• Berthed ships can require up to 11MWe (cruise ships)

• Ships can be connected to shoreside power supply• referred to as ‘shoreside power’ or ‘cold-ironing’

• Effect of shoreside power on CO2 emissions not considered

Existing emissions

• standard unit is: grams of CO2 per kilowatt hour of electricity

• generally accepted that auxiliary engines (AEs) emit 690 – 722 gCO2 kWhe-1

• Cooper1,2 measured emissions from a variety of ships• mean was 718.6 gCO2 kWhe-1

Cooper, D.A., 2001. Exhaust emissions from high speed passenger ferries. Atmos. Environ. 35(24): 4189; Cooper, D.A., 2003. Exhaust emissions from ships at berth. Atmos. Environ. 37(27): 3817;

Shoreside power

High voltage

National gridBerthed ship

440 – 480 V

Methodology

• IEA database on CO2 emissions from combustion sources

• data used was for plant whose main operation is regarded as electricity

generation, including combined heat and power

• IEA database on electricity generation• adjusted for transmission losses

CO2 Reduction

National Grid Power Generation

Country Port Calls /

annuma g CO2 / kWhe Price / unit

(US$) CO2

emissions (%)

China 122150 992 38.2 Japan 106466 461 -35.8

United States 104950 651 0.06 -9.4 United Kingdom 102322 543 0.09 -24.5

Italy 73695 523 0.16 -27.3 South Korea 70683 507 0.06 -29.5 Singapore 65793 598 0.08 -16.8

Spain 64143 447 -37.8 Netherlands 56461 612 -14.9

Norway 52800 3 0.04 -99.5 Indonesia 51026 917 27.6 Germany 42792 612 -14.9 Russia 42447 811 0.03 12.9 France 37677 108 0.05 -84.9

Malaysia 35528 603 -16.1 Taiwan 35098 690 0.06 -3.9 Turkey 33455 565 0.11 -21.3 Belgium 33189 310 -56.9 Brazil 32360 106 -85.3

United Arab Emirates 30971 951 32.3

a: (Lloyds MIU, 2008)

CO2 Reduction

(US$) CO2

emissions (%)

China 122150 992 38.2 Japan 106466 461 -35.8

CO2 Reduction

(US$) CO2

emissions (%)

China 122150 992 38.2 Japan 106466 461 -35.8

CO2 Reduction

(US$) CO2

emissions (%)

China 122150 992 38.2 Japan 106466 461 -35.8

CO2 Reduction

(US$) CO2

emissions (%)

China 122150 992 38.2 Japan 106466 461 -35.8

Case study 1: Mediterranean Cruise

time (hr)

(kWhe-1)

consumed

CO2 from AE

(tonnes)

CO2 from shoreside

(tonnes)

Change in

CO2 (%)

Southampton

Cadiz 8 447 56 40.2 25.0 -37.8 Piraeus 9 928 63 45.3 58.4 29.1 Naples 10 523 70 50.3 36.6 -27.3 Lisbon

• emissions reduced by 15.7% (38 tonnes)

• emissions reduced by 21.1% (51 tonnes) if Greece exempt

Case study 2: Baltic cruise

time (hr)

(kWhe-1)

consumed

CO2 from AE

(tonnes)

CO2 from shoreside

(tonnes)

Change in

CO2 (%)

Southampton

Oslo 7 4 49 35.2 0.2 -99.5 Copenhagen 10 605 70 50.3 42.3 -15.9 Stockholm 10 56 70 50.3 3.9 -92.2

Tallinn 9 1341 63 45.3 84.5 86.6 St Petersburg 10 811 70 50.3 56.8 12.9

Helsinki 9 309 63 45.3 19.5 -57.0 Zeebrugge

• Emissions reduced by 28.5% (104 tonnes)

• Emission reduced by 41% (150 tonnes) if Russia and Estonia exempt

Case study 3: Caribbean cruise

time (hr)

(kWhe-1)

consumed

CO2 from AE

(tonnes)

CO2 from shoreside

(tonnes)

Change in

CO2 (%)

Fort Lauderdale

Cartagena 6 206 42 30.2 8.7 -71.3 Cristobal 6 333 42 30.2 14.0 -53.6

Limon 11 30 77 55.3 2.3 -95.8 Montego Bay

• emissions reduced by 43.8% (90.4 tonnes)

• emissions reduced by 46.3% (95 tonnes) if Jamaica exempt

Effect of fuel type

26 28 30 32 34 36 38 40 42 44 46 48 50 52 54-60

Plant Efficiency (%)

gas coal

Conclusions• Shoreside power can deliver significant CO2 savings

• Not suitable for all Nations (notably China)

• Countries with high renewable or nuclear mix will benefit the most

• Consideration must be made about Countries ability to deliver necessary power (particularly in developing world)

using international energy agency data to calculate the environmental impact of connecting maritime...

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