(usc online) unit edal 664 school leadership 3
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EDAL 664 School Leadership (USC Online) UNIT
3
Course Notes for Unit # 3
“Traits and Styles of Administrators & Models of Leadership”
The school administrator is the linchpin for success in the educational environment. It should
be a pre-requisite for an administrator or any school leader to possess distinct personality
traits and leadership styles that will assist them in developing an efficient and effective school
atmosphere.
Unit 3: Learning Outcomes: By the end of this unit students will be able to:
1. Formulate your own definitions of: leader, leadership styles and traits;
2. Discuss chosen leadership styles and traits that you admire in a leader;
3. Highlight pros and cons of different leadership styles and traits;
4. Select an appropriate leadership style(s) that you would like to exemplify.
Pause for Prayer at the start of the Module
Only the Lord gives wisdom; he gives knowledge and understanding. (Prov. 2:6 NCV) Pray to the Master Teacher – Jesus Christ to endow you with the wisdom to have a deeper understanding of this module’s topics and their implications for your academic and professional life.
Leadership - What Is It?
Influencing people so that they strive willingly towards the achievement of group goals
Koontz, H. and C. O’Donnell. “Management: A System of Contingency Analysis of Managerial
Functions”. McGraw-Hill, New York, 1976.
What is Leadership Style and Trait? A leadership style is a leader’s style of providing direction, implementing plans, and
motivating people. Lewin ( 1930)
Leadership traits describe the characteristics and personality traits that are common among
leaders. It encompasses physical, emotional, social and intellectual characteristics.
Traits of an Effective Leader:
Research points to six main traits:
Intelligence
Confidence
Charisma
Determination
Sociability
Integrity
Intelligence
Intelligence includes having good language skills, perceptual skills, & reasoning ability.
It is hard to change Intelligence Quotient (IQ).
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It is possible to:
o obtain knowledge
o learn about your job & environment
o use information to become better leaders
Confidence
• Confidence is a trait that has to do with feeling positive about one’s self & one’s ability
to succeed.
• Confident people:
o feel self-assured
o believe they can accomplish goals
o do not second-guess themselves—they move forward with clear visions
o they are positive about self & ability;
• How do we build confidence?
o Understanding what is required from us
o Have a mentor to show the way & provide constructive feedback
o Practice builds confidence & assures us that we can do what we need to do (e.g.,
Tiger Woods)
Charisma
• Magnetic charm and appeal that gives leaders exceptional powers of influence
• How to increase charisma?
o Be a strong role model for values
o Be competent in leadership to gain trust
o Articulate clear goals & strong values
o Communicate high expectations & show confidence in followers’ abilities
o Inspire others (Example.: Barack Obama)
Determination
Focused & attentive to tasks
Know where to go & how to get there
Includes initiative, persistence, & drive
Persevere in the face of obstacles
Focus on task, clarify goals, articulate vision, & encourage others to stay the course
(Examples: Marathon runners, Nelson Mandela)
Sociability
• The capacity to establish pleasant social relationships
• Friendly, outgoing, courteous, & diplomatic
• Sensitive to others & cooperative
• Increasing sociability requires that we try to get along with our coworkers
o be friendly, kind, & thoughtful;
Integrity
Honest & trustworthy with strong principles
Inspire confidence because it creates trust
Loyal, dependable, & not deceptive
Undergirds all aspects of leadership
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Share a kind word, or a beautiful thought to a classmate
Let us Look at Some Great Leaders:
Mother Teresa (1910–1997)
• Humanitarian & Nobel Peace Prize Winner (1979) for her work with the poor in
Calcutta
• Founded Missionaries of Charity in 1950
• Traits:
o Simple o Clear mission—focused on goals
o Determined & fearless
o Humble & spiritual
o Strong-willed
o Role model for others
William (Bill) Gates (1954– Present)
• Founder of Microsoft
• Created a foundation for education & global health
• Traits:
o Intelligent & visionary
o Task-oriented & diligent
o Focused & aggressive
o Simple, straightforward, unpretentious, & altruistic
• Oprah Winfrey (1954 –Present)
•
• TV show host, philanthropist, actress, producer, & publisher • Most powerful/influential woman
• Traits:
o Excellent communicator
o Intelligent, well-read, strong business sense
o Charismatic style
o Sincere & determined
o Self-disclosing
o Message of hope
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Nelson Mandela (1932– 2013)
• First black president of South Africa & 1993 Nobel Peace Prize Winner for his role in
ending apartheid
• Traits:
o Self-reflective & deeply moral
o Vision unwavering—fairness & justice
o Steadfast, focused, & disciplined
o Nonviolent & not vindictive
o Consensus builder
o Courageous, patient, humble, & compassionate
o
What do these Leaders have in Common?
Visionary Symbols of hope
Diligent Strong-willed
Purpose-driven Inspirational
Role models
Determined
How do Traits Play a Role in Leadership?
• Some traits are associated with leadership
• Traits and personality influence a leader’s preferences, style, and behavior
• Traits may affect the ease of learning new skills and behaviors
Being aware of one’s traits helps in learning and development
Traits along with other individual and situational factors can predict leader behaviour;
Traits & Leadership: There is no one trait, or a set, that matters more although some can be very destructive.
Any characteristic that helps the leader make a connection with others is likely to be
desirable for leadership.
Self-awareness, building on existing strengths, and addressing areas of weakness
through either personal development or through organizational support are key to
success.
Traits are important but they are but only one dimension of a multidimensional
process
Leadership is a complex process: no simple paths or guarantees to becoming an
effective leader;
Relationship Builder
Could you please just make a quick phone call a colleague at this time, telling
something you really admire about him / her, as well as sharing a kind word or
thought to help make her day a special one.
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Two Important Leadership Styles for Educational Leaders
Transactional
Motivate followers by appealing to their own self-interest
Motivate by the exchange process.
Focuses on the accomplishment of tasks & good worker relationships in exchange for
desirable rewards.
Encourage leaders to adapt their style and behavior to meet expectations of followers
Transformational Charismatic and visionary
Inspire followers to transcend their self-interest for the organization
Appeal to followers' ideals and values
Inspire followers to think about problems in new or different ways
Common strategies used to influence followers include vision and framing.
Reflective Questions 1. How would you describe your current leadership style?
2. How would you describe the leadership style of the person you report to?
3. Is there a consistent leadership style within the culture of your organization?
4. Does you adjust your leadership style to fit different situations?
Scenario: Personality Difference: You are the principal of Porgie High School. It is your annual Graduation exercise & you
have assigned Mr. Thomas to be in charge of the committee along with five other teachers. As
you get into the logistics, one of your teachers, Ms. O’Harro, has issues with Mr. Thomas and
his inability to plan the graduation. Mr. Thompson, the treasurer, does not agree with the plan
of action of sponsorship and fund raising for trophies and the other graduation necessities.
Lastly, other teachers in your school, including Ms. Richards an OJT are reluctant to assist in
the planning and preparation exercise because they specifically told the senior teacher their
volunteer needs.
Discussion What leadership style would you as a principal use?
Describe how you would work with each of these teachers and how you can assist
them to ensure that the graduation exercise be successful.
Conclusion Effective leadership has a lot to do with good leadership trait and styles. Effective
leadership is not about making speeches or being liked; leadership is defined by results
not attributes. Every administrator needs to possess the right leadership trait to obtain
the greatest results in any organization.
Leadership Models:
What is a Leadership Model?
A leadership model contains theories or ideas on how to lead effectively and/or
become a better leader. Literally it is a concept on how to govern employees. These
models sometimes include organizational theories that propose ideas on how
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employees react to command, but they all at least suggest a type of response of style
most useful for leading a business.
Leadership models are specific scenario where certain types of leadership practices are
most useful, and are hinged on philosophy that contains values-based ideas of how a
leader should be and act; and the sources of a leader's power.
Please Pause for Prayer for one of your colleagues
“If ye ask for anything in my name, I will do it”. John 14:14 (KJV)
Call out the name of one of your colleagues, asking God to pour out a special blessing on that person, helping them deal with the stresses of life.
What Is Leadership?
“Leadership is a process whereby an individual influences a group of individuals to achieve a
common goal.” - Northouse
Models Of Leadership
1. Trait Approach
2. Skills Approach
3. Behavourial Approach
4. Situational Approach
5. Transformational Leadership
6. Authentic Leadership
7. Servant Leadership
8. Adaptive Leadership
9. Team Leadership
1. Trait Approach
Yukl (2006) states that the trait approach “emphasizes leaders’ attributes such as personality,
motives, values, and skills. Underlying this approach was the assumption that some people are
natural leaders, endowed with certain traits not possessed by other people” (p. 13). This is
very different from describing leadership as a process. Some examples of traits are the ability
to speak well, an extroverted personality, or unique physical characteristics such as height
(Bryman, 1992).
Qualities of Trait Approach
Worthy Vision
Influence
Emotionally Intelligent
Optimistic
Exhibited Integrity
Emotionally Stable
Extraverted
Self-confident
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2. Skills Approach
Individual Attributes – Cognitive Ability, Motivation, Personality
Competencies – Problem solving, Social judgement, Knowledge
Leadership Outcomes – effective problem solving, performance
Career experiences, environmental influences; [Mumford et al., 2000]
“It is important for leaders to have Katz Model, (1955)
all three skills, but depending on
where they are in the management
structure, some skills are more
important than others.” -Northouse (2013)
3. Behaviourial Approach
Task behaviours – Facilitate accomplishment of goals, achieve objectives.
Relationship behaviours – help team members feel comfortable, part of the team,
relate well to each other, and any situations they find themselves in.
4. Situational Approach
5. Transformational Approach
James McGregor Burns defined transformational leadership as a process where "leaders and
their followers raise one another to higher levels of morality and motivation." Bernard M.
Bass adds that this kind of leader:
This refers to when
the leader or
manager of an
organization or team
must adjust ones
leadership style to fit
the development
level of the followers
one is trying to
influence.
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Is a model of integrity and fairness.
Sets clear goals.
Has high expectations.
Encourages others.
Provides support and recognition.
Stirs the emotions of people.
Gets people to look beyond their self-interest.
Inspires people to reach for the improbable.
Transformational Leader
6. Authentic Leader:
7. Servant Leadership:
Servant leadership begins with the natural feeling that one wants to serve, to serve first. Then
conscious choice brings one to aspire to lead. . . . The difference manifests itself in the care
taken by the servant—first to make sure that other people’s highest priority needs are being
Leadership based on self-concept
and how self-concept relates to
actions (Shamir & Eilam, 2005)
Leadership is created by leaders
and followers together (Eagly,
2005)
Leadership can be nurtured and
developed over a lifetime (Avolio
& Gardner, 2005)
“A pattern that draws upon and
promotes both positive psychological
capacities and a positive ethical climate,
to foster greater self-awareness, an
internalized moral perspective, balanced
processing of information, and relational
transparency on the part of leaders
working with followers, fostering
positive self-development.”
-Walumbwa, Avolio, Gardner,
Wernsing, & Peterson, 2008
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served. The best test . . . is: do those served grow as persons; do they, while being served,
become healthier, wiser, freer, more autonomous, more likely themselves to become a
servant? And, what is the effect on the least privileged in society; will they benefit, or, at
least, will they not be further deprived?” (Greenleaf)
Ten Behaviours of a Servant Leader
8. Adaptive Leadership:
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Take a few minutes, please pray for USC and all its sites around the aribbean.
Also please say a prayer for the online, of which you are now a participant.
9. Team Leadership:
“A team is a specific type of group composed of members who are interdependent, who share
common goals, and who must coordinate their activities to accomplish these
goals” (Northouse, 2013).
The Hill Model for Team Leadership
Summary:
1. It can be noted that while personality traits are important in examining the leadership
quality of a person, they are not the only criteria. Personality traits is just one criteria. Other
traits or aspects to consider include values, self-concepts, skills, abilities and competencies as
well as demographic factors.
2. The Trait Theory of Leadership sees traits as inherent. That great leaders are born and not
made. In reality, the consensus is great leaders are born and made.
3. Although there are 4 styles of leadership, it is not static. In reality, leadership is seen on a
continuum. So as leaders progress, they may move from being one to another or in
combination.
4. Although there is the assumption that the Team Leader is the ideal type of leadership style
as applied to Educational Institutions such as schools, depending on the specific situation the
Principal, Vice-Principal, Head of Department or Dean may have to shift to another style.
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References Gorton, R; Alston, J. A; & Snowden, P.(2007) School Leadership & Administration. Boston,
McGraw-Hill Co. Inc.
Koontz, H. & O’Donnell, C. (1976) Management: A System of Contingency Analysis of
Managerial Functions. McGraw-Hill, New York,
Marzano, R.J., Waters, T., & McNulty, B.A. (2005). School Leadership that Works: From
Research to Results. Alexandria, VA. ASCD.
Murray, A. (2010). Wall Street Journal Essential Guide to Management. Harper & Collins.
Northouse, P.G. (2012) Introduction to Leadership: Concepts and Practice. Sage
Publications, Inc.
Yukl, G.(2006). Leadership In Organizations. New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall, p. 189-210
Baldeo, F. (2020) Units Notes EDCI 580 Pedagogical Foundations: Administration &
Leadership, USC, Maracas, St. Joseph
Gorton, R & Alston, J.A. (2009) School Leadership and Administration: Important Concepts,
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Yukl, G. (2013) Leadership in Organizations, 8th Edition, Prentice Hall, Pearson Education,
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https://study.com/academy/lesson/trait-perspective-theory-definition.html
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