USHAP REVIEWEarly Republic: Social, Political, & Economic Changes in the early 1800s

The US in 1800

Political Changes• George Washington shapes the office of the President: “I

walk on untrodden ground.”• Challenges in his presidency

• Expansion versus Indian relations• Whiskey Rebellion in Executive authority• Federal Judiciary Act Federal Courts• Cabinet (departmental advisors)

• Treasury: Hamilton (Federalist “strong central government”)• State: Jefferson (Democratic-Republican “states’ rights”)

• Legacy of Washington• Two term presidency tradition• Distrust of National Political Parties• Neutrality in foreign policy

John Adams (pres. 1797-1801)• Administration divided from start• French seizing American vessels • “Quasi-War” with France

• XYZ Affair• Alien and Sedition Acts• Divides Federalists Helps Jefferson win in 1800

• *Fun Fact:  When he moved into the White House in November, of 1800, he wrote: "Before I end my letter, I pray Heaven to bestow the best of Blessings on this House and all that shall hereafter inhabit it. May none but honest and wise Men ever rule under this roof."

• * "I long to hear that you have declared an independency. And, by the way, in the new code of laws which I suppose it will be necessary for you to make, I desire you would remember the ladies and be more generous and favorable to them than your ancestors. Do not put such unlimited power into the hands of the husbands. Remember, all men would be tyrants if they could. If particular care and attention is not paid to the ladies, we are determined to foment a rebellion, and will not hold ourselves bound by any laws in which we have no voice or representation.“ Abigail Adams, letter, 1776

Jefferson (pres. 1801-1809)

• Victory for the Democratic-Republicans• Agrarian Republicanism

• Cut spending and reduced the national debt

• Expansion of the Executive Branch: • Louisiana Purchase, France

1803, $15 mil

• Failed embargo act• *Fun Fact: VP Aaron Burr will

kill Alexander Hamilton in a duel in 1804 for insulting his integrity.

The War of 1812

Causes

• Impressment• Embargo & failure of

“peaceable coercion”• Tecumseh & British

supported pan-Indian resistance

• War Hawks

Consequences

• Treaty of Ghent (nothing resolved)

• Effect on national morale (Battle of New Orleans)

• Loss of power for Indian nations

• Westward expansion• Panic of 1819 (delayed

outcome)

Expansion of Suffrage

Defining the Limits of State & Federal Power

• Nullification• Marshall Court; affirming federal power

• McCulloch v Maryland: National Bank, implied powers• Gibbons v Ogden: Interstate commerce

• Sectional Identity and the attitude towards the power of the state versus the federal government will gradually fuse together in the 1850s.

Democracy for the Common Man

• Increased # of voters• Changes in political

parties• National Conventions &

caucuses • Secret ballots• Political Rallies• *Exemplified in

Jackson’s election and inauguration in 1828/29

Social Changes• US Population= ~4 million in 1800• Westward expansion

• 1790s- Across the Appalachian Mtns.• Louisiana Purchase will usher in an era of Manifest Destiny.

• Benefits of expansion• Mormon Settlements• Economic prosperity (for some)

• Challenges of expansion• Settlement (Oregon Trail, Donner Party, etc)• Sectionalism• Native American relations

• 1830 Indian Removal Act (Jackson)• 1838 Trail of Tears

Sectionalism• North

• Industrialization• Immigration from Europe

• South• Cash Crops, Plantation Agriculture• Slavery

• West• “Wild” Frontiersmen- Davy Crockett• Combination of farmers moving west, Mexicans, and Native

Americans

Reform Movements• Second Great Awakening

• Transform society by working for justice• Dorothea Dix- Mentally Ill• Horace Mann- Education• Temperance

• Abolition• The Liberator• Frederick Douglass

• Seneca Falls• Sojourner Truth• Declaration of Sentiments• Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Susan B Anthony• Divorce & Property Right Laws

The Industrial Revolution

• The Industrial Revolution was an ongoing effort over many decades to increase production by using machines rather than the power of humans or animals.

• Began in Britain in the 1700s. • James Watt’s steam engine

(1765-85)

• Immigrants brought industrial technology to the US• Began in the textile Industry

• http://lancefuhrer.com/steam_engine.htm

Economic Changes• In 1800, Most people were sustenance farmers. Why?

• Little industry, no large factories• Lack of good transportation

• How does this change?• Eli Whitney

• Interchangeable parts• Cotton Gin

• Shipping Boom (France & England fighting Napoleonic Wars)• Transportation Improvements

• Roads- Cumberland• River- Steamboats• Canals- Erie• Railroads- B&O

• Communication Advancements- post & newspapers

Market Revolution

• Developments:• rapid improvements in

transportation• commercialization• Industrialization

• Will lead to:• development of Mill

societies• increased mechanization• cash economy• growing middle class

WHEN DO SOCIAL, POLITICAL, & ECONOMIC CHALLENGES COMBINE?