using arboreta in asian russia - ibles.pl · kirichenko n.i., gorokhova s.v., ostrogradsky p.g.,...

COST Action FP1401 Global Warning -

Trabzon Turkey 24-25/3/15

01/04/2015

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Using arboreta in Asian Russia

for early detection of potential insect pests &diseases

in Russia: Yuri Baranchikov, Maria Tomoshevich, Svetlana Gorokhova,

Pavel Ostrogradskiy

in Switzerland: Marc Kenis

in France: Alain Roques, Sylvie Augustin, Carlos Lopez-Vaamonde

Natalia Kirichenko

With

SIF SB RAS Sukachev Institute of Forest, Siberian branch,Russian Academy of Sciences, Krasnoyarsk, RUSSIA



01/04/2015

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25.4%

Asia is one of the main providers

of insect pests for Europe

Roques et al., 2010

Biological invasions

,

Emerald ash borer Agrilus planipennis

,

Citrus leafminer Phyllocnistis citrella

,

Box tree moth Cydalima perspectalis

Biological invasions: insects

,

Lime leafminer Phyllonorycter issikii

© NK

© NK

Origin: ASIA

© P.Nixon;,USA © CFIA, USA

© CZL, Krasnodar, Russiahttp://www.biogiardino.it

© University of Florida© University of Florida



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,

, ,

Biological invasions: pathogens

Dutch elm disease, Ophiostoma ulmiSudden oak death, Phytophthora ramorum

Chestnut blight, Cryphonectria parasitica

Origin: ASIA (most likely)

© University of California© Plant Health Progress

© Robert Estall © apsnet.org

© Forestry Images© Forestry Images

Inspection of alien woody plants (European, NA) in arboreta and

botanical gardens in Asian Russia for potential insect pests & diseases

GOAL:

� Big collections of woody plants introduced from various geographical regions

� Introduced plants can be prone to the attacks by native insects and pathogens

shifting from related native plants

� Excellent tools to detect potentially harmful organisms and check various

hypothesis linked to biological invasions

Why arboreta :



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Tomsk

KrasnoyarskNovosibirsk

Surveys in Asian Russia

Siberia We targeted both: pathogens and insect pests attacking alien plants

Dr. Maria Tomoshevich

plant pathologist

Central Siberian botanical garden, Novosibirsk

• hundreds of fungal foliar pathogens on trees/shrubs

(incl. European spp.) in the last 15 years, with levels of damage.

Siberia: pathogens on European woody plants



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Tomoshevich M., Kirichenko N., Holmes K., Kenis M. (2013). Foliar fungal pathogens of European

woody plants in Siberia: an early warning of potential threats?

Forest pathology. 43 (5). P. 345-359.

• 56 woody plants (European and Eurasian origin)

+ regular observations

+ long-tem study

• 33 fungus-host plant associations are new to science

• 19 fungi species provided significant damage to European plants

and deserve further investigations

• 67 foliar fungal species

• 62 pathogens were earlier reported in Europe; 5 – new for Europe


Fungi Host plant in Siberia

Fungus not yet reported in Europe and with a high damage score

Mycopappus alni (Diarness&Bartholomew) Redhead & White Alnus glutinosa / A. incana

Cylindrosporium salicinum (Peck) Dearn. Salix alba

New associations fungus/host with a high damage score

Leptoxyphium fumago (Woron.) R. C. Srivast. Berberis vulgaris /Tilia cordata

Erysiphe trifoliorum (Wallr.) U. Braun Caragana frutex

Diplocarpon rosae F.A. Wolf Rosa majalis

Mycosphaerella rosicola B. H. Davis ex Deighton Rosa majalis

Cercospora rosicola Pass Rosa spinosissima

Erysiphe adunca (Wallr.) Fr Salix lanata

Associations with a highest damage score and a high frequency of infestation

Sawadaea tulasnei (Fuckel) Homma Acer tataricum

Microsphaera berberidis (DC.) Lév. Berberis vulgaris

Phacidium betulinum Mouton Betula pendula

Erysiphe lonicerae var. lonicerae DC. Lonicera tatarica/L. xylosteum

Erysiphe alphitoides (Griffon & Maubl.) U. Braun & S. Takam. Quercus robur

Erysiphe adunca (Wallr.) Fr. Salix caprea

Marssonina sorbi Magnus Sorbus aucuparia

Podosphaera clandestina (Wallr.) Lév. var. clandestin Salix salicifolia

Erysiphe syringae Schwein. Syringa vulgaris

Mycosphaerella microsora Syd. Tilia cordata

Pseudocercospora opuli (Höhn.) U. Braun & Crous Viburnum opulus

19 fungi species provided significant damage to European plants

deserving further investigation



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№ Pathogen species Distribution Host in Siberia

1 Cylindrosporium betulae Davis. New Zealand Betula pendula

2 Cylindrosporium canadense Vassil. New Mexico, Canada Spiraea hypericifolia

3 Cylindrosporium salicinum (Peck)

Dearn.

NAmerica Salix alba

4 Mycopappus alni Asia, NAmerica Alnus glutinosa

A. incana

5 Septoria guevillensis Sacc. unknown Spiraea chamaedryfolia

New associations (pathogen-host plant) for science

New pathogen species for Europe

Frequency of damage and the level of damage is high

- Only foliar pathogens targeted


Limitations of the study:

- Pathogens affecting trunks, branches and roots were not monitored

Many important invasive forest pathogens affect these parts of plants

- Conifers were not covered

Often prone to exotic pathogen attacks

-Absence of molecular identification

Possible presence of cryptic species in Siberia

BUT

molecular characterization may not presently be efficient because for

most fungal species found in this study,

sequences of European populations are not available for comparison



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SERVEYS: any particular conspicuous damage of the

tree or shrub was noted

TIME: May-September 2008-2011

SAMPLING: insects collected and identified

(problematic specimens were preserved in 96%

ethanol for DNA barcoding)

•We checked neighbouring native congeneric for

presence of insect pests

•We investigated among foresters and arboreta

managers (also literature) if the pest is common

RECORDS:

Siberia: insects on European woody plants

• > 160 insect species determined to species of morpho-

species level.

Majority: Lepidoptera (73 species),

Hemiptera-Sternorrhyncha and Coleoptera (30 species each).

• Only about 10% of these arthopods cause damage to

European plants

• Most significant damage to European woody species were

apparently caused by insects that already occur in Europe

• The damage on European and Eurasian plants was more

important in Siberia than in Europe…

Presence of cryptic species??




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7

11

1

1

1

11

12

27

1

1

2

2

3

7

13

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Cimbicidae

Tenthredinidae

Lagriidae

Cantharidae

Rhynchitidae

Curculionidae

Chrysomelidae

Aphididae

Ypsolophidae

Pieridae

Notodontidae

Lymantriidae

Noctuidae

Tortricidae

Geometridae

Число видов насекомых

Lepidoptera

Hymenoptera

Sternorryncha

(Hemiptera)

Coleoptera

S = 29

S = 26

S = 27

S = 183

4

2

2

8

1

1

1

2

4

15

20

0 5 10 15 20 25 30

Pemphigidae

Tenthredinidae

Curculionidae

Chrysomelidae

Agromyzidae

Eriocraniidae

Lyonetiidae

Tischeriidae

Incurvariidae

Coleophoridae

Nepticulidae

Gracillariidae

Число видов насекомых

Lepidoptera

Diptera

Coleoptera

Hymenoptera

Hemiptera

S = 44

S = 8

S = 4

S = 4

S = 3

Number of insect species Number of insect species


External defoliators Leaf miners and gallers

1

4

5

6

7

7

3

6

12

15

2

22

5

5

6

8

13

18

19

0 5 10 15 20 25

Cornus

Syringa

Acer

Ulmus

Viburnum

Tilia

Chamaecytisus

Caragana

Quercus

Lonicera

Alnus

Betula

Sorbus

Malus

Rosa

Prunus

Crataegus

Populus

Salix

Cornaceae

Oleaceae

Aceraceae

Ulmaceae

Adoxaceae

Malvaceae

Fabaceae

Caprifoliaceae

Fagaceae

Betulaceae

Rosaceae

Salicaceae Σ = 35

Σ = 35

Σ = 24

Σ = 19

Σ = 12

Σ = 9

Σ = 7

Σ = 7

Σ = 6

Σ = 5

Σ = 4

Σ = 1

Число видов насекомыхNumber of insect species




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- Climate not suitable for many European plants

Limitation of the study:

European Acer campestri bitten by frost,

Krasnoyarsk

- 40º C

The arboretum scientists reported many cases of European

tree and shrub death in the past but, attributed this high

mortality mainly to the climate.

- Number of native insects species are similar to European


Siberia

Tomsk

KrasnoyarskNovosibirsk

Vladivostok

Ussuriysk

Surveys in Asian Russia

Russian Far East

• climate is more similar to Europe

• more European trees grown; mortality is less likely to be due to climate

• fauna is very different from Europe



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Mountain-Taiga Station, Ussuriysk,

village Gornotayejnoe – the biggest arboretum in RFE

Surveys in Russian Far East, 2010-2011

•. Only two visits

•104 woody plant species were surveyed for insect pest damage

(inc. 40 species of European/Eurasian origin)

• > 40 cases of damage; insects collected (mostly immature),

unidentified .

• most damage remained unidentified as only symptoms or

immature stages were found

Ussuriysk


Walnut Juglans spp

Dying alien walnut trees

•Juglans regia (Central Asia, Europe)

•Juglans ailantifolia (=sieboldiana) (Japan, Sakhalin)

•Juglans major (NA)

• J. mandshurica x J regia

• Juglans mandshurica

Aliens:

died

dying

Local:

Hybrid:

fine

fine

Historical data: high mortality in Juglans & Carya spp.

New plantations: Juglans nigra (NA) (since 2009)defoliation



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Ussuriysk


Walnut Juglans spp

Many factors?

Cerambycid Mesosa myops ; not a primary pest

Chrysomelid Gastrolina depressa

Cerambycid failed to identify

with DNA barcode…

Curculionid Pseudocneorrinus obesus

Cossid, ~96% similarity (DNA barcode)

with Cossus cossus

But biology and genetics are different

In petioles, shoots and branches

> 30% shoots infested on alien walnuts

!


Few other interesting cases

Pinus contorta (NA): all planted trees died at the age of 50-60 years

(before our visit)

Pinus banksiana (NA): all planted trees died at the age of 20-30 years

We detected: Pissodes sp., Cerambycidae,

Cryphalus piceus (Scolytidae)

Kirichenko N.I., Gorokhova S.V., Ostrogradsky P.G., Kenis M. (2011). The colonization of alien

woody plants by phyllophagous insects and the decline of alien plants in the arboretum of V.L.

Komarov Mountain-taiga Station in Far Eastern Russia.Transactions of Saint Petersburg State Forest Technical Academy P. 54-61.

(In Russian, English abstract)

Pinus mugo (Europe) several 40 year-old plants dying, also in Siberia

We detected: Tomicus minor and other bark and wood

boring beetles and aphids present



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BOLD: Barcode Of Life Data systems

Barcodes

Insecta

• 2,6 Mln specimens

• 57,829 species

Fungi (Basidiomycota +

Ascomycota)

• 93,126 specimens

•23,686 species

DNA barcoding is becoming

an important tool in plant

protection allowing rapid and

precise identification of most

organisms (independently of

their life stage).

� High accuracy

� Applicable to any life-stage

� Facilitate regional inventories of organisms

� Accelerate detection of invasive species

� Help to discover new species

DNA barcoding reference libraries

Advantages

Limitations

� do not replace classical morphological approach

� DNA sequences may not present in genbank for

comparison/identification

DNA barcoding uses a short DNA fragment

(DNA barcode marker) to distinguish species



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SIBLE: Leaf miners from Northern Asia

DNA barcoding reference library

• 2 new species:

Micrurapteryx caraganae Kirichenko, Triberti, Lopez-Vaamonde sp. n. damaging Caragana in

Siberia*

Phyllonorycter sp. n., a cryptic species occurring with P. issikii on Tilia in the Russian Far

East and Japan

* Kirichenko N., Triberti P. Mutanen M., Magnoux E., Landry J-F., Lopez-Vaamonde C. (2015) Systematics and

biology of Micrurapteryx (Lep., Gracillariidae) with description of a new species. Zookeys. 45 p. In prep.

SIBLE: Leafminers from Northern Asia

DNA barcoding reference library

• > 400 specimens barcoded

• 62 species identified with 99-100% confidence

• ~ 15 identified to the family level only (either not previously barcoded, or new

species)

• some of the barcoded species are known to attack Eurasian and European woody

plants in Siberia and the Russian Far East



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Arboreta serve good tools to perform regional inventories of

organisms and to identify future forest pests and diseases

But

Accurate surveys from abroad have severe limits

• Expensive

• Often not well timed

• Lethal pests and seedling pests are easily missed

Conclusions

• Worldwide networks of arboreta and invasive species specialists should be set up to

facilitate the spread of information and the development of further research.

Recommendations: for a better use of arboreta to identify future potentially harmful pests

• Whenever an exotic woody plant dies or severely suffers from any kind of pest or

infection, the cause of death should be detected.

• If possible, molecular tools should be used to identify the agent. Samples should be

kept in collection for later examination and comparison.

•Information of a native pathogen or pest affecting an exotic tree should not remain

in the archives of the arboretum but be largely publicized so that additional studies

could be carried out, and the necessary phytosanitary measures taken.



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Acknowledgements

Many thanks to number of Russian and foreign colleagues

for great help at different stages of the study.

Thank you for your attention !

using arboreta in asian russia - ibles.pl · kirichenko n.i., gorokhova s.v., ostrogradsky p.g.,...

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