US Policy

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“ a riddle wrapped in a mystery inside an enigma”~Winston Churchill (describing Soviet foreign policy)

Foreign Policy

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Definitions Foreign Policy National Security Strategy

Policy Influences Executive Branch Legislative Branch The American People

Overview

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Foreign Policies Isolationism Imperialism Pacifism UN Cooperation Containment Post Containment Preemptive Strike National Renewal and Global Leadership

Overview

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The goals and guidelines that shape the conduct of American relations with other nations

How we interact with other countries politically!

US Foreign Policy

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Guidelines for the protection of the nation’s people and territories against physical assault, and protection of vital economic and political interests, the loss of which could threaten fundamental values and the vitality of the nation.

How we interact with other countries militarily!

US National Security Policy

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NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY

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FOREIGN POLICY

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The Executive Branch The Legislative Branch The American People

Policy Influences

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The Executive Branch The President The State Department The National Security Council (NSC) The National Security Advisor (NSA)

Policy Influences

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The Legislative Branch Congress can:

Declare war Raise and maintain the military Power of the purse Treaty ratification Presidential appointees

Policy Influences

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The American People Public opinion

Uninformed public Informed public Effective public

Interest groups The press

Policy Influences

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Isolationism Imperialism Pacifism UN Cooperation Containment

Deterrent Strategies Post-Containment Era

Foreign Policies

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New nation Still in turmoil internally

Physical separation Neutrality & Non-Entanglement

Europe in violent times Very dependent on European trade

Monroe Doctrine

Isolationism (1796)

…served us well for a century13

Social Darwinism (by Europe) Colonialism race United States “expanded overseas”

Hawaii, Guam, Philippines, Puerto Rico

Panama Canal…rebellion against Columbians Roosevelt Corollary to Monroe Doctrine

“Moral right & obligation to intervene in Latin America” to protect/restore interests

Imperialism (1893)

…Set the stage for WWI14

Imperialism (1893)

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World War I 20 million people lost their lives “War to end all wars”

1914-1918

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United States emerged as world’s most respected country Treaty of Versailles sought to punish Germany League of Nations…discuss & settle disputes and not to

resort to war…United States rejected Neutrality acts/Kellogg Peace Pact…outlawed war as legitimate

instrument of national policy United States cut many ties to Europe

Pacifism (Post WWI)

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Harsh reparations on Germany Great Depression Lack of treaty enforcement

Lack of political will

Setting the stage for WWII...

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The next war to end all wars Beginning of the atomic age Over 40 million more die!

World War II

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Had full political backing of United States and USSR…but competition Stressed “open communication” among nations…international

cooperation would preclude war

UN Cooperation (Post WWII)

During this same period…20

Soviet Union Poland, Baltics, Eastern European bloc Instigated communist rebellions elsewhere

China falls to Communism Serious blow to US relations

Communist Expansion

…United States felt the need to stop Communist expansion

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Reasons for expansion Communist doctrine

“Capitalist pigs” World War II China’s government had poor admin control

Communist Expansion

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“Let every nation know…that we shall pay any price, bear any burden, meet any hardship, support any friend, oppose any

foe to assure the survival and success of liberty”~ President J. F. Kennedy (inaugural address, 1961)

Communist Expansion

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United States had to stop Soviet expansion Marshall Plan (1947) Berlin Airlift (1948) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (1949)

Significantly rebuilt Europe Countries able to resist communist expansion

Korea Third World nation stalemated us! Altered US foreign policy…

Containment

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Focus on technological and strategic superiority Use nuclear weapons “at a time & place of our choosing” Launch of Sputnik and ICBM in 1957

America shocked America’s age of innocence was over America changed its deterrent policy once again...

Massive Retaliation

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Soviet military capabilities Expanded alliances in Pacific region

ANZUS Pact (1951) Japan (1954)

Tactical nuclear weapons Countered being outnumbered conventionally Main reason USSR kept in check?

Support SE Asia from communism domino theory

Graduated Response

…Graduated Response still relied heavily on nukes26

Respond to any level conflict… Restructure conventional forces Green Berets and Dual Basing Reconstruct airlift and sealift Mutually Assured Destruction

…No one wins a nuclear war

Flexible Response

Then comes Vietnam…27

“…the United States will participate in the defense and development of allies and friends, but… America cannot—and will not—conceive all

plans, design all programs, execute all the decisions, and undertake all the defense of the free nations of the world.”

~ President Richard Nixon (18 Feb 1970)

Realistic Deterrence/Nixon Doctrine

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Essential Equivalence basic nuclear strategy Soviet nukes bigger and outnumbered ours, but ours more accurate

Total Force concept to policy Active duty, National Guard, Reserves

Trained nations to fight, loans, foreign aid No Troops

Realistic Deterrence/Nixon Doctrine

Watergate…President Carter…Iranian Hostage Crises… 29

More outspoken about dislike of communists and USSR…“Evil Empire” Military rebuilt

Increased pay raises New weapon systems

Security Assistance Programs increased Third World help…stop communist assistance

Allies shouldered more responsibility for own defense

Contemporary Containment/Reagan Doctrine (1981)

End of cold war…30

Warsaw Pact crumbling Berlin Wall coming down Countries asserting independence from USSR…

World started to change in 1989…

…leads us to today31

To enhance America’s security To bolster America’s economic prosperity To promote democracy and human rights abroad

Post Containment Era: A Strategy of Engagement

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“Our Nation’s cause has always been larger than our Nation’s defense. We fight, as we always fight, for a just peace—a peace that favors liberty. We will defend the peace against the threats from terrorists and tyrants. We

will preserve the peace by building good relations among the great powers. And we will extend the peace by encouraging free and open

societies on every continent.”~ President Bush (West Point, New York, 1 June 2002)

The “Bush Doctrine” Signaled a new focus on security by U.S.

Preemptive Strike Era

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Key Aspects Championing human dignity Strengthening alliances to defeat global terrorism Preventing our enemies from threatening us with weapons of mass

destruction Expanding the circle of development by opening societies and building the

infrastructure of democracy Transforming America’s national security institutions to meet the

challenges and opportunities of the twenty-first century

Preemptive Strike Era

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Advancing our Interests Security Prosperity Values International Order

National Renewal and Global Leadership Era

“More than at any point in human history—the interests of nations and peoples are shared. …religious convictions…can forge new bonds among people, or tear us apart. …technology…can light the path to peace, or forever darken it. …energy…can sustain our planet, or destroy it.”

~President Barack Obama (United Nations General Assembly, 22 Sep 2009)

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The security of the United States, its citizens, and US allies and partners. Accomplished through: Strengthening Security and

Resilience at Home Disrupting, Dismantling, and Defeating

Al-Qa’ida and its Violent Extremist Affiliates in Afghanistan, Pakistan, and Around the World

Using Force Reversing the Spread of Nuclear and Biological Weapons and Securing

Nuclear Materials Advancing Peace, Security, and Opportunity in the Greater Middle East Investing in the Capacity of Strong and Capable Partners Securing Cyberspace

Security

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A strong, innovative, and growing US economy in an open international economic system that promotes opportunity and prosperity. Involves: Strengthening Education and Human Capital Enhancing Science, Technology, and Innovation Achieving Balanced and Sustainable Growth Accelerating Sustainable Development Spending Taxpayers’ Dollars Wisely

Prosperity

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Respect for universal values at home and around the world. Strengthen the Power of Our Example Promote Democracy and Human Rights Abroad Promote Dignity by Meeting Basic Needs

Values

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An international order advanced by US leadership that promotes peace, security, and opportunity through stronger cooperation to meet global challenges. Ensure Strong Alliances Build Cooperation with Other Twenty-First Century Centers of Influence Strengthen Institutions and Mechanisms for Cooperation Sustain Broad Cooperation on Key Global Challenges

International Order

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Definitions Policy Influences Foreign Policy 1776 - 1950

Isolationism through Containment Deterrent Strategies 1950-89

Massive Retaliation through Contemporary Containment

Foreign Policies (1989 - ?) Post Containment Era Preemptive Strike

Era

Overview

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ANY QUESTIONS?ANY QUESTIONS?

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UCC Briefs for 28/30 Sep

Homework

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