us navy course navedtra 10243 - ear training manual for musicians

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DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

SPECIAL PUBLICATION

February 1986

Ear Training Manual

For Musicians

NAVEDTRA 10243



DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT A: Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The contents of this SpecialPublication were furnished by the courtesy ofthe United States Army.



i

PREFACE

Special Publications (SPs) are manuals or catalogs that provide information of general benefit and career

development. SPs have no associated assignments or tests.

The Ear Training Manual for Musicians provides a basic reference on rhythm, pitch, and melody. This

SP is available ONLY in electronic Portable Document Format from the following web site:

http://www.advancement.cnet.navy.mil

Refer questions about this SP to:

COMMANDING OFFICERSCHOOL OF MUSIC

ATTN TRAINING OFFICER

1420 GATOR BLVD

NORFOLK VA 23521-2617

DSN: 253-7509COMM: 757-462-7509

FAX: DSN 253-4836/COMM (757) 462-4836

Provided by

NAVAL EDUCATION AND TRAINING

PROFESSIONAL DEVELOPMENT

AND TECHNOLOGY CENTER



ii

Sailor’s Creed

“I am a United States Sailor.

I will support and defend theConstitution of the United States of

America and I will obey the ordersof those appointed over me.

I represent the fighting spirit of theNavy and those who have gonebefore me to defend freedom anddemocracy around the world.

I proudly serve my country’s Navycombat team with honor, courageand commitment.

I am committed to excellence andthe fair treatment of all.”



E AR T R A I N I N G

CONTENTS

Page

CHAPTER 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1-1

S e c t i o n I : T h e D i v i d e d B e a t i n S i m p l e T i m e .

S e c t i on I I : The M ajo r Tr i ad in N um era l N o ta t ion .

CHAPTER 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2-1

Sect ion I : The Divided Beat in Compound Time.

S e c t i o n I I : T h e Ma j or T r i a d in S t a f f N ot a t i on .

CHAPTER 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3-1

S e c t i o n I : T h e S u b d i v i d e d B e a t i n S i m p l e T i m e .

S e c t i o n I I A : T h e M i n o r T r i a d i n N u m e r a l N o t a t i o n .

S e c t i o n I I B : T h e M i n o r T r i a d i n S t a f f N o t a t i o n .

CHAPTER 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4-1

Sect ion I : The Subdivided Beat in Compound Time.

S e c t i o n I I : M a j or a n d M in o r S c a l e Act i v it i e s .

CHAPTER 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5-1

S e c t i o n I : S y n cop a t i on I n v ol vi n g B e a t a n d D iv id e d Be a t i n

Simple and Compound Times.

S e c t i on I I : I n t e r v a l s a n d T r i a d s .

ET i



CHAPTER 6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6-1Diatonic Major and Minor Melodies in Simple and Compound Times

w i t h D i v i d e d B e a t a n d L e a p s o f T h i r d s i n T o n i c T r i a d .

CHAPTER 7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7-1Diatonic Major and Minor Melodies in Simple and Compound Times

w i t h S u b d i v i d e d B e a t a n d L e a p s o f T h i r d s a n d F o u r t h s .

CHAPTER 8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8-1

Diatonic Major and Minor Melodies in Simple and Compound Times

w i t h S y n c o p a t i o n a n d L e a p s o f T h i r d s , F o u r t h s , F i f t h s , S i x t h s ,

a n d O c t a v e s .

CHAPTER 9 .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9-1Non Diatonic Melodies in Simple and Compound Times wi th Divided

B ea t , S u b d iv id e d Be a t , a n d S yn c op a t i on . Melodies Conta in Leaps

o f T h i r d s , F o u r t h s , F i f t h s , S i x t h s , a n d O c t a v e s .

APPENDIX A . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . A-1T i m e B e a t i n g P a t t e r n s

APPENDIX B . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . B-1

C ount ing Sys t em

APPENDIX C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . C-1P e r f o r m a n c e P r o c e d u r e s

APPENDIX D . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . D-1

P e r f o r m a n c e G u i d e l i n e s

ET i i



C H AP T E R O N E

Se c t ion IPART I

PART II

E T 1 -1



P A R T I I I

J

E T 1-2



E T 1-3



E T 1-4



Se c t ion I I

LIST I

LIST I I

LIST III

E T 1-5



LIST IV

LIST V

E T 1-6



L I S T V I

E T 1-7



E T 1-8



E T 1-9



CHAPTER TWO

S e c t io n I

P A R T I

E T 2-1



P A R T I I

E T 2 -2



P A R T I I I

E T 2-3



Sect ion I I

PART I

E T 2-4



P A R T I I

E T 2-5



P A R T I I I

P A R T I V

E T 2-6



PART V

E T 2-7



ET 2-8



C H AP T E R T H R E E

Sec t ion I

PART I

E T 3-1



PART II

E T 3-2



PT



E

T 3 -4



S e c t io n I I

L I S T I

L I S T I I

E T 3-5



L I S T I I I

PART I

E T 3-6



P A R T I I

E T 3-7



E T 3-8



C H A P T E R F O U R

S e c t i o n I

P A R T I

E T 4-1



E T 4-2



P A R T I I

E T 4-3



PT

E

T 4 -4



S ec t i on I I

A. Major

LIST I

ET 4-5



L I S T I I

L I S T I I I

E T 4-6



L I S T I V

L I S T V

PART I

ET 4-7



E T 4-8



P A R T I I

E T 4-9



B. Minor

L I S T I

L I S T I I

L I S T I I I

E T 4-10



E T 4-11



E T 4-12



C H A P T E R F I V E

Se c t ion I

PA R T IA

E T 5-1



PA R T IB

PART IIA

E T 5 -2



P A R T I I B

E T 5-3



P A R T I I I A

E T 5-4



E

T 5 - 5



E

T 5 - 6



PTB

E T 5 - 7



S ec t ion I I

SING AND RECOGNIZE SIMPLE INTERVALS INCLUDING:

PERFECT INTERVALS

P 4 P 5 P 8

MAJ OR INTER VALS

Maj2 Maj3 Ma j6 Ma j7

MINOR INTERVALS

m i n 2 m i n 3 m i n 6 m i n 7

TRITONE (Aug 4 or d im 5)

TT

S I N G AN D RE CO G N I Z E ROOT POSITION TRIADS INCLUDING:

E T 5-8



C HAPT E R SIX

ET 6 -1



E T 6-2



E T 6-4



E T 6-5



E T 6-6



E T 6-7



E T 6-8



E T 6-9



C H AP T E R S E VE N

E T 7-1



E T 7-2



E T 7-3



E T 7-4



ET 7-5



E T 7-6



E T 7-7



E T 7-8



CHAPTER EIGHT

E T 8-1



E T 8-2



ET 8-3



E T 8-4



E T 8-5



E T 8-6



C H AP T E R N IN E

E T 9-1



E T 9-2



E T 9-3



E T 9-4



E T 9-5



E T 9-6



E T 9-7



AP P ENDIX B

COUNTING SYSTEM

SIMPLE TIME

A l w a y s s a y a n u m b e r f o r t h e b e a t w h e t h e r o r n o t i t r e q u i r e s a n a t t a c k .

F i g u r e B . 1 : T h e B e a t i n S i m p l e T i m e .

S a y “ & " ( a n d ) o n t h e s e c o n d h a l f o f a n y b e a t t h a t h a s b e e n d i v i d e d .

F i g u r e B . 2 : T h e D i v i d e d B e a t i n S i m p l e T i m e .

E TB -1



S a y “ T a " o n a n y p o r t i o n o f t h e s u b d i v i d e d b e a t t h a t i s n o t t h e b e a t

( n u m b e r ) o r d i v i d e d b e a t ( a n d ) .

F i g u r e B . 3 : The Subd iv ided B ea t i n S im ple T im e .

COMPOUND TIME

A l w a y s s a y a n u m b e r f o r t h e b e a t w h e t h e r o r n o t i t r e q u i r e s a n a t t a c k .

Figure B .4 : The B ea t i n C om pound T im e

E TB -2



A P P E N D I X C

P E R F O R M A N C E P R O C E D U R E S

RHYTHM PERFORMANCE

C o u n t / C l a p I d e n t i f y t h e m e t r i c a l s t r e s s a n d u n i t o f b e a t .

U s i n g t h e c o u n t i n g s y s t e m ( A p p . B ) , p e r f o r m t h e

e x e r c is e i n d i c a t i n g a t t a c k s b y c la p p i n g . C oun t ing

s y l l a b l e s ( n u m b e r s , & , a , o r t a ) m u s t b e a u d i b l e .

C o n d u c t / I n t o n e I d e n t i f y t h e m e t r i c a l s t r e s s a n d u n i t o f b e a t .

U s i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t i m e b e a t i n g p a t t e r n ( A p p . A ) ,

p e r f o r m t h e e x e r c i s e b y i n t o n i n g t h e r h y t h m o n a

n e u t r a l s y l la b l e ( t a ) . T h e t i m e b e a t i n g p a t t e r n

m u s t c o n t i n u e t h r o u g h o u t t h e e x e r c i s e .

PITCH PERFORMANCE

N um ber L i s t s

N o t a t i o n

S c a l e s

E s t a b l i s h t h e t o n i c t r i a d i n D M a j o r o r m i n o r , a s

a p p l i ca b l e . P e r for m t h e l is t h or i zon t a l ly i n D

M ajor o r D m inor w i th one coun t pe r num ber and a

c o u n t o f s i l e n c e a t t h e e n d o f e a c h l i n e . The tempo

m u s t r e m a i n con s t a n t t h r o u g h ou t t h e li s t . S c a l ed e g r e e n u m b e r s m u s t b e u s e d a s s y l l a b l e s f o r s i n g i n g .

I d e n t i f y t h e c l e f a n d k e y . E s t a b l i s h t h e t on i c

t r i a d i n t h e k e y o f D M a j o r o r m i n o r , a s a p p l i c a b l e .

S i n g i n D M a j o r o r D m i n o r , r e g a r d l e s s o f t h e n o t a t e d

k e y . P e r f o r m t h e e x e r c i s e w i t h o n e c o u n t p e r n o t e

a n d a c o u n t o f s il e n ce a t t h e b a r l in e . The tempo

m u s t r e m a i n c o n s t a n t t h r o u g h o u t t h e e x e r c i s e . S c a l e

d e g r e e n u m b e r s m u s t b e u s e d a s s y l l a b l e s f o r s i n g i n g .

U s i n g D a s a t o n i c , p e r f o r m s c a l e s w i t h o n e c o u n t p e r

n u m b e r a n d a c o u n t o f s i l e n c e a t t h e e n d o f e a c h

s c a l e . T h e t e m p o m u s t r e m a i n c o n s t a n t t h r o u g h o u t t h es c a l e s . S c a l e d e g r e e n u m b e r s m u s t b e u s e d a s s y l l a -

b l e s f or s i n g i n g .

E T C -1



I n t e r v a l s

T r i a d s

T r i a d s i n

I n v e r s i o n

4 - n o t e C h o r d s

S i n g t h e g i v e n p i t c h . S i n g t h e p i t c h a g i v e n

i n t e r v a l a b o v e o r b e l o w a s s p e c i f i e d .

U s i n g D a s t h e r o o t , p e r f o r m t r i a d s w i t h o n e c o u n t

p e r n u m b e r a n d a c o u n t o f s i l e n c e a t t h e e n d o f

e a c h t r i a d . Th e t em po m u st rem a in con st a n t

t h r ou g h ou t t h e t r i a d s . S ca le d egr ee n u m ber s m u st

b e u s e d a s s y l l a b l e s f o r s i n g i n g .

S i n g t h e g i v e n p i t c h . S i n g m a j o r a n d m i n o r t r i a d s

w i t h t h e g i v e n p i t c h a s t h e r o o t , t h i r d , a n d f i f t h

o f t h e t r i a d . Th e t em po m u st r em a in con st a n t wh ile

s i n g i n g t h e t r i a d , b u t a p a u s e m a y o c c u r b e t w e e n

t r i a d s . S ca le d egr ee nu m ber s mu st be u se d a s

s y l l a b l e s f or s i n g i n g . Any p i tch o rder may be used

i n t h e t r i a d s a s l o n g a s s y l l a b l e s a n d p i t c h e s a r e

c o r r e c t .

Us ing D as the roo t , pe r form Maj6 , Maj7 , Dom7,

min7 , a n d d i m 7 c h o r d s i n o r d e r , w i t h o n e c o u n t p e r

n u m b e r a n d a c o u n t o f s i l e n c e a t t h e e n d o f e a c h

c h o r d . T h e t e m p o m u s t r e m a i n c o n s t a n t t h r o u g h o u t

t h e c h o r d s . S c a l e d e g r e e n u m b e r s m u s t b e u s e d a s

s y l l a b l e s f o r s i n g i n g .

MELODY PE RFOR MANCE

I d e n t i f y t h e m e t r i c a l s t r e s s a n d u n i t o f b e a t . S e l e c t t h e t i m e b e a t i n g

p a t t e r n . I d e n t i fy t h e cl e f a n d ke y. G i v e n t h e p i t c h A 4 4 0 , s i n g t h e i n t e r v a l

n e c e s s a r y t o f i n d t h e t o n i c i n t h e n o t a t e d k e y . U s i n g t h e a p p r o p r i a t e t i m e

b e a t i n g p a t t e r n ( A p p . A ) , p e r f o r m t h e m e l o d y i n t h e n o t a t e d k e y .The t ime

b e a t i n g p a t t e r n m u s t c o n t i n u e t h r o u g h o u t t h e e x e r c i s e . Sca le degree numbers

m u s t b e u s e d a s s y l l a b l e s f o r s i n g i n g . F o l l o w a l l p e r f o r m a n c e d i r e c t i o n s , i . e .

t e m p o , c h a r a c t e r , d y n a m i c s , a n d e x p r e s s i o n m a r k i n g s .

E TC -2



A P P E N D I X D

P E R F O R M A N C E G U I D E L I N E SI . R hy thm

A. M e t r i c a l S t r e s s

1.

2 .

B . U ni t

1.

2 .

3 .

4 .

I d e n t i f y

S e l e ct b e a t p a t t e r n

o f b e a t

D i v i d e d B e a t

S u b d i v i d e d b e a t

Syncopa t ion

B o r r o w e d d i v i s i o n s

C. Perform Rhythm

1. C ou n t /Cla p

2 . C o n d u c t / I n t o n e

I I . P i t ch

A. C l e f ( i d e n t i f y )

B. K e y ( i d e n t i f y )

C. S i n g t o n i c a n d e s t a b l i s h k e y

1. S in g t r i a d

2 . S in g p en t a ch or d

3. S i n g t e t r a c h o r d s

4 . S i n g s c a l e

D. I d e n t i fy s t a r t i n g p it c h

E . I d e n t i f y m u s i c a l e l e m e n t s

1. T r i a d s

2 . P e n t a c h o r d s3. T e t r a c h o r d s

4 . S c a l e s

5 . O t h e r s t r u c t u r e s

6 . D i f f i cu l t i n t e r v a l s

F . P e r f o r m P i t c h

I I I . P e r f o r m a n c e D i r e c t i o n s

A. Character/Tempo (metronome marks)/ tempo changes

B. Dynamics /dynamic changes

C. O ther

1. A c c e n t s a n d a r t i c u l a t i o n s

2 . Express ion m arks

3. Repeat symbols4 . F er m a t a s

5 . Ornaments

IV. P e r f o r m

A. Rhythm

B. P i t c h

C. Rhythm and Pi tch

D. R h y t h m , P i t c h a n d a l l p e r f or m a n c e d i r e c t i on s

E TD -1

us navy course navedtra 10243 - ear training manual for musicians

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