us navy submarine sea trial of a nasa developed multi- gas

48th International Conference on Environmental Systems ICES-2018-093 8-12 July 2018, Albuquerque, New Mexico

US Navy Submarine Sea Trial of a NASA Developed Multi-

Gas Monitor

Paul D. Mudgett1

NASA Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058

Joshua A. Manney and Matthew J. Smith2

Naval Surface Warfare Center, Philadelphia, PA 19112

Sara Jane Neal3

Naval Sea Systems Command, Washington Navy Yard, DC 20376

Jeffrey S. Pilgrim4

Vista Photonics Inc., Las Cruces, NM 88003

A Multi-Gas Monitor (MGM) was tested aboard a US Navy submarine for 76 days

underway. NASA’s goal is to study submarines as closed environment analogs to spacecraft

and to share air monitoring development successes with the US Navy. MGM’s core tunable

diode laser spectroscopy technology was developed by Vista Photonics Inc, using Small

Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grants and expanded for various spacecraft

monitoring applications using NASA program funding. The MGM measures oxygen,

carbon dioxide, ammonia and water vapor in ambient air, displays concentrations with

temperature and pressure, and stores 30 second moving averages of all data. The sea trial

involved locating MGM in a well ventilated area, connecting it to ship power prior to

departure, and allowing it to run automatically during the entire patrol. Data was stored

within MGM for later retrieval. Crew intervention was limited to checking MGM’s display

periodically to verify operation. Several weeks after the submarine returned to port, the

MGM was retrieved and the data recovered and analyzed. The paper describes the results

of the successful sea trial, comparing MGM data with both Central Atmosphere Monitoring

System Mark II (CAMS) data and typical International Space Station (ISS) atmosphere

ranges measured by the ISS Major Constituents Analyzer (MCA).

Nomenclature

CAMS = Central Atmosphere Monitoring System Mark II

EVA = Extravehicular activity

ISS = International Space Station

JSC = Johnson Space Center (NASA)

MCA = Major Constituents Analyzer (on ISS)

MGM = Multi-Gas Monitor

ppm = parts per million concentration

SBIR = Small Business Innovation Research program

TDLS = Tunable Diode Laser Spectroscopy

UPS = Uninterruptible power supply

1 Scientist, Environmental Sciences Branch, SK4, NASA-Johnson Space Center, Houston, TX 77058. 2 Submarine Atmosphere Monitoring Engineering, Naval Surface Warfare Center, Code 416, 5001 South Broad St,

Philadelphia, PA 19112. 3 NAVSEA Technical Warrant Holder, Climate Control Systems, Naval Sea Systems Command, 1333 Isaac Hull

Ave SE, Washington Navy Yard DC 20376. 4 President, Vista Photonics Inc., 3655 Research Road, Las Cruces, New Mexico 88003.

International Conference on Environmental Systems

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I. Introduction

s previously reported1-5, the Multi-Gas Monitor (MGM) was developed and successfully deployed as a flight

experiment on the International Space Station (ISS). The core technology is tunable diode laser spectroscopy

(TDLS) developed by Vista Photonics Inc., largely through NASA Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR)

program funding. Several of the key advantages demonstrated by the technology include high selectivity, stability

of calibration (years), large dynamic range (ppm to %), and ruggedness. These properties are extremely attractive

for space applications such that NASA and Vista are in the process of developing a new version for contingency use

on ISS and Orion. The US Navy is exploring new technologies for primary and contingency atmospheric

monitoring and shares interest in these same key advantages.

Figure 1. Two versions of Multi-Gas Monitor, ISS experimental version (left), and sea trial version (right).

II. Materials and Methods

The flight experiment version of the MGM (Fig 1L) was developed to be installed in a rack but could also be

powered by internal rechargeable batteries for remote operation. The sea trial version (Fig 1R) has a similar core

sensor to the flight unit but can only be powered externally (typically using an AC adapter). Table 1 shows the

properties of the sea trial unit including the 4 gases measured by TDLS and their concentration ranges. As noted on

the display, the unit also independently measures temperature, pressure and relative humidity. Power draw is quite

low (2.6W) and the footprint relatively small. Data is recorded every 30 seconds as moving averages. An internal 2

GB compact flash card provides ample memory for long term deployments (years).

As previously reported1, in preparation for the sea trial, the sea trial MGM underwent calibration verification in

the Toxicology Environmental Chemistry laboratory at NASA-JSC in May 2017. It had been 2 years since the

repackaged, updated unit was received from Vista Photonics and initially calibrated at NASA-JSC. Certified gas

standards in K size gas cylinders were quantitatively diluted with nitrogen or zero air, humidified via impinger and

supplied to the MGM inside a Teflon bag in a flow-through configuration. The internal clock was set to Greenwich

Mean Time (GMT). The MGM was hand-carried to the submarine base and installed in the submarine on August 8,

2017. MGM was strapped to an electrical panel with dense foam padding underneath (Fig. 2 and 3) and powered

via a nearby plug through a commercial uninterruptable power supply (UPS). The UPS was utilized to avoid power

distruptions experienced on occasion during shipboard drills. The installation location was the main fan room, as

this is very well ventilated and representative of the average air quality aboard the submarine. A crewmember was

trained on MGM operation during installation. Crew intervention would be limited to power cycling if the display

was found to be blank during the sea trial. Power cycling was never needed, as it turned out, likely to the credit of

the UPS. Once MGM was powered on, the CO2 displayed by MGM (1880 ppm or 1.43 torr) was compared real

time with what was displayed (1.4 torr) on the Central Atmosphere Monitoring System Mark II (CAMS). While

underway, CAMS accuracy is checked weekly via a gas standard mixture. The submarine left port on September 1

and returned on November 16. MGM was removed from the submarine on December 4. Thus, the MGM was

powered on and ran continuously from August 8 to December 4, 2017. This gives a total of 117 days elapsed time

of which 76 days (elapsed) were underway. The paper focuses on the data collected while underway, which is the

most salient here.

A


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Table 1. Physical and analytical characteristics of the sea trial Multi-Gas Monitor Mass 2.0 kg Dimensions Channel Concentration Range

Power 2.6 W* 19.7 x 16.5 x 9.5 cm Ammonia 5 – 20,000 ppm

Volume 3.1 L Carbon Dioxide 250 – 30,000 ppm

Data storage Internal 2GB compact flash card Oxygen 4 – 36 %

Data logging 30 sec moving averages plus spectra Water vapor 500 – 50,000 ppm

Figure 2. MGM installed and strapped down in the main fan room of the submarine

Figure 3. Detail of installed MGM showing the backlit display of gas concentrations, temperature and pressure.


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III. Data Reduction & Results

Once the MGM was removed from the submarine, data was retrieved from the MGM by opening the cover,

removing the compact flash card and uploading the data to a laptop computer. For each of the 117 days MGM was

running on the ship, 2 redundant data files were written each containing that day’s data plus a spectrum file. The

spectrum file along with voltages, temperatures, currents allow an expert spectroscopist to assess the health of the

instrument. When the user selects and opens a raw data file using the graphical user interface (GUI) software, two

text files are automatically created, one with concentration data and the other spectrum. The total number of raw

data files was about 250 which expanded into over 600 files, with a considerable degree of redundancy. High

redundancy was important for spaceflight with the potential for radiation effects on memory, but may not be needed

to that extent for a submarine application. Moving averages of all parameters were written to the day’s file every 30

seconds, which results in 2880 data points per day per parameter. This is “over the top” high time resolution, but is

useful for a first sea trial of a new device. Figure 4 is a screen capture of the GUI displaying all 2880 data points in

plots for the 4 gases plus temperature and pressure for the day of departure (01 SEP 2017). The GUI provides the

means to zoom in and obtain details for peaks and other features of interest.

Figure 4. Data GUI screen capture showing daily plot of the 4 gases plus pressure and temperature for 01 SEP 2017.

Corresponding plots for an arbitrary interesting day during the sea trial (25 OCT) are shown in Fig 5.

Sometimes a peak in the H2O plot is positively reflected in the CO2 plot, such as in Fig 4. The multiple peaks of 30-

120 minute widths in the H2O trace of Fig 5 are not seen in CO2 but have counterparts in the pressure and

temperature plots. Sometimes peaks in H2O have corresponding negative counterparts in the CO2 plot, such as in

Fig 6. A snorting operation could raise the moisture but reduce the CO2 temporarily in the ship. Five of the 6

parameter GUI plots for all 3 examples (Figs 4-6) show significant features and variations. The ammonia channel,

however, showed only noise, indicating no ammonia was detected above the estimated detection limit of 5 ppm. For

all concentrations below 5 ppm detection limit, MGM’s display shows “< 5ppm” as in Fig 3 while the actual values

are recorded in the data file. The high time resolution allows studies of environmental dynamics within the vessel.

MGM sea trial data was further analyzed and tabulated as ranges and averages that appear in the Appendix. The

average water content during the sea trial was found to be ~12000 ppm (about 9 torr or 37% relative humidity at

25C and 1atm). The CO2 concentration varied over a range of 758–6077 ppm and an average of ~2600 ppm or

about 2 torr. Except for a few spikes, CO2 remained well under 5000 ppm (3.8 torr). No ammonia was detected

above noise level (< 5ppm) during the entire trial. This result of no appreciable ammonia is consistent with findings

using routine sorbent badges collected periodically during the mission. The O2 range was 18.4 to 21.3% (141-185

torr), which is also within norms.


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Figure 5. Daily plots for 25 OCT 2017 showing very interesting features.

Figure 6. Daily plots for the last day of the sea trial (16 NOV 2017)

The 4 most variable MGM data parameters were also plotted for the entire sea trial duration to study longer

term trends and other phenomena (Fig 7). While the data shows the atmosphere is tightly managed, the occasional

spikes and dips in the traces presumably relate to operations of the life support system, hatch openings, ventilation,

crew activities, etc. Carbon dioxide is the most variable as expected, but generally remained within 2000-4000 ppm

during the mission.


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Figure 7. Plots of data for 4 parameters (H2O, CO2, O2 and P) that varied significantly. The interval shown is the

entire 76 day sea trial plus ~2 days on each side when the submarine was in port. Two data points per minute

plotted consecutively for a total of 233,280 points or 81 days.


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IV. Comparison between MGM and CAMS and with ISS

CAMS readings, with selector switch set to the Main Fan Room, were recorded on the day MGM was removed

from the submarine (Table 2). The CAMS CO2 range (0.6 - 0.8 torr or 800 - 1000 ppm) compared well with MGM

(960 ppm) at the point MGM was powered off. Water vapor showed 9 torr, which is about 11000 ppm H2O. Note

that the MGM’s displayed values are near instantaneous and the recorded data are 30 second moving averages,

whereas CAMS draws air from various compartments and could take a minute or 2 before receiving a representative

sample and completing the scan. CAMS scans occur every 2 minutes with the display updated each time, but only

the most recent data point for each parameter is logged every 7 hours. During times of rapid changes in the

atmosphere such as during snorting, the data from the two instruments could be somewhat discrepant because they

are not sampling precisely the same air. CAMS does not measure ammonia. Instead, sorbent badges are deployed

periodically and analyzed afterward as part of the routine environmental surveillance program.

Table 2. CAMS Mk II Readings on day of equipment removal (4 DEC 2017)

Parameter Conc./Torr Conc converted to % or ppm

Oxygen 160 - 161 20.9 – 21.0 %

Carbon dioxide 0.6 – 0.8 800 – 1000 ppm

Water vapor 9 12000 ppm

Pressure 765

Table 3 compares MGM data with CAMS data from the logs for an arbitrary 10 days within the trial period (first

and last days plus 8 days throughout). The CAMS logs capture data every 7 hours, so each day has 3 or 4 sets of

data points. This table is an attempt to match up MGM data with the recorded CAMS data, recognizing there could

differences since MGM’s clock was not synchronized to CAMS clock time. Pressure and O2 readings match very

well, with most differences well within 5%. Carbon dioxide has the greatest intraday variation of the 4 gases

measured by MGM, so misalignments on the timescale complicated a comparison between MGM and CAMS.

Overall, however, there is good agreement between CAMS and MGM for the gases in common.

To compare the submarine atmosphere during the sea trial with ISS, plots of CO2 and O2 measured by the Major

Constituents Analyzer (MCA) in Node 3 of ISS are provided in Figures 8 and 9, covering the same interval as the

sea trial. Note the CO2 range is about 1.8 to 5.4 torr, and an average of about 3 torr. Ignoring the spikes which are

known to be from regeneration of metal oxide sorbent beds used during extravehicular activities (EVAs or space

walks), the range is approximately 1.8 to 3.5 torr and the average around 3 torr. The current ISS health based

operational goal for CO2 control is a time weighted average of 3 torr (4000 ppm). Also, the ISS with its crew of 6

on the same sleep schedule shows regular diurnal variation in CO2 as depicted in Fig 8. The MGM CO2 data

obtained during this sea trial does not show this pattern because of the large crew contingent working multiple shifts.

Regarding O2 on ISS during the sea trial period (Fig 9), the concentration as measured by MCA varied in a fairly

narrow range of 158 – 167 torr with an average of about 165 torr partial pressure. The 3 perturbations in the O2 plot

correspond to 3 EVAs conducted using the airlock. Based on the 76 day period of the sea trial, this submarine and

the ISS have very comparable atmospheres in terms of major constituents.


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Table 3. Comparison of pressure and oxygen data from CAMS Mk II and MGM

CAMS MGM CAMSClock Pressure Pressure Pressure O2 O2

Date Hour torr torr % Diff % torr torr % Diff1-Sep 2 760 756 0.5 20.9 158 161 1.91-Sep 9 761 755 0.8 20.9 158 160 1.41-Sep 16 759 757 0.3 20.8 157 160 1.61-Sep 23 761 756 0.7 20.8 157 159 1.14-Sep 0 767 770 0.4 19.5 150 159 5.74-Sep 7 762 760 0.3 20.3 154 154 0.24-Sep 14 781 759 2.9 20.0 152 162 6.54-Sep 21 794 756 4.9 20.4 154 162 4.913-Sep 1 773 755 2.4 19.9 150 154 2.513-Sep 8 767 767 0.0 19.7 151 151 0.113-Sep 15 775 761 1.8 19.8 151 153 1.513-Sep 22 758 763 0.7 19.5 149 148 0.525-Sep 2 802 791 1.4 20.3 161 165 2.725-Sep 9 816 799 2.1 20.4 163 169 3.625-Sep 16 791 804 1.6 20.3 163 162 0.725-Sep 23 800 782 2.3 20.4 160 164 2.84-Oct 3 789 792 0.4 20.8 165 165 0.24-Oct 10 796 787 1.1 20.8 164 167 2.04-Oct 17 801 793 1.0 20.8 165 168 1.814-Oct 1 761 762 0.1 20.9 159 160 0.514-Oct 8 766 758 1.0 20.9 158 161 1.614-Oct 15 769 764 0.7 21.0 160 162 1.014-Oct 22 753 777 3.1 20.8 162 154 4.821-Oct 1 796 788 1.0 21.0 165 169 2.121-Oct 8 809 797 1.5 21.0 167 170 1.621-Oct 15 816 806 1.2 21.0 169 171 1.021-Oct 22 820 812 1.0 21.1 171 174 1.525-Oct 2 804 796 1.0 21.1 168 169 0.625-Oct 9 811 801 1.2 21.1 169 174 2.925-Oct 16 822 810 1.5 21.1 171 176 2.925-Oct 23 821 814 0.9 21.2 173 174 0.83-Nov 3 743 734 1.2 21.0 154 157 1.83-Nov 10 751 740 1.5 20.9 155 158 2.13-Nov 17 751 759 1.1 20.9 159 158 0.416-Nov 5 753 761 1.1 20.9 159 156 1.916-Nov 12 761 743 2.4 20.7 154 159 3.316-Nov 19 761 756 0.7 20.9 158 160 1.3

MGM O2

Note: MGM ppO2 values were calculated from % O2 using total pressures recorded by MGM


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Figure 8. For comparison purposes, a plot of CO2 in ISS Node 3 measured by the ISS Major Constituents

Analyzer (simplified version of CAMS) during the same period as the MGM sea trial. The tall spikes are associated

with regeneration of absorbent beds used in spacesuits during EVAs.

Figure 9. Oxygen in ISS Node 3 measured by the MCA during the same period as the MGM sea trial. The 3

major perturbations are associated with airlock operations for EVAs.

V. Post Sea Trial Inspection and Testing

Once MGM was returned to NASA-JSC, the cover was removed and the sensor was inspected for any changes

or damage. The unit operated nominally in the laboratory giving expected indoor air quality, and calibration checks

showed no significant drift or change in accuracy. The health and status data was examined by Vista Photonics to

check for degradation of laser power or changes in operating currents, voltages and temperatures or degradation in

the spectroscopy. No perceptible change or degradation was noted.


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VI. Conclusion & Future Directions

The sea trial of the Multi-Gas Monitor was carried out successfully aboard a US Navy submarine during the Fall

of 2017. MGM itself performed nearly flawlessly with data recorded every 30 seconds. This high temporal

resolution allows a study of atmosphere dynamics. The data showed some interesting correlations between CO2, O2,

water vapor and pressure. No ammonia was detected (< 5 ppm). The data shows that O2 and CO2 were maintained

within norms. Over all, MGM data was in good agreement with the CAMS MK II. Based on this test campaign for

the parameters measured, the atmosphere of the submarine resembled the International Space Station atmosphere

quite well. The technology proved compatible with the submarine environment with no degradation due to fouling

of spectroscopic components and no perceptible drift or loss of sensitivity. There are a few lessons learned to be

applied to a future submarine sea trial and toward the design of an operational version of MGM: (1) MGM’s data

logging rate can be greatly reduced while keeping the display refresh rate high; (2) MGM and CAMS should be

more carefully synchronized in clock time; and (3) Operation of the MGM in different compartments should be

attempted. In terms of future directions for monitoring hardware, NASA is currently developing a 9 gas version of

the MGM called the Anomaly Gas Analyzer (AGA) for ISS and Orion Multipurpose Crew Vehicle. The battery

powered AGA will measure the 4 gases of MGM plus combustion products carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen

cyanide (HCN), hydrogen chloride (HCl), and hydrogen fluoride (HF) plus hydrazine (N2H4), which is used as a

thruster propellant for the Orion spacecraft.


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Appendix

Daily range and average gas concentrations and other parameters measured by MGM during the sea trial.

Date H2O/ppm CO2/ppm CO2/torr NH3/ppm O2/% O2/torr T/C P/torr RH/%

9/1/2017 Min 11972 904 0.68 < 5 20.6 156 28.0 755 26.1

Avg 12475 1292 0.98 < 5 20.8 158 28.9 756 27.5

Max 15497 2151 1.63 < 5 21.0 159 30.1 758 40.1

9/2/2017 Min 10967 1137 0.82 < 5 20.2 146 28.5 723 24.0

Avg 12038 2615 1.97 < 5 20.6 155 29.1 754 25.8

Max 13574 4340 3.38 < 5 20.9 163 30.0 778 29.9

9/3/2017 Min 10960 2510 1.88 < 5 19.5 145 27.5 748 23.3

Avg 12199 3104 2.36 < 5 19.9 151 28.9 759 27.0

Max 15017 3732 2.90 < 5 20.4 158 31.1 777 31.2

9/4/2017 Min 11361 1036 0.78 < 5 19.4 145 28.0 748 24.7

Avg 12142 2210 1.69 < 5 20.2 155 29.0 767 26.7

Max 13897 3455 2.95 < 5 20.8 178 30.3 855 30.1

9/5/2017 Min 11819 1126 0.85 < 5 19.8 149 28.7 755 25.2

Avg 12498 2350 1.79 < 5 20.3 155 29.4 763 26.8

Max 14116 3275 2.65 < 5 20.8 168 30.1 810 30.6

9/6/2017 Min 11925 1891 1.41 < 5 19.5 146 28.9 747 24.9

Avg 12391 2923 2.24 < 5 20.0 153 29.6 765 26.1

Max 13383 4492 3.53 < 5 20.5 161 30.5 785 27.4

9/7/2017 Min 11663 2167 1.60 < 5 19.2 142 28.7 739 24.5

Avg 12211 2622 1.98 < 5 19.6 148 29.3 756 26.1

Max 12805 3462 2.68 < 5 20.2 157 30.4 775 28.0

9/8/2017 Min 11532 1626 1.20 < 5 18.9 139 28.5 737 24.8

Avg 12211 3022 2.29 < 5 19.4 146 29.1 757 26.5

Max 13344 5422 4.27 < 5 20.3 160 29.6 788 29.3

9/9/2017 Min 11638 2060 1.51 < 5 18.6 137 28.1 734 25.9

Avg 12081 2556 1.93 < 5 18.8 142 28.7 755 27.0

Max 12714 2914 2.26 < 5 19.0 147 29.5 775 28.3

9/10/2017 Min 11400 1640 1.21 < 5 18.5 137 27.6 739 25.8

Avg 11869 2434 1.84 < 5 18.9 142 28.4 754 26.9

Max 13340 3100 2.40 < 5 20.0 155 29.3 774 31.7

9/11/2017 Min 10873 1590 1.08 < 5 18.4 125 26.8 680 24.0

Avg 11573 2998 2.22 < 5 19.1 142 27.7 742 27.1

Max 14517 4182 3.20 < 5 20.5 156 28.7 765 35.0

9/12/2017 Min 10880 1476 1.01 < 5 19.0 130 27.5 682 24.7

Avg 11739 2862 2.20 < 5 19.6 151 28.3 770 27.0

Max 14078 3685 2.92 < 5 20.6 163 29.2 792 31.5

9/13/2017 Min 10718 1864 1.40 < 5 19.4 146 27.2 751 25.0

Avg 11349 2836 2.16 < 5 19.7 150 27.8 763 26.6

Max 12488 3884 3.01 < 5 20.2 157 28.6 775 30.0

9/14/2017 Min 11275 1549 1.17 < 5 18.9 142 28.2 753 25.5

Avg 12058 2745 2.10 < 5 19.4 148 28.6 765 27.2

Max 13415 4203 3.42 < 5 20.6 168 29.6 814 29.5

9/15/2017 Min 12399 1284 0.97 < 5 19.8 150 29.6 755 26.2

Avg 13262 2117 1.62 < 5 20.5 157 30.1 763 27.6

Max 14903 4000 3.13 < 5 20.9 163 30.6 782 30.9

Discrete Sensors in MGMMGM TDLS sensor


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9/16/2017 Min 11420 1393 1.02 < 5 20.4 150 28.0 735 25.2

Avg 12417 2803 2.12 < 5 20.6 156 29.0 757 27.1

Max 13617 3438 2.66 < 5 20.9 162 30.2 775 29.8

9/17/2017 Min 11367 1373 1.02 < 5 20.3 150 28.1 742 24.7

Avg 12295 2628 2.02 < 5 20.6 158 29.0 767 27.1

Max 14451 3744 3.03 < 5 20.8 168 30.0 809 32.4

9/18/2017 Min 11689 1513 1.11 < 5 20.2 148 27.9 737 24.9

Avg 12718 2758 2.10 < 5 20.4 156 29.1 762 27.9

Max 15911 4503 3.53 < 5 20.8 163 30.6 784 37.3

9/19/2017 Min 11700 1294 0.94 < 5 20.5 149 28.2 727 25.1

Avg 12611 2691 2.04 < 5 20.8 157 29.4 758 26.8

Max 13697 3723 2.93 < 5 21.0 165 30.4 786 29.4

9/20/2017 Min 11438 2109 1.64 < 5 20.8 162 27.6 777 26.3

Avg 11954 2767 2.19 < 5 20.9 165 28.3 790 27.9

Max 12549 3424 2.78 < 5 21.0 170 29.5 811 29.9

9/21/2017 Min 11467 2516 1.94 < 5 20.5 157 27.6 769 26.4

Avg 11898 3143 2.46 < 5 20.7 162 27.9 784 28.4

Max 13411 3780 3.03 < 5 20.9 168 28.9 801 31.2

9/22/2017 Min 11199 1944 1.49 < 5 20.1 155 27.1 769 26.9

Avg 11684 2676 2.09 < 5 20.4 160 27.5 781 28.5

Max 12207 4374 3.49 < 5 20.6 165 27.9 798 30.4

9/23/2017 Min 11783 2014 1.55 < 5 20.0 153 27.5 769 28.3

Avg 12052 2299 1.80 < 5 20.2 158 27.8 782 29.0

Max 12588 2755 2.19 < 5 20.3 161 28.1 795 30.5

9/24/2017 Min 11749 2041 1.57 < 5 19.9 153 27.7 770 28.0

Avg 12038 2224 1.74 < 5 20.1 158 27.9 784 28.8

Max 12674 2561 2.07 < 5 20.3 164 28.3 807 30.6

9/25/2017 Min 11421 1877 1.46 < 5 20.2 157 27.7 777 26.3

Avg 12088 2539 2.02 < 5 20.4 162 28.4 796 28.4

Max 13534 4017 3.28 < 5 20.5 168 29.0 817 35.2

9/26/2017 Min 11376 1963 1.52 < 5 20.3 158 27.8 777 26.7

Avg 11686 2358 1.87 < 5 20.5 163 28.2 793 27.4

Max 12250 2846 2.29 < 5 20.7 166 28.8 804 28.3

9/27/2017 Min 11159 2099 1.64 < 5 20.5 161 27.2 782 27.5

Avg 11562 2546 2.01 < 5 20.7 164 27.6 791 28.4

Max 11924 2998 2.40 < 5 20.9 167 28.0 800 29.4

9/28/2017 Min 11267 2083 1.64 < 5 20.7 162 27.4 785 26.3

Avg 11713 2798 2.24 < 5 20.8 166 28.1 799 27.8

Max 12279 4022 3.26 < 5 20.9 170 28.6 811 29.6

9/29/2017 Min 11499 1991 1.57 < 5 20.6 162 28.0 789 26.7

Avg 11944 2737 2.19 < 5 20.8 166 28.4 800 27.8

Max 12471 3834 3.10 < 5 20.9 169 28.6 807 29.3

9/30/2017 Min 11611 2148 1.70 < 5 20.6 163 27.9 791 27.3

Avg 11832 2402 1.95 < 5 20.8 168 28.2 812 28.2

Max 12168 2843 2.34 < 5 20.9 172 28.6 823 29.4

10/1/2017 Min 11641 2157 1.71 < 5 20.6 163 27.5 792 27.2

Avg 11893 2399 1.93 < 5 20.8 167 28.2 803 28.1

Max 12571 3138 2.56 < 5 20.9 170 28.7 814 31.2


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10/2/2017 Min 11299 1984 1.58 < 5 20.6 164 28.3 797 26.0

Avg 11841 2659 2.15 < 5 20.8 168 28.5 808 27.5

Max 13142 3935 3.23 < 5 20.9 172 28.8 821 31.5

10/3/2017 Min 11447 2116 1.66 < 5 20.7 162 28.2 785 26.4

Avg 11793 2436 1.94 < 5 20.8 165 28.5 797 27.2

Max 12252 2746 2.26 < 5 20.9 172 28.9 824 28.8

10/4/2017 Min 11179 2035 1.59 < 5 20.7 161 28.0 782 25.7

Avg 11682 2495 1.97 < 5 20.8 164 28.5 791 26.6

Max 12207 3206 2.58 < 5 20.9 168 29.1 804 28.1

10/5/2017 Min 10920 2097 1.63 < 5 20.6 160 28.0 778 24.8

Avg 11475 3057 2.42 < 5 20.8 165 28.3 792 26.5

Max 12018 5045 4.05 < 5 20.9 168 28.6 804 27.8

10/6/2017 Min 11071 2141 1.68 < 5 20.3 159 28.2 783 24.6

Avg 11522 3118 2.48 < 5 20.7 164 28.4 794 26.4

Max 11961 5637 4.54 < 5 20.8 168 28.7 805 27.8

10/7/2017 Min 11342 2150 1.69 < 5 20.5 161 28.2 784 25.9

Avg 11664 2618 2.07 < 5 20.7 164 28.5 792 26.6

Max 12111 3016 2.42 < 5 20.8 167 28.7 802 28.4

10/8/2017 Min 11041 2035 1.61 < 5 20.6 162 27.8 790 25.5

Avg 11662 2380 1.91 < 5 20.7 166 28.4 802 27.0

Max 12179 2821 2.29 < 5 20.8 169 29.0 811 28.8

10/9/2017 Min 11601 2069 1.62 < 5 20.5 161 28.5 784 25.9

Avg 12049 2833 2.26 < 5 20.7 165 28.9 796 27.0

Max 12670 4439 3.59 < 5 20.8 169 29.3 809 29.4

10/10/2017 Min 11944 1097 0.83 < 5 20.5 155 28.5 754 27.1

Avg 12451 2480 2.02 < 5 20.7 168 28.8 813 28.8

Max 21519 3079 2.57 < 5 20.8 174 29.4 836 61.8

10/11/2017 Min 11822 996 0.69 < 5 20.1 139 29.0 693 23.7

Avg 14289 2668 1.95 < 5 20.6 150 30.5 731 28.8

Max 23480 3438 2.73 < 5 20.8 165 33.5 795 66.5

10/12/2017 Min 11713 758 0.55 < 5 20.5 149 27.3 725 24.6

Avg 12565 2415 1.84 < 5 20.8 158 29.2 760 27.0

Max 16150 3859 3.00 < 5 20.9 163 30.2 777 41.0

10/13/2017 Min 11794 2402 1.72 < 5 20.5 147 28.4 718 24.7

Avg 12289 3648 2.67 < 5 20.8 152 28.9 732 26.0

Max 13398 5561 4.24 < 5 21.0 160 29.5 762 30.0

10/14/2017 Min 11847 917 0.68 < 5 20.8 155 28.4 746 25.0

Avg 12536 2680 2.05 < 5 20.9 160 29.1 763 27.1

Max 15725 3850 3.07 < 5 21.1 168 29.8 796 38.0

10/15/2017 Min 11862 2340 1.75 < 5 20.8 155 28.2 747 25.2

Avg 12289 2609 1.99 < 5 20.9 159 28.8 762 27.0

Max 13177 3315 2.59 < 5 21.1 165 29.6 782 29.1

10/16/2017 Min 11572 2163 1.59 < 5 20.7 152 27.4 736 26.7

Avg 12119 2913 2.19 < 5 20.9 157 28.0 752 27.8

Max 14752 4779 3.74 < 5 21.0 165 28.9 782 35.9

10/17/2017 Min 11973 2243 1.75 < 5 20.7 162 27.8 782 27.0

Avg 12209 2581 2.05 < 5 20.9 166 28.5 794 28.2

Max 12566 3085 2.50 < 5 21.0 170 29.5 809 29.9


14

10/18/2017 Min 11776 2074 1.63 < 5 20.8 164 28.2 788 26.6

Avg 12208 2732 2.18 < 5 21.0 167 28.9 798 27.6

Max 12550 4079 3.30 < 5 21.1 171 29.4 809 30.2

10/19/2017 Min 11062 2140 1.69 < 5 20.9 165 27.7 791 25.5

Avg 11996 2575 2.08 < 5 21.0 170 28.3 807 28.4

Max 13777 3353 2.74 < 5 21.1 172 29.0 816 33.9

10/20/2017 Min 10727 2357 1.85 < 5 20.9 163 26.5 783 27.0

Avg 11403 2879 2.33 < 5 21.0 170 27.1 808 29.2

Max 12179 3920 3.22 < 5 21.1 174 28.5 823 31.6

10/21/2017 Min 11301 2357 1.85 < 5 20.8 164 27.4 787 26.7

Avg 11672 3835 3.07 < 5 21.0 169 27.7 801 28.4

Max 12229 6077 4.94 < 5 21.2 172 28.1 813 30.0

10/22/2017 Min 11630 2218 1.74 < 5 21.0 165 27.5 786 28.1

Avg 11857 2477 1.98 < 5 21.1 169 27.7 801 29.0

Max 12218 2896 2.37 < 5 21.2 174 27.9 819 30.2

10/23/2017 Min 10967 2078 1.63 < 5 20.9 165 27.3 786 25.1

Avg 11684 2813 2.25 < 5 21.1 169 27.9 799 28.0

Max 14456 4356 3.51 < 5 21.3 172 29.0 805 34.2

10/24/2017 Min 10832 2288 1.80 < 5 21.0 165 26.8 787 26.8

Avg 11199 2595 2.08 < 5 21.1 169 27.3 803 27.8

Max 11759 3095 2.52 < 5 21.2 173 28.2 814 29.9

10/25/2017 Min 10606 2112 1.68 < 5 21.0 167 26.9 796 25.9

Avg 11882 2529 2.04 < 5 21.1 170 27.8 805 28.9

Max 15784 3235 2.65 < 5 21.3 174 28.8 819 39.8

10/26/2017 Min 10747 2078 1.63 < 5 21.0 165 27.1 786 25.6

Avg 11192 2746 2.20 < 5 21.2 170 27.6 803 27.2

Max 12243 3950 3.23 < 5 21.3 174 28.3 818 31.1

10/27/2017 Min 10760 2259 1.77 < 5 20.9 163 26.8 782 25.8

Avg 11367 2965 2.35 < 5 21.1 167 27.3 794 28.0

Max 12172 4498 3.62 < 5 21.2 170 28.3 804 29.9

10/28/2017 Min 11271 2390 1.86 < 5 21.0 163 27.4 777 26.8

Avg 11547 2592 2.05 < 5 21.1 167 27.8 790 27.5

Max 11939 2944 2.36 < 5 21.2 170 28.3 802 28.6

10/29/2017 Min 10738 2202 1.73 < 5 21.0 165 26.9 787 26.7

Avg 11416 2465 1.97 < 5 21.1 169 27.5 798 28.0

Max 12118 2777 2.25 < 5 21.2 172 27.9 810 29.3

10/30/2017 Min 11207 2227 1.73 < 5 21.0 163 27.1 777 25.9

Avg 11868 2840 2.25 < 5 21.1 167 27.8 792 28.4

Max 13093 4010 3.25 < 5 21.3 172 28.5 810 32.8

10/31/2017 Min 11695 2110 1.65 < 5 21.0 164 27.8 780 27.5

Avg 11983 2412 1.91 < 5 21.1 167 28.1 790 28.1

Max 12406 2900 2.32 < 5 21.2 170 28.5 801 29.1

11/1/2017 Min 11510 1988 1.55 < 5 21.0 164 27.7 779 27.1

Avg 11890 2385 1.89 < 5 21.1 168 27.9 793 28.2

Max 12286 2744 2.21 < 5 21.2 171 28.2 806 29.1

11/2/2017 Min 11683 955 0.70 < 5 20.8 153 27.6 737 25.5

Avg 12575 2359 1.84 < 5 21.1 164 28.4 779 29.0

Max 19239 3153 2.52 < 5 21.3 170 30.1 798 51.2


15

11/3/2017 Min 12097 1534 1.12 < 5 20.7 151 28.3 730 25.1

Avg 12644 3582 2.67 < 5 20.9 156 29.0 745 27.2

Max 16047 4769 3.70 < 5 21.1 163 30.1 776 36.5

11/4/2017 Min 11913 2223 1.60 < 5 20.7 150 27.7 721 25.4

Avg 12414 2628 1.97 < 5 20.9 157 28.8 749 27.0

Max 13240 3666 2.87 < 5 21.1 165 29.5 783 32.6

11/5/2017 Min 12306 1905 1.48 < 5 20.9 162 27.0 777 30.3

Avg 12722 2222 1.75 < 5 21.0 165 27.4 788 31.9

Max 13250 2870 2.29 < 5 21.1 168 28.0 797 33.1

11/6/2017 Min 11572 1975 1.52 < 5 20.7 160 27.1 770 26.5

Avg 12434 2602 2.04 < 5 20.9 163 27.9 782 29.7

Max 14213 3928 3.15 < 5 21.1 169 28.8 802 35.4

11/7/2017 Min 11865 2096 1.63 < 5 20.8 161 27.9 776 27.3

Avg 12114 2414 1.90 < 5 20.9 164 28.3 786 28.2

Max 12708 2913 2.32 < 5 21.0 168 28.6 797 30.1

11/8/2017 Min 11812 1949 1.51 < 5 20.8 161 27.9 773 27.5

Avg 12036 2286 1.82 < 5 20.9 167 28.2 798 28.4

Max 12382 2501 2.02 < 5 21.0 170 28.5 809 29.7

11/9/2017 Min 11870 1850 1.35 < 5 20.2 148 27.5 730 24.9

Avg 12562 2576 1.98 < 5 20.6 158 28.5 770 28.7

Max 19323 3802 2.99 < 5 21.0 165 29.5 788 50.1

11/10/2017 Min 12040 2331 1.69 < 5 19.4 140 28.0 724 25.1

Avg 12427 3229 2.38 < 5 19.8 146 28.7 738 27.1

Max 13402 4747 3.56 < 5 20.3 152 29.3 749 30.3

11/11/2017 Min 12211 1031 0.74 < 5 19.4 139 28.0 717 26.4

Avg 12651 2461 1.81 < 5 19.7 145 28.7 737 27.9

Max 14743 3123 2.43 < 5 20.9 163 29.6 778 32.6

11/12/2017 Min 12133 2059 1.59 < 5 20.7 159 28.1 772 27.4

Avg 12333 2533 1.97 < 5 20.8 162 28.5 779 28.3

Max 12639 3189 2.51 < 5 20.9 164 29.1 786 29.2

11/13/2017 Min 11154 2015 1.54 < 5 20.6 157 27.4 763 26.4

Avg 11922 2304 1.80 < 5 20.7 162 28.0 781 28.2

Max 13058 2565 2.04 < 5 20.8 166 28.6 795 32.2

11/14/2017 Min 11132 2146 1.60 < 5 20.5 153 27.1 746 26.6

Avg 11496 2459 1.92 < 5 20.6 161 27.4 782 28.0

Max 12063 2757 2.39 < 5 20.8 180 27.7 867 29.7

11/15/2017 Min 10907 1221 0.90 < 5 20.5 152 26.8 741 25.0

Avg 11478 2482 1.88 < 5 20.7 156 27.4 757 27.3

Max 12539 3366 2.62 < 5 21.0 163 28.3 778 29.9

11/16/2017 Min 11180 884 0.65 < 5 20.5 151 27.1 739 25.8

Avg 11894 2218 1.67 < 5 20.8 157 27.7 755 27.9

Max 13153 2982 2.29 < 5 21.1 161 28.5 766 30.0

11/17/2017 Min 11030 895 0.68 < 5 20.9 158 27.3 757 26.2

Avg 12436 1346 1.02 < 5 21.0 159 28.3 759 28.3

Max 13306 1722 1.31 < 5 21.1 160 28.7 760 30.2

Summary Min 10606 758 0.55 < 5 18.4 125 26.5 680 23.3

Statistics Avg* 12054 2623 2.04 < 5 20.6 160 28.4 778 27.7

Max 23480 6077 4.94 < 5 21.3 180 33.5 867 66.5

H2O/ppm CO2/ppm CO2/torr NH3/ppm O2/% O2/torr T/C P/torr RH/%

Note: MGM ppCO2 & ppO2 va lues ca lculated from ppm CO2 & % O2 us ing tota l pressures recorded by MGM


16

Acknowledgments

The authors gratefully acknowledge US Navy officers LT Tim Cerny and LT Travis Maupin for coordinating

approvals and logistics, and Petty Officer Third Class Mason Recco for assisting on board with installation and

removal, and checking the MGM throughout the duration of the underway period. The assistance of Robert Gillispie

and Amy Romoser of KBRWyle for MGM data compilation and ISS MCA data plots, respectively, is gratefully

acknowledged.

References

1. Mudgett, P.D., Manney, J.A., Smith, M.J., O’Connor, S.J., and Pilgrim, J.S. “Preparation of the Multi-Gas Monitor for

US Navy Submarine Sea Trial,” 47th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Charleston, South Carolina,

July 2017, Paper # ICES-2017-167.

2. Mudgett, P.D., Coan, M.S., Limero, T.F., and Pilgrim, J.S. “Second Generation Multi-Gas Monitor for ISS and Orion:

The Anomaly Gas Analyzer” Presentation given at Submarine Air Monitoring Air Purification (SAMAP) conference

Uncasville, Connecticut, November 13-17, 2017.

3. Mudgett, P.D., Pilgrim, J.S. and Wood, W.R. “Laser Spectroscopy Multi-Gas Monitor: Results of a Year Long Tech

Demo on ISS,” 45th International Conference on Environmental Systems, Bellevue, WA, July 2015, Paper # ICES-

2015-243.

4. Pilgrim, J.S., Wood, W.R., Casias, M.E., Vakhtin, A.B., Johnson, M.D., and Mudgett, P.D. “Optical Multi-Gas Monitor

Technology Demonstration on the International Space Station,” 44th International Conference on Environmental

Systems, Tucson, AZ, July 2014, Paper ICES-2014-058.

5. Mudgett, P.D. and Pilgrim, J.S. “Long-Term Demonstration of an Optical Multi-Gas Monitor on the International Space

Station,” Submarine Air Monitoring Air Purification (SAMAP) conference. Den Helder, Netherlands, October 2015.

Disclaimer: This brief is provided for information only. Certain commercial entities, equipment, or materials are identified in this

document in order to describe an experimental procedure or concept adequately. Such identification is not intended to imply

recommendation or endorsement or future procurement either by the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) or

by the United States Navy.

us navy submarine sea trial of a nasa developed multi- gas

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