usa patriot act of 2001 maryam pourrasi , amy stewart, kristin evans, michael nocchiero
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USA PATRIOT Act of 2001 Maryam Pourrasi , Amy Stewart, Kristin Evans, Michael Nocchiero. U niting and S trengthening A merica by P roviding A ppropriate T ools R equired to I ntercept and O bstruct T errorism. Maryam Cover Slide YYYY-YYYY. Policy Inception 2001-2002. H.R. 3162 . - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
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Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and
Obstruct Terrorism
USA PATRIOT Act of 2001Maryam Pourrasi, Amy Stewart, Kristin Evans, Michael Nocchiero
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Maryam Cover SlideYYYY-YYYY
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Policy Inception2001-2002
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H.R. 3162
Merger of House/Senate anti-terrorism bills– S. 1510: Daschle + 25– H.R. 2975: Sensenbrenner + 26
Sensenbrenner introduced in the House 10/23/01– Cosponsor: Oxley
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The Bill in a Nutshell
• Bolters ability to conduct criminal and intelligence investigations
• Bar and expel terrorists from the U.S.• Separate terrorists from their funding sources• Punish acts of terrorism• Address needs of 9/11 victims
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Complementary Legislation
• Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Act of 1978• Immigration and Nationality Act• Electronic Communications Privacy Act• Bank Secrecy Act of 1970
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H.R. 3162 became Public Law 107-56
House Vote Outcome
• 357 Yeas (211-R, 145-D, 1-I)• 66 Nays (62-D, 3-R, 1-I)• 9 Non-votes (5-R, 4-D)
Senate Vote Outcome
• 98 Yeas• 1 Nay (Feingold, D-WI)• 1 Non-vote (Landrieu, D-LA)
And the Yeas Have It
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President George W. Bush signs the Patriot Act, Anti-Terrorism Legislation, in the East Room Oct. 26, 2001. White House photo by Eric Draper.
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USA PATRIOT Act in Practice• Target of investigation does not have to be an agent of a
foreign power; investigation cannot be based solely upon activities protected by First Amendment
• Intelligence collected has to be relevant to terrorism investigation; targets must only be linked to terrorism
• Increase in intelligence collection:– pen register, trap and trace, permits roving wiretaps– “sneak and peek” allowed– courts authorize warrants for investigations outside jurisdiction
• Federal National Security Letter (NSL) statutes• No mention of Fourth Amendment rights
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USA PATRIOT Act Consensus Unraveled2003-2008
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Civil Liberty Issues Emerge
• May 2002: Jose Padilla, US citizen, detained as “enemy combatant”
• August 2002: DoJ Inspector General Report cited 762 illegal aliens detained; 0 charged with terrorism related crimes
• November 2002: FBI requires Middle Eastern refugee center release information on all Iraqi-born clients
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Are American Publics Concerned with Civil Liberties or Terrorism?
0.00%20.00%40.00%60.00%80.00% 65.90%
30.80% 23.60%32.20%
57.80% 66.90%Americans’ Civil Liberty Concerns, 2003
YesNo
Source: Adapted from poll conducted for the Associated Press by International Communications Research in September 2003
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Impact on Government
• Drastically increases information collection and resources required for synthesis
• Significant strain on bureaucracy:– Financial Crimes Enforcement Network (FinCEN) – FBI: “hold until clear” policy
• Lack of internal consensus on boundaries of PATRIOT Act
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Impact on Federal Intelligence Agencies
• “Lowered… the wall traditionally separating criminal investigation from foreign intelligence gathering.”
• Shift from criminal investigation to intelligence gathering
• All intelligence gathering starts from public sources
• Broader use of NSL statutes“The FBI is becoming the new CIA.”
–FBI Intelligence Analyst
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PATRIOT Act Implementation at FBI
2003 2004 2005 20060
10,000
20,000
30,000
40,000
50,000
60,000
39,346
56,50747,221 49,425
FBI NSL Issuances
Source: March 2008 Department of Justice Office of the Inspector General Report, A Review of the Federal Bureau of Investigation’s Use of National Security Letters
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Judicial Involvement
2007 200802468
1012141618
FISC Issuances of Tangible Item Orders • “Unless made in bad faith”
• Bars suits against information providers
• Contempt of court• National Security vs. Drugs
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The Media “Investigates”
• New York Times reports warrantless monitoring of international communications in 2005
• President Bush admits to authorizing Terrorist Surveillance Program
• “As long as nothing big happens, the media is uninvolved.”
• “The media isn’t probing enough.”
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The Legislative Debate• There hasn’t been another 9/11 vs. proof of effectiveness• Hearings in favor of both views through 2003• Intelligence Reform and Terrorism Prevention Act of 2004• USA PATRIOT Improvement and Reauthorization Act of 2005
– 4 Republicans join Democrats in Senate filibuster– “I don’t believe this is a partisan issue.” Senator Sununu (R-NH)
• April-June 2005: 16 different hearings on civil liberty violations to Committees on Judiciary
• Reauthorized in 2006• Congress has protected civil liberties by rejecting certain
legislation
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Civil Liberty Interest Group Victories
“Effectiveness is disproportionately small compared with the extent of… the invasion of privacy they represent.”
• Muslim Community Association of Ann Arbor v. Ashcroft
• John Doe, Inc et al. v. Mukasey et al.
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Sunset of the Bush Administration
• Terrorist Surveillance Program (TSP) expired in 2007
• Supreme Court and warrantless surveillance program
• Protect America Act and FISA Amendments Act of 2008 protect TSP
• Attorney General certifies defendants’ actions were lawful
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“The real question is, ‘Does the PATRIOT Act work?’
There doesn’t seem to be a public case explaining the benefits of the tools the
PATRIOT Act provides.”
-Michelle Richardson, ACLU Lobbyist
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Michael Cover SlideYYYY-YYYY
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