usaid/asia, testing for quality, benchmarking energy saving lamps, 4-2010

7/31/2019 USAID/Asia, Testing for Quality, Benchmarking Energy Saving Lamps, 4-2010

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April 2010

TESTINGFORQUALITYBenchmarking Energy-Saving Lamps in Asia


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TESTINGFORQUALITYBenchmarking Energy-Saving Lamps in Asia

DISCLAIMER

This report is made possible by the generous support o the United States Government through the Asia-Pacifc

Partnership on Clean Development and Climate (APP). The views expressed in this report do not necessarily

reect the views o APP, APP partner countries, the United States Agency or International Development, or the

United States Government.


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ii TESTING FOR QUALITY: BENCHMARKING ENERGY-SAVING LAMPS IN ASIA

LIST OF TABLES AND BOXES

Table 1. Key Metrics and Compliance Standards Evaluated ........................................................................................................... 8

Table 2. Breakdown o CFL Sample or Laboratory Testing ......................................................................................................... 12

Table 3. Efcacy Test Pass Rates or All 137 Models vs. ALC Tiers 1, 2, and 3 .......................................................................... 16

Table 4. Survival Test Pass Rate or All 137 Models vs. ALC Tier 1, 2, and 3 ............................................................................. 20

Table 5. Lumen Maintenance Test Pass Rate or ALC Tiers 1, 2 and 3 .......................................................................................21

Table 6. Power Factor Test Pass Rate or ALC Tiers 1, 2 and 3 ................................................................................................... 24

Table 7. CRI Test Pass Rate or ALC Tiers 1, 2 and 3 .....................................................................................................................26

Table 8. Pass Rate or all Tested Metrics ...........................................................................................................................................28

Table 2.3.1. Criteria with Levels that vary with Tier .....................................................................................................................35

Table 2.3.2. With minimum Threshold Levels ................................................................................................................................. 36

Table 2.3.3. Passing Conditions .......................................................................................................................................................... 37

Attachment A Table 1. Table o values used in Appendix A Figure 1 ...................................................................................... 42

Attachment A Table 2. Table o values used in Appendix A Figure 2 ..................................................................................... 42

Attachment A Table 3. Table o values used in Appendix B Figure 1 ..................................................................................... 43

Attachment A Table 4. Table o values used in Appendix B Figure 2 ..................................................................................... 43

Box 1. Defning CFL Quality .................................................................................................................................................................. 7

Box 2. The ALC Quality System ............................................................................................................................................................ 9


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TESTING FOR QUALITY: BENCHMARKING ENERGY-SAVING LAMPS IN ASIA iii

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Overall CFL Perormance Versus Established Quality Standards ................................................................................ 2

Figure 2. CFL Mercury Content Test Results ................................................................................................................................... 3

Figure 3. Estimated Chinese CFL Production 19962007 ............................................................................................................. 6

Figure 4. Average Efcacy (lumens/Watt) o Test Models vs. Measured Power Taken Ater a 100-hour

Burn-in Period ................................................................................................................................................................................... 14

Figure 5. Average Efcacy (lumens/Watt) o Test Models by Efcacy Bins ............................................................................... 14

Figure 6. Average Efcacy (lumens/Watt) by Brand Type .............................................................................................................15

Figure 7. Lamp Efcacies and Costs ..................................................................................................................................................15

Figure 8. Pass/Fail Rates or All 137 Models Tested vs. ALC Tier 1, 2, and 3 Efcacy Test ..................................................... 16Figure 9. Individual Survival Rates or Each o the 137 Models Tested ......................................................................................17

Figure 10. Survival Rates or 137 Tested Models by Survival Rate Bins ....................................................................................17

Figure 11. Survival Rates and Brand Type ........................................................................................................................................18

Figure 12. Lamp Survival Rates and Purchase Price ...................................................................................................................... 19

Figure 13. Survival Test Pass Rates vs. ALC Tier 1, 2, and 3 .........................................................................................................19

Figure 14. Lumen Depreciation o Models ater 2,000 Hours o Operation .......................................................................... 20

Figure 15. Lumen Depreciation Bins o Models Ater 2,000 Hours o Operation ................................................................21

Figure 16. Lumen Maintenance by Brand Type ...............................................................................................................................22

Figure 17. Lumen Maintenance Test Pass Rate or ALC Tiers 1, 2 and 3 ..................................................................................23

Figure 18. Average Power Factor Results or All 137 Models Tested ........................................................................................23

Figure 19. Power Factor o Models Separated in Bins ..................................................................................................................24

Figure 20. Power Factor Test Pass Rate or ALC Tiers 1, 2 and 3 .............................................................................................. 25

Figure 21. Color Rendering Index (CRI) or 91 Tested Models (46 Models Were not Tested) .......................................... 25

Figure 22. CRI Test results Separated Into Bins .............................................................................................................................25

Figure 23. CRI Test Results by Brand Type ...................................................................................................................................... 28

Figure 24. CRI test pass rate or ALC Tiers 1, 2 and 3 .................................................................................................................29

Figure 25. Pass Rate or All Tested Methods ................................................................................................................................... 29

Figure 26. Mercury Content o Selected CFL Models (note: Chart Capped at 20 mg) ........................................................ 31

Figure 27. Mercury Content o Versus Lamp Cost ........................................................................................................................ 31

Appendix A Figure 1. Minimum allowable 100 hour lumen or declared CFL rated wattage ..........................................40

Appendix A Figure 2. Minimum limit or lumen maintenance o primary Classes 1, 2 and 3 lamps, and

any other CFL Class as detailed in the specifcation, at any time through lie ...................................................................41

Appendix B Figure 1. Standard EN 60064 tungsten flament lamp rating equivalence claim requirements ..................41


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iv TESTING FOR QUALITY: BENCHMARKING ENERGY-SAVING LAMPS IN ASIA

ACRONYMS

Asia Lighting Compact

Asia-Pacifc Partnership on Clean Development and Climate

Association o Southeast Asian Nations

Australian/New Zealand Standard

Bureau o Indian Standards

correlated color temperature

compact uorescent lamp

Comit International Spcial des Perturbations Radiolectriques

color rendering indexDepartment o Environment, Water, Heritage, and the Arts (Australia)

European Commission

Environmental Cooperation-Asia

Efcient Lighting Initiative

electromagnetic compatibility

Electrical Research and Development Association (India)

Energy Saving Trust (UK)

Global Environment Facility

general lighting service

high power actor

hours

International Electrotechnical Commission

lumen

milligram

non-governmental organization

National Lighting Test Center (China)

National Physical Laboratory (India)

New South Wales (Australia)

Regional Development Mission or Asia

Standard Deviation o Color Matching

total harmonic distortion

United Kingdom

United States

United States Agency or International Development

watt

Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment

ALC

APP

ASEAN

AS/NZS

BIS

CCT

CFL

CISPR

CRIDEWHA

EC

ECO-Asia

ELI

EMC

ERDA

EST

GEF

GLS

HPF

hrs

IEC

lm

mg

NGO

NLTC

NPL

NSW

RDMA USAID

SDCM

THD

UK

US

USAID

W

WEEE


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TESTING FOR QUALITY: BENCHMARKING ENERGY-SAVING LAMPS IN ASIA v

ThisreportwasfundedbytheUnitedStates

AgencyforInternationalDevelopmentsRegional

DevelopmentMissionforAsia(USAID/RDMA)

throughitsEnvironmentalCooperation-AsiaClean

DevelopmentandClimateProgram(ECO-Asia).Support

forthetestingeffortswasprovidedbytheDepartment

ofEnvironment,Water,Heritage ,andtheArts(DEWHA),

AustralianGovernmentaspartoftheAsia-Pacic

PartnershiponCleanDevelopmentandClimate(APP).

ErikPageofErikPage&Associateswastheprimary

reportauthor.Dataanalysiswasconductedbyacore

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

teamcomprisingErikPageandStevenBeletichof

BeletichAssociates.Additionalcontentandrevisions

wereprovidedbyMyTon,TeamLeader,EfcientLighting,

ECO-Asia.Thereportwasproducedundertheoverall

guidanceandsupervisionofPeterduPont,ChiefofParty,

ECO-Asia,OrestesAnastasia,RegionalEnvironment

AdvisorforRDMA,andMelanieSlade,Director,Lighting

andEquipmentEnergyEfciency,DEWHA.Adraftof

therepor twasreviewedbyanumberofinternational

experts,includingStuartJeffcottoftheInternationalCFLHarmonizationInitiative.


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TESTING FOR QUALITY: BENCHMARKING ENERGY-SAVING LAMPS IN ASIA 1

OVERVIEW

Nationalandlocaleffortstopromotelightingenergy

efciencyhavebeengatheringstrengthinAsia.Manyofthese

programsfeaturethecompactuorescentlamp(CFL),as

adoptionofCFLsisoneofthequickestandeasiestmeans

ofdeliveringenergyconservationintheresidentialand

commercialsectors.Morethanfortycountries,manyof

theminAsia,haveannouncedplanstophaseouttheuseof

incandescentlampsaspartoftheireffortstoaddressclimate

change,withtheCFLbeingpromotedasareplacement.1

TheincreasingfocusonCFLshassignicantlyaccelerated

theglobaldemandforthelamps.WorldwideCFLproduction

hasincreasedsix-foldinthelastdecade,from500million

lampsin2000tomorethan3billionlampsin2008.2This

isexpectedtoaccelerate,asthephaseoutofincandescent

lampscouldboostdemandofCFLstoasmanyas10billion

unitsperyear.3

CountriesinAsiafaceseriouschallengeswhenitcomesto

adoptionofCFLs,includingpurchasecost,sub-standardquality,

alackofcommonstandardsforCFLs,andalackofconsumerawarenessaboutCFLquality.Inaddition,althoughCFLsare

beingsoldacrossAsia,thelackofacommonstandardmakes

itdifcultfordatasharingacrosstheregion,orestablishment

ofaregionaltestingprogram.SinceCFLsarebeingpromoted

asadirectreplacementforincandescentlamps,CFLsthat

donotoutperformincandescentlampscanresultinserious

consumerdissatisfactionwiththeproductcategoryasawhole.

Thus,thetermslow-quality,lower-quality,sub-standard,

poor,orshoddyarenowbeingusedbyexperts,program

managers,andregulatorstodescribethepoor-performing

CFLsthatarebeingproducedinlargequantitiesandsoldinmanymarketsintheAsiaregion.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS REPORT

InordertoassessandaddresstheseCFLproduct

qualityandstandardsharmonizationissues,the

ECO-AsiaCleanDevelopmentandClimateProgram

(ECO-Asia)partneredwiththeAustralianDepartment

ofEnvironment,Water,HeritageandtheArts(DEWHA)

in2008undertheaegisoftheAsia-PacicPartnership

onCleanDevelopmentandClimate(APP)toinitiate

asubstantialregionalCFLqualityandperformance

benchmarktestingprogram.Theprimaryobjectivesof

thisCFLbenchmarktestingprogramwere:

ToassesstheoverallqualityofCFLscurrentlybeing

soldinvariousAsianmarkets.

Toassesstheopportunitiesforharmonizationof

CFLstandardsbasedontestresults.

Togaininsightintothepossibilityofimplementinga

regionalproducttestingprogramanditscomplexity.

Tomakearst-orderexaminationoflampmercurycontent.

THE TEST PROCESS AND RESULTS

SampleCFLswerepurchasedfromstoresinsixcountries

Australia,India,Indonesia,thePhilippines,Thailand,and

Vietnam.AustralianlampswerepurchasedbyDEWHA

staff,andlampsinIndia,Indonesia,Philippines,Thailand,

andVietnamwerepurchasedbyECO-Asiastaffusinga

common,consistentprocurementmethodology.Overall,

morethan2,600sampleswerecollectedrepresenting

160models(theperformanceresultsbelowrepresentresultsfrom137models).4Theresultspresentedfocus

1. Phasing in Quality: Harmonization of CFLs to Help Asia Address Climate Change. USAIDAsia,March2009.

2. Chen,Yansheng.ChinaAssociationofLightingIndustr y,2008.

3. Global Lighting: Phase Out of Incandescent Lamps. ProjectIdenticationFormundertheGEFTrustFundfortheGlobalEnvironmentFacility.July2007.

4. AdditionalandsupplementaryanalysesonthetestdatahavebeencarriedoutbyDEWHA.Themethodologyandresultsfromthesefurtherinvestigationsareavailableonline,andwillbeavailableasDEWHAreportsseparatelyin2010.

5. Testedinaccordancewith IEC 60969 Ed. 1.3 b:2009. Self-ballasted lamps for general lighting ser vices Performance requirements.


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2 TESTING FOR QUALITY: BENCHMARKING ENERGY-SAVING LAMPS IN ASIA

6. TheAsiaLightingCompact(ALC)isanon-protpublic-privatepartnershipthatworkstoimprovethequalityoflightingproductsandencouragetheadoptionofenergy-efcientlightinginAsia.TheALCwasformedinOctober2009withmembersincludingnationallightingassociationsinAsia,internationallightingmanufacturers,andgovernmentagencies.

7. 5mgisthemaximumlevelbeingsetfortheUSandEuropeanmarketsbyvariousorganizations.

onthefollowingvemetrics:5

Efcacy

SurvivalRate

LumenMaintenance Powerfactor

ColorRenderingIndex(CRI)

Alongwiththediscussionofthenumericalresultsofthese

vekeymetrics,theseresultswerecomparedtothethree

qualitytiersoftheAsiaLightingCompact:6Tier1,which

isequivalenttoChinasminimumperformancestandards

andrepresentsgoodquality;Tier2,whichisharmonized

withthestandardoftheEfcientLightingInitiative(ELI)and

representsbetterquality;andTier3,whichisequivalent

tothequalitystandardforEuropeanlamps,theUnited

KingdomsEnergySavingTrustandrepresentsthebest

quality.Figure 1 showsthatonlytwoofthreelamps

tested(66%)canmeettheTier1standard,andjust58%of

lampsmeettheTier2standard.

Asubsetofthelampmodelswastestedfortheirmercury

content,andtheresultsfromatotalof43randomly

selectedmodelsfromthesixcountriesarepresented

belowinFigure 2. Theresultsshowedthatatleast25%

ofthelampshaveaveragemercurycontentofmorethan

5mg,andlampswithhigheraveragemercurycontentare

presentinallmarkets.7Furthermore,whenthemercury

contentoflampsisconsideredagainstthelampcosts,some

ofthelower-pricedlampsalsohavemuchhighermercury

contentrelativetolampswithhighercostsorfrommore

well-knownmanufacturers.

Figure 1. Overall CFL Performance Versus Established Quality Standards.

Australia-purchased lamps

Non Australia-purchased lamps

Tier 1

80.0%

70.0%

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%

Tier 2 Tier 3

Pass Rate - All Metrics


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CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

Thefollowingaresomeofthemainconclusionsthatcanbe

drawnfromtheresultsofthisbenchmarktestingeffort:

Atleastone-thirdofthesamplefailedtomeetwhatmay

beconsideredasminimumperformancestandards

(orthecriteriaforwhatmaybeconsideredaquality

lamp)fortheregion. 8

Theoverallfailurerateislikelytobesignicantly

higherthanpresentedhereduetolimitationsin

laboratorytesting,andthatonlyasubsetofallrequired

metricsdeningaqualityCFLwasevaluated.

Atleast90%oftestedproductsdonotmeettherequirementsforALCTier3,orEuropeanequivalent

standards.

Name-brandmodelsgenerallyperformedbetterthan

low-pricedmodelsinmostcasesagainstmostmetrics.

Exceptionstothisrulewerenoted.

WiththeformationoftheAsiaLightingCompact(ALC)

andthereleaseoftheALCsCFLQualityGuidelines,

whichpresentacomprehensivesetofCFLqualitycriteria

developedbaseduponinternationallyacceptedstandards,

thereisnowasetofqualitystandardsthatcouldbe

recognizedandappliedacrosstheregion.

TheALCalongwithotheractorsinAsiacanandneed

toworktogether,inordertoscaleupthediscussionsof

CFLpromotiontotheinternationallevelandtoforgean

agreementoncommonsolutions,beforeacombinationofpolicymisstepsandconsumerbacklashlimitthepotential

expansionoftheregionalandglobalCFLmarket.In

addition,regionalmeasuresspecictoCFLtestingand

marketmonitoringarepresentedbelow.

Figure 2. CFL Mercury Content Test Results

8.Note:Failureasusedinthiscontext,indicatesthattheaverageofresultsfromthetestedsamplesofapar ticularCFLmodeldoesnotmeetadenedperformancelevel(i.e.,forefcacy,powerfactororCRI),ratherthanaphysicalormechanicalfailurethatrendersthelampinoperative.Thisappliestoallparametersevaluatedexceptforthesurvivabilitytestresults,whichindicateactuallampfailures.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Test Results for CFL Mercury Content(minimum, maximum and average shown)

20

17.5

15

12.5

10

7.5

5

2.5

0

mgofMercury(Hg)

AUST-B

A

AUST-A

P

AUST-V

AUST-A

R

AUST-W

AUST-A

S

AUST-A

X

THAI-P1

AUST-D

V

AUST-D

W

AUST-D

X

INDI-B2

AUST-D

U

THAI-B2

THAI-P3

AUST-C

1

INDI-P5

AUST-C

E

INDI-B6

INDO-P

6

AUST-B

1

PHIL-P

4

VIET-P1

INDI-P1

AUST-A

T

AUST-S

AUST-C

S

INDI-P6

INDO-B

2

AUST-A

V

INDO-P

4

AUST-C

L

INDO-P

1

PHIL-P

3

AUST-T

AUST-D

S

PHIL-P

1

VIET-B2

PHIL-B

2

THAI-P4

INDO-P

3

VIET-P3

AUST-D

T


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Aregionalagreementonacommontestprocedure,

adata-sharingplan,andwaystomutuallyrecognize

testresultsacrossnationsisurgentlyneededamong

standardsandenforcementagencies.

Thereisapressingneedforauniform,recurring,regional,

processtotestandassurethequalityofCFLssoldinthe

region.Suchregulareffortscanservetoinformpolicy

makersonthestateofthemarket,andalsotoinsurethe

integrityofprogramstopromoteCFLs.

Governmentagencies,theprivatesector(including

manufacturersandretailersofCFLs),and

non-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)intheregion

shouldtakeconcreteactionstoincreaseuserawareness

ofhigh-qualityCFLproductsandwaystoidentifythem,andsupportindependentactionssuchastheALCto

ensurequalityproductsareavailableforallofAsia.

Anumberofcountriesintheregionneedtechnical

assistanceinsettinguptheinfrastructure(testing

facility,developmentofstandards,trainingoflaboratory

personnel,etc.)tocertifytheperformanceofCFLstoa

common,regionallevel,aswellasinrecyclingCFLsand

dealingwithend-of-lifeissues,includingmercurycontent

andsafelampdisposal. 9

Moretestingisrecommendedtocorroboratethese

initialndings.ThiswouldbeparticularlyusefulinCFLmodelsintendedfortheverylargeandquicklygrowing

Chinesemarket.Regulatorsandprogrammanagers

wouldbewell-servedbyanon-going,regular,regional

testingregime.

Asabouthalfofthelampmodelstestedhaveatleastone

ormoresampleswithmorethan5mgofmercury.The

issueofmercurycontentanddosingcontrolinlampsas

wellastestmethodologies,meritasecond,focusedround

oftestingeffortsthatcancovermoreoftheregional

markets,andmayalsohelptoinformmercuryrecyclingandeducationalprograms.

Thevalueofarobust,harmonizedsetofqualitystandards

fortheregioncannotbeunderstated.Withsucha

mechanism,well-performingproductscouldbeidentied

independently,allowingpurchaserstoselectproducts

basedonvalue(price)whilebeingassuredofatleasta

minimumlevelofperformance.

9. OneexampleofthistechnicalassistanceistheneedforfacilitiestoconductCRItestingoflampsinIndia.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY


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BACKGROUND

Nationalandlocaleffortstopromoteenergyefciencyhave

beengatheringstrengthworld-wide,spurredbyheightened

concernsoverissuesofenergysecurity,environmental

degradation,andclimatechange.Manyoftheseefciency

effortsincludeprogramstargetinglighting,asitaccountsfor

aboutone-fthofglobalelectricityconsumption.10Todate,

morethanfortycountries,includingmanyAsiancountries,

haveannouncedplanstophaseouttheuseofincandescent

lamps,withthecompactuorescentlamp(CFL)beingpromotedasadirect,readilyavailable,andcosteffective

alternative.11

TheincreasingfocusonCFLshassignicantlyaccelerated

theglobaldemandfortheselamps.Themostdramatic

increasehappenedwithinthepastdecade:annualglobal

CFLproductionisestimatedtohavereachedonebillion

unitsperyearjustoverveyearsago,andnowexceeds

threebillionunitsannually.Ifcurrentgrowthtrendscontinue,

globalCFLproductioncouldexceedfourbillionunits

annuallyby2010.Thisisexpectedtoaccelerate,asthephaseoutofincandescentlampscouldboostdemandof

CFLstoasmanyas10billionunitsperyear.

DuringtheearlystagesofCFLproduction,manufacturing

wasdominatedbyafewwell-knowninternationalbrands

andproductionwasbasedinEurope,theUS,Japan,and

China.Presently,theproductionofCFLsisbeingcarriedout

mostlybyalargegroupoflesswell-knownmanufacturers

throughoutAsia.Chinacurrentlyleadstheworldinthe

numberofCFLmanufacturersandCFLproduction

(Figure 3):thereareatleast200CFLmanufacturersand400suppliersofspecializedCFLmaterialsandcomponents;

morethan90percentoftheCFLssoldworldwideare

manufacturedinChina.12

CFL ADOPTION IN ASIA AND THE

ISSUE OF QUALITY

Asawhole,countriesinAsiafaceanumberofserious

challengeswhenitcomestoadoptionofCFLs.Purchase

costcanbeaformidablebarrier.Althoughitrepresents

oneofthequickestandeasiestmeansofdeliveringenergy

conservation,aCFLcanpresentaneconomicchallengetotheaverageAsianconsumer.Comparedtoanincandescent

lamp,aCFLtypicallycarriesa10to15timespricepremium,

puttingitinlinewithsomefamiliesdailyincome,andplacing

itoutofreachformanypartsofAsia.

Suspect product quality is another challenge to CFL adoption,

especially given its price premium. Since CFLs are being

promoted as a direct replacement for incandescent lamps, CFLs

that do not outperform incandescent lamps can result in serious

consumer dissatisfaction with the product category as a whole.

Unfortunately,forAsia,thereisnowidelyusedregionalor

internationalstandardforCFLqualityandperformance,

noraretherewidelyandpublicallyavailablelamptestdata.

Whiletherehavebeenanumberofproducttestingefforts

inplaceoron-going,thelackofregionallyacceptedstandard

anddataexchangemechanismshavemadeitdifcultfor

countriestorecognizeandsharetestresults.13Therefore,

CFLstypicallyhavebeenassessedinrelationtonational

standardsandguidelinesortomanufacturersadvertised

claims.Generallyspeaking,apoor-qualityCFLisalampthat

burnsoutfaster,orgivesofflesslight,thanadvertised,orthanprescribedbynationalstandardsandguidelines.14

10.From Idea to Action: Clean Energy Solution for Asia to Address Climate Change. USAIDAsiaMay2007.

11.Phasing in Quality: Harmonization of CFLs to Help Asia Address Climate Change. USAIDAsia,March2009.

12.ChenYanshen,China Response to Phase-out of Inefcient Lighting. PresentedatthePhase-Out2008WorkingTowardsGlobalPhase-outofInefcientLightingworkshop.SotelHylandHotel,Shanghai,China,May2008.

13.Forexample,ChinahasacomprehensiveCFLqualitymonitoringandsupervisionsystemfordomesticCFLs.PhilippinesDepartmentofEnergyandThailandsElectricityGeneratingAuthorityalsohavetestingprograms.

14.However,thisapproachdoesnotallowadirectcomparisonofproductqualityacrosstheregion.

OVERVIEW:

THE CFL MARKET IN ASIA


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Thetermslow-quality,lower-quality,sub-standard,

poor,orshoddyarenowbeingusedbyexperts,

programmanagers,andregulatorstodescribethepoor-

performingCFLsthatarebeingproducedinlargequantities

andsoldinmanymarketsintheregion.Generallyspeaking,

forCFLs,qualityreferstotheirabilitytoperformas

expected,particularlyasrelatedtolongevity,color,and

lightoutput.Itshouldbenotedthatasignicantpresence

ofpoor-qualityCFLsinthemarketcanleadtoaconditionknownasmarketspoilage,andcanresultinlimiting

CFLpenetrationratesasconsumersconsidertheproducts

apoorvalueproposition.

CFLqualityissueshavebecomepronouncedinAsian

marketsasaresultitssignicantgrowthandconsumer

sensitivitytopurchasecosts.Thiscost-sensitivityhasledto

theavailabilityofCFLsthataregenerallycheaperthanthose

inNorthAmericanorEuropeanmarkets,buttheselower

costshaveoftenbeenachievedattheexpense

ofproductquality.

Beyondthis,CFLsthatfailsignicantlybeforetheirrated

livesposerisksforpolicymakersastheyweighcost-to-

impactdecisionsaimedatachievingreductionsinenergy

usageand/orgreenhousegasproduction.

In2007,ECO-AsiapublishedareportanalyzingCFLmarkets

andprogramsinChina,India,andthefourlargestASEAN

countriesIndonesia,thePhilippines,Thailand,andVietnam.15

ThereportassessedthequalityofCFLsavailableinregional

marketsandfoundthatasmanyashalfoftheCFLs

producedandsoldinAsiawereshoddyorsub-standard

(e.g.,burningoutfasterorproducinglesslightthanadvertisedorrequiredbynationalregulations).Thereportproposedan

immediateandintensivecoordinationofexistingregionalCFL

initiativesinordertosupportdevelopmentofabroad-based

qualityassuranceprocessinAsia.

Anumberofregionaleffortshavebeenundertakeninan

efforttoimproveCFLqualityinAsianmarkets,includingthe

developmentofnationalperformancestandardsforCFLs.

ManyofthesestandardsrequireCFLstoachievecertain

minimumperformancebenchmarks(including

efcacy,life,start-uptime,run-uptime,andmercurycontent)inordertobecertiedascompliant.Therearealsotesting

requirementsassociatedwithanumberofnationalstandards. 16

Whilethesestandardshaveaddressedmanyoftheir

15.Condence in Quality: Harmonization of CFLs to Help Asia Address Climate Change.USAIDAsia.October2007.

16.Forexample,inIndia,lampsmustmeettheBureauofIndianStandards(BIS)srequirementstobeartheBISlogoandbeallowedonthemarket.

Figure 3. Estimated Chinese CFL Production 19962007

OVERVIEW: THE CFL MARKET IN ASIA

CFL Production in China

Source:Chen,Yansheng.ChinaAssociationofLightingIndustry,2008.

1996

0.150.1 0.210.29

0.480.75 0.8

1.041.38

1.76

2.4

3

1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007

Units (Billion)


14/53


objectiveswithregardstoCFLqualityissues,theyhave

paradoxicallyintroducedanewbarriertothemarket:

marketconfusionarisingfromthelackofstandardization

orharmonizationbetweenthesestandards.Thislackof

harmonizationcreatesconcernsforbothconsumersof

CFLs,whomustdecideifaCFLishigh-qualityifitpasses

somestandardsbutfailssomeothers,andformanufacturersofCFLswhomustdevelop,test,andlabelproductsto

multiplestandards.

PURPOSE AND SCOPE OF THIS REPORT

InordertoassessandaddresstheseCFLproductquality

andstandardsharmonizationissues,USAIDsECO-Asia

CleanDevelopmentandClimateProgrampartnered

withtheAustralianDepartmentofEnvironment,Water,

Heritage,andtheArts(DEWHA)in2008undertheaegis

oftheAsia-PacicPartnershiponCleanDevelopmentandClimate(APP)toinitiateasubstantialregionalCFLquality

andperformancebenchmarktestingprogram.Theprimary

objectivesofthisCFLtestingprogramwere:

Box 1. Dening CFL Quality

CFLs are complex electrical devices, and have grown more so with the incorporation o electronic ballasts, along

with the market drive to reduce the size o the CFL while maximizing the number o locations and fxtures

in which it can be suitably installed. As a consequence, manuacturers must balance a number o physical andproduction actors in order to deliver a CFL that will simultaneously meet consumer expectations in terms o

product unctions and price, while satisying regulators and utilities on energy perormance. In this balancing act, a

small adjustment o one perormance actor has the potential to aect other actors in signifcant ways.

In defning what constitutes a quality CFL, it is important to consider and even group its various characteristics

in order to identiy the ones that are necessary or broad acceptance, frst and oremost by consumers, but also

by regulators, program managers, utilities, energy advocates, and program administrators. In addition, each o these

characteristics needs to be considered in the context o a mass-produced, international product that has to be

efcient, aordable, long lasting, and approximate the incandescent lamp in ft, unction, and light quality.

Many organizations have developed standards and criteria or CFLs based on their area or areas o responsibilities,

ranging rom saety to energy efciency, and their results reect these multiple views o CFL perormance that can

take the CFL quite ar in one direction, oten at a cost to its other attributes. For example, a super high-efcacy

lamp may be more expensive to produce, or may not be able to maintain its lumen output over its lie, depending

on how the manuacturer chooses to address the issue. Similarly, a long-lie (10,000+ hrs) lamp needs a more

reliable starting mechanism than a normal lie lamp (6,000-8,000 hrs), and may require a longer starting time.

Addressing this product quality issue on a piecemeal, country-by-country basis is not practical a regional

approach is needed. In June 2008, a coalition o national lighting associations and the worlds largest lighting

companies signed an agreement to push or the elimination o substandard CFLs in the Asia market. Under this

agreement, known as the Manila Compact, lighting suppliers committed to develop common perormance levels

to rate the quality o CFLs sold in Asia, introduce a product marking system, and establish an on-line regional

database that identifes those CFLs that meet quality standards. In order to implement this certifcation andmarking system, the signatories grouped together to ormally establish the Asia Lighting Compact in October 2009.



15/53


ToassesstheoverallqualityofCFLscurrentlybeingsoldinvariousAsianandAustralianmarkets.

Toassesstheopportunitiesforharmonizationof

CFLstandardsbasedontestresults.

Togaininsightintothepossibilityofimplementinga

regionalproducttestingprogramanditscomplexity.

Togatherarst-orderexaminationoflamp

mercurycontent.

Thisreportpresentsthemajorndingsofthislaboratory

CFLbenchmarktestingprogram.Whilethecompleteraw

testingdataisprovidedforalltestedvariables,theanalysis

inthisreportfocusesonhowthefollowtestingresults

forvekeymetricscomparetotheassociated

requirementsforthreecompliancestandards(summarized

inTable 1).AsianLightingCompact(ALC)Tiers1,2

and3wereusedastheprimarycompliancestandardsfor

comparisonofthetestedlampresults.17TheALC

Tierswerechosen,rstandforemost,becausetheonly

waythetestedlampscanbedirectlyandfairlycompared,

isagainstonesetofstandards.Asnotedabove,thereisnocommonlyrecognizedregionalorinternational

standardforCFLqualityandperformanceinAsiaatthe

timeoftesting.18MostcountriesreferenceIECstandards

specicallyIEC60969,butthiscanonlybeusedasa

testingstandardforCFLs,notasperformanceor

qualitystandard.19

ThesecondreasonthattheALCTierswerechosenwas

thatintheabsenceofsuchagreementasetofdeveloped

metricstocharacterizeCFLqualityisneededasabasisin

analyzingtheseCFLtestresults.ThemetricsincorporatedbytheALCTiersinclude:lightingcharacteristics(color

renderingandcolorcorrelatedtemperature),andother

performanceparameters(start-uptime,lifetime,and

lumenmaintenance).Finally,itshouldbenotedthat

ALCTier2hasbeenalignedwiththeEfcientLighting

InitiativesVoluntaryTechnicalSpecicationforCFLs(ELI),

andALCTier3hasbeenalignedwiththeUKEnergy

SavingTrustLampSpecicationsforCFLs(EST). 20Thus

pass/failreportinginthisreportforALCTier2andALC

Tier3canbeappliedtoELIandUKEST6.1respectively.

Table 1: Key Metrics and Compliance Standards Evaluated

Key Metrics Tested and Compared to Standards Compliance Standards Used for Comparisons

Efcacy ALC Tier 1

Survival Rate ALC Tier 2 (ELI)

Lumen Maintenance ALC Tier 3 (UKEST 6.1)

Power actor ALC Tier 2

Color Rendering Index (CRI) ALC Tier 2

17.IncludedasAppendixA.

18.ELI(theEfcientLightingInitiative)standardsarereferencedincertainprocurementefforts,butnotrecognizedbynationalgovernmentsotherthanAustralia.

19.IEC60969Ed.1.3b:2009.Self-ballastedlampsforgenerallightingservices-Performancerequirements.

20.ELIQualityCerticationInstitute,ELIVoluntaryTechnicalSpecicationforSelf-BallastedCompactFluorescentLamps2006-03-01,andtheUKEnergySavingTrust,EnergySavingTrust:LampSpecication,Version6.12009.



16/53


Box 2. The ALC Quality System

The Asia Lighting Compact (ALC) is an independent, non-proft organization dedicated to reducing greenhouse gas

emissions by improving the quality o lighting products and encouraging the adoption o energy-efcient lighting in

Asia. Formed through a public-private initiative, the ALC works to reduce barriers to trade and mitigate climatechange by harmonizing quality and energy-efciency standards or lighting across the region.

The ALC does not recreate lighting standards. Instead, the ALC is based on the international testing standards

developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC). Based on the IEC test procedures or CFL

perormance, the ALC has developed a three-tier quality system that is designed to work cooperatively with other

lighting quality standard initiatives.

Tier 3. The Best tier is currently based on the UK Energy Savings Trust 6.1 standard and will migrate to

Europes EUP CFL standard once this standard is fnalized.

Tier 2. The Better tier is based on and harmonized with the Efcient Lighting Initiative (ELI) standard or CFLs.

Tier 1. The Good tier represents an initial realistic entry-level perormance standard or countries in the Asia

region that provides quality, efciency and perormance.

The three levels are necessary or the region because not all Asian consumers can aord the very highest quality

CFLs, but they should be protected against poor-quality products. This ALC system is voluntary, transparent, publicly

reviewed, consistent with the standards o International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC), and is based on the

IECs saety and perormance test standards.

Suppliers can qualiy the quality o their CFLs with the ALC using an online registration system. Registered CFLs

will carry the markings o their qualiying levels, and will be listed in the ALC Quality Registry.



17/53


THE PERFORMANCE

TEST PROCESST

hissectiondescribesthedetailsofthebenchmark

testprocessthatwasimplementedtoaddressthe

qualityandharmonizationissuesdiscussedabove.

ThisincludesadiscussionofhowtheCFLtestsample

wasselectedandprocured,whereandhowthetests

wereconducted,andwhatparametersweremeasured.

Theresultsofthesetests,includingwhichsamplelamp

parametersconformedtowhichstandards,willbe

presentedintheTestResultssectionthatfollows.

CFL SAMPLE

Sampledesignandacquisitionareperhapsthemost

inuentialdeterminantstotheeventualtestingresults.As

such,averydetailedselectionandprocurementprocess

wasdevelopedwiththegoalofacquiringsamplesthat

werereectiveoftheoverallCFLmarketineachofthe

followingcountries:

Australia

India

IndonesiaPhilippines

Thailand

Vietnam

ThetestplanhadoriginallyincludedChina,butdueto

complicationsinacquiringarepresentativesample,China

hadtobedroppedfromthestudy.21

ECO-AsiaworkedwithDEWHAtodesignacollection

methodologythattookintoaccounttheavailableCFL

brandsandpricingineachofthemarket.Then,ECO-Asiaworkedwithpartnersandofcesineachofthetarget

countriestoprocurethesamples.

AustralianlampswerepurchasedbyDEWHAstaff,

andlampsinIndia,Indonesia,Philippines,Thailandand

VietnamwerepurchasedbyECO-Asiastaff.These

sampleswerepurchasedthroughordinaryretail

outletsinastandardizedselectionprocesstoacquirea

representativemixofCFLmodels.

Whileprocurementplansvariedslightlybetween

countries,thesamplegenerallyconformedtothe

following:

Number of Models: 16uniquelampmodelswere

sampledineachcountry,withtheexceptionofAustralia,

whereamuchlargersampleof77modelswasacquired.

These77modelsrepresentasignicantportionofthe

Australianlampmarket.

Types of Manufacturers:Themodelswerechosen

toincludeabroadrangeofmanufacturers/distributors.

Foreachofthesixcountries,modelswereassigned

oneofthreemanufacturertypeidentierssothatsub-groupanalysiscouldbeperformedlater.These

threemanufacturergroupstypeswere:

High:Majorinternationalbrands

Mid: Knownlocalorregionalbrands

Low:Unknownorlow-costbrands

Types of Models: Theselectedmodelswereallbare

screw-basedCFLs.AnumberofcoveredandreectorlampsfromAustraliawerealsopurchasedandtested,

buttheresultswerenotreportedhere,asthose

categoriesrepresentamuchsmallerpercentageinthe

restofAsia.

21.Notethattheprocurementeffortwasdesignedtoobtainsamplesrepresentativeofproductsavailableonthemarketineachcountry.Marketshareinformationwasnotavailableinsufcientdetailforweightingofthetestresults.


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Lamp Wattages: Theprimarytargetforprocurement

wastheCFLequivalentofthemostpopularincandescent

lampthe60-Wattlamp.However,arangeofwattages

wasselectedinordertobetterunderstandtheefcacy

distributionofthelampsavailable.

Quantities of CFLs per model: Generally1012

samplesofeachCFLmodelwereacquired.Insomecases

upto24sampleswereacquiredforthepurposes

ofsending1012samplestoeachofthetwoperformance

testinglaboratoriesforcross-laborator ycomparisons.

Forarandomlyselectedsubsetofmodels,6to18

additionalsampleswereprocuredforthepurposeof

mercurycontenttestingatthreetestinglaboratories,

whichrequiresaminimumof5workingsamplesforeach

ofthetestlaboratory.22

Purchase Location: Samplesofeachtested

modelwerepurchasedinaminimumofthreeseparate

geographiclocationstoensurethatsampleswouldbe

randomlychosen.

Location of Manufacture: Themajorityoflampswere

madeinChina.Wheretherewerelocalmanufacturers,

teamsmadeeveryefforttoincludeamixoflocaland

importedproducts.23

Thefollowinginformationwasrecordedforallselected

samples:

PurchaseRegion

Brand

ModelName

Category(high/medium/low)

RatedPower(W)

RatedColorTemp

RatedLife(hours)

TubeorEnvelopeShape

No.inEachPackagePurchased

PackagePrice(Retail,convertedintoUS$

attheexchangeratesatthetimeofpurchase).

PriceperLamp(Retail,US$)

Table 2summarizesthebreakdownofthenumberof

modelsandquantityofCFLsusedfortesting.Overall,

theresultsfrom137testedmodelsarereportedhere.24

ItshouldbenotedthatthelampspurchasedinAustralia

CFLdominatethesampleand,assuch,thetestresultsfor

theaggregatesampleshouldnotbeexpectedtoprovide

informationontheregionasawholewithoutreweighting

thesample.

TESTING PROCESS

FourlaboratorieswereselectedtotesttheCFLsamples.Thelaboratorieswere:

TheNationalLightingTestCenter(NLTC)inBeijing,

China,whichconductedtestingonthemajorityofthe

samplelampsfromAustraliaandASEANcountries

forperformance,andalsoasubsetofthesamplemodels

formercurycontent.

ElectricalResearchandDevelopmentAssociation

(ERDA)inBaroda,Gujarat,India,whichtestedthe

lampsamplesfromIndiaandASEANcountriesforperformanceparametersonly.

SpectroLaboratories,inNewDelhi,India,whichtested

asubsetoftheAustralian,Indian,andASEANlamp

samplesformercurycontent.

AdvancedAnalyticalAustralia,NorthRydeNSW,

Australia,whichalsotestedasubsetofthelamp

samplesfromAustralia,India,andASEANcountries

formercurycontent.

22.Toaccountforbreakageandotherhandlingissuesthatmayoccurwhenlampsaretransportedtovariousinternationallaboratoriesfortesting,procurementteamswereaskedtoobtainatleast12samplesofeachmodelfromatleast3separategeographicallocationsforperformancetesting(ensuringaminimumsamplesetof10),and6samplesfromatleast3separategeographicallocationsformercurycontenttesting(ensuringaminimumsamplesetof5).Thusforamodelthatisbeingtestedforbothperformanceandmercurycontentatall4labs,amaximumof42sampleswereprocured.Overall,about2,600lampswereprocuredinsixcountriesoverafour-weekperiod.

23.ExceptinthecaseofIndia,whereallthelampstestedwereofIndianmanufacture.

24.Theactualnumberofuniquemodelstestedislikelyslightlylessthan137assimilarinternationalbrandmodelswerepurchasedinvariouscountries.Thesemodelsarebeingtreatedseparatelyinthisreporteventhoughtheymaybeidentical.Conversely,manymoresamplespermodelwererequiredforthisprocesssincetestingtookplaceinfourlaboratoriesinthreecountries.

THE PERFORMANCE TEST PROCESS


19/53


AllCFLsweresubjectedtothefollowingmeasurementsor

evaluations25:

After 100 hours of operation

(Sample size = 10 lamps):

lamppower(Watts)

luminousux(lumens)

powerfactor

totalharmonicdistortion(THD)

ColorRenderingIndex(CRI)

XandYcoordinatesCorrelatedcolortemperature(CCT)

SCDM

start-uptime

After 2,000 hours of operation

(Sample size = remaining operational lamps):

lamppower(Watts)

luminousux(lumens)

AsubsetoftheCFLsweresubjectedtothefollowing

measurementsorevaluations:

After verication of operation

(Sample size = 5 lamps):mercurycontent

Thetestmethodusedtomeasureperformancewasthe

mostrecentversionofIECdrafttestmethodforintegrated

CFLs(toreplaceIEC60969),titledIEC 60969 Committee

Draft V04-21-6-07, withamendmentsasdiscussedatthe

IECPRESCOmeetinginNovember2007(asoutlined

indocument34A/1253/CC - Template for Comments

and Secretariat Observations Dated 14/11/07 regarding

34A/1235A/CD - IEC 60969 Ed.2).Thistestmethodis

availablefromIEC(www.iec.ch).

ForCFLsamplesthatfailedpriortoreaching2,000hours,

theirtimeoffailurewasrecorded.Forthetestslisted

above,onlylamppower,luminousux,powerfactor,CRI,

andtimeoffailure(whenappropriate)wereutilizedforthe

analysisdiscussedinthisreport.

Thetestmethodusedtomeasuremercurycontentof

thelampswasthemostrecentversionoftheAS/NZS

4782.3-2006(int)Part 3: Double-capped uorescent lamps

- Performance specications, Part 3: Procedure for quantitativeanalysis of mercur y present in uorescent lamps. This test

method is available from Standards Australia (www.standards.

com.au).Thisisadestructivetestmethod,andlamps

wereconrmedtobeoperationalbeforethetestwas

conducted.

Table 2: Breakdown of CFL Sample forLaboratory Testing

Country of Purchase # of Models Tested

Australia 77

India 16

Indonesia 10

Philippines 12

Thailand 12

Vietnam 10

TOTAL 137

25.TheIndianlaboratorydidnothavethecapabilitytomeasuresomecolor-relatedmetrics,thusCRIandSCDMwerenotrecordedforthe687CFLsmeasuredinthislab.

THE PERFORMANCE TEST PROCESS


20/53


TEST RESULTSPERFORMANCE

Thissectionpresentstheperformanceresultsoflaboratory

testingof137bareCFLsmodelsfromsixcountries.

Presentedresultsfocusonthefollowingvekeymetrics:

1. Efcacy

2. Survival Rate

3. Lumen Maintenance

4. Power factor

5. Color Rendering Index (CRI)

Followingthediscussionofthenumericalresultsofthese

vekeymetrics,wedetailhowtheseresultscompareto

ALCTiers1,2and3.BecausethenumberofCFLsand

CFLmodelsfromAustraliaaresignicantlylargerthan

thesamplesfromtheothercountries,apresentationof

theaggregatetestresultswouldbedisproportionately

inuencedbytheAustralianlampresults.Forthisreason,

wehavechosentodisaggregatetheAustraliandatafrom

theremainingdatasothatthereadercanviewtheresults

independentofthisweightingeffect,orintheaggregate

withthisweightingeffecthighlighted.

Asdiscussedearlier,duringsampleselection,theselected

modelswerecategorizedbymanufacturertypeduring

procurement.Forseveralofthemetrics,wehaveshown

resultsdisaggregatedbymanufacturertypebasedonthe

high,midandlowdenitionsoutlined.

EFFICACY

Theabilitytoefcientlyconvertpowertolightefcacy

istheCFLssinglemostimportantattribute,andisoneof

thefewparameterscoveredbyeveryCFLstandard.Figure 4showstheefcacy(lumens/Watt)vs.measured

power(W)fromthetestedlampsamplesafterthe

100-hourburn-inperiod.25 Figure 5presentsthesame

efcacydataplottedasahistogramthatindicatesthe

numberofmodelsthatfallintovariousefcacybins.

Asexpected,theoveralldatasetshowsefcacytrending

upwardslightlyforhigher-poweredCFLs.Morestrikingly,

widevariationsinefcacycanbeseenbetweenmodels

ofsimilarinputpower.Severalverypoorperforming

low-wattageCFLsareseeninthesample,withefcacies

below40lumens/Watt.

Figure 6presentsthesameresultsasFigure2but

identiesthemodelsbymanufacturertype.Generally

speaking,highorinternationalbrandsyieldedthehighestefcacies,whilelowmanufacturersyieldedthelowest

efcacies.Severalhighlyefcaciouslowmodelscanbe

seen,however.Figure 7 showsthelampsefcacies

versustheirpurchaseprice.

TheefcacyrequirementsforALCTiers1,2and3vary

dependingontheratedwattageandcolortemperatureof

theCFL.Theserequirementsareincludedintheappendix

ofthisreport.Forthe137modelstested,measured

efcacy(presentedabove),alongwithratedwattage

andcolortemperature,werecomparedtoALCTier1,2,and3todeterminepassorfailratesforeachmodel.

Table 3andFigure 8presenttheresultsofthisanalysis.

SURVIVAL RATE

Lampsurvivalrecordsweremaintainedduringtesting

andsurvivalrateswerecalculatedafter2,000hoursof

operation.26Thesurvivalratesweredenedasthefraction

ofthemodelsfunctioningsamplesat100hoursthatwere

stillfunctionalat2,000hours.Thesurvivalratecanbea

predictorofwhetherornotlampswilllastfortheduration

oftheirclaimedlife.

Figure 9 showsthesamplesurvivalratesforeachofthe

137modelstested.TheAustralianmodelsaremodels

1-78(leftofblackbar)andthenon-Australianmodelsare

number79-137(rightofbar).

25.Aburn-inperiodisspeciedbytestmethodologiesasthetypicaltimeneededforlampstoreachtheirstableoperationalstateneededforaccuratetesting.

26.Duetotimingandresourceconstraints,itwasnotpossibletotestalllampmodelsforthefull6,000hours.


21/53


Figure 4. Average Efcacy (lumens/Watt) of Test Models vs. Measured Power TakenAfter a 100-hour Burn-in Period.

Figure 5. Average Efcacy (lumens/Watt) of Test Models by Efcacy Bins

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00

measured power (W)

20.00

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

Average Efcacy at 100 hours

lumensperwatt


22/53


Figure 6. Average Efcacy (lumens/Watt) by Brand Type27

TEST RESULTS PERFORMANCE

0.00 5.00 10.00 15.00 25.00 30.00 35.00 40.00

Power (W)

20.00

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

Efcacy by Brand Type

lumensperwatt

High

Low

Mid

Figure 7. Lamp Efcacies and Costs

$- $5.00 $10.00 $15.00 $25.00 $30.00

CFL Model Cost

$20.00

80.00

70.00

60.00

50.00

40.00

30.00

20.00

10.00

0.00

Efcacy vs CFL Cost

lumensperwatt

27.Foreachofthesixcountries,modelswereassignedoneofthreemanufacturerorbrandtypeidentierssothatsub-groupanalysiscouldbeperformed.Thesethreetypeswere:High:MajorinternationalbrandsMid:KnownlocalorregionalbrandsLow:Unknownorlow-costbrands


23/53


Figure 8. Pass/Fail Rates for All 137 Models Tested vs. ALC Tier 1, 2, and 3 Efcacy Test

Table 3: Efcacy Test Pass Rates for All 137 Models vs. ALC Tiers 1, 2, and 3

Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3

Aus 96.1% 72.7% 90.9%

Non-Aus 86.7% 83.3% 85.0%

All Models 92.0% 77.4% 88.3%


Pass Rate - Efcacy Test

Tier 1

100.0%

90.0%

80.0%

70.0%

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%

Tier 2 Tier 3




24/53


Figure 9. Individual Survival Rates for Each of the 137 Models Tested

Figure 10. Survival Rates for 137 Tested Models by Survival Rate Bins


Survival Rate at 2000 hours

Model ID Number

100.00%90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%1 6 11 16 21 26 31 36 41 46 51 56 61 66 71 76 81 86 91 96 10

1106

111

116

121

126

131

136

Aus non-Aus


25/53


Figure 10showsthesamedatasetintheformofa

histogram.AsFigures9and10show,whilethemajority

ofmodelsexperiencedlittletonofailures,severalmodels

experiencedsignicantfailures.Infact,11models(8%of

thosetested)producedjustover50%ofthefailuresduringtesting.Eighty-eightmodels(64%)experiencednosample

failuresduringthe2,000-hourtestperiod.Overall,the31%

oftheAustralianlampsmodelexperiencedsamplefailures,

and42%thenon-Australianlampmodelsexperienced

samplefailures.

Figure 11presentsthesamesurvivalratedataasa

functionofbrandtypeandpower.Asmightbeexpected,

low-pricedbrandswereresponsibleformostoftheodels

withpoorsurvivalrates,butsomemidandhighmanufac-

turersalsoproducedmodelsthathadsurvivalratesof60%orlower.

Figure12presentsthelampsurvivalratesasafunctionof

theirpurchaseprice.

Figure 13 presentssurvivalratescomparedwithALC

requirements.

ALCTiers1and2requireasurvivalrateof90%orhigher

after1,000hours,whileTier3requiresasurvivalrateof

90%orhigherafter30%ofratedlife.ForTiers1and2,

survivalratesat1,000hourswerecalculatedandcompared

tothe90%survivaltest.InordertocomparetestresultstoTier3requirements,survivalratesat3,000hoursorlonger

(asTier3requiresaratedlifeofatleast10,000hours)

wouldneedtobeknown.

Testingwasonlyconducteduntil2,000hours,however,so

fortheTier3survivaltest,a2,000-hoursurvivalratherthan

3,000hourswasused.Therefore,ifamodelhasa90%or

greatersurvivalrateat2,000hours,itwasconsideredto

havepassedtheTier3survivaltest.

TheeffectofthisapproximationisthatmoreofthetestedmodelswillbegivenapassratingforTier3survival

thantheylikelywouldhavehadtestingcontinuedto3,000

hoursorbeyond(asweareeffectivelyassumingzero

failureswilloccurinthehoursbetweenthe2,000-3,000

hourtimeperiod).

Figure 11. Survival Rates and Brand Type 28


0.00 10.00 30.00 40.00

Power (W)

20.00

120.00%

100.00%

80.00%

60.00%

40.00%

20.00%

0.00%

2000-hour Survival Rate by Brand Type

SurvivalRate High

Low

Mid

28.Seefootnote27.


26/53


Figure 12. Lamp Survival Rates and Purchase Price

Figure 13. Survival Test Pass Rates vs. ALC Tier 1, 2, and 3


Survival_1000 Survival_2000

$ $5.00 $10.00 $15.00 $20.00 $25.00 $30.00

100.00%90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%

Survival Rate after 1000 hrs and 2000 hrs vs CFL Cost

CFL Model Cost

%ofSamplesSurviving

Pass Rate - Survival Test

Tier 1

100.0%

90.0%

80.0%

70.0%

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%10.0%

0.0%

Tier 2 Tier 3




27/53


LUMEN MAINTENANCE

Anotherimportantperformancemetricthatwasevaluated

waslumenmaintenance(orlumendepreciation)whether

ornotlampscanmaintainacertainleveloflightoutput

overtheiroperationallifetime.Lumenmaintenanceat

2,000hourswascalculatedbycomparingamodelsaverage100-hourlumenoutput(initiallumenmeasurements)from

theinitialsampleset,tothatmodelsaverage2,000-hour

lumenoutputfromtheremainingsamples.

Figure 14showsthelumenmaintenancevaluesforall137

modelstested.Figure 15 showsthesamedatasetasa

histogram.125ofthe137modelsexperiencedalumen

depreciationofatleast10%(i.e.,lumenmaintenance

droppingbelow90%).23models,oraboutone-sixth

ofthetestedmodels,hadlumendepreciationof

morethan20%.29Ninemodelsexperiencedalumen

depreciationofatleast25%(lumenmaintenancebelow75%).Figure 16 presentslumenmaintenanceasa

functionofpowerandbrandtype.Onceagain,thelow

brandspredictablymakeupthebulkofthepoorest

performingmodelswhenlookingatlumenmaintenance.

Infact,Figure14showsstrikingsimilaritiestotheefcacy

versusbrandtypecomparisonshowninFigure4.

Figure 14. Lumen Depreciation of Models after 2,000 Hours of Operation

Table 4: Survival Test Pass Rate for All 137 Models vs. ALC Tier 1, 2, and 3


Aus 93.5% 93.5% 88.3%

Non-Aus 85.0% 85.0% 71.7%

All Models 89.8% 89.8% 81.0%

29.20%isthemaximumallowedbyALCTiers1&2.


0 10 20 40 6030 50 70 80

100.00%

90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%

Lumen Depreciation at 2000 hours

%Lumenat2000-hours

Power (W)

Australia-purchased lamps Non Australia-purchased lamps


28/53


ALCTiers1and2requirethatlumenmaintenanceremain

at80%oraboveafter2,000hourswhileTier3requires

lumenmaintenanceof88.1%oraboveafter2,000hours.

Tier3alsospecieslumenmaintenancerequirementsat6,000hours(78.1%)andat10,000hours(75.1%).

Becausetestingdidnotcontinuelongenoughtoapply

the6,000-hourand10,000-hourtests,modelswere

consideredtohavepassedtheTier3lumenmaintenance

testiftheysimplypassedTier3s2,000-hourrequirement.

Table 5andFigure 17 presentthelumenmaintenance

testpassratesforthe137testedmodelsvs.ALCTiers1,2,and3.Only30ofthe137modelspassedtheTier3

lumenmaintenancetest.30

Figure15.Lumen Depreciation Bins of Models After 2,000 Hours of Operation

Table 5: Lumen Maintenance Test Pass Rate for ALC Tiers 1, 2 and 3


Aus 85.7% 85.7% 22.1%

Non-Aus 78.3% 78.3% 21.7%

All Models 82.5% 82.5% 21.9%

30.ItshouldbenotedthatnoneofthetestedmodelsclaimedtobeESTcertied,thereforethetestresultsshouldbeviewedasanindicatorofcurrentmarketperformanceonly.



29/53


POWER FACTOR

Powerfactorwasmeasuredforallmodelstested.

Figure 18 presentstheaveragepowerfactorresultsfor

eachmodelafter100hoursoftesting.31 Figure 19

showsthesamedataasahistogram.135ofthemodels

looktohavenormalorlowpowerfactorswhileonlytwomodelscanbeconsideredhighpowerfactorCFLs.

ALCTiers1and2requirepowerfactorsof0.5or

greater,whileTier3requires0.55orgreater.Table 6

andFigure 20 presentthepowerfactortestpassrates

ofthetestedmodels.

COLOR RENDERING INDEX (CRI)

ColorRenderingIndex(CRI)wasrecordedfor91ofthe

137modelstestedCRIisaquantitativemeasureofthe

abilityofalightsourcetoreproducethecolorsofvariousobjectsfaithfullyincomparisonwithanidealornatural

lightsource,andcanbeanapproximationofperceived

lightquality.LightsourceswithahighCRIaredesirable

incolor-criticalapplicationssuchasphotographyand

cinematography.TheIndiantestlaboratory(ERDA)didnot

havethecapabilitiestomeasureCRI,sotheseresultsare

notavailableforthe46modelsthatweretestedexclusively

inIndia.32ThemodelsthatdidnotreceiveCRItesting

weredisproportionatelynon-Australianmodelsasmore

ofthesemodelsweretestedinIndia.

Figure 21showstheCRIresultsforthe91modelstested,

whileFigure 22presentsthesamedatasetasahistogram.

Theresultsrangefrom73to86withthemajorityof

modelshavingaCRIof81orhigher.ACRIof80is

generallyconsideredverygood,andistheminimumlevel

requiredbytheALCTiers.

Figure 23 showsCRItestresultsvs.manufacturertype.

Theperformancedistinctionbetweenhigh,midandlow

manufacturertypeislessdistinctforCRIthanthatwhichwasshownforefcacy,lumendepreciation,andsurvival.

Itisdifculttoreadtoomuchintothisresult,however,as

thesampleoflampstestedforCRIwaslimited,particularly

fornon-Australianlamps.

31.Itshouldalsobenotedthatnoneofthelampstestedclaimedtohavehighpowerfactor(HPF),sotheresultshereshouldbeviewedasanindicationoftheoverallpowerfactoroflampsavailableonthemarket.

32.Infact,theIndianNationalPhysicalLaboratory(NPL)conrmsthatCRIisnottypicallymeasuredinIndia,andisnotarequirementoftheBureauofIndianStandardsCFLstandards.

Figure16.Lumen Maintenance by Brand Type


Power (W)

0.00 10.00 20.00 30.00 40.00

100.00%

90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

2000-hour Lumen Maintenance by Brand Type

lumenmaintenance

High

Low

Mid


30/53


Figure17.Lumen Maintenance Test Pass Rate for ALC Tiers 1, 2 and 3

Figure18. Average Power Factor Results for All 137 Models Tested


0 10 20 40 6030 50 70 80

100.00%

90.00%

80.00%

70.00%

60.00%

50.00%

40.00%

30.00%

20.00%

10.00%

0.00%

Power Factor

Model ID Number

Averagepowerfactorofmodel

Pass Rate - Lumen Maintenance Test

Tier 1

100.0%

90.0%

80.0%

70.0%

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%0.0%

Tier 2 Tier 3



Australia-purchased lamps Non Australia-purchased lamps


31/53


Figure19.Power Factor of Models Separated in Bins

Table 6: Power Factor Test Pass Rate for ALC Tiers 1, 2 and 3


Australia-purchased lamps 94.8% 94.8% 70.1%

Non Australia-purchased lamps 100.0% 100.0% 78.3%

All Models 97.1% 97.1% 73.7%



32/53


Figure 21. Color Rendering Index (CRI) for 91 Tested Models (46 Models Were not Tested)

Figure 20. Power Factor Test Pass Rate for ALC Tiers 1, 2 and 3


Model ID Number

0 10 5020 6030 7040 80

88.00

86.00

84.00

82.00

80.00

78.00

76.00

74.00

72.00

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

CRI

Pass Rate - Power Factor Test

Tier 1

100.0%

90.0%

80.0%

70.0%

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%0.0%

Tier 2 Tier 3



Australia-purchased

lamps

Non Australia-purchased

lamps


33/53


ALCTiers1,2,and3requireCRIvaluesof80orhigher.

Table 7andFigure 24presenttheCRItestpassrates

forjustthe91modelsforwhichCRIwasmeasured.

AlargediscrepancyisseenbetweenCRIpassratesfromtheAustralianmodelsandthosefromnon-Australian

models.Itisunknownifthisisarealeffectthatwould

havebeendocumentedhadCRItestingofall

non-Australianmodelsbeenperformed,orifthisisa

statisticalanomalyduetotherelativelysmallsampleof

non-AustralianmodelstestedforCRI(only15ofthe

46non-Australianmodelsweretested).

ALL METRICS

Itispossibletoproduceanestimatedpassrateforall

137modelstestedbysortingthemintomodelsthat

passedallvetestsabovefromthosewhichfailedoneormoreofthetests.Therearelimitationstothis

estimate,however,basedondeviationsbetweenthe

ALCrequirementsandthetestsperformed.Theprimary

limitationstobenotedinclude:

1. Pass rates only based on 5 requirements:

Onlythevetestsdiscussedhereareusedtogenerate

Figure 22. CRI Test results Separated Into Bins

Table 7: CRI Test Pass Rate for ALC Tiers 1, 2 and 3




All Models 81.5% 81.5% 81.5%



34/53


thispassrate.ALCsCFLQualityGuidelineshasmany

otherrequirements(suchasmaximumrun-uptime,

maximummercurycontent,switchingcycletestsurvival,

safetyandlabelingrequirements,etc.).Thus,itispossible

thataCFLmodelcouldpassthe5testsdiscussedhere,butstillnotconformtotheALCGuidelinesbecauseof

otherrequirements.

2. Limitations related to CRI testing: Whileall

137modelsweretestedagainstfourofthemetrics,

only91weretestedagainstCRI.Forthe91models

thatweretestedtoallvemetrics,theywererequired

topassallverequirementsforthevarioustiersto

beconsideredtohavepassedallmetrics.Butforthe

46modelsthatwerenottestedforCRI,wewere

forcedtoassumea100%passratefortheCRItestwhencalculatingtheirpassesallmetricstest.Ofthe

46modelsthatweregiventhisfreepassonCRI,31

hadpassedalltheotherTier1tests,30passedTier2

testsand3passedTier3tests.ThusforTiers1and2,

approximatelytwothirdsofthemodels

thatdidnotgettestedforCRIwouldhavehadtheirall

metricspass/failtestridingontheresultoftheCRItest.

TheeffectofthemissingCRItestonTier3islimited,

however,asmostmodelshadalreadyfailedatleastone

otherofthetestcriteria.

3. Tier 3 Survival Rate: Thesurvivalratetestwas

appliedat2,000hoursratherthan3,000+hours.

4. Tier 3 Lumen Depreciation Rate: Thelumen

depreciationtestspeciedat2,000hourswasapplied,but

testrequiredat6,000hoursand10,000hourswerenot.

Allofthelimitationslistedabovecouldresultinan

overestimationofthepassratesforthe137modelstested.

Forthatreason,thepassrateslistedbelowshouldbeconsideredasaceilingratherthanadenitiveestimateon

compliancerates.

Table 8andFigure 25 presentthepassratesagainstall

testedmetrics,subjecttothelimitationslistedabove.



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Figure 23. CRI Test Results by Brand Type 34

Table 8: Pass Rate for all Tested Metrics33




All Models 66.4% 57.7% 13.9%

33.ItisimportanttonotethatnoneofthelampstestedclaimedtobeESTcertied,sothatthepassingrateforTier3shouldonlybeviewedasthecur-rentstateofthelampsavailableonthemarketonly.

34.Seefootnote27.


Model ID Number

Color Rendering Index (CRI)

0 5 2510 3015 3520 40

88.00

86.00

84.00

82.00

80.00

78.00

76.00

74.00

72.00

CRI

High

Low

Mid


36/53



Figure 24. CRI test pass rate for ALC Tiers 1, 2 and 3

Pass Rate - CRI Test

Tier 1

100.0%

90.0%

80.0%

70.0%

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%0.0%

Tier 2 Tier 3



Figure 25. Pass Rate for All Tested Methods

Pass Rate - All Metrics

Tier 1

80.0%

70.0%

60.0%

50.0%

40.0%

30.0%

20.0%

10.0%

0.0%

Tier 2 Tier 3




37/53


TEST RESULTS

LAMP MERCURY CONTENTA

subsetofthelampmodelswastestedfortheir

mercurycontent.Atotalof43randomlyselected

modelsfromallthreeselectioncategories(high/

medium/low)fromthesixcountriesweretestedusing

oneoftheavailablemethodsfortestingmercurycontent

ofuorescentlampsAS/NZS 4782.3-2006 (int) Part 3:

Double-capped uorescent lampsPerformance specications,

Part 3: Procedure for quantitative analysis of mercury present in

uorescent lamps. Theresultsarepresentedbelow.

Ascanbeseenfromthetestresultspresentedin Figure

26,althoughtheaveragerangeofthetestedmodels

centersaround6.5mgto7.5mgdependingonthe

purchaselocation(ALCTiersrequirelampstohaveless

than5mgofmercury),therangeofthelampmercury

contentcanbequitebroad(notethatthechartiscapped

at20mg).Itcanbeseenthatlampswithhigheraverage

mercurycontentarepresentinallmarkets:therighthalfor

thehighmercurycontentsideofthechartcontainslamps

fromall6countriestested.

Further,ascanbeseeninFigure 27,whenthemercury

contentlampsareconsideredagainstthelampcosts,some

ofthelowerpricedlampsalsohavemuchhigher

mercurycontentrelativetolampswithhighercostsor

frommorewell-knownmanufacturers.Thiscouldbe

duetothefactthatmorewell-knownandinternational

manufacturershaveinvestedinmoreadvanced

manufacturingequipmentthatcanbettercontrol

mercurydosing,and/oruseamalgammercuryratherthan

liquidmercuryintheirlamps.

Itshouldbenotedthattheresultspresentedhereshould

betreatedasapreliminaryinvestigativeresultsonly,andnotadenitivecharacterizationofmercurycontentin

CFLinAsia.Thisisdueto:

1. Sample Size: Alimitedsamplesize:notalllamps

modelsweretestedformercurycontent

2. Test Method: Thetestmethodologywaschosenfor

itssimplerprocessandrepeatabilityoveritsabilityto

produceexactresults.35

3. Commonly Accepted Methodology:Therewereon-goingdiscussionstakingplacebyIECtoselecta

commonlyacceptedmethodduringthetestingprocess.

35.Infact,theabilitiesofmercurytestmethodologiestoyieldexactresultsarestillunderdiscussionasoflate2009.


38/53


TEST RESULTS LAMP MERCURY CONTENT

Figure 27. Mercury Content of Versus Lamp Cost

Figure 26. Mercury Content of Selected CFL Models (note: Chart Capped at 20 mg)

Mercury Content for Selected CFL Models(minimum, maximum and average shown)

20

17.5

15

12.5

10

7.5

5

2.5

0

Mercury(Hg)

AUST-B

A

AUST-A

P

AUST-V

AUST-A

R

AUST-W

AUST-A

S

AUST-A

X

THAI-P1

AUST-D

V

AUST-D

W

AUST-D

X

INDI-B2

AUST-D

U

THAI-B2

THAI-P3

AUST-C

1

INDI-P5

AUST-C

E

INDI-B6

INDO-P

6

AUST-B

1

PHIL-P

4

VIET-P1

INDI-P1

AUST-A

T

AUST-S

AUST-C

S

INDI-P6

INDO-B

2

AUST-A

V

INDO-P

4

AUST-C

L

INDO-P

1

PHIL-P

3

AUST-T

AUST-D

S

PHIL-P

1

VIET-B2

PHIL-B

2

THAI-P4

INDO-P

3

VIET-P3

AUST-D

T

$- $5.00 $10.00 S15.00 $20.00 $25.00

12

10

8

6

4

2

0

Average Mercury Content vs CFL Cost

Mercury(Hg)

Retail Price (single CFL)


39/53


CONCLUSIONS

AND RECOMMENDATIONSA

necdotalevidencehaslongsuggestedthatthere

aresignicantqualityissueswithCFLsinAsian

markets.Priorreportshaveestimatedthat

asmuchashalfoftheCFLsinsomeAsianmarketsare

shoddy.36Theresultspresentedinthisreport,although

representingonlyasnapshotofthesedynamicmarkets,

aretherstharddatatobackupthisanecdotalevidence

andestimatesfromearlierreports.

Thefollowingaresomeofthemainconclusionsthatcanbedrawnfromtheresultsofthistestingeffort:

Laboratoryevaluationofarepresentativesampleof

CFLsfromveAsiancountriesandAustraliafoundthat

atleastone-thirdofthesamplefailedtomeetwhatmay

beconsideredasminimumperformancestandards

(orthecriteriaforwhatmaybeconsideredaquality

lamp)fortheregion.

Theoverallfailure37rateaswellasthefailureratefor

eachofthetieredcomparison,arelikelytobesignicantlyhigher.Thisisdueto:a)limitationsinthelaboratory

testing,andb)thefactthatitwaspossibletoevaluate

onlyasubsetofallrequiredmetricsforeachTier.

Atleast90%oftestedproductsdonotmeetthe

requirementsofthetiercomparisons,orEuropean

equivalentstandards,suggestingthatCFLsproduced

forandmarketedtoAsianandAustralianmarketsare

manufacturedtolowerstandardsthatthoseofWestern

markets.38

Thegeneralizationofyougetwhatyoupayforwas

largelyaccuratebasedonthetestresults,withname-

brandmodelsperformingbetterthanlow-priced

modelsinmostcasesagainstmostmetrics.

ItshouldbenotedthatECO-Asiahasreleasedtwo

earlierreportscoveringtheAsiaCFLmarketwitha

numberofpolicyrecommendationsfortheregion.Those

policyrecommendationsremainvalidinthecontext

ofimprovingoverallproductquality,internationalandregionalcooperation,aswellasgreenhousegasemissions

reduction.Itisalsoimportanttoreiteratethetwo

reportsassertionthatsub-standardCFLsareasignicant

policyproblemthatrequiresimmediate,coordinated

regionalactions.39

WiththeformationoftheAsiaLightingCompactand

thereleaseoftheALCsCFLQualityGuidelines,which

presentacomprehensivesetofCFLqualitystandards

developedandbaseduponinternationallyaccepted

standardsbyregionalstakeholders,thereisnowasetofqualitystandardsthatcouldberecognizedandapplied

acrosstheregion.TheALCalongwithotheractorsin

Asiacanandneedtoworktogetherinordertoscaleup

thediscussionsofCFLpromotiontotheinternational

level,andtoforgeanagreementoncommonsolutions,

beforeacombinationofpolicymisstepsandconsumer

backlashlimitthepotentialexpansionoftheregional

andglobalCFLmarket.

36.Condence in Quality: Harmonization of CFLs to Help Asia Address Climate Change. USAIDAsia.October2007.

37.Failureasusedinthiscontext,indicatesthattheaverageofresultsfromthetestedsamplesofaparticularCFLmodeldoesnotmeetadenedperformancelevel(i.e.,forefcacy,powerfactororCRI),ratherthanaphysicalormechanicalfailurethatrendersthelampinoperative.Thisappliestoallparametersevaluatedexceptforthesurvivabilitytestresults,whichindicateactuallampfailures.

38.NotethatnoneofthelampstestedclaimedcerticationforEuropeanstandards.

39.FromPhasing in Quality: High-levelpolicymakersmustrecognizethatwhileCFLsrepresentaviableandcosteffectivetoolforclimatechangemitigation,theprevalenceoflow-quality(i.e.sub-standard,orshoddy)CFLsinthemarketrepresentsasignicantbarriertothefullrealizationofthisstrategyforthewholeregion.


40/53


Thendingsofthisstudysuggestthatanumberofregional

measuresspecictoCFLtestingandmarketmonitoring,as

outlinedbelow,needtobebroadlyconsidered.

Aregionalagreementonacommontestprocedure,adata-sharingplan,andwaystomutuallyrecognize

testresultsacrossnationsisneededamongstandards

andenforcementagencies.Thereisapressingneed

forauniform,recurring,regional,ifnotinternational,

processtotestandassurethequalityofCFLssoldin

theregion.Suchregulareffortscanservebothtoinform

policymakersonthestateofthemarket,andalsoto

insuretheintegrityoflabelingprograms.

Governmentagencies,theprivatesector(including

manufacturersandretailersofCFLs),andnon-governmentalorganizations(NGOs)intheregion

shouldtakeconcreteactionstoincreaseuserawareness

ofhigh-qualityCFLproductsandwaystoidentifythem,

aswellassupportindependentactionssuchastheALC

toensurethatqualityproductsareavailableforallAsia.

Anumberofcountriesintheregionneedtechnical

assistanceinsettinguptheinfrastructure(testing

facility,developmentofstandards,trainingoflaboratory

personnel,etc.)tocertifytheperformanceof

CFLs,aswellasinrecyclingCFLsanddealingwithend-of-lifeissues,includingmercurycontentand

safelampdisposal.

Moretestingisrecommendedtocorroboratethese

initialndings.Thiswouldbeparticularlyusefulfor

CFLmodelsintendedfortheverylargeandquickly

growingChinesemarket.

Theissueofmercurycontentanddosingcontrolin

theproductionofCFLsmeritasecond,focusedround

oftestingeffortsthatcancovermoreoftheregional

markets,andmayalsohelptoinformmercuryrecycling

andeducationalprograms.

Thevalueofarobust,harmonizedsetofquality

standardscannotbeunderstated.Withsucha

mechanism,well-performingproductscouldbe

identiedindependently,allowingpurchaserstoselect

productsbasedonvalue(price)whilebeingassuredofatleastaminimumlevelofperformance

AlthoughCFLshavebeenshowntobeoneofthe

mostsignicantandcost-effectivemeasuresthatcan

bedeployedtoachievereductionofgreenhousegas

emissions,thiscalculationcanbedramaticallyaltered

bypoor-qualityproducts.Aregional,coordinated

testinganddata-sharingprogramamongstandardsand

enforcementagenciescanformasignicantbarrierto

preventlower-qualityproductsenteringtheAsianmarket.

CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS


41/53


APPENDIX

Asia Lighting CouncilCompact Fluorescent Lamp Quality

Guidelines for Bare Lamps

Version 1.1

May 2009

1.0 GENERAL INFORMATION

1.1 Purpose

TheAsiaLightingCouncil(ALC)seekstopromotequalitycompactuorescentlamps(CFLsorCFLIs)in

ordertoincreasetheprotectionofconsumersfrom

exposuretosub-standardproducts,toincreaseprotection

ofmanufacturersfromunfaircompetition,todeliver

theimprovementsinenergyperformanceplannedby

mandatoryorvoluntaryschemes,andtoreduceemissions

ofgreenhousegasesthroughreductioninelectricity

consumption.

TheALCaimstostimulatetheuptakeofhighqualityCFLs

bypromotingasetofcommonqualitycriteriaandsettingperformancelevelsforqualiedCFLsforsaleintheAsia

region,andpromotetheadoptionoftheseguidelines

bystakeholders.FulldetailsoftheoverallAsiaLighting

CouncilsfoundingprinciplestheManilaCompactcan

befoundatwww.cleanenergyasia.net.

Thisdocumentdenesthetechnicalrequirementsthatare

requiredforaCFLinordertoqualifyfortheALCProduct

Marking.ProtocolsontheOngoingMonitoringofproducts,

ApplicationProceduresandprocessesareavailable

separately.Failureofanyproducttomeetanyoralloftherequirementssetoutinthisprotocolwillresultinthat

productnotbeingqualiedtobeartheALCproductmark.

TheuseofALCsproductmarkwithoutqualicationsmay

resultinALCactionsagainsttheproductmanufacturer.

1.2 Scope

Version1.0oftheseguidelinesbelow,coversthe

requirementsforbareCFLswithintegralelectronic

ballasts(CFLi)only.CFLswhichhavetranslucentor

reectorenvelopesoverthebareuorescenttubearenot

covered.Aproductmustmeetalloftheguidelinesquality

performancecriteriaforitsproducttierinordertoqualify.

1.3 Reference Standards

ALCqualiedCFLsshallcomplywiththerelevantclauses

ofthefollowingstandards:

AS/NZS4782.3-2006(int)Part3:Double-capped

uorescentlamps-Performancespecications,Part3:

Procedureforquantitativeanalysisofmercurypresent

inuorescentlamps.(Notes:1.Thisstandardshallbe

supersededbytheIECreferencestandardoncetheIEC

standardisavailable;2.JEL303-2004,referencedbelow,

canbeusedasanalternativemethodfordetermining

mercurycontentoflamps).

CISPR15Ed7.1(2007),Amendment2(2008)-Limits

andmethodsofmeasurementofradiodisturbance

characteristicsofelectricallightingandsimilarequipment.

EnergySavingTrust:LampSpecication,Version6.1

2009.

IEC60968Ed.1.2b:1999.Self-ballastedlampsforgeneral

lightingservices-Safetyrequirements.

IEC60969Ed.1.3b:2009.Self-ballastedlampsforgeneral

lightingservices-Performancerequirements.

IEC61000-3-2Ed.3.0(2005),Amendment1(2008)-

Electromagneticcompatibility(EMC)-Part3-2:Limits

-Limitsforharmoniccurrentemissions(equipmentinput

current16Aperphase).

IEC61547Ed.1.0b:1995.Equipmentforgenerallighting

purposes-EMCimmunityrequirements.

JEL303-2004,StandardofJapanElectricLamp

ManufacturersAssociation.Practicalquantitativeanalysis

procedureformercurycontaininginuorescentlamps.


42/53


APPENDIX

(Notes:1.ThisstandardshallbesupersededbytheIECreference

standardoncetheIECstandardisavailable;2.AS/NZS4782.3-2006

(int.)Part3,referencedabove,canbeusedasanalternativemethod

fordeterminingmercurycontentoflamps).

2.0 TECHNICAL REQUIREMENTS

2.1 Testing Requirements

TheperformanceofCFLstobequaliedundertheALC

processshouldbetestedusingthestandardsreferencedin

Section1.3.

ThesafetyofCFLstobequaliedundertheALCprocess

shouldbetestedusingthestandardsreferencedinSection

1.3.

TheEMCofCFLstobequaliedundertheALCprocessshouldbetestedusingthestandardsreferencedinSection

1.3,asapplicable.

2.2 Quality Performance Criteria

Criteria Asia Lighting Council Guidelines Criteria Requirements

Tier 1 Tier 2 (ELI- Equivalent*) Tier 3 (EST 6.1 - 2009**)

Efcacy (lumens per Watt)Attachment A, Figure 1 or

Class 1 lamps

Wattage bins/CCT 4500K >4500K 4500K >4500K 4500K >4500K

< 5W 40 36 45 42 4W=32 4W=26

5W to < 9W 44 40 50 46 8W=43 8W=39

9W to < 16W 48 44 55 52 15W=53 15W=48

16W to < 25W 55 51 60 57 24W=60 24W=54

25W 60 57 65 62 35W=65 35W=59

Lietime 6,000hours 8,000hours 10,000hours

Lumen maintenance80%ofmeasured100-hour

lumenlevelafter2,000hrs

80%ofmeasured100-hour

lumenlevelafter2,000hrs

88.1%@2,000hrs

78.1%@6,000hrs

75.1%@10,000hrs

Colour (x,y)Within7colorsteps(SDCM)

pertheIECstandard

Within5colorsteps(SDCM)

pertheIECstandard

IEC60081GraphD-16forCCT

of2700K

Table 2.3.1. Criteria with levels that vary with tier

*ELIVoluntaryTechnicalSpecicationforSelf-BallastedCompactFluorescentLamps2006-03-01.

**EnergySavingTrustLampSpecication6.120


43/53


APPENDIX

Criteria Asia Lighting Council Guidelines Criteria Requirements

Tier 1 Tier 2 Tier 3 (EST 6.1 - 2009**)

Start-up time 1.5secondsmaximum 2.0secondsmaximum

Premature ailure Notmorethan10%failurewithin1,000hours Maximum10%failureat30%ofratedlife

Run-up timeUpto3minutestoreach80%oflightoutput(should

bealignedwithchangesinIECstandard)60%oflightoutputafter1minute

Color r

usaid/asia, testing for quality, benchmarking energy saving lamps, 4-2010

Documents