usaid presentation

7/28/2019 USAID Presentation

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USAID to Haiti

Ilham Awaad

Claudia Toscano


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Historical Timeline 1659: First official settlement on Tortuga (off

the coast of Haiti) by French

1664: French West India Co. takes control ofwestern third of the island and names it Saint-Domingue.

1670: First French settlement on the mainisland, settlers grow cacao, coffee, tobacco andindigo and begin importing slaves as labor.

1749: Port-au-Prince is founded.

1780: Saint-Domingue is France's richestcolony, producing 40 percent of all sugar and60 percent of all coffee consumed in Europe.

1791: Aug. 22, slave revolt begins. Traditionsays it starts with a voodoo ceremony led byDutty Boukman. He is captured and executed,

but revolt spreads and plantations are torched.

1801: Toussaint L'Ouverture defeats British and Spanish troops that invaded Santo Domingo andcontrols the entire island.

1802: Napoleon sends 40,000 troops to re-establish slavery in the colonies.

1804: Jan. 1, after defeating the French forces, Jean-Jacques Dessalines declares Haiti anindependent nation, taking an Arawak name meaning country of mountains.

1806: Dessalines is assassinated and Haiti splits into two states, a northern state led by an

emperor, Henri Christophe, and a southern republic led by president Alexandre Ption.


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1820: Jean-Pierre Boyer unifies Haiti into onenation

1825: France's King Charles X recognizes Haiti'sindependence but demands 150 million francs inindemnity, backing his conditions with a fleet ofwarships.

1844: Dominican Republic declares itsindependence from Haiti.

1904: Haiti celebrates 100 years of independence.

1915: U.S. forces occupy Haiti; stay until 1934.

1957: Francois Duvalier elected president. "PapaDoc" establishes one of the most brutaldictatorships in Haitian history. His rule is enforced

by a militia commonly known as Tonton Macoutes.

1971: Duvalier dies; his son takes powerand is proclaimed president for life, likefather.

1986: Unrest leads the military to oust"Baby Doc" and his kleptocratic clan.

1990: Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is elected

with 67 percent of the vote. 1991: Aristide is ousted in a coup that

many Haitians believe was financed bythe business elite.

1994: Backed by a U.N. resolution, theClinton administration restores Aristide topower.

1996: Ren Prval is elected president; heis seen as a stand-in for Aristide.

2000: Aristide elected president againafter much-disputed parliamentaryelections.

2004: Aristide leaves under pressure of anarmed rebellion; he claims that the U.S.kidnapped him and shipped him out.

2006: Prval is elected again. A U.N.peacekeeping force in Haiti since 2003grows to 9,000 troops

2010: Jan. 12, an earthquake with amagnitude of 7.0 devastates Port-au-Prince and damages much of Haiti.

2010: March 25,President Obama asksCongress for a $2.8 billion specialappropriation to pay for rescue costs andto help rebuild Haiti.


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USAID Policies in Haiti US Programs in Haiti are obstructing equitable development

and decreasing food security

USAID's plan for Haiti (and many other poor countries) is topush farmers out of subsistence agriculture as soon aspossible

USAID policies seek to make optimum use of Haiti's'comparative advantage' i.e., its abundance of cheap labor

World Bank: the Haitian rural majority has only twopossibilities: work in the industrial sector, or emigrate


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US Government Policies

The U.S.-based NGOs that carry out most USAIDprograms do not adequately consult or coordinate withlocal, regional and national Haitian governmentauthorities.

USAID programs do not respond to Haiti's statedpriority of revitalizing national agricultural production;only 4.3 percent of the USAID's four-year US$ 443million aid package is destined for agriculturaldevelopment.

Drastically reduced tariffs on

imported food which the US

has insisted upon as a conditionfor aid are flooding Haiti with

cheap food, undercutting prices

for locally grown products.


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US-funded Food Aid & Jobs-creation Programs

US food aid depresses local prices for basic grains, reducing

incentives for Haitian farmers to grow them.

Food aid shifts consumption patterns away from locally produced

goods in favor of imported goods.

Private aid agencies

consistently operated jobs-

creation programs in rural

areas at key planting andharvesting times, pulling

people out of their fields with

the lure of relatively high

short-term wages.


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Dependency and DisconnectionUSAID-funded programs stifle local initiative with short-term offers of free food and employment, creating

cycles of dependency among Haitian farmers

USAID agencies frequently fail to consult or work with local community organizations; instead they either

directly implement projects themselves or work closely with discredited local elites.

1995 USAID report: An export-driven trade and investment policy has the potential to relentlessly squeezethe domestic rice farmer. This farmer will be forced to adapt or (s)he will disappear


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ex. Red Cross,UNICEF,

Doctors

Without

Borders

Haiti has world's highest density of NGOs per capita.

estimated 10,000 humanitarian groups

Republic of NGOs nickname even before the earthquake Haitian officials have long criticized foreign groups for

offering higher salaries that lure talented people away fromgovernment jobs

Foreign non-governmental organizations, which piled intoHaiti after the devastating January 2010 quake, are oftenduplicating services provided by the government orcompeting with it for international aid money, PrimeMinister Jean-Max-Bellerive said.

Major Players: NGOs


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Major Players: Interim Haiti

Reconstruction Commission 26 member body that decides where to spend

money donated to Haitis reconstruction, apartnership between the Internationalcommunity and the Haitian government

Works with organizations like the World Bank,who In May 2010 announced that it hadcanceled Haitis debt of $36 million. Haiti isheavily reliant on foreign aid

Co chairman is Bill Clinton. There are 12members of the board, but most decisions aremade by the executive committee that includesClinton and Haitian PM Jean-Max Bellerive.

There are 12 Haitians members in thecommission who complain:

executives are not adequately doing job:

have had meetings where co-chair PrimeMinister Jean-Max Bellerive was absent

Only function of the executives committeeis to place stampsthey dont read,analyze, understand, or follow up on theprojects

Haitians are now being excluded from the

reconstruction of their nation.


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Major Players: Haitian Government

Works closely with the United States and is heavily influenced bythem

In the recent elections, presidential candidate Jude Celestin

withdrew from the elections. This was a course of action that theUnited States supported, and said if their preference wasnt heeded,US support for Hiati could be at risk

We don't know who has given money to NGO's (nongovernmentalorganizations) and how much money have they given. ... At themoment, we can't do any coordination or have any coherent policiesfor giving to the population. - Prime Minister Jean-Max Bellerive


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"The people of Haiti may have a long road ahead of

them, but as they walk it, the United States will be with

you all the way," Hillary Clinton

Continually gets involved inHaitian issues

Americans donated generouslyto earthquake relief

Received $1.2 billion in aid by53 NGOs

US Government donated $1.5billion

The U.S. currently supports theidea of having dual nationality for

Haitians living outside theircountry, many of whom arecurrently living in the UnitedStatesThis would allow these Haitiansto vote and potentially run foroffice

The US put a lot of support andhad a large amount of influencein getting Haiti's new president,former pop star Michel Martelly

Major Players:

United States


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Analysis of USAID Policy in Haiti We must analyze USAID in such areas as:

governmental, NGO structure, and coordination,USAID and NGO actions, the results, and overall

earthquake disaster relief.

Governmental: The bulk of USAID funding goestowards governance, primarily into police training.

Food policies have focused on importing food to Haiti,versus assisting agriculture production.

The US government also puts low tariffs on food

imports into Haiti. Many USAID as well as multi national corporations

offer short-term, higher waged jobs, i.e. textiles.

During the earthquake much of the relief camethrough the Department of Defense.

NGOs: The majority of the organizations assisting indevelopment and re-construction in Haiti, receive thebulk of their funding through USAID, i.e. CARE, andPADF.

Many NGOs like these have more specific agendas, butmust comply with USAID objectives. Although manyNGOs are under the budgetary umbrella of USAID,they are not coordinated under USAID.


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Effects of USAID USAIDs policy focus on importing food, has depressed the local markets ability to compete with local

agriculture since they cannot beat the price the US offers. This leaves more of a demand on import goods, withless incentive for domestic agriculture.

Short-term job creation programs have the ability to employ many, but cannot sustain their continual

employment. These programs give incentive away from their communities, perpetuating the dependency onaid for those left behind.

Offering these jobs also adds to the idea that in order to succeed Haiti must participate in the world market.This is unrealistic when domestic issues are so severe.

After the earthquake there wasnt a lack of assistance, but a lack of framework, and coordination. Relief wascentered in cities causing overcrowding. Many reconstruction projects have been started that were poorlyorganized and implemented, causing more chaos.


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Evaluation of USAID in Haiti The policy of importing food to Haiti is detrimental to its development.

Environmental, and agricultural issues are ignored. There is little incentive for

farmers when their main competition (USAID) provides cheaper food. Thecombination of these factors creates a dependency on food from USAID.

Short-term employment opportunities take away from local incentives for jobs inthe community i.e. farming. Once again the abandonment of local issues for theseshorter jobs creates a dependency on USAID.

Disaster reliefs still focuses more of its budget on rubble clearing and clean upthan issues such as health and reconstruction. The DoDs presence alsocontributed to a stronger military presence after the earthquake, causing Haiti toseem more like a police state.

The failure of most NGOs to work with local communities while an elite few within

the NGOs initiate their own projects, ignoring the needs of Haitian communities.Not allowing Haitians to fully participate in reconstruction and growth isdebilitating to Haitis development.

The lack of consolidation or coordination among NGOs under USAID cause issuessuch as: competition for funding/ support, under or over action in key areas, a lackof structured leadership, and an absence of Haitian participation in the process.


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Recommendations USAID needs to put the power back in the hands of

Haitian farmers in order to create a stabilized agricultural

industry. Assisting more in this process while slowly decreasing the

amount of imports as food production increases, andlocal food costs decrease.

US policies should decrease the emphasis on short-termjob creation, while focusing more on long-term localprojects.

In focusing on local job creation and stability there needsto be less focus on personal gain, and more oncommunity strengthening, so that Haitians havesomething to build more equity off of in the future.

USAID needs plan more around the voiced needs of theHaitians versus implementing their own projects. Indoing so more work can be done by those in need.

NGOs need a more standard framework in informationsharing, operations and cohesive leadership.

In terms of disaster relief US policy should focus less onthe military presence, and organize a more cohesiverelief strategy.


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References Allende, Victor. United States. Collaboration in Humanitarian Logistics: Comparative Analysis of Disaster Response in Chile

and Haiti 2010. Montery: aval Postgraduate School Monterey , 2010. http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA536337&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf.

United States. FY 2010 HAITI SUPPLEMENTAL BUDGET JUSTIFICATION . Washington D.C.: United States Department ofState, 2010.

http://www.usaid.gov/ht/docs/eqdocs/de_clearinghouse_documents/fy2010_supplemental_budget_justification.pdf. Richardson, Laurie. "Feeding Dependency, Starving Democracy: USAID Policies in Haiti." Grassroots Organization, May

1997. Web. 5 May 2011.

http://www.cgdev.org/section/initiatives/_active/assistance/usaid_monitor

Foreign Aid and Domestic Politics: Voting in Congress and the Allocation of USAID Contracts across Congressional DistrictsRobert K. Fleck and Christopher Kilby

Southern Economic JournalVol. 67, No. 3 (Jan., 2001), pp. 598-617 Published by: Southern Economic Association ArticleStable URL: http://0-www.jstor.org.opac.sfsu.edu/stable/1061453

James Meernik, Eric L Krueger and Steven C. Poe (1998). Testing Models of U.S. Foreign Policy: Foreign Aid during and after

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