USHC 4.0 DEMONSTRATE AN UNDERSTANDING OF THE INDUSTRIAL

DEVELOPMENT ON SOCIETY AND POLITICS DURING THE 2ND HALF O

THE 19TH CENTURY AND EARLY 20TH CENTURY

Work Period:

Immigration and the

Progressive Era Notes

Political Cartoon

Analysis

EOC Coach Activity

Closing/HOMEWORK:

Quizzes.

Opening:

Complete pages 151-154

in your Reading Study

Guide. What you do not

complete is for homework!

OBJECTIVES

• Explain the causes and effects of urbanization

in late 19th Century America

• Compare the women’s suffrage movement

and the Progressive Movement

DEVELOPMENT OF CITIES

Cities developed first as centers of trade,

then an transportation hubs and then as

centers of industrial production

• Affected by

technological

innovations such as

the elevator, steel

girders, suspension

bridges, electric

trolley cars, elevated

tracks, and subways

• Grow upward and

outward

• Populations grew as people moved from farms to cities

• Farm technology allowed farmers to produce more and sell it or

less

• Many farmers defaulted on loans, lost their land, and moved to

cities to find work (USHC 4.4)

• Others came to cities for rich cultural life and excitement

• *Most people still lived outside of cities before 1920

EUROPEANS

• Between 1870 and 1920,

about 20 million Europeans

arrived in the United States

• Before 1890, most were from

western and northern Europe

• After 1890, most came from

southern and eastern Europe

All were looking for opportunity

FRICTION DEVELOPS

• Some immigrants tried to assimilate into American culture

• Many were too poor to move beyond the city and ethnic communities developed

• Many immigrants helped others find jobs

• Churches, schools, businesses, and newspapers reflected ethnicity of Little Italy, Greektown, or Polonia Chinatowns are found in many

major cities today

IMMIGRANT RESTRICTIONS

• As immigration increased, so did anti-immigrant feelings among natives

• Nativism (favoritism toward native-born Americans) led to anti-immigrant organizations and governmental restrictions against immigration

Anti-Asian feelings included

restaurant boycotts

IMMIGRANTS AFFECTING POLITICS

People voted for those who

helped them to find jobs

and housing

Huge impact on city politics

Immigrants gave votes to

neighborhood and ward

bosses in gratitude for

their help

POLITICS IN THE GILDED AGE

• As cities grew in the late 19th century, so did political machines

• Political machines controlled the activities of a political party in a city

• Ward bosses, precinct captains, and the city boss worked to ensure their candidate was elected

ROLE OF THE POLITICAL BOSS

• The “Boss” (typically the

mayor) controlled jobs,

business licenses, and

influenced the court system

• Precinct captains and ward

bosses were often 1st or 2nd

generation immigrants so

they helped immigrants

with naturalization, jobs,

and housing in exchange

for votes Boss Tweed ran NYC

URBAN PROBLEMS

Problems in American

cities in the late 19th

and early 20th century

included:

Housing: overcrowded

tenements were

unsanitary

Sanitation: garbage was

often not collected,

polluted air Famous photographer Jacob Riis

captured the struggle of living in

crowded tenements

Transportation: Cities struggled to provide adequate transit systems

Water: Without safe drinking water cholera and typhoid fever was common

Crime: As populations increased thieves flourished

Fire: Limited water supply and wooden structures combined with the use of candles led to many major urban fires – Chicago 1871 and San Francisco 1906 were two major fires

Harper’s Weekly image of Chicagoans

fleeing the fire over the Randolph

Street bridge in 1871

PHOTOGRAPHER JACOB RIIS CAPTURED

IMAGES OF THE CITY

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

Jacob Riis

AFRICAN AMERICAN MIGRATION

1890’s migration of African

Americans from the south

Why?

1.Poor cotton yields due to

soil exhaustion

2. Boll weevil

3. Discrimination of Jim

Crow laws

4. Intimidation and

lynchings

As farm prices fell, African Americans moved to the cities,

but mill towns of the South were not open to them

Went to the West in search of land and to Northern and

Midwestern cities

Last to be hired, first to be fired

Strikebreakers

Segregated neighborhoods

ACTIVITY

PROGRESSIVE MOVEMENT

Progressive Movement developed as concerned

citizens organized into civic groups

In response to conditions in cities and

workplaces

Movement of the middle class who objected to

paying taxes to corrupt city governments and

desired better city services

Late 19th century

PROGRESSIVE MEDIA

Also a result of the media

Muckrakers wrote about problems that

were hidden and exposed them

Made available to the public through

cheap newspapers and books

They “Raked the Muck” or cleaned up the

dirt and corruption in the world.

Wrote about societal problems:

Corrupt political machines

Plight of Native American, immigrants,

workers

Power of monopolies

UPTON SINCLAIR

Sinclair was a muckraker

who wrote a book, The

Jungle, about the

meatpacking industry

Sinclair wanted to show the

public how the workers

were mistreated

WOMEN AND PROGRESSIVES

In the late 1800’s women had less responsibilities:

More children spent time in school

Men worked away from home

Technology helped with housework

In 1910, 40% of the people in colleges were women

Between 1890 and 1910, the number of women working outside the home went from 4 million to 7.5 million

Many women became role models for others.

SUFFRAGE Suffrage is the right to vote.

A person who fought for the women’s right to vote was a

Suffragist

This was initiated by the Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

Women were frustrated in having no influence in solving

problems of city life and the workplace

Desire to vote intensified

because:

1. More women entered college

2. Had new opportunities in

factories and offices

3. Western states generally

allowed women to vote

(appreciation for women as

pioneers)

- Wyoming was the

first to grant women

suffrage

WOMEN’S GROUPS

The National American

Women’s Suffrage

Association fought for an

amendment to the

constitution

Founded by Carrie Chapman

Catt

The National Association of

Colored Women was

founded to secure civil rights

for African American women.

OPPOSITION

Many men, and some

women, were against

suffrage

Many thought it would upset

society’s “Natural

Balance,” and lead to

divorce and neglected

children.

Also opposed by the political

bosses and liquor industry

FIGHT FOR AN AMENDMENT

Catt’s organization was disrupted as other women lobbied for a constitutional amendment

Alice Paul led the National Women’s Party which engaged in marches and picketed the White House

Attacked by men, jailed, force fed

She met with President Woodrow Wilson in 1917, but was unable to get his support.

19TH AMENDMENT

The Senate passed the 19th Amendment in 1920, which gave women the right to vote.

Due to activism and the contribution women made to WWI as nurses, factory laborers, and public workers

Few women ran for

political office or

were treated equally

in the workplace

Alice Paul campaigned

for an Equal Rights

Amendment

JANE ADDAMS

Jane Addams created the Hull

House where immigrants could

take vocational classes and

receive childcare

Advocated protection for child

laborers

State laws limited hours and

conditions for workers

Federal child labor law was passed

Supreme Court ruled child labor

legislation unconstitutional

ACTIVITY

Turn to page 76 in the EOC Coach Book. Read and

answer the question in the “Show What You Know”

section.