use of gerunds and infinitives perfect infinitive after a passive predicate picasso is believed to...

USE OF GERUNDS AND INFINITIVESUSE OF GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES

PERFECT INFINITIVE AFTERA PASSIVE PREDICATE‘Picasso is believed to have been a genius.’

VERBS OF PERCEPTION‘I saw her crying.’

I saw her cry.’

REDUCTION OF THE ADVERB CLAUSE

‘Not knowing what to do, I… ’

REDUCTION OF THE ADJECTIVE CLAUSE

‘The man living next-door is...’

PASSIVE GERUND

PASSIVE INFINITIVE

PAST INFINITIVE

SUBJECT GERUND‘Flying aeroplanes

could be dangerous’

IT + ADJECTIVE + TOIN SUBJECT POSITION‘It is dangerous to

fly aeroplanes’

USING A POSSESSIVE‘I was surprised by his going.’

‘His going surprised me.’

IT + ADJECTIVE OF ☻ TO‘It was stupid of you to let

others use you.’

BARE INFINITIVE AFTERA PASSIVE PREDICATE

‘The castle is said to be haunted.’

TOO adj. TOONOT ENOUGH adj. TO‘It was too hot to drink’

‘It wasn’t cold enough to drink’’

CAUSATIVE VERBSHave / get sth done

Get ☻ to do sthBe made to do, Make ☻ do sth

DEFINING THE WHOLE ACTION

‘She sat there, waiting’

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THIS IS DANGEROUSTHE SUBJECT PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVE

BE + ADJ

THIS IS DANGEROUS.AND

The subject pronoun

‘THISTHIS’ stands for the

previous sentence,

‘PEOPLE FLY AEROPLANES’

HMM, WHAT…

IS DANGEROUS?

PEOPLE FLY AEROPLANES.

It is possible to convert the first sentence into a Gerund Gerund

PhrasePhrase and use it as a subject in the next sentence in place of

‘THISTHIS’

SUBJECT GERUND

It is possible to convert the first sentence into a Gerund Gerund

PhrasePhrase and use it as a subject in the next sentence in place of

‘THISTHIS’

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THIS IS DANGEROUS.

This is possible in two ways.NOW CLICK

TWICE! PEOPLE FLY AEROPLANES.

THIS IS DANGEROUSTHE SUBJECT PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVE

BE + ADJ

SUBJECT GERUND

THISPEOPLE FLY AEROPLANES.

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IS DANGEROUS.

If the subject in the first clause denotes a general group,…

…OMIT the subject,...

… and ADD a gerund.

FLYING

Now CLICK and

REPLACE ‘THISTHIS’ with

the new Gerund Gerund SubjectSubject.

The Phrase ‘FLYINGING AEROPLANES’ is ready to be used as a Gerund SubjectGerund Subject

in the second clause.

DON’T YOU AGREE?!

FLYING AEROPLANES

SUBJECT GERUND

Return to the home page

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and Infinitives’.

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THISPEOPLE FLY AEROPLANES

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IS DANGEROUS

If the subject in the first clause denotes a general group,…

…OMIT the subject,...

… and LINK the remaining predicate ‘FLY AEROPLANES’

to the predicative adjective with ‘TOTO’..

IT

THERE IS YET ANOTHER WAY TO

USE A SENTENCE IN THE SUBJECT

POSITION

THE SUBJECTPRONOUN

‘THIS’ STANDSFOR THE

FIRSTCLAUSE

PREDICATIVE ADJECTIVEBE + ADJ

…and if there is a predicative adjective in the second clause,

…

…START the predicative adjective with ‘ITIT’’

TO

IT IS DANGEROUS TO FLY AEROPLANES

IT + INFINITIVE AS THE SUBJECT


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CLICK TO SEE THE RULE

IT ISIT IS ADJECTIVEADJECTIVE

CLEVERCLEVER

STUPIDSTUPID

EXCITINGEXCITING

BORINGBORING

REASONABLEREASONABLE

UNREASONABLEUNREASONABLE

TOTO EVENTEVENT

IT ISIT IS

IT ISIT IS

IT ISIT IS

IT ISIT IS

IT ISIT IS

IT ISIT IS

TOTO

NOT TONOT TO

TOTO

TOTO

SAVE SOME MONEYSAVE SOME MONEY

SAVE SOME MONEYSAVE SOME MONEY

VISIT OTHER COUNTRIESVISIT OTHER COUNTRIES

BE ABLE TO TRAVELBE ABLE TO TRAVELNOT TONOT TO

NOT TONOT TO

EAT IN MODERATIONEAT IN MODERATION

EAT IN MODERATION EAT IN MODERATION


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CLICK TO SEE THE RULE


CONSIDERATECONSIDERATE

INCONSIDERATEINCONSIDERATE

STUPIDSTUPID

STUPIDSTUPID

FUNNYFUNNY

FUNNYFUNNY

EVENTEVENT

IT WASIT WAS

IT WASIT WAS

IT WASIT WAS

IT WASIT WAS

IT WASIT WAS

IT WASIT WAS

OF HIM TOOF HIM TO

OF HIM NOT TOOF HIM NOT TO

OF US TOOF US TO

OF ME TOOF ME TO

HELP US DO THE WORKHELP US DO THE WORK

HELP US DO THE WORKHELP US DO THE WORK

WAIT OUTSIDEWAIT OUTSIDE

WAIT INDOORSWAIT INDOORSOF US NOT TOOF US NOT TO

OF ME NOT TOOF ME NOT TO

WEAR THE SHIRT INSIDE OUTWEAR THE SHIRT INSIDE OUT

WEAR THE T-SHIRT PROPERLY WEAR THE T-SHIRT PROPERLY

OF ☻ TOOF ☻ TO

SENTENCE TRANSFORMATION


HOME PAGESUBJECT GERUND, IT + INFINITIVE

Click for a sentence transformation exercise. Use the key word that appears on the right to complete the sentence with a maximum of 4 other words.

She didn’t come on time, which was irresponsible. She didn’t come on time, which was irresponsible.

to come late.to come late.HER

It was irresponsible of her

It is crucial if you are in the right place and at the right time.It is crucial if you are in the right place and at the right time.

and in the right time is crucial.and in the right time is crucial.PLACE

Being in the right place

There is no point in going on discussing this issue. There is no point in going on discussing this issue.

on discussing this topic.on discussing this topic.IT

It is pointless to go

People need to develop effective listening skills. People need to develop effective listening skills.

is necessary.is necessary.SKILLS

Developing effective listening skills

You danced in women’s garments, which was very funny.You danced in women’s garments, which was very funny.

to dance in women’s clothes.to dance in women’s clothes.IT

It was funny of you


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and Infinitives’.

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SUBJECT GERUND

Click and match!Click and match!

VERBS OF PERCEPTION

SEESEE......................................................

HEAR STHHEAR STH HAPPENHAPPENFEELFEEL....................................................

SEESEE.................................................................

HEAR STH HAPPENHEAR STH HAPPENINGINGFEELFEEL..............................................................

You witness the whole You witness the whole

action.action.

You witness only a part of You witness only a part of

the whole action.the whole action.

Click and match!Click and match!

AND I BELIEVE I MUST TELL YOU WHAT IT WAS ALL ABOUT

THEN, THEY WENT SOMEWHERE ELSE TO GOSSIP

I HEARD THEM SPEAKING ABOUT YOUA

I HEARD THEM SPEAK ABOUT YOUB

B

A

JUST BEFORE HE PHONED TO TELL HER HE WAS TOO ILL TO

GO OUT THAT DAY

WHEN SHE ENTERED THE ROOM TO SAY ‘SURPRISE’

TESS HAD SEEN HER BOYFRIEND KISS A GIRL A

TESS SAW HER BOYFRIEND KISSING A GIRLB

A

BSENTENCE TRANSFORMATION


HOME PAGEREDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE


Because she was crying, we stopped minding our own business. Because she was crying, we stopped minding our own business.

to look at her.to look at her.When we saw herWhen we saw herWE

crying we stopped

We watched the train until it disappeared in the skyline.We watched the train until it disappeared in the skyline.

in the horizon.in the horizon.WE

We watched the train disappear

I saw a man who slipped a secret note in the president’s pocket. I saw a man who slipped a secret note in the president’s pocket.

in the president’s pocket.in the president’s pocket.I saw a manI saw a manNOTE

slip a secret note

When I woke, my mother’s snoring was audible. When I woke, my mother’s snoring was audible.

When I woke IWhen I woke IMUM

heard mum snoring.

I was unable to sleep as mum kept snoring until the crack of dawn. I was unable to sleep as mum kept snoring until the crack of dawn.

the night out.the night out.I

I heard mum snore


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DANGEROUSDANGEROUS

SAFESAFE

EVENTEVENT

IT ISIT IS

IT ISIT IS

TOTO

TOTO

APPROACHAPPROACH

APPROACHAPPROACH

TOTOTOOTOO

TOOTOO

NOTNOT

IT ISIT IS ADJECTIVEADJECTIVE EVENTEVENTTOTONOTNOT ENOUGHENOUGH

ENOUGHENOUGH

CLICK TO SEE MORE EXAMPLESANIMATED RULE


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FARFAR

CLOSECLOSE

COMPLICATEDCOMPLICATED

SIMPLESIMPLE

EVENTEVENT

IT ISIT IS

IT ISIT IS

IT ISIT IS

IT ISIT IS

TOTO

TOTO

REACHREACH

REACHREACHTOTO

TOTO

SOLVESOLVE

SOLVE SOLVE

TOTOTOOTOO

TOOTOO

NOTNOT

TOOTOO

NOTNOT


CLICK TO SEE MORE EXAMPLES

ENOUGHENOUGH

ENOUGHENOUGH


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COSTLYCOSTLY

CHEAPCHEAP

EVENTEVENT

IT ISIT IS

IT ISIT IS

TOTO

TOTO

BUYBUY

BUYBUY

TOTOTOOTOO

TOOTOO

NOTNOT


ENOUGHENOUGH

CLICK TO SEE MORE EXAMPLESANIMATED RULE

FOR FOR ☻☻

FOR FOR ☻☻

FOR JimFOR Jim

FOR JimFOR Jim


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IT ISIT IS ADJECTIVEADJECTIVE EVENTEVENTTOTOTOOTOO


FOR FOR ☻☻

FOR FOR ☻☻

STUBBORNSTUBBORN

LENIENTLENIENT

BADBAD

GOODGOOD

SHE ISSHE IS

SHE ISSHE IS

I AMI AM

I AMI AM

TOTO

TOTO

CONVINCECONVINCE

CONVINCECONVINCETOTO

TOTO

BE A FRIENDBE A FRIEND

BE A FRIENDBE A FRIEND

TOOTOO

NOTNOT

TOOTOO

NOTNOT

CLICK TO SEE MORE EXAMPLES

ENOUGHENOUGH

ENOUGHENOUGH

FOR USFOR US

FOR YOUFOR YOU

FOR USFOR US

FOR YOUFOR YOU



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It was such fine weather that he couldn’t stay indoors. It was such fine weather that he couldn’t stay indoors.

stay indoors.stay indoors.GOOD

was too good to

The flight was so bumpy that the baby couldn’t sleep.The flight was so bumpy that the baby couldn’t sleep.

the baby to sleep.the baby to sleep.SMOOTH

was not smooth enough for

My essay was so incoherent that the teacher couldn’t understand it. My essay was so incoherent that the teacher couldn’t understand it.

teacher to understand.teacher to understand.TOO

too incoherent for the

The steak was so tough that the old man couldn’t chew it. The steak was so tough that the old man couldn’t chew it.

the old man to chew.the old man to chew.NOT

was not tender enough for

The food was so delicious that Carol couldn’t stop eating.The food was so delicious that Carol couldn’t stop eating.

stop.stop.YUMMY

too yummy for Carol to

The weatherThe weather

The flightThe flight

My essay wasMy essay was

The steakThe steak

The food wasThe food was


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SENTENCE TRANSFORMATIONSUBJECT GERUND, IT + INFINITIVE

AFTER


DOING

After checking if all the windows were shut,

I left the house.

THE REDUCTION OF THE SUBJECT AND THE TRANSFORMATION OF THE VERB TENSE INTO

THE GERUND FORM CHANGE THE ADVERB CLAUSE INTO A MODIFYING PHRASE

Who checked all the windows in the RAC?

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After I HAD checkED if all the windows were shut, I

left the house.

REDUCED ADVERB CLAUSE (MODIFYING PHRASE) RAC

FULL FORM (ADVERB CLAUSE)

CHANGESCHANGES

The subjects of both the RAC and the MC must be the same so the subject in the RAC can be omitted.

Main Clause (MC)

Omit the tense of the verb. Put it in Gerund (+ing) formAfter I had checked... → After checking...

Omit the Subject in the RACAfter I had checked... → After checking...

AFTER

CONVERSION PRACTICE

After Smith had listened to her,

he could better understand why

she had behaved so.

OMIT THE SUBJECT!OMIT THE TENSE OF THE VERB!

listen

MAKE THE SUBJECT OF THE MAIN CLAUSE DEFINITE!

ADD A GERUND!

listening

After Smith had listened to her, he could better understand why she had behaved so.

After listening to her, Smith could better understand why she had behaved so.

HOME PAGEAFTERSmithCLICK TO SEE THE CLICK TO SEE THE

TRANSFORMATIONTRANSFORMATION

BEFORE


DOING

Before leaving the house,

I had checked if all the windows were shut.



Who left the house in the RAC?

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Before I leFT the house, I had checked if all the

windows were shut.



CHANGESCHANGES


Main Clause (MC)

Omit the tense of the verb. Put it in Gerund (+ing) formBefore I left → Before leaving...

Omit the Subject in the RACBefore I left... → Before leaving...

BEFORE

CONVERSION PRACTICE

Before Smith could understand why

she had behaved that way, he

had listened to her twice.

OMIT THE SUBJECT! OMIT THE TENSE OF THE VERB!

understand


ADD A GERUND!

understanding

Before Smith could understand why she had behaved that way, he had listened to her.

Before understanding why she had behaved so, Smith had listened to her twice.

HOME PAGEBEFORESmithCLICK TO SEE THE CLICK TO SEE THE


BECAUSE


DOING

NOT waning to offend him,

Amber weighed her words carefully.

THE SUBJECT OF THE ADVERB CLAUSE DROPS WITH THE ADVERB ‘BECAUSE’, AND THE VERB TENSE ALTERS INTO A GERUND TO

REDUCE THE ADVERB CLAUSE TO A MODIFYING CLAUSE.

Who didn’t want to offend him in the RAC?

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BECAUSE Amber DIDn’t want to offend him, SHE

weighed her words carefully.



CHANGESCHANGES

The subjects of both the RAC and the MC must be the same so the subject in

the RAC can be omitted.

Main Clause (MC)

Omit the tense of the verb. Put it in Gerund (+ing) formBecause Amber didn’t want to... → NOT wanting to...Omit the Subject and the adverb ‘BECAUSE’ in the RACBecause Amber didn’t want to..., she... → Not wanting to..., Amber...

BECAUSE

CONVERSION PRACTICE

Because Janet had nowhere to go,

she spent the whole night in an abandoned

car.

OMIT BECAUSE!OMIT THE SUBJECT!OMIT THE TENSE OF THE VERB!

have


ADD A GERUND!

Having

Because Janet had nowhere to go, she spent the night in an abandoned car.

Having nowhere to go, Janet spent the night in an abandoned car.

HOME PAGEBECAUSEJanetCLICK TO SEE THE CLICK TO SEE THE


CONVERSION PRACTICE

Because Janet didn’t have anywhere to

go, she spent the night in an

abandoned car.

OMIT BECAUSE!OMIT THE SUBJECT!OMIT THE TENSE OF THE VERB!

not have


ADD A GERUND!

Not having

Because Janet didn’t have anywhere to go, she spent the night in an abandoned car.

Not having anywhere to go, Janet spent the night in an abandoned car.

HOME PAGEBECAUSE

JanetCLICK TO SEE THE CLICK TO SEE THE


CONVERSION PRACTICE

Because Craig is a snob, he looks

down on other people.

OMIT BECAUSE!OMIT THE SUBJECT!OMIT THE TENSE OF THE PREDICATE!

be

MAKE THE SUBJECT OF THE MAIN CLAUSE DEFINITE!ADD A GERUND!

Being

Because Craig is a snob, he looks down on other people.

Being a snob, Craig looks down on other people.

HOME PAGEBECAUSECraigCLICK TO SEE THE CLICK TO SEE THE


CONVERSION PRACTICE

Because Hugh was asked a most

inappropriate question, he was at

a loss for words.

OMIT BECAUSE!OMIT THE SUBJECT!OMIT THE TENSE OF THE PREDICATE!

be


ADD A GERUND!

Being

Because Hugh was asked a most inappropriate question, he was at a loss for words.

Being asked a most inappropriate question, Hugh was at a loss for words.

HOME PAGEBECAUSE

HughCLICK TO SEE THE CLICK TO SEE THE


SINCE


DOING

Since moving to the big city,

Heather has made many new friends.



Who moved to the big city the RAC?

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Since she movED to the big city, HEATHER has

made many new friends.



CHANGESCHANGES

The subjects of both the RAC and the MC must be the same so the subject in the

RAC can be omitted.

Main Clause (MC)

Omit the tense of the verb. Put it in Gerund (+ing) formSince she moved... → Since moving...

Omit the Subject in the RACSince she moved... → Since moving...

SINCE

CONVERSION PRACTICE

Since Cheryl met him, she has

changed beyond recognition.


meetMAKE THE SUBJECT OF THE MAIN CLAUSE DEFINITE!ADD A GERUND!

meeting

Since Cheryl met him, she has changed beyond compare.

Since meeting him, Cheryl has changed beyond compare.

HOME PAGESINCECherylCLICK TO SEE THE CLICK TO SEE THE


WHILE


DOING

W h i l e f i s h i n g , T o m f e l l a s l e e p .



Who was fishing in the RAC?

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While Tom WAS fishing, he fell asleep.



CHANGESCHANGES


Main Clause (MC)

Omit the tense of the verb. Put it in Gerund (+ing) form

While Tom was fishing... → While fishing...

Omit the Subject in the RAC and make it definite in the MC

While Tom was fishing..., he... → While fishing..., Tom...

WHILE

CONVERSION PRACTICE

While Chantal was daydreaming in

class, she fell asleep.


daydream


ADD A GERUND!

daydreaming

While Chantal was daydreaming in class, she fell asleep.

While daydreaming in class, Chantal fell asleep.

HOME PAGEWHILEChantalCLICK TO SEE THE CLICK TO SEE THE






He prayed, and then He prayed, and then he he asked her for a dance. asked her for a dance.

for a dance.for a dance.He prayedHe prayedHER

before asking her

Because Wilma was a working mother, she was so busy. Because Wilma was a working mother, she was so busy.

Wilma was so busy.Wilma was so busy.A

Being a working mother,

The child was flipping through the pages, when he found The child was flipping through the pages, when he found the notethe note. .

pages.pages.The child found The child found the notethe noteTHE

while flipping through the

Carla panicked in the exam because she didn’t have enough time. Carla panicked in the exam because she didn’t have enough time.

Carla panicked in the exam.Carla panicked in the exam.NOT

Not having enough time,

Hilary has been unable to sleep since she unearthed the secret. Hilary has been unable to sleep since she unearthed the secret.

Hilary’s been sleepless.Hilary’s been sleepless.THE

Since unearthing the secret


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S E N T E N C E O R D E R

JOHN MOVED TO A VILLAGE

CONVERSION INTO NOUN CLAUSE


JOHN MOVED TO A VILLAGE JOHN’S MOVING TO A VILLAGE

JOHN’S MOVING TO A VILLAGE

VerbVerb+ing+ingSubjectSubject+’s+’s

NEXT SENTENCE

SURPRISED US

THISTHIS SURPRISED US

CLICK!CLICK!

SURPRISED US

POSSESSIVES MODIFYING A GERUNDIN SUBJECT POSITION

S U B J E C TS U B J E C T

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TRACY HAS HANDED IN HER RESIGNATION

CONVERSION INTO NOUN CLAUSE


TRACY HAS HANDED IN HER RESIGNATION TRACY’S HANDING IN HER RESIGNATION

TRACY’S HANDING IN HER RESIGNATION

VerbVerb+ing+ingSubjectSubject+’s+’s

NEXT SENTENCE

EVERYONE ISTALKING ABOUT

EVERYONE ISTALKING ABOUT

THISTHIS

CLICK!CLICK!

EVERYONE IS TALKING ABOUT

POSSESSIVES MODIFYING A GERUNDIN SUBJECT POSITION

O B J E C TO B J E C T



HOME PAGEPOSSESSIVES MODIFYING A GERUND


Paula left Tommy, and this has scathed him. Paula left Tommy, and this has scathed him.

hurt him deeply.hurt him deeply.HAS

Paula’s leaving Tommy has

We were outraged by the fact that Velma had betrayed us. We were outraged by the fact that Velma had betrayed us.

everyone.everyone.SHOCKED

Velma's betraying us shocked

He keeps insulting everyone, which is inexcusable. He keeps insulting everyone, which is inexcusable.

We can’t excuseWe can’t excuseHIS

his insulting everyone.

LLaureenaureen got admitted to Harvard, and we celebrated this. got admitted to Harvard, and we celebrated this.

We celebratedWe celebratedGETTING

Laureen’s getting admitted to Harvard.

Zach keeps bunking off work, which is intolerable.Zach keeps bunking off work, which is intolerable.

We can’t tolerateWe can’t tolerateOFF

Zach’s bunking off work all the time.all the time.


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POSSESSIVES MODIFYING A GERUND

MAKE MAKE ☻☻ DO sthDO sth TO FORCE SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING TO FORCE SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING AGAINST THEIR WILLAGAINST THEIR WILL

TIM HAD HIS MOTHER BUY HIM A MOTOTORBIKE.

TIM MADE HIS MOTHER BUY HIM A MOTOTORBIKE.

It was not easy, but Tim’s mother, at It was not easy, but Tim’s mother, at last, saw a point in buying him a last, saw a point in buying him a motorbike.motorbike.AA

Tim gave his mom a reason to buy him Tim gave his mom a reason to buy him a motorbike, and she said yes.a motorbike, and she said yes.BB

B

C

TIM GOT HIS MOTHER TO BUY HIM A MOTOTORBIKE.

Tim was so hard on his mother that Tim was so hard on his mother that she had to buy that motorbike.she had to buy that motorbike.CC A

CAUSATIVE VERBS WITH ZERO INFINITIVE

HAVE HAVE ☻☻ DO sthDO sth

GET GET ☻☻ TOTO DO sthDO sth

TO PERSUADE sb TO TO PERSUADE sb TO DO sthDO sth

TO PERSUADE SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING TO PERSUADE SOMEONE TO DO SOMETHING AFTER SOME DIFFICULTYAFTER SOME DIFFICULTY

She wanted him to stay longer, but she couldn’t bend him to her will. She wanted him to stay longer, but she couldn’t bend him to her will.

She couldn’tShe couldn’t HAVEhave him stay longer.

TO PAY AND ASK sb TO PAY AND ASK sb TO DO sthTO DO sth



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We were forced to walk barefoot all the way. We were forced to walk barefoot all the way.

all the way.all the way.TheyTheyUS

made us walk barefoot

The teacher failed to achieve silence in the classroom.The teacher failed to achieve silence in the classroom.

The teacher couldn’tThe teacher couldn’tBE

get the students to be

Zoey will call an electrician to repair the damageZoey will call an electrician to repair the damage

Zoey willZoey willREPAIR

have an electrician repair

You can’t influence me to play truant again.You can’t influence me to play truant again.

You can’tYou can’tTO

get me to play truant

Even a faintest smile of hers would be enough for us to do what she wanted. Even a faintest smile of hers would be enough for us to do what she wanted.

She couldShe could UShave us do what she

silent.silent.

again.again.

wanted even with a smallest smile.wanted even with a smallest smile.

CAUSATIVE VERBS WITH ZERO INFINITIVE

the damage.the damage.

GET GET sthsth DONEDONE TO MANAGE SOMETHING OFTEN TO MANAGE SOMETHING OFTEN DIFFICULTDIFFICULT

GET STH DONE

HAVE STH DONEGET STH DONE

My arm got broken. My arm got broken. AA

Phew! I’ve finished Phew! I’ve finished the report.the report.BB

B

C

HAVE STH DONEI had somebodyI had somebodyrepair the car.repair the car.CC A

CAUSATIVE VERBS

HAVE HAVE sthsth DONEDONE TO SUFFER FROM SOMETHING TO SUFFER FROM SOMETHING UNFORTUNATEUNFORTUNATE

Someone is cutting her hair at the moment. Someone is cutting her hair at the moment.

SheSheCUT

is having her hair cut

TO HAVE SOMEONE TO HAVE SOMEONE DO SOMETHING FOR DO SOMETHING FOR

YOUYOU

I’VE GOTGOT THE REPORT FINISHEDED

I HADHAD / GOTGOT THE CAR REPAIREDED

I HADHAD MY ARM BROKENEN

MATCHING CAUSATIVE SENTENCE

right now.right now.

GET STH DONE

HAVE STH DONEGET STH DONE

HAVE STH DONE



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A tailor is taking in her dresses around the waist now. A tailor is taking in her dresses around the waist now.

in.in.Presently, shePresently, sheHER

is having / getting her dresses taken

Have you finished decorating the new house? Have you finished decorating the new house?

Have youHave youTHE

got the new house decorated?

I wonder when you will go to a dentist to check your teeth.I wonder when you will go to a dentist to check your teeth.

I wonder when youI wonder when youREPAIR

will have / get your teeth checked.

His ankle was badly sprained while playing football.His ankle was badly sprained while playing football.

HeHeBADLY

had his ankle badly sprained

Somebody broke into the garage yesterday. Somebody broke into the garage yesterday.

WeWeTHE

had the garage broken into

during a game of football.during a game of football.

yesterday.yesterday.

CAUSATIVE VERBS


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CAUSATIVE VERBS

CAROL LOVES HER PROFESSION CAROL LOVES HER PROFESSION CAROL LOVES HER PROFESSION PEOPLE PEOPLE SAYSAY SOMETHING SOMETHING

BARE INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE

S E N T E N C E -A- S E N T E N C E -B-

SOMETHING

OBJECT

SUBJECT VERB

O B J E C T

SENTENCE B REPLACES THE OBJECT OF SENTENCE A ►

THE SUBJECT OF SENTENCE B CAN BE USED AS THE OBJECT OF SENTENCE A IN THE PASSIVE VOICE ►

PEOPLE PEOPLE SAYSAY SOMETHING SOMETHING

P A S S I V E VOICE P A S S I V E VOICE

OBJECT + BE + V3OBJECT + BE + V3

CAROL LOVES HER PROFESSION CAROL LOVES HER PROFESSION O B J E C T

CAROL IS SAID

T O T O i n f i n i t i v ei n f i n i t i v e B A R E I N F I N I T I V EB A R E I N F I N I T I V E

TOTO LOVE HER PROFESSION

THE INFINITIVE OBJECT SENTENCE B IS LINKED TO THE PASSIVE PREDICATE SENTENCE A WITH ‘TO’ IF THERE IS AGREEMENT OF TIME ON BOTH SIDES

PRESENT...................................................................................PRESENT PAST...............................................................................................PAST

P R E S E N T P R E S E N T

CAROL

CAROL

CAROL LOVES HER PROFESSION CAROL LOVES HER PROFESSION CAROL LOVES HER PROFESSION PEOPLE PEOPLE SAYSAY SOMETHING SOMETHING


SOMETHING SUBJECT VERB



CAROL IS SAID

T O T O i n f i n i t i v ei n f i n i t i v e B A R E I N F I N I T I V EB A R E I N F I N I T I V E

TOTO LOVE HER PROFESSION




People think that the manager has a terrible secret.People think that the manager has a terrible secret.

a terrible secret.a terrible secret.The managerThe managerBELIEVED

is believed to have

People think that Irene People think that Irene isis plann planninging to leave. to leave.

IreneIreneBE

is thought to bebe planningingto leave.to leave.


IS SAID SHE IS A SPYTHATTHAT

S U B J E C T V E R B O B J E C T C L A U S E

IT

Broken Object: The subject in the object clauseshe replaces the subject of the sentenceit1►

Broken Object Connector: The infinitive ‘TO’ replaces THAT2►

SHESHE

TOTO

Bare Infinitive: The verb is used in the base form after the infinitive ‘TO’3►

BEBE

It is believed that the sales will drop dramatically.It is believed that the sales will drop dramatically.

TheTheARE

sales are believed to drop

It is thought that urbanization poses a great threat to the nature.It is thought that urbanization poses a great threat to the nature.

UrbanizationUrbanizationIS

is thought to pose

dramaticallydramatically..

a big threat to the nature.a big threat to the nature.

present - TO - present present - TO - future past - TO - past



KATE HAD SUPERNATURAL POWERS KATE HAD SUPERNATURAL POWERS KATE HAD SUPERNATURAL POWERSPEOPLE BELIEVPEOPLE BELIEVEDED SOMETHING SOMETHING


SOMETHING

OBJECT

SUBJECT VERB

O B J E C T


SENTENCE B CAN BE USED AS THE OBJECT OF SENTENCE A IN THE PASSIVE VOICE ►

PEOPLE BELIEVPEOPLE BELIEVEDED SOMETHING SOMETHING



KATE HAD SUPERNATURAL POWERSKATE HAD SUPERNATURAL POWERSO B J E C T

KATE WAS BELIEVED

T O T O i n f i n i t i v ei n f i n i t i v e B A R E I N F I N I T I V E B A R E I N F I N I T I V E

TOTO HAVE SUPERPOWERS



P A S T P A S T

KATE

KATE


CAROL LOVES HER PROFESSION CAROL LOVES HER PROFESSION KATEKATE HAD SUPERNATURAL POWERS HAD SUPERNATURAL POWERSPEOPLE BELIEVPEOPLE BELIEVEDED SOMETHING SOMETHING





KATE WAS BELIEVED

T O T O i n f i n i t i v e i n f i n i t i v e

B A R E I N F I N I T I V E B A R E I N F I N I T I V E

TOTO HAVE SUPERPOWERS



P A S T P A S T

People claimed that he possessed a terrible secret.People claimed that he possessed a terrible secret.

a terrible secret.a terrible secret.HeHePOSSES

was claimed to possess

People acknowledged that he People acknowledged that he waswas a great authority in his field. a great authority in his field.

HeHeBE

was acknowledged to bebea great authority in his field. a great authority in his field.


WAS SAID AMY HATED CHILDRENTHATTHAT


IT

Broken Object: The subject in the object clauseAmy replaces the subject of the sentenceit1►


AmyAmy

TOTO


HATEHATE

It was said that Tom had an embarrassing secret.It was said that Tom had an embarrassing secret.

TomTomWAS

was said to have a

It was thought that Jim didn’t trust anyone. It was thought that Jim didn’t trust anyone.

JimJimWAS

was thought to trust

skeleton in the cupboard.skeleton in the cupboard.

no one.no one.


P A S T P A S T


IS BELIEVED TOM WILL MARRY NO ONETHATTHAT


IT

Broken Object: The subject in the object clauseTom replaces the subject of the sentenceit1►


TOMTOM

TOTO


MARRYMARRY

It is said that Phil will move to another country next year.It is said that Phil will move to another country next year.

PhilPhilIS

is said to move

It is believed that rising corbondioxide levels will cause calamities.It is believed that rising corbondioxide levels will cause calamities.

Rising carbondioxide levelsRising carbondioxide levelsARE

are believed to cause

to another country next year.to another country next year.

calamities soon.calamities soon.


P R E S E N T F U T U R E



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SHAKESPEARE INVENTED NEW WORDS SHAKESPEARE INVENTED NEW WORDS SHAKESPEARE INVENTED NEW WORDSSHAKESPEARE INVENTED NEW WORDSPEOPLE SAY SOMETHING PEOPLE SAY SOMETHING


SOMETHING

OBJECT

SUBJECT VERB

O B J E C T


SENTENCE B CAN BE USED AS THE OBJECT OF SENTENCE A IN THE PASSIVE VOICE ►

PEOPLE SAY SOMETHING PEOPLE SAY SOMETHING



SHAKESPEARE INVENTED NEW WORDSSHAKESPEARE INVENTED NEW WORDSO B J E C T

SHAKESPEARE IS SAID

‘‘T O H A V E’ T O H A V E’ P e r f e c t P e r f e c t

i n f i n i t i v e i n f i n i t i v e P A S T P A R T I C I P L E P A S T P A R T I C I P L E

TO HAVETO HAVE INVENTED NEW WORDS

THE PERFECT INFINITIVE OBJECT SENTENCE B IS LINKED TO THE PASSIVE PREDICATE SENTENCE A WITH ‘TO HAVE’ IF SENTENCE B IS ONE DEGREE FURTHER BACK IN TIME

PRESENT.............................................................................PAST PRESENT......................................................PRESENT PERFECTPAST....................................................................PAST PERFECT

P R E S E N T P A S T

SHAKESPEARE

SHAKESPEARE

‘TO HAVE’ PERFECT INFINITIVE AFTER THE PASSIVE VOICE

CAROL LOVES HER PROFESSION CAROL LOVES HER PROFESSION SHAKESPEARE INVENTED NEW WORDSSHAKESPEARE INVENTED NEW WORDSPEOPLE SAY SOMETHING PEOPLE SAY SOMETHING





SHAKESPEARE IS SAID

‘‘T O H A V E’ T O H A V E’ P e r f e c t P e r f e c t

i n f i n i t i v e i n f i n i t i v e P A S T P A R T I C I P L E P A S T P A R T I C I P L E

TO HAVETO HAVE INVENTED NEW WORDS


People believed that he had taken alcohol before driving.People believed that he had taken alcohol before driving.

alcohol before driving.alcohol before driving.HeHeHAVE

was believed to have taken

People say that she has graduated from Harvard.People say that she has graduated from Harvard.

SheSheHAVE

is said to have graduatedfrom Harvard. from Harvard.


THE PERFECT INFINITIVE OBJECT SENTENCE B IS LINKED TO THE PASSIVE PREDICATE SENTENCE A WITH ‘TO HAVE’ IF SENTENCE B IS ONE DEGREE FURTHER BACK IN TIME

PRESENT.............................................................................PAST PRESENT......................................................PRESENT PERFECTPAST....................................................................PAST PERFECT

IS CLAIMED MARS POSSESSED LIFETHATTHAT


IT

Broken Object: The subject in the object clauseMars replaces the subject of the sentenceit1►

Broken Object Connector: The perfect infinitive ‘TO HAVE’ replaces THAT2►

MARSMARS

TOTO HAVE HAVE

Perfect Infinitive: The verb is used in the past participle form after perfect infinitive ‘TO’3►

POSSESSEDPOSSESSED

It It is thought that old civilizations lived in insecurity.is thought that old civilizations lived in insecurity.

Old civilizationsOld civilizationsARE

are thought to have lived

It is believed that Salvador Dali had many quirks. It is believed that Salvador Dali had many quirks.

Salvadaor DaliSalvadaor DaliIS

is believed to have had

in insecurityin insecurity..

many quirks.many quirks.

present - TO HAVE - past present - TO HAVE - present perfect past - TO HAVE - past PERFECT



IS SAID RON HAS GOT A DIVORCETHATTHAT


IT

Broken Object: The subject in the object clauseRon replaces the subject of the sentenceit1►


RONRON

TOTO HAVE HAVE


GOTGOT

It It is said that Seth has come back from Africa.is said that Seth has come back from Africa.

SethSethIS

is said to have come

It’s thought that the murder has been committed because of jealousy. It’s thought that the murder has been committed because of jealousy.

The murderThe murderIS

is believed to have been

back from Africaback from Africa..

caused by jealousy.caused by jealousy.


P R E S E N T P R E S E N T P E R F E C T


WAS CLAIMED I HAD CHEATEDTHATTHAT


IT

Broken Object: The subject in the object clauseI replaces the subject of the sentenceit1►


II

TOTO HAVE HAVE


CHEATEDCHEATED

It was believed that Prometheus had stolen the fire from Titans.It was believed that Prometheus had stolen the fire from Titans.

PrometheusPrometheusWAS

was believed to have stolen

It was claimed that the he had embezzled the funds of the company. It was claimed that the he had embezzled the funds of the company.

HeHeWAS

was claimed to have embezzled

the fire from Titans.the fire from Titans.

the funds of the company.the funds of the company.


P A S T P A S T P E R F E C T


IS BELIEVED AMY IS PRETENDING

LINKING THE COUNTINUOUS FORM

THATTHAT


IT AmyAmy

TOTO

BEBE

It is thought that the world is getting worse each dayIt is thought that the world is getting worse each day

The worldThe worldIS

is thought to be getting

It is believed that Dan was keeping a secret from us.It is believed that Dan was keeping a secret from us.

DanDanIS

is believed to have been

worse each day.worse each day.

keeping a secret from us.keeping a secret from us.

IS BELIEVED AMY WAS PRETENDINGTHATTHAT


IT AmyAmy

TOTO HAVE HAVE

BEENBEEN

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