FAS Military Affairs Network

U.S. Naval Vessels

CV-9 ESSEX ClassThe numerous World War II vintage Essex-class carriers served over a span of nearly half a century in various configurations and at least half a dozen roles as the core of the US postwar fleet. Many of the ships were extensively modified in later years, with many boasting a reinforced angle flight deck and a mirror landing system to accomodate jet aircraft as a result of Fleet Rehabilitation and Modernization (FRAM) upgrades. The conversions included a hurricane bow and the installation of an angled flight deck which permits the simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft. The USS Essex (CV 9) was placed out of commission in reserve on 09 January 1947. The first of the World War II carriers to do so, she then underwent modernization which gave her a new flight deck, and a streamlined island superstructure. On 04 June 1947 the CNO approved Project 27A by which Essex-class carriers were modernized to be able to handle aircraft to 40,000 pounds and included the installation of two H-8 catapults, strengthening the flight deck and clearing it of guns, increasing elevator capacity and adding special provisions for jet aircraft such as blast deflectors. USS Oriskany (CV 34), the first of nine carriers modernized under this project, began conversion at the New York Naval Shipyard on 01 October 1947. USS Essex (CV 9) was recommissioned 16 January 1951, and on 23 August 1951 she went into combat in Korea, the first carrier to launch F2H Banshee twinjet fighters on combat missions. On 01 February 1952 the CNO approved Project 27C, a modification of Project 27A. These changes included more powerful arresting gear, higher performance catapults, and a replacement of the number three centerline elevator with a deck-edge type of greater capacity. Three Essex-class carriers incorporating these modifications were completed under Project 27C. On 12 January 1953 test operations begin on USS Antietam (CVA 36), which emerged in December 1952 from the New York Naval Shipyard as America's first angled-deck aircraft carrier. The Lexington was commissioned on February 17, 1943, and was responsible for destroying over 1 million tons of shipping and more than 1,000 enemy planes during World War II. Tokyo Rose called the Lady Lex the `Blue Ghost' because of numerous reports of her sinking only to return to battle painted a blue-grey color which was different from the camouflage coloring of other naval vessels. After the Lex's brilliant stint during World War II, she was involved with the 7th Fleet off of Taiwan in 1958, and was on standby for the Laotian crisis of 1959, and served as an attack carrier during the Cuban missile crisis in 1963. After the Cuban missile crisis, she sailed back to Pensacola to serve as an aviation training carrier. She was homeported in Pensacola since 1962 , where it served as the Navy's only aircraft carrier used exclusively for training. This important new role allowed her to train new student aviators and maintain the high state of flight training for active

duty and reserve naval forces. In fact, her decks trained the Navy and Marine pilots who fought to preserve the peace in conflicts from the Vietnam war to the Persian Gulf war. The training aircraft carrier USS LEXINGTON (AVT 16) operated out of Pensacola, providing deck-landing and takeoff experience for Naval aviation cadets for over 20 years prior to being decommissioned on 08 November 1991. When the Navy announced the decommissioning and retirement of the Lexington in 1991, several communities launched efforts to have the ship transferred to their respective areas for use as a naval museum and memorial. On February 18, 1992, the Secretary of the Navy notified the Congress of his intent to transfer the obsolete aircraft carrier Lexington to the Corpus Christi Area Convention and Visitors Bureau.

SpecificationsDisplacement Length Beam Draft Speed Crew 27,100 tons 41,200 tons fully loaded as modified 872 feet 910 feet as modified 147' 6" 28' 7" 33 knots 2,631-3,448

ShipsNumb Name er CV 9 Essex Laid Build Homep Launch Commissio Decommissio Dow er ort ed ned ned n 1941 1941 1941 1942 1942 1943 1943 1941 1941 1942 1942 1943 1943 1943 1943 1944 1944 1942 1942 1943 1942 1943 1943 1943 1944 1944 1944 1943 1943 1943 1947 1947 1947 1947 1947 1947 1948 08 Nov 1991 1947 1947

CV 10 Yorktown CV 11 Intrepid CV 12 Hornet CV 13 Franklin CV 14 Ticonderoga CV 15 Randolph CV 16 Lexington CV 17 Bunker Hill CV 18 Wasp

CV 19 Hancock CV 20 Bennington CV 21 Boxer CV 31 Bon Homme Richard

1943 1942 1943 1943 1944 1944 1944 1944 1943 1943 1943 1943 1944 1944 1945 1944 -

1943 1944 1944 1944 1945 1945 1945 1944 1945 1944 1944 1945 1945 1945 -

1944 1944 1945 1944 1946 1946 1950

1947 1946 1959 1947 1959 1950 1976 1945

CV 32 Leyte CV 33 Kearsage CV 34 Oriskany CV 35 Reprisal CV 36 Antietam CV 37 Princeton CV 38 Shangri-La CV 39 Lake Champlain CV 40 Tarawa CV 45 Valley Forge CV 46 Iwo Jima CV 47 Phillipine Sea CV 50 CV 51 CV 52 CV 53 CV 54 CV 55 -

1945 1945 1944 1945 1945 1946

1963 1949 1947 1947 1949 1961 1945

1946

1969 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945 1945

* It is the belief of FAS that the caption labeled 1956 is in fact incorrect and should be labeled 1966, we applogize for any undue confusion..

CV-41 MIDWAY classThe carriers of the Midway class, displacing more than 67,000 tons fully loaded, carried a crew of 4,500 and up to 70 aircraft. These 1,000-foot-long warships were once the largest carriers afloat, though they had a displacement about two-thirds that of contemporary nuclear-powered flattops. When operating at sea the ships were refueled every three days, burning approximately 100,000 gallons of oil a day. When first built, the USS Midway's bow was open to the sea, and was enclosed in 1957 as part of a major overhaul. In a demonstration of carrier long-range attack capabilities, a P2V-3C Neptune took off from USS Franklin D. Roosevelt (CVB 42) off the coast of Jacksonville, FL on 07 February 1950 . The Neptune flew over Charleston, SC, the Bahamas, the Panama Canal, up the coast of Central America, over Mexico, and landed on Feb. 8, at San Francisco's Municipal Airport. The flight, covering 5,060 miles in 25 hrs. 59 min., was the longest ever made from a carrier deck. The USS Midway was commissioned on September 10, 1945. Named for the Battle of Midway, the carrier was the lead ship of her class, three of which were completed, with another two ships cancelled. Serving her country for 47 years, more than 200,000 American veterans served aboard her. In that time, the USS Midway saw service off Vietnam, in the Persian Gulf and in a number of other conflicts and crises. After being the first aircraft carrier forward deployed for 17 years in Yokosuka, Japan, she returned to North Island Naval Air Station in San Diego for decommissioning in April of 1992. The ability to adapt to new technologies, systems, platforms, and operational needs is nowhere better exemplified than in the design and 50-year operational history of the USS Midway. Designed during World War II, in 1945 this "flattop" initially operated pistondriven propeller aircraft, yet returned from her last deployment in 1991 with the Navy's most modern, multipurpose strike-fighters. Her original axial-deck design was modified to an angled-deck layout, her original hydraulic catapults were replaced with more powerful steam catapults, and the most basic electronics replaced by advanced sensors and communications equipment. Her air wing included four squadrons of F/A-18 Hornets and two squadrons of A-6 Intruders (a strike capability of 68 attack aircraft). While unable to operate either the F-14 Tomcat or S-3 Viking, MIDWAY was still an amazing and powerful national asset over forty years after her commissioning. The former USS Midway, now part of the Navy's mothball fleet in Bremerton, Washington, is available as a donation. Eligible recipients include any US state, possession, municipal government, or non-profit entity. The recipient of the aircraft carrier will be required to maintain the ship as a non-moving museum or memorial.

SpecificationsDisplacement Length Beam Flight Deck Width Speed Power Plant Aircraft Armament Combat Systems 62,000 tons full load 979 feet 121 feet 238 feet 30-plus knots 12 boilers, four geared steam turbines four shafts, 212,000 shaft horsepower Approximately 65 Sea Sparrow missiles 3 Phalanx CIWS 20mm mounts SPS-48C 3-D Air Search Radar SPS-49 Air Search Radar SPS-65 Navigation Radar 2 Mk115 Fire Control WLR- 1 ESM WLR-10 ESM WLR-11 ESM 2,533 ship's company; 2,239 in air wing

Complement

ShipsNumb Name er CV 41 Midway CV 42 Franklin D Roosevelt Builder Newport News New York NSY Newport News Norfolk Homep Commissio Decommissio Ordered ort ned ned Yokosu ka 01 Aug 1942 1942 1942 1942 1945 1945 10 Oct 1945 27 Oct 1945 01 Oct 1947 11 Apr 1992 01 Oct 1977 30 Apr 1990 11 Jan 1943 28 Mar 1945 28 Mar 1945

CV 43 Coral Sea CV 44 [CANCELLED] CVB 56 CVB 57 [CANCELLED] [CANCELLED]

CVA 58 United StatesAfter several years of planning, on 29 July 1948 President Truman approved construction of a "supercarrier", for which funds had been provided in the Naval Appropriations Act 1949. This first postwar carrier was laid down in April 1949. The flush-deck 65,000-ton CVA 58 United States was designed to launch and recover the large aircraft of 100,000 pounds required to carry early nuclear weapons, which weighed as much as five tons. The ship was to be over 1000 feet long, without an island, and of a radical new design. The construction cost of the new ship was estimated at $190 million, with the additional thirty-nine ships required to complete the accompanying task force estimated to cost $1.265 billion. The United States was also intended to provide tactical air support for air and amphibious forces and to conduct sea control operations. But the general perception was that the United States was primarily intended as a platform for long-range nuclear bombardment. The Air Force viewed the United States as the embodiment of the Navy's nuclear aspirations as an attempt to challenge what had been an effective Air Force monopoly on strategic nuclear weapons delivery. A majority of the JCS maintained that the super carriers main function would be a duplication of the primary role of the Air Force. In the face of limited budgetary resources, and responding to opposition from the Army and Air Force, Defense Secretary Louis Johnson announced on 23 April 1949 the cancellation of construction of the United States. This prompted the immediate resignation of Navy Secretary John Sullivan. This marked the beginning of a major onslaught on Navy funding. The fiscal constraints placed on the military in the late 1940s were severe, and plans debated in the summer of 1949 for the Fiscal Year 1951 budget called for deep cuts in naval aviation. Operational Essex Class carriers were to be reduced from eight to four, Carrier Air Wings from fourteen to six, operational Saipan Class carriers from ten to eight, Marine Squadrons from twenty three to twelve, Anti Submarine Warfare Squadrons from eight to seven, and Patrol Squadrons from thirty to twenty. While the Navy was struggling to maintain its carrier fleet, the Air Force was pushing for a seventy-group bomber force. The famous "Revolt of the Admirals" cost Admiral Denfield his position as CNO, but it saved carrier-based naval aviation. The first atomic bombs went to sea on the USS Franklin Roosevelt in 1950. The Navys inability to convey carrier doctrine to policy makers negatively effect Americas preparedness for subsequent wars and conflicts of a limited nature. It would take the accumulated experience of numerous limited engagements, and more particularly, the Vietnam War, for defense planners to recognize anything approaching the full potential of the carrier.

SpecificationsDisplacement Length Beam Flight Deck Width Speed Power Plant 75,900 to 79,300 tons full load 1,090 130 feet 190 feet 33 knots Eight boilers four geared steam turbines four shafts 280,000 shaft horsepower 12 VA [89,000 lb 2,000-nm radius bombers] 45 XF2H Banshee fighers 8 5-inch/54 guns 6 3-inch/37 guns 3,019 ship's company 2,480 in air wing

Aircraft Armament Complement

ShipsName United States Numbe Builder r CVA 58 Newport News Homepo Ordered rt 18 Apr 1949 Commissione Cancelled d -23 Apr 1949

CV-59 FORRESTAL classThe development of the Forrestal, the U.S. Navy's first super carrier, represented many significant improvements over previous carrier designs. Forrestal was the first carrier designed specifically to operate jet aircraft, and included an angled deck which permitted simultaneous takeoffs and landings. Forrestal's revolutionary design became the basis for all US carriers that followed. The flight deck had a different layout than later aircraft carriers, with the island placed closer to the bow and a different starboard elevator configuration (one forward, two aft). On the port side, the number four elevator is forward of the two waist catapults -- on later carriers, that elevator is aft of the waist cats. On July 29, 1967 the USS Forrestal was operating off the coast of Vietnam, when a Zuni rocket accidentally fired from an F-4 Phantom into a parked and armed A-4 Skyhawk. The impact caused the belly fuel tank and a 1,000 pound bomb on the Skyhawk to fall off, spilling JP5 (jet fuel) onto the flight deck and ignited a fire. The bomb exploded, causing a massive chain reaction of explosions fed by fuel and bombs from other aircraft that were armed and ready for the coming strike. Fuel and bombs spilled into the holes in the flight deck igniting fires on lower decks. This was the single worst loss of life on a navy vessel since the USS Franklin (CV-13) was bombed in WWII: 134 lost their lives, while an additional 64 were injured. For over 30 years, the sailors and aviators of the Forrestal sailed her though 21 successful operational deployments. In 1991, Forrestal provided support for Operation Provide Comfort, the international relief effort for the Kurds in northern Iraq. The ship completed the first noncombatant evacuation exercise ever conducted from a carrier, as well as many NATO and other multi-national exercises during her final deployment. In February 1992, the Forrestal changed her homeport from Mayport FL to Pensacola FL to become the US Navy's training carrier for naval aviators and support personnel. Forrestal arrived at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in September 1992 for her scheduled 14-month complex overhaul. The overhaul was discontinued in March 1993 when the Forrestal was designated for decommissioning in response to the decision to accelerate the closure of the Pennsylvania Naval Shipyard. USS Forrestal was decommissioned on 11 September 1993 in a ceremony at pier 6E at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. USS Forrestal remains moored at Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, awaiting final dispostion. Currently assigned to the U.S. Navy donation Program, she is being held for possible service as a museum and historical center. Saratoga was launched in Brooklyn, NY on October 8, 1955. Saratoga patrolled off the coasts of Cuba near Guantanamo Bay during the Cuban missile crisis. She was stationed off the coast of Lebanon during the Six-Day War. She saw combat in the Tonkin Gulf during the Vietnam war and in the Red Sea during the Persian Gulf war, and she was the first carrier to transit the Suez Canal by night. Saratoga began her final deployment--the 22d of her 38-year career--on January 12, 1994. Entering the Adriatic on February 1, Saratoga and her embarked carrier Airwing 17, launched the first of thousands of sorties in support of United Nations and NATO operations `Deny Flight' and `Provide Promise' over Bosnia and Herzogovina. Saratoga was decommissioned on August 20, 1994.

USS Independence (CV 62) was commissioned as a "Forrestal Class" attack aircraft carrier (CVA 62) at the Brooklyn Naval Shipyard, New York, on January 10, 1959. In June 1988 Independence completed The Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) at the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard. The ship changed homeports on September 11, 1991, deploying to Yokosuka Japan to become the Navy's only forward deployed aircraft carrier. On June 30, 1995, the 36-year-old Independence became the oldest ship in the Navy's active fleet, the first aircraft carrier to hold the honor. The ship is scheduled to decommission in the Fall of 1998. USS Kitty Hawk (CV 63), homeported in San Diego, California, departed 15 July 1998 for Yokosuka, Japan, where will replaced USS Independence (CV 62) as part of a planned rotation of forward-deployed naval forces. Subequently Independence returned to the United States, and was decommissioned on 30 September 1998. The navy originally planned eight ships of the Forrestal class. When improvements in the original Forrestal design were incorporated into the last four, they were designated as the separate Kitty Hawk class.

SpecificationsDisplacement Length Beam Flight Deck Width Speed Power Plant 75,900 to 79,300 tons full load 1,063 to 1,086 129 feet 252 feet 30-plus knots Eight boilers, with Forrestal's plant approximately 50 percent lower pressure than other ships in class; four geared steam turbines, four shafts 260,000 shaft horsepower for Forrestal, 280,000 for others Approximately 75 Sea Sparrow missiles 3 Phalanx CIWS 20mm mounts [installed during SLEP] SPS-48C 3-D Air Search Radar SPS-49 Air Search Radar SPS-67 3 Mk91 Fire Control SLQ-29 EW WLR- 1 ESM WLR- 3 ESM WLR-11 ESM 3,019 ship's company

Aircraft Armament

Combat Systems

Complement

2,480 in air wing Unit Operating Cost Annual Average $142,000,000 [source: [FY1996 VAMOSC]

ShipsName Forrestal Saratoga Ranger Numb Builder er CV 59 CV 60 CV 61 Newport News New York NSY Newport News Homepo Ordered rt Pensacol a Mayport San Diego Yokosuk a 1952 Commission Decommissio ed ned 1955 11 Sep 1993 20 Aug 1994 10 Jul 1993 30 Sep 1998

1953 14 Apr 1956 01 Feb 10 Aug 1957 1954 02 Jul 1954 10 Jan 1959

Independen New York CV 62 NSY ce

CV 63 Kitty HawkUSS Kitty Hawk is a conventionally powered aircraft carrier. Combined with the aircraft of Carrier Air Wing FIVE, it carries F-14, F/A-18, EA-6B, S-3 A/B, E-2CA aircraft and SH-60 helicopters, which give a multi-dimensional response to air, surface, and subsurface threats. KITTY HAWK underwent two overhauls in the Bremerton, Wash., Naval Shipyard in 1977 and 1982. The ship's most significant maintenance period, however, was a Service Life Extension Program (SLEP) in the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard beginning from 1987 through 1991. That rigorous four-year overhaul added an estimated 20 years to the planned 30-year life of the ship. Over a three month period in early 1998, nearly 4,000 shipyard workers, Sailors and contractors completed $65 million in repairs (over 500 major jobs) in the Complex Overhaul of the dry-docked Kitty Hawk. All four of the Hawks screws were repaired (number three was replaced), and all the line shaft bearings were replaced. Containments were built around the shafts to maintain temperature and humidity levels while complex fiberglass work was completed. For the rudders, large holes were cut through the decks, and the rudders and all associated systems were removed. Refurbished rudders were then removed from the decommissioned carrier USS Ranger while that ship was in the water, to be re-machined and installed on the Hawk. The aircraft carrier USS Kitty Hawk departed from Naval Air Station North Island on 06 July 1998, ending a 37 year relationship with the city of San Diego. USS Kitty Hawk (CV 63) departed to Yokosuka, Japan, on 15 July 1998 where it replaced USS Independence (CV 62) as part of a planned rotation of forward-deployed naval forces. USS Kitty Hawk arrived in Yokosuka in August 1998. Less than a week after arriving in her new homeport, civilian contractors from US Naval Ship Repair Facility (SRF), working with Kitty Hawk Sailors, began over 150 separate jobs. Projects range from repairing water-tight doors and hatches to replacing corroded deck drains. While a majority of the tasks are taking place in out-of-the-way areas, the largest job was replacing non-skid on the Flight Deck. Non-skid is an epoxy/sand compound used to protect the metal decking from corrosion and to provide traction for aircraft and personnel. Built at the New York Naval shipyard as the second ship in the "Kitty Hawk" class of aircraft carriers, USS CONSTELLATION has more than 30 years of service, which have seen it sail from Yankee Station off the coast of Vietnam to the Gulf of Oman in the Indian Ocean. In February 1990, USS CONSTELLATION departed San Diego, returning to the East Coast for a three-year overhaul. The $800-million Service Life Extension Program (SLEP), completed in the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard in March 1993, added an estimated 15 years to the carrier's operational life. The overhaul saw upgrades to virtually every system on the ship, from the galleys to the engine rooms, and the flight deck to the anchors. USS Constellation's Combat Systems Suite is one of the most advanced and capable in the fleet. SPS-48E three-dimensional fire control, TAS missile targeting and SPS-49

long-range air search radar systems operate together to allow the ship's Tactical Action Officer to accumulate and assess all hostile contacts. Enhanced by worldwide satellite communications and high frequency data links, information is available for anyplace, at any time. Other state-of-the-art systems, include the Aircraft Carrier Data system, Super High Frequency communications, Automatic Identification and Tracking, Joint Tactical Identification, and Positive Identification, Friend or Foe. The Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) can show charts of most of the world's waterways with the simple click of a button. It automatically plots the ship's position by Global Positioning Satellite and keeps a complete record, alleviating yet another time consuming job aboard ship. Available on less than half of the Navy' ships, ECDIS was installed aboard Constellation before its most recent Western Pacific deployment. Also new to the ship is the Flat Panel Display. Seven such displays, strategically placed around Constellation's Bridge and Auxiliary Conn, give the crew instant access to every piece of ship control data available on one notebook sized screen. The displays also make complex computations, such as what course and speed will create enough head wind to launch aircraft from the waistcatapults, automatically. The recent integration of a Commercial Off-The-Shelf (COTS) computer system with the existing UNIX based system is the first step in a project that will ultimately provide a system which is easier to work with and maintain, and which will be substantially smaller and cheaper to operate. New software gives the Aerographer's Mates (AG's) the ability to detect holes in land-based radars and track overhead orbiting polar satellites and download their images. With the new computer, AG's can log onto the classified Internet and check the status of weather, download imagery from orbiting satellites, or "chat" with other Navy weather commands in real time. This new equipment is the prototype to a METOC system that's still on the drawing board - Tactical Environmental Support System Next Century (TESS NC). The Navy is currently using the TESS 3 version. With TESS NC, several Pentium processors in the OA Division office will be linked and provide the same functions as the current equipment, while generating a substantial savings of time and money. USS Constellation's Intelligence Center (CVIC) recently augmented its intelligence capabilities with satellite communications and digital imagery technology. These new systems will allow the center to form a more complete and accurate picture of the battle space. The new satellite communication system Challenge Athena III (CA III) allows data to be transmitted and received at the rate of 1.54 megabytes per second, a near realtime connection with the rest of the battle group and other intelligence centers around the world. Digital imaging systems such as the Joint Services Imagery Processing SystemNavy allow the battle group commander to plan and execute tactical Tomahawk Land Attack Missile (TLAM) strikes by receiving images over the CA III satellite. Other new imagery systems include a Vexcel Scanner and Digital Camera Receiving Station (DCRS). The DCRS, in combination with the F-14 Tactical Aircraft Reconnaissance Pod System (TARPS) allows CVIC to collect near real time digital images from an airborne F-14 aircraft. Finally, CVIC has installed secure video teleconferencing equipment which can use the CA III satellite. These new systems have made Constellation's CVIC a

powerful, versatile intelligence gathering center able to operate independently in a variety of operational situations. USS CONSTELLATION returned to San Diego on July 22, 1993, following its third transit around Cape Horn at the tip of South America. On April 1, 1997 USS CONSTELLATION beginning a six month deployment to the Western Pacific, Indian Ocean and Arabian Gulf. The USS Constellation Battle Group replaced the USS Kitty Hawk Battle Group which had been forward deployed for six months to a variety of regions including the Western Pacific, Indian Ocean and the Persian Gulf. In October 1997 the USS Constellation battle group returned home on schedule after a highly successful six-month forward deployment to the waters of the Pacific and Indian Oceans and the Arabian Gulf. Carrier Air Wing Two (CVW-2), flew over 1,000 sorties in support of Operation Southern Watch enforcing the no-fly zone over southern Iraq. USS America CV-66, a slightly modified variant of the Constellation, was decomissioned on 09 August 1996 after a surprisingly short active career spanning three decades, and is presently in inactive reserve in the Naval Inactive Ship Maintenance Facility (NISMF), Philadelphia, PA. America returned from its last deployment 24 February 1996, where its squadrons flew 250 combat missions over the skies of Bosnia and Herzegovina. The ship and crew also distinguished themselves during Operation Desert Storm. America is the only carrier to have launched strikes against Iraqi targets from both sides of the Arabian Peninsula: Red Sea and Persian Gulf. The aircraft carrier was commissioned Jan. 23, 1965, at Norfolk Naval Shipyard. During its second deployment, America assisted with the rescue and medical treatment of crew members from the technical research ship USS Liberty (AGTR 5) after it was attacked by Israeli torpedo boats and jet fighters, June 8, 1967. America also completed three deployments off the coast of Vietnam, where it spent as many as 112 consecutive days on station. The de-comissioning of USS America made room in the active fleet for the newly comissioned CVN-74 USS John C.Stennis. USS Constellation is slated for replacement by the new CVN-76 Ronald Reagan in 2003. USS Kitty Hawk is slated for replacement by the as yet un-named CVN-77 in 2008.

SpecificationsPower Plant Length, overall Flight Deck Width Beam Displacement Eight boilers, four geared steam turbines, four shafts, 280,000 shaft horsepower 1062.5 feet (323.8 meters) 252 feet (76.8 meters) 130 feet (39 meters) Approx. 80,800 tons (72,720 metric tons) full load Approx. 78,500 tons (72,720 metric tons) full load CV66 America

Speed Aircraft Crew Armament Combat Systems

30+ knots (34.5+ miles per hour) 85 Ship's Company: 3,150 - Air Wing: 2,480 Sea Sparrow missiles 3 Phalanx CIWS 20mm mounts SPS-48C SPS-49 SPS-10f or SPS-67 3 Mk91 Fire Control SLQ-29 EW WLR- 1 ESM WLR-11 ESM ~$141,000,000 [source: [FY1996 VAMOSC]

Unit Operating Cost Annual Average

ShipsName Kitty Hawk Numb Builder er CV-63 NYSB Camden Homepo Ordered rt Yokosuk 01 Oct a 1955 San Diego Norfolk 01 Jul 1956 25 Nov 1960 Commission Decommissio ed ned 29 Sep 1961 2008 27 Oct 1961 2003 23 Jan 1965 09 Aug 1996

Constellati New York CV-64 on NSY America CV-66 Newport News

CV-67 John F. KennedyUSS JOHN F. KENNEDY (CV 67) was named for the 35th President of the United States. The ship's keel was laid October 22, 1964, at the Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company in Virginia. President Kennedy's nine-year-old daughter, Caroline christened the ship in May 1967 in ceremonies held at Newport News, Virginia; the ship subsequently entered naval service on September 7, 1968. KENNEDY was originally designed as a CVA-67, attack aircraft carrier. In the early 1970's, the classification was changed to CV-67, indicating the ship was capable of supporting anti-submarine warfare aircraft, making it an all-purpose, multi-mission aircraft carrier. In September 1995, the USS John F. Kennedy became the Naval Reserve's first aircraft carrier. Homeported at Mayport, FL, her primary function during contingency operations is to provide a surge capability, and in peacetime to support Navy force training requirements. As with all other Reserve ships, she remained fully mission ready. Since the Bottom-Up Review in 1993, the Defense Department routinely categorized the aircraft carrier force structure as consisting of 11 active carriers and one operational reserve/training carrier. In response to Quadrennial Defense Review analyses and a sixmonth deployment in 1997 with an active air wing, DoD reevaluated the concept of employing the John F. Kennedy (CV-67) primarily as an operational reserve/training carrier. As a result, this carrier was fully integrated into the active fleets deployment schedule, while still functioning as a reserve and training asset when not operating in forward areas. KENNEDY spent the winter of 1984 in drydock at the Norfolk Naval Shipyard for complex overhaul. KENNEDY departed Norfolk, Virginia, for her 12th major deployment to the Mediterranean in August 1988. On January 4, 1989, while conducting routine operations in international waters, F-14s from the embarked air wing shot down two Libyan MIG-23s that were approaching the battle group in a hostile manner. In the spring of 1989, the ship entered Norfolk Naval Shipyard for a short industrial period. On January 16, 1991, aircraft from the ship's Carrier Air Wing THREE began Operation Desert Storm with attacks on Iraqi forces. The ship launched 114 strikes and 2,895 sorties, with the aircrews of CVW-3 flying 11,263 combat hours and delivering more than 3.5 million pounds of ordnance in the conflict. After the cease fire, KENNEDY transited the Suez Canal for the fourth time in seven months and began her journey home. KENNEDY arrived in its homeport of Norfolk on March 28, 1991, to enter a four-month shipyard restricted availability at Norfolk Naval Shipyard. The ship departed the shipyard at the end of September with extensive repairs and maintenance accomplished on engineering systems, flight deck systems and equipment.

The 1991 Defense Base Closure and Realignment Commission recommended that the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard [PNSY] be closed but acknowledged that PNSY would perform the Service Life Extension Program for the USS. Kennedy from September 1993 until mid-1996. The work on the USS. Kennedy subsequently changed to a 24-month complex overhaul, which Congress required to be performed by PNSY. The Secretary of Defense concurred in this plan in September 1991. KENNEDY completed a two-year comprehensive overhaul in the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard on September 13, 1995. Following the overhaul, KENNEDY moved to its new homeport at the Mayport Naval Staion in Mayport, Florida. Kennedy returned home October 28, 1997 after six months of deployment in the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea in support of Operation Deliberate Guard, and the Arabian Gulf supporting Operation Southern Watch. As the sole conventionally powered aircraft carrier in the Atlantic Fleet, JFK deployed with the most advanced command, control, communications, computers and information systems (C4I) in the Navy.

SpecificationsPower Plant Length, overall Flight Deck Width Beam Displacement Speed Aircraft Crew Armament Combat Systems Eight boilers, four shafts, 280,000 total shaft horsepower 1052 feet (315.6 meters) 252 feet (76.8 meters) 130 feet (39.6 meters) 82,000 tons (full load) 30+ knots (34.5 miles per hour) Approximately 85 Ship's Company: 3,117 - Air Wing 2,480 Sea Sparrow missiles 3 Phalanx CIWS 20mm mounts SPS-43 SPS-48C 3 Mk91 Fire Control SLQ-29 EW WLR- 1 ESM WLR-11 ESM ~$120,000,000 [source: [FY1996 VAMOSC]

Unit Operating Cost Annual Average

ShipsName John F. Kennedy Numb Builder er CV-67 Newport News Homepo Ordered rt Mayport 30 Apr 1964 Commissio ned Decommissio ned 07 Sep 1968 2018

CVN-65 EnterpriseAt the commissioning of ENTERPRISE on September 24, 1960, the world's first nuclearpowered aircraft carrier was the mightiest warship to ever sail the seas. Enterprise is the longest carrier in the Navy at 1,123 feet. It is also the tallest (250 feet) and fastest (30+ nautical miles per hour) carrier in the fleet. She was built with a distinctive square island supporting phased-array radars and a complex EW system. In August 1962 ENTERPRISE joined the Sixth Fleet in the Mediterranean, and made its second and third deployments to the Mediterranean in 1963 and 1964. During the latter deployment, on May 13, the world's first nuclear-powered task force was formed when USS LONG BEACH and USS BAINBRIDGE joined ENTERPRISE. On July 31, the three ships were designated Task Force One and sent on "Operation Sea Orbit," a historic 30,565-mile voyage around the world, accomplished without a single refueling or replenishment. She was the first nuclear ship to enter combat when her aircraft struck targets in Vietnam, and she assisted in the evacuation of Saigon at the end of the Vietnam conflict. In October 1964 ENTERPRISE returned to Newport News Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company for its first refueling and overhaul. ENTERPRISE returned to Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company in 1970 for an overhaul and second refueling. Following the 1973 cease-fire in Vietnam, ENTERPRISE proceeded to Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, Bremerton, Wash., where "Big E" was altered and refitted to support the Navy's newest fighter aircraft -- the F-14A "Tomcat." The years 1979 to 1982 were spent at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard receiving a reconstructed island and numerous improvements. When first completed the island of the Enterprise had a very unique shaped structure consisting of a dome shaped top resting on a box, supporting SPS-32 and 33 radars, plus many ECM antennas, which were located on all four sides and top dome of the ship. These were all removed during retrofit, and the island was completely altered to resemble the island of Kitty Hawk class carriers. And in October 1990 ENTERPRISE moved to Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company for refueling and the Navy's largest complex overhaul ever attempted, being updated for service through 2015. ENTERPRISE completed its overhaul, the most extensive in U.S. Naval history, on Sept. 27, 1994. In mid-January 1995, "Big E" returned to Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company for a five month Selected Restricted Availability. The yard period involved upgrades to all of the combat and communications systems, intelligence suites, command and control capabilities, ventilation systems, berthing and dining areas, and underway replenishment equipment. In January 1997 Big "E" returned to Newport News Shipbuilding and Drydock Company for a six month Selected Restricted Availability. The focus of the yard period was habitability upgrades and various combat systems. An extended overhaul for the Enterprise began at Newport News Shipbuilding in 1999 and continued through mid-year 2000.

Upon her planned replacement by CVX-78 in 2013 she will be 52 years old.

SpecificationsPower Plant Length, overall Flight Deck Width Beam Displacement Speed Aircraft Crew Armament Combat Systems Eight nuclear reactors, four shafts 1,101 feet 2 inches (335.64 meters) 252 feet (75.6 meters) 133 feet (39.9 meters) 89,600 tons (80,640 metric tons) full load 30+ knots (34.5 miles per hour) 85 Ship's Company: 3,350 - Air Wing 2,480 Sea Sparrow missiles 3 Phalanx CIWS 20mm mounts SPS-48C/E SPS-49 SPS-67 3 Mk91 Fire Control SLQ-29 EW WLR- 1 ESM WLR-11 ESM ~$220,000,000 [source: [FY1996 VAMOSC]

Unit Operating Cost Annual Average

ShipsName Number Builder Homeport Ordered Commissioned Stricken 2013 Enterprise CVN 65 Newport News Norfolk 15 Nov 1957 25 Nov 1961

CVN-68 Nimitz-classTwelve aircraft carriers form the centerpiece of US Naval global forward presence, deterrence, crisis response, and warfighting. In addition to their power-projection role, they serve as joint command platforms in the worldwide command-and-control network. The carrier air wing can destroy enemy aircraft, ships, submarines, and land targets, or lay mines hundreds of miles from the ship. Aircraft are used to conduct strikes, support land battles, protect the battle group or other friendly shipping, implement a sea or air blockade. The air wing provides a visible presence to demonstrate American power and resolve in a crisis. The ship normally operates as the centerpiece of a carrier battle group commanded by a flag officer embarked in the carrier and consisting of four to six other ships, including guided missile cruisers, destroyers, frigates, replenishment ships and submarines. The NIMITZ-class carriers are a floating airport, capable of launching as many as four aircraft a minute. The ship's four catapults and four arresting gear engines enable her to launch and recover aircraft rapidly and simultaneously. The ships carry seven different types of aircraft with a total complement of more than 80 planes. During flight operations, the flight deck of 4.5 acres is a scene of intense activity, with crew, aircraft and other equipment functioning as a well-rehearsed and carefully choreographed team to ensure both efficiency and safety. Four aircraft elevators, each the size of two average city lots, bring the aircraft to the flight deck from the hangars below. Small tractors spot the planes on the flight deck. Aviation fuel is pumped up from tanks below, and bombs and rockets are brought up from the magazines. Powerful steam catapults (affectionately known as "Fat Cats") can accelerate 37-ton jets from zero to a safe flight speed of up to 180 miles per hour in about 300 feet and in less than three seconds. The weight of each aircraft determines the amount of thrust provided by the catapult. When landing, pilots use a system of lenses to guide the aircraft "down the slope," the correct glide path for landing. The four arresting wires, each consisting of two-inch thick wire cables connected to hydraulic rams below decks, drag landing aircraft going as fast as 150 miles per hour to a stop in less than 400 feet. High in the island, seven stories above the flight deck, the "Air Boss" and his staff coordinate the entire operation, which is carefully monitored from the flight deck level as well as by the Captain on the ship's bridge. The various functions of the flight deck crew are identified by the colors they wear: yellow for officers and aircraft directors; purple for fuel handlers; green for catapult and arresting gear crews; blue for tractor drivers; brown for chock and chain runners; and red for crash and salvage teams and the ordnance handlers. The NIMITZ-class self-defense measures include: missiles, guns, and electronic warfare. The NATO Sea Sparrow Missile System is comprised of two launchers with eight missiles each. Sea Sparrow is a radar-guided, short-to-medium range missile capable of engaging aircraft and cruise missiles. NIMITZ-class also has Close-In Weapon System mounts for short range defense against aircraft or missiles. Each mount has its own search and track radar, and a six-barrel, 20-millimeter Gatling gun capable of firing 3,000 rounds per minute

The carrier's two nuclear reactors give her virtually unlimited range and endurance and a top speed in excess of 30 knots. Eight steam turbine generators each produce 8,000 kilowatts of electrical power, enough to serve a small city. The ship has enough electrical generating power to supply electricity to a city of 100,000. The ships normally carrys enough food and supplies to operate for 90 days. Four distilling units enable NIMITZclass engineers to make over 400,000 gallons of fresh water from seawater a day, for use by the propulsion plants, catapults and crew. The ship carries approximately 3 million gallons of fuel for her aircraft and escorts, and enough weapons and stores for extended operations without replenishment. These ships also have extensive repair capabilities, including a fully equipped Aircraft Intermediate Maintenance Department, a microminiature electronics repair shop, and numerous ship repair shops. Keeping a NIMITZclass carrier ready at all times requires repair shops to maintain machinery and aircraft, heavy duty tailor shops to repair parachutes and other survival gear, and electronic ships that keep communication, navigation and avionics equipment in good condition. NIMITZ-class carriers boast all the amenities that would be found in any American city with a comparable population, including a post office with its own ZIP code, TV and radio stations, a newspaper, a fire department, a library, a hospital, a general store, two barbershops and much more. USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN 71) departed Newport News Shipbuilding (NYSE: NNS) on July 2, 1998 after a year-long period of maintenance and overhaul work. The ship returned to its homeport in Norfolk, Va. Work performed on Roosevelt included the replacement of all four ship propellers, blasting and painting of the hull, major renovations of onboard storage tanks and miscellaneous systems upgrades. The USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN 72) joined the fleet in 1990 as, concurrently, USS Coral Sea (CV 43) was decommissioned. USS Abraham Lincoln underwent a one-year comprehensive overhaul and a change of homeport from Alameida, Calif. to Everett, Wash. since its last major deployment in 1995. On 11 June 1998 USS Abraham Lincoln (CVN-72) departed Naval Station Everett to the Arabian Gulf and back over a six-month period, the ship's fourth major Western Pacific deployment. CVN 73, 74 and 75 were authorized to replace conventionally powered carriers as they retired in the 1990s. The Congress authorized full funding in 1988 for CVN 74 and 75. These ships are modified repeats of CVN 73. The keel of USS Harry S. Truman was laid 29 November 1993 and the ship was christened at Newport News on 07 September 1996. Harry S Truman (CVN 75) completed acceptance sea trials on 24 June 1998, was delivered to the US Navy a few days later. The ship was commissioned and put into active service on 25 July 1998 at the Norfolk Naval Base in Norfolk, VA. At that time, the Navy's oldest active commissioned ship, Independence (CV 62), transitioned to the inactive fleet. CVN 76's keel has been laid for a 2002 delivery, and CVN 77 will enter the fleet in 2008, as the two remaining Kitty Hawk-class carriers are retired. CVN 77 will act as a transition ship toward CVX, incorporating numerous new technologies and process design changes that will move naval aviation to a future carrier design.

Technological improvements will begin to be seen in CVN-76 RONALD REAGAN, which will be commissioned in 2002. REAGAN will have a redesigned bulbous bow for increased propulsion efficiency and trim stability. Her aircraft elevators will also have greater capacity then those currently in use aboard her sister ships. According to studies conducted by the Newport News Shipbuilding Carrier Innovation Center, one possibility evaluated would be to remove elevator number one (on the starboard side, near the bow catapults) and simply make it part of the flight deck. Elevators two and three would be widened and strengthened to handle up to three aircraft. This would vastly improve aircraft operating efficiency. According to Rear Admiral Alfred G. Harms, Commander, Carrier Group Three, the number one elevator is"rarely used. Particularly at night because of the safety considerations." This improved flight deck layout would increase air operations safety as well as the ships sortie rate. As a modified repeat of USS HARRY S. TRUMAN (CVN-75), REAGAN will provide an important step on the road to CVNX. The Navy plans 33-month nuclear refueling Refueling Complex Overhauls for its Nimitzclass carriers beginning with the USS Nimitz in fiscal year 1998. On 01 May 1998 Newport News Shipbuilding was awarded a contract by the U. S. Navy to perform refueling and overhaul work on the USS Nimitz (CVN 68). The contract, valued at approximately $1.2 billion, was signed by Navy and Newport News Shipbuilding officials on April 30, 1998. Nimitz, the lead ship of the class, is also the first of its class to undergo this major life-cycle milestone. The ship will arrive in late May 1998 and the work performance period is scheduled to last approximately 33 months. In addition to the refueling of both of the ships reactors, there will be significant modernization work. This includes a major upgrade of the island house that will involve the shipyard removing the top two levels of the island house and replacing them. This action is driven by the installation of a new antenna mast that runs down along the island and will provide for better radar capabilities. The shipyard is also integrating a new radar tower aboard Nimitz. The Navy elected to overhaul the Nimitz without adding cooperative engagement, integrated ship self defense, the advanced combat direction system, the rolling airframe missile, the SPQ 9 navigation radar, a common high-band data link, the battlegroup passive horizon extension system, an outboard weapons elevator, conversion of nuclear magazines, emergency ordnance handling, and improved propellers. More than 3,200 Newport News Shipbuilding employees will be working aboard Nimitz during peak periods of the overhaul and refueling project. The second overhaul is scheduled for fiscal year 2001, and the third is projected to begin about fiscal year 2005. The overhaul of the Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69), scheduled for 2000, will be the ship's first and only refueling during a service-life expected to span approximately 50 years. On 12 February 1999 Newport News Shipbuilding was awarded a $169,790,050 modification to previously awarded contract for the FY 99 advance planning of the refueling and complex overhaul of Dwight D. Eisenhower (CVN 69) and its reactor plants. Eisenhower is scheduled to arrive at Newport News in late 2000 and remain for approximately three years. Other Nimitz-class carriers will follow so that a carrier will be in a shipyard undergoing a nuclear refueling overhaul for about the next 30 years, with the exception of about 4 years during this period.

The 1993 decision to close Naval Air Station Alameda, Ca. made it necessary to develop the facilities and infrastructure to accommodate one NIMITZ-class aircraft carrier in San Diego. The USS John C. Stennis (CVN 74) is expected to arrive in San Diego in 1998. This will be in addition to the two conventionally-powered aircraft carriers, USS Kitty Hawk (CV 63) and USS Constellation (CV 64), presently homeported there. The nuclearpowered NIMITZ-class aircraft carrier is a much larger and deeper draft ship than its steam-driven predecessors. Thus, the dredging of the berthing areas, turning basin and the access channel adjacent to NAS North Island is necessary. Aircraft carriers are generally estimated to have useful operating lives of 50 years.

SpecificationsBuilder Power Plant Length, overall Flight Deck Width Beam Displacement Speed Aircraft Aircraft elevators Catapults Crew Newport News Shipbuilding Co., Newport News, Va. Two Nuclear Power Plant (A4W Pressurized Water Reactor) Four shafts, Four propellers, with five blades each 1,092 feet (332.85 meters) 252 feet (76.8 meters) 134 feet (40.84 meters) Approx. 97,000 tons (87,300 metric tons) full load 30+ knots (34.5+ miles per hour) 85 Four Four Ship's Company: 3,200 Air Wing: 2,480 Departments Administrative Medical Aircraft Maintenance Navigation Air Operations Chaplain Public Affairs Combat Systems Reactor Deck Safety Dental Supply Engineering Training Legal Weapons Maintenance 4 Sea Sparrow launchers 3 Phalanx CIWS 20mm mounts [Nimitz & Ike] 4 Phalanx CIWS 20mm mounts [Vinson and later]

Armament

Combat Systems

SPS-48E 3-D air search radar SPS-49(V)5 2-D air search radar 3 Mk91 Fire Control AN/SLQ-32(V)4 active jamming/deception AN/WLR-1H ESM 50 years ~$160,000,000 [source: [FY1996 VAMOSC]Investment cost Ship acquisition cost Midlife modernization cost Total investment cost Average annual investment cost Operating and support cost Direct operating and support cost Indirect operating and support cost Total operating and support cost Average annual operating and support cost Inactivation/disposal cost Inactivation/disposal cost Spent nuclear fuel storage cost Total inactivation/disposal cost Average annual inactivation/disposal cost $ 4,059 $ 2,382 $ 6,441 $ 129

Service Life Unit Operating Cost Annual Average Total Costs [$millions constant $FY97]

$11,677 $ 3,205 $14,882 $ 298

$ $ $ $

887 13 899 18

Total life-cycle cost Average annual life-cycle cost [source: GAO]

$22,222 $ 444

ShipsName Nimitz Number Builder Homeport Ordered 31 Mar 1967 29 Jun 1970 Commissioned Stricken 03 May 1975 2025 18 Oct 1977 2027 13 Mar 1982 2032 25 Oct 1986 2036 11 Nov 1989 2039 04 Jul 1992 2042 09 Dec 1995 2045 25 Jul 1998 2048 2002 2052 2008 2058 CVN-68 Newport News Norfolk Dwight D. Eisenhower CVN-69 Newport News Norfolk Carl Vinson Theodore Roosevelt Abraham Lincoln George Washington John C. Stennis Harry S. Truman [ex United States] Ronald Reagan

CVN 70 Newport News Bremerton 05 Apr 1974 CVN-71 Newport News Norfolk CVN 72 Newport News Everett CVN 73 Newport News Norfolk 30 Sep 1980 27 Dec 1982 27 Dec 1982

CVN-74 Newport News San Diego 30 Jun 1988 CVN-75 Newport News Norfolk 30 Jun 1988

CVN-76 Newport News San Diego 08 Dec 1994 CVN-77 Newport News building 03 Sep 1998

CVN-77The Navy aircraft carrier acquisition program responds to future challenges and requirements with a two-track strategy. The near-term track of this strategy is CVN 77, the tenth NIMITZ Class and the first carrier of the 21st Century. The post-Cold War carrier force structure includes 12 aircraft carriers, 11 in the active force and one in the reserves. To maintain this force structure, the Navy must begin construction of its next carrier, CVN-77, by fiscal year 2002 in order to complete it by fiscal year 2008. Completion in this year is necessary to replace the last conventional carrier, USS Kitty Hawk (CV-63), that will still be in service in the active force. Kitty Hawk will be 47 years old at that time. The Fiscal Year 1998 budget request would have funded CVN-77 in the traditional manner by means of advance procurement funding of $695.0 million in fiscal year 2000, with the remaining balance of $4.5 billion included in fiscal year 2002. The previous nuclear aircraft carrier, CVN-76, was authorized in fiscal year 1995. The seven year gap between CVN-76 and CVN-77 exceeded any construction interval between individual carriers in the previous three decades, which was the six years between USS Carl Vinson (CVN-70), a fiscal year 1974 ship, and USS Theodore Roosevelt (CVN-71), a fiscal year 1980 ship. In 1997 Newport News proposed what it termed a "Smart Buy" procurement strategy for the next Nimitz class carrier, under which a portion of CVN-77 funding originally budgeted for 2002 would be incrementally funded in FY98 through FY01. The company claimed that this advanced funding would reduce the cost of the carrier by an estimated $600 million by ensuring a strong supplier base and preserving essential shipbuilding skills that might otherwise be lost during the construction gap between CVN-76 and CVN-77. The FY1998 budget request included no funding for CVN 77, a posture supported by the House. However, the Senate authorized $345.0 million for procurement and construction of components for the CVN 77 aircraft carrier, authorized the Secretary of the Navy to enter into a contract or contracts with the carrier shipbuilder for such purposes, and authorized $35.0 million for research, development, test, and evaluation of technologies that have potential for use in the CVN 77. The Senate directed the Secretary of Defense to structure the procurement of the CVN 77 so that the carrier is acquired for an amount not to exceed $4.6 billion. The conferees supported construction of the CVN 77 and encouraged the Secretary of Defense to make available up to $295.0 million in fiscal year 1998 and to include in the FYDP accompanying the fiscal year 1999 budget request the funding necessary to achieve the savings required to remain within the $4.6 billion cost limitation.CVN-77 ANNUAL FUNDING [In millions of dollars]

-----------------------------------------------------------------------------Fiscal year-------------------------------------------------------Total 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 -----------------------------------------------------------------------------FYDP........... 0 0 695 0 4,505 5,200 Senate......... 345 170 875 135 3,074 4,600 ------------------------------------------------------------Difference..... +345 +170 +180 +135 -1,430 -600 ------------------------------------------------------------------------------

Responding to FY 1998 Congressional action, the Navy substantially revised the Department's SCN funding profile for CVN 77 in the FY 1999 budget submission. Including the $48.7 million provided by the FY 1998 Appropriations Act, the Department applied a total of $241 million above the advance procurement for nuclear components, for non-nuclear advance procurement and advance construction of components in FYs 1998 through 2000. With assistance in top line accommodation from the Office of the Secretary of Defense and the Office of Management and Budget, this accelerated the full funding of CVN 77 one year to FY 2001. The resultant profile, which shortens the production gap between CVN 76 and CVN 77, will provide significant industrial base benefits and savings while balancing other shipbuilding priorities. CVN-77 will provide a transition from the Nimitz-class nuclear aircraft carrier to the next-generation CV(X). As such, CVN-77 is a candidate for development, evaluation, and incorporation of a range of advanced technologies and acquisition reform initiatives which, not only could result in lower life cycle costs, but could also set the standard by which further improvements in the application of advanced technologies and acquisition initiatives to the design and construction of the CV(X) will be measured. Technology innovations fielded in CVN 77, which are targeted to achieve a 15% reduction in Operation and Support Costs, will also be backfit as feasible in the other nine ships of the NIMITZ Class through the Carrier Improvement Plan, and forward fit to achieve cost savings and risk reduction in the next class, CVX. The FY 1999 budget request included $38 million in RDT&E funding to support incorporation of critical transition technologies in CVN 77.

Features of CVN 77 Concept Design1 Passive Jet Blast Deflector: Redesigns and new materials mean reducedmaintenance costs.

2 Island Designs: Improve flight deck access and reduce signature andelectronic self-interference.

3 Signature Reduction: Curved flight deck edges, enclosed antenna farms,smaller islands and internal aircraft elevators add up to maximum stealth.

4 Aircraft Pit Stop: Semi-automated refueling and servicing in a newconfiguration and deck location provides faster, more efficient airwing pit stops and requires fewer people.

5 Hanger Bay: New designs reduce clutter.Other features incorporated in this concept include: Manpower Reductions: Technology, space rearrangement, operational procedure changes, advanced sensor technologies and condition-based maintenance systems all allow for a smaller, specially-trained crew. Reconfigurable Spaces: Life-of-the-ship modular construction designs provide flexibility and reduce cost. Expanded Bandwidth: More onboard and offboard capability gives the ship a communications edge. Zonal Electrical Distribution Systems: Isolate the potential for problems and minimizes the effect on the rest of the ship. Automation Insertion: Material movement devices, semi-autonomous, gravity compensated weapons handling devices, damage control automation systems and components will reduce the ship's crew and costs.

CVXThe CVX is a new ship class that is the second and long-term part of the Navy's two-track strategy for aircraft carrier recapitalization. The Navy's vision for CVX is to develop a new class of aircraft carriers to significantly reduce total ownership cost and incorporate an architecture for change and flexibility, while maintaining the core capabilities of Naval aviation (high-volume firepower, survivability, sustainability and mobility) for the 21st Century and beyond. Achieving this vision will require significant design changes to incorporate advances in technology and to focus the design on enhanced affordability since little carrier research and development has been undertaken since the 1960's. The Joint Requirements Oversight Council approved a mission needs statement (MNS) for a New Tactical Aviation Sea-Based Platform for the 21st Century, the CV(X), in March 1996. Among the potential alternatives that may compete with CV(X) in meeting the operational requirements of the MNS are the Mobile Offshore Base (MOB) and the Arsenal Ship, as well as land-based aircraft. For CVX purposes, in terms of aircraft spots, large is considered a ship carrying approximately 80 aircraft , medium a ship capable of carrying approximately 60 aircraft, and small is a ship capable of carrying approximately 40 aircraft. The Navy's FY 1999 plan for CVX includes $40 million in RDT&E funding for feasibility and trade studies supporting CVX design and a Milestone I decision. The FY 1999 request for CVX also includes $149.5 million in RDT&E funding for the development of critical technologies. These R&D efforts include: advanced technology catapult, advanced propulsion concepts, enhanced survivability features, integrated information management technologies, automation for reduced manning, and computer aided design tools. These critical technologies are started in FY 1999 to ensure that CVX can reduce the total cost of ownership of its aircraft carriers and meet its required Initial Operational Capability date of 2013, when the first CVX is slated to relieve the 52 yearold Enterprise (CVN 65). CVNX-1 will feature a new design nuclear propulsion plant leveraging three generations of submarine reactor technology. The requirement for a new nuclear propulsion system reflects a need for a reduction in manning, maintenance, acquisition, and life cycle costs. This new powerplant will enable CVNX-1 to meet the large-scale electrical demands predicted for 21st century shipboard technology. A new electrical generation distribution system will also be a critical feature of the CVNX design. This feature will result in immediate warfighting enhancements in several areas:

Survivability. A redundant grid electrical system will enhance damage control features. Electrical auxiliary systems will require reduced maintenance and allow the ship to utilize all generated electric power more effectively than the current design, where the carrier cannot always efficiently access all power available. Availability. Reduced maintenance and greater reliability will enable CVNX-1 to have a greater availability in reduced shipyard periods. Flexibility. The advanced electrical features of this new powerplant will allow for the rapid reconfiguration of CVNX-1 to utilize advanced technologies, as they become available. The tentative goals with CVNX-1 will also include a further reduction in operating costs and manpower requirements from CVN-77. CVNX-2 will be the culmination of the evolutionary carrier design program started with CVN-76. Key features of CVNX-2 will include an electromagnetic aircraft launching system that will have reduced manpower and maintenance as well as lower wind over deck requirements for aircraft launch and recovery. This system will also extend aircraft life, as peak loads on the airframe will be reduced. This design utilizes technology similar to that used by European rail systems to propel bullet trains. The benefits will be freeing the catapults from dependence on ship-generated steam, as well as an increase in available energy and a major reduction in both weight and volume. Consideration had been given to an internal combustion catapult that would utilize a combination of JP-5 and an oxidizer to propel the launch assist mechanism. A drawback to this system was the separate storage and piping systems required for the oxidizer, as well as the drain on JP-5 resources. CVNX-2 will be designed with modular architecture and systems that are reconfigurable to provide operational flexibility. CVNX-2 will have an advanced armor system to improve her combat survivability. Commercial systems will be adapted for use in ship operations, habitability, mooring, and maneuvering. An advanced weapons information management system will automate the process of weapons inventory control, weapons movement, and weapons deployment from the magazine to the aircraft. The long-term goals with CVNX-2 envision additional reductions in total operating costs and manpower requirements. The Navy remains committed to a 21st century aircraft carrier utilizing advanced technological applications. The goal is to create a sea based tactical air platform that not only retains the warfighting relevance of the NIMITZ class, but also is designed with architecture for change. This approach will allow the Navy to take advantage of maturing technologies that not only enhance warfighting capabilities but also provide opportunities to reduce life cycle costs. While this new ship will be the most advanced sea-based aviation platform ever deployed by the Navy, it will be an evolutionary progression of the current NIMITZ design. CVNX will have stealthier features than current carriers but will not be a completely stealth design. The stealth wave piercer design seen in speculative drawings is definitely not the shape of things to come.

The Navy has adopted an evolutionary design approach for future carriers, beginning with the CVN 77 as a transition ship and retains the Nimitz-class hull form largely unchanged through at least CVNX 2. The FY2001 budget request included $21.9 million for advance procurement and advance construction of long lead time components for CVNX 1. The Navy's long-term plan is to provide full funding for CVNX 1 in fiscal year 2006. There are a number of castings for the large machinery associated with an aircraft carrier propulsion plant that have a very long production lead time. To maintain the schedule for CVNX 1 and deliver these needed pieces of machinery as required by the construction sequence, the Navy needs to obligate funds for some of these components in fiscal year 2001. On 13 July 2000 the Senate authorized the Secretary of the Navy to procure the aircraft carrier to be designated CVNX-1. The Secretary may enter into one or more contracts for the advance procurement and advance construction of components for the ship, with $21,869,000 authorized for the advance procurement and advance construction of components (including nuclear components) for the CVNX-1 aircraft carrier program.

SpecificationsBuilder Power Plant Length Beam Draft Displacement Capacity Speed Crew Aircraft knots ( mph) feet feet feet tons

ShipsNam Numbe Builder e r CVX-78 Newport News CVX-79 Newport News Homepor Ordere Commissione Decommissione t d d d 2006 2011 2013 2018 2063 2068

Arsenal ShipArsenal ship was a joint Navy / DARPA program to acquire a moderate cost, high firepower demonstrator ship with low manning as soon as possible. The Arsenal Ship was planned to restore the naval support of the land battle, the modern day equivalent of the firepower that battleships provided during World War II and in Korea. The plan was to produce the demonstrator ship for initial operational capability (IOC) by the year 2000. Based on successful demonstration, a total force of four to six Arsenal ships would be funded. The goal was to develop an Arsenal Ship (AS) functional design by the end of FY97. This timeline from concept design (FY96) through fabrication (FY00) represented half the development time of previous naval vessels of this complexity. The Arsenal Ship would contains four times the VLS cells found on a CG-52 class ship, have a fixed unit sailaway price of $450 million, and a life-cycle cost 50% less than that of a naval combatant. But in early 1997 the House National Security Committee concluded that the Arsenal Ship and the SC-21 were two separate major warship development programs, and that the cost of carrying out two such programs would be unaffordable, while the requirement for both had been validated by the Secretary of Defense. On 24 October 1997 the HouseSenate conference committee on the FY1998 Defense Authorization Bill on refused additional funding for the Arsenal Ship. With only $35 million appropriated, the Navy needed an additional $115 million to sustain the program. That day the Secretary of the Navy announced that the program would not be pursued. Some of the design work has been incorporated into the SC-21 and DD-21 program. On 01 December 1997 the National Defense Panel report criticized the cancellation of the Arsenal Ship, noting that the ship could have reduced the need for aircraft carriers. The Arsenal Ship was developed initially as a demonstration program to provide a large increase in the amount of ordnance available to ground- and sea-based forces in a conflict, particularly during the early days. The Navy envisioned that the ship would have a large capacity of different missiles, including Tomahawk and Standard, and space for future extended range gun systems. The ship could also have a sea-based version of the Army Tactical Missile System. This ship could greatly increase capabilities in littoral operations to conduct long-range strike missions, provide fire support for ground forces, defend against theater ballistic missiles, and maintain air superiority. The Arsenal Ship has the potential to provide substantial fire support to a variety of missions in regional conflicts without the logistics burden of transporting both delivery systems and ammunition to the shore and forward areas. The Arsenal Ship is expected to carry a large number of VLS cells but without the sophisticated command and control and radar equipment found on Aegis-equipped ships. The ships would be theater assets that will operate under the authority of the joint Commanders-In-Chief (CINCs) and receive their targeting along with command and decision information from other assets. This ship will rely on other military assets,

including surface combatants, to provide the targeting information and connectivity necessary to launch its weapons. The Arsenal Ship would server as the magazine for a distributed sensor network. A unique aspect to the Arsenal Ship is that all the command and decision functions would be made off board. Thus, the Arsenal Ship will not be fitted with long range surveillance or fire control sensors, but will be remotely controlled via robust data links. The data links will be secure, redundant and anti-jam in order to provide high reliability in the connectivity of the Arsenal Ships in high jamming operational scenarios. The overall program is an attempt to leverage the significant joint investment in Link 16 and CEC. Early in arsenal ship's life this control will be exercised through an Aegis platform. As the theater connectivity matures, the Arsenal Ship would accommodate a more robust set of controls from a wide variety of sources that would include JSTARS aircraft, AWACS or an E-2 with Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) and, a soldier or a Marine on the ground or a command post ashore. This concept allows for remote missile selection, on-board missile initialization and remote launch orders, and provides remote "missile away" messages to the control platform. The ship would have the equivalent ordnanceabout 500 vertically launched weapons from a wide variety of the militarys inventoryof about four or five Aegis cruisers and destroyers. Employing the Cooperative Engagement Capability (CEC) remote magazine launch concept, the arsenal ship would provide additional magazine capacity for Theater Ballistic Missile Defense (TBMD) and Air Supremacy missiles. The Navy envisioned the ship to have a small crew (possibly less than 50 members) and be highly survivable. Associated with minimizing ship costs and manning is the planned reliance on passive survivability, so that it would be very difficult for the Arsenal Ship to be hit by modern weapons. This may be achieved by a combination of reducing the signatures of the ship and the tactical use of countermeasures. If the ship is hit by a missile or a torpedo, the design would insure that the magazines are not violated. Finally, the hull would be sized and designed such that, even if the ship encounters a large torpedo or mine, the ship won't sink. The Navy planned to maintain the Arsenal Ship forward deployed in major overseas regions for extended periods by rotating the ships crew and returning the ship only for major maintenance and overhauls. This plan would allow the Navy to use fewer Arsenal Ships to maintain overseas presence than if the ships were deployed routinely from the United States and permit their early availability in a conflict. Additionally, if the Arsenal Ship concept proves successful and within its cost projections (around $500 million for construction of each ship), DOD and the Navy may be able to retire or forego purchases of some assets, such as aircraft carriers, surface combatants, ground-based launchers, or combat aircraft.

The Arsenal Ship Program's acquisition approach represented a major departure from the way Navy ships have been acquired in the past. The program turned the systems development process over to industry at its earliest stage and challenges industry to develop and design the optimum mix of performance capabilities which can be accommodated within production and life-cycle affordability constraints. In an effort to optimize streamlined technical and business approaches, the program used DARPA's Section 845 authority to conduct prototype development and acquisition experiments outside normal constraints of the Federal Acquisition Regulations. Experience during the Arsenal Ship Project showed that to achieve a design balanced between cost and performance, a significant amount of interchange was required among subject experts, analysts, and the technical personnel developing the system and functional designs. Additionally, subject experts from outside of the team were used to assure critical performance requirements were understood and satisfied. However, because of the limitations on access applied during the Arsenal Ship Project, achieving the design balance became quite difficult. In July 1996, DARPA awarded each of five industry teams $1 million Phase I agreements under full and open competition. Since that time, the five teams performed various tradeoff studies and developed their initial Arsenal Ship design concepts based upon the governments Ship Capabilities Document and the Concept of Operations. The Phase I Arsenal Ship Concept Designs, in conjunction with the three successful offeror's Phase II proposals, formed the basis for the Phase II selection and were deemed as providing the best value to the government. In early 1996 the program was redesignated the Maritime Fire Support Demonstrator (MFSD). The new effort broadened the scope to insert technologies into the demonstrator in preparation for risk reduction for SC-21. The MFSD was to be an at-sea technology testbed for the SC-21, the next-generation CVX aircraft carrier, and other future ships. In Phase II, which lasted one year, three industry teams continued to develop their concept designs into functional designs consisting of an integrated engineering and cost baseline for the Arsenal Ship Program. On 10 January 1997 DARPA selected three industry teams for Phase II of the Arsenal Ship Program. The three selected industry teams were each awarded $15 million modifications to their existing Phase I Arsenal Ship agreements. The three Phase II industry teams were:

General Dynamics, Marine/Bath Iron Works, Bath, Maine, Team Leader, with: General Dynamics, Marine/Electric Boat, Groton, Conn.; Raytheon Electronic Systems, Lexington, Mass.; and Science Applications International Corp., McLean, Va. Lockheed Martin, Government Electronic Systems, Morrestown, N.J., Team Leader, with: Litton Industries/Ingalls Shipbuilding, Pascagoula, Miss.; and Newport News Shipbuilding, Newport News, Va.

Northrop Grumman Corporation, Sykesville, Md., Team Leader, with: National Steel and Shipbuilding Co., San Diego, Calif.; Vitro Corp., Rockville, Md.; Solipsys, Columbia, Md.; and Band Lavis & Associates, Inc., Severna Park, Md.

After Phase II, DARPA planned to select one industry team to enter into Phase III, with the Navy to award an MFSD design and construction contract to one of the three Arsenal Ship teams in January 1998. During that phase, the industry team chosen would complete its detail design and construct an Arsenal Ship Demonstrator, as well as provide an irrevocable offer to construct five additional Arsenal Ships and convert the Arsenal Ship Demonstrator into a fully operational asset in the production phase (Phase V). Phase IV consists of performance testing and a fleet evaluation. The value of the research and development portion (Phases I-IV) of the program was approximately $520 million. Specific objectives to be demonstrated included the ability to perform the operational mission for 90 days; architecture, communications, and datalink functions capable of satisfying the AS concept of operations; and the capability for remote launch of strike, area air warfare, and fire support weapons. The planned test program will include a salvo launch of up to three Tomahawk missiles in 3 minutes; a single SM2 launch using the AS as a remote magazine for a cooperative engagement capability ship, a single Tomahawk launch using the AS as a remote magazine for air-directed and shore-based targeting, and a single weapon launch from a VLS cell in support of a naval surface fire control mission digital call for fire. Programmed DTO Funding ($ millions) PE 0603763E Project MRN-01 FY97 15.0 15.0 25.0 40.0 FY98 FY99 47.0 47.0 141.0 188.0 50.0 50.0 90.5 140.5 FY00 FY01 FY02 36.0 36.0 80.2 116.2 22.0 22.0 11.4 33.4 0 0 0 0 FY03 0 0 0 0

Total S&T 0603852N* S2294 Total

SpecificationsArmament Crew Design Estimated Number Cost 500-cell Vertical Launch System (VLS) Tomahawk Land-Attack Missiles (TLAMs) Army Tactical Missile System ~~ 50; designed to be highly automated Low radar signature ("stealthy") double hull possible length 500-800 feet Six vessels $500-800 Million each missiles will cost ~~$500 million

BB-61 IOWA-classBattleships were tasked to conduct prompt and sustained combat operations at sea, worldwide, in support of national interests. They operated as an element of a carrier battle group or amphibious group. In areas of reduced anti-air warfare threat, they were capable of surface action group and battle group operations, centered on the battleships, with appropriate anti-submarine and anti-air warfare escort ships. All four Iowa-class battleships authorized for reactivation during the early 1980s have been de-commissioned. They were activated briefly to help the Navy correct a shortage in major fleet deployment elements that developed during the 1970s and 1980s. These powerful, flexible capital ships increased the Navy's ability to provide an important new capability in maritime power, plus much-needed flexibility in carrier deployment schedules. No smaller ship can sustain a comparable level of offensive efforts in terms of volume, weight and duration of firepower and in terms of both guns and cruise missiles, and survivability. Additionally, the cost to reactivate and modernize a battleship is about that of a modern guided missile frigate. Congress directed the reactivation and modernization of the first Iowa-class battleship in the summer of 1981. This ship, USS New Jersey (BB 62), was commissioned for the third time on December 28, 1982. USS Iowa (BB 61) was recommissioned April 8, 1984. USS Missouri (BB 63) was recommissioned May 10, 1986 and USS Wisconsin (BB 64) was recommissioned October 22, 1988. The Navy spent about $1.7 billion to modernize and reactivate the four Iowa class battleships. After two and a half decades in "mothballs", Iowa was modernized under the 1980s defense buildup and recommissioned 28 April 1984. Iowa was in inactive service twice as long as it was in active service (36 years, 9 months, compared to 18 years, 11 months). USS Iowa participated in operations in the Caribbean and the North Atlantic. She went to European waters in 1985, 1986 and 1987 through 1988, with the latter cruise continuing into the Indian Ocean and Arabian Sea. On 19 April 1989, an explosion of undetermined cause ripped through her Number Two sixteen-inch gun turret killing 47 crewmen. Turret Two remained unrepaired when she decommissioned in Norfolk, Va., for the last time 26 October 1990. USS Missouri (BB 63) began her new life with an around-the-world cruise, the first such cruise for a battleship since the Great White Fleet sailed in 1907. In 1987, Missouri deployed to the Persian Gulf area and spent the following three years in exercises in the Pacific. Missouri again went to the Persian Gulf in January 1991 and actively participated in the War with Iraq in January and February. Her subsequent operations were in the Pacific, including another visit to Australia and participation in December 1991 ceremonies at Pearl Harbor remembering the fiftieth anniversary of the Japanese attack there. USS Missouri decommissioned in March 1992 and was placed in Reserve at Bremerton, Washington.

The retirement of USS Missouri generated competing requests from organizations in Bremerton, Washington and Long Beach and San Francisco, California, before the Navy awarded it to Pearl Harbor. The first battleship battle group (BBBG) deployed to the Western Pacific in 1986, built around USS New Jersey (BB 62). In addition to demonstrating the desired flexibility and US presence, USS New Jersey's BBBG deployment was an exercise of Navy interoperability with land-based US Air Force units. USS New Jersey's performance during her initial deployment demonstrated the ability of the modernized battleship to do the job. Her reliability, responsiveness and endurance confirmed their value and the need for battleships in the surface Navy of the 1990s and beyond. During that initial ll-month deployment, which began as a three-month shakedown cruise, USS New Jersey fired her 16-inch guns for the first time since rejoining the fleet at gun emplacements ashore while off Beirut, Lebanon. Despite long-standing private sector interest in obtaining the New Jersey under the donation program, the ship was subject to several administrative and legislative actions that caused it to be taken off, then placed back on, the Naval Vessel Register in the 1990s, before being finally removed in 1999. It was removed from the Register in January 1995 as part of a Navy decision to remove the four Iowa class battleships built for the Navy during World War II. Section 1011 of the National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1996 included battleship readiness requirements to (1) list and maintain at least two Iowa class battleships on the Naval Vessel Register [the official inventory of ships in custody or titled by the Navy] that are in good condition and able to provide adequate fire support for an amphibious assault; (2) retain the existing logistical support necessary to keep at least two Iowa-class battleships in active service, including technical manuals, repair and replacement parts, and ordnance; and (3) keep the two battleships on the register until the Navy certified that it has within the fleet an operational surface fire support capability that equals or exceeds the fire support capability that the Iowa-class battleships would be able to provide for the Marine Corps' amphibious assaults and operations ashore. The Navy placed two Iowa Class battleships [Wisconsin and New Jersey] on the register about 2 years after the act's requirement took effect. Both ships were in good material condition and had been maintained on the register in the highest readiness category for inactive ships. The Navy planned to keep the battleships on the register until its naval surface fire support gun and missile development programs achieve operational capability, which was estimated to occur between fiscal year 2003 and 2008.

Before section 1011 was enacted, the Navy had begun to demilitarize the New Jersey by welding down the training mechanisms of its 16- inch guns. Despite this action, the Navy selected the New Jersey over the Iowa, which had one of its 16-inch gun turrets rendered inoperable, due to an earlier explosion because repair cost estimates for the latter were greater. In the Strom Thurmond National Defense Authorization Act for Fiscal Year 1999, Congress directed the Navy to substitute the Iowa for the New Jersey on the NVR and to arrange for its donation. One of the legislation's requirements was that the ship be located in New Jersey as a condition of the donation. The Navy made this change in January 1999. On 20 January 2000, the Secretary of the Navy approved the selection of the Home Port Alliance, a nonprofit organization, to receive the New Jersey under the Navy's ship donation program. The organization had sought to obtain the ship for use as a floating museum to be moored in Camden, New Jersey. The Secretary's decision represented the culmination of a competition between the Alliance and the USS New Jersey Battleship Commission, another nonprofit organization, which had sought to obtain the ship for a proposed museum in Bayonne, New Jersey. Placed out of commission at Bayonne on 08 March 1968, Wisconsin (BB-64) joined the "Mothball Fleet" there, leaving the United States Navy without an active battleship for the first time since 1896. Subsequently taken to the Philadelphia Naval Shipyard, Wisconsin remained there with USS Iowa (BB 61) until recommissioned again on 22 October 1988. USS Wisconsin returned to war when Iraq invaded Kuwait. In February 1991, Wisconsin fired her 16-inch guns at targets just north of Khafji, Saudi Arabia, the ship assisted shore-based ground units in their tasks. Wisconsin shared gunnery duties with USS Missouri (BB 63). USS Wisconsin was decommissioned for the final time, on 30 September 1991. After being berthed at the Naval Station Norfolk, VA, she was moved on 31 May 2000 to the Norfolk Naval Shipyard. She will be moored in downtown Norfolk as a museum in late 2000. The Kentucky (BB-66) was built at the Norfolk Navy Yard, Portsmouth, Virginia, but never completed. Her keel was first laid in March 1942. Construction was suspended in June of that year and not resumed until December 1944. Work was again suspended in February 1947. The ship, completed only up to her second deck, was launched to clear the building drydock, so that USS Missouri (BB-63) could undergo repairs for damage received when she went aground on 17 January 1950. Though several schemes were entertained for completing Kentucky as a guided-missile ship, none were pursued. Her bow was removed in 1956 to repair USS Wisconsin (BB-64), and she was sold for scrapping in October 1958. However, Kentucky's engines remain in service to this day, powering the fast combat support ships USS Sacramento (AOE-1) and USS Camden (AOE-2).

SpecificationsDisplacement Length Beam Draft Max Speed Power Plant Armament Light Displacement: 45231 tons Full Displacement: 57271 tons Dead Weight: 12040 tons Overall Length: 888 ft Waterline Length: 860 ft Extreme Beam: 109 ft Waterline Beam: 108 ft Maximum Navigational Draft: 38 ft Draft Limit: 37 ft 35 knots Eight boilers, four geared turbines, four shafts, 212,000 shaft horsepower 32 - Tomahawk ASM/LAM - 8 armored box launchers 16 - Harpoon ASM - 4 quad cell launchers 9 - Mk 7 - 16-inch / 50 caliber guns 12 - Mk 28 - 5-inch / 38 caliber guns 4 - Mk 15 - 20mm Phalanx CIWS SPS-49 Air Search Radar SPS-67 Surface Search Radar 4 Mk37 Gun Fire Control 2 Mk38 Gun Direction 1 Mk40 Gun Director 1 SPQ-9 [BB-61] SLQ-25 NIXIE SLQ-32 EW system None embarked landing area and unhangared parking area 4 SH-3 or 4 SH-60 1,515 ship's company 65 officers 1,450 enlisted 58 Marines New York Navy Yard -- BB 61, 63 Philadelphia Navy Yard -- BB 62, 64

Combat Systems

Aircraft

Compliment

Builders

ShipsName Iowa New Jersey Numb Builder er BB 61 BB 62 New York NSY Philadelphia NSY New York NSY Philadelphia NSY Philadelphia NSY New York NSY Homepor Ordered t Norfolk Long Beach Long Beach Norfolk 01 Jul 1939 01 Jul 1939 12 Jun 1940 12 Jun 1940 09 Sep 1940 09 Sep 1940 Commission Decommissio ed ned 22 Feb 1943 26 Oct 1990 23 May 1943 08 Feb 1991

Missouri BB 63 Wisconsi BB 64 n Illinois BB 65

11 Jun 1944 31 Mar 1992 16 Apr 1944 30 Sep 1991 CANCELLE 12 Aug 1945 D SCRAPPED 31 Oct 1958

Kentucky BB 66

CGN 9 LONG BEACHUSS LONG BEACH was the first nuclear powered cruiser and first large combatant in the US Navy with its main battery consisting of guided missiles. She was also the first American cruiser since the end of World War II to built entirely new from the keel, up, and, when completed, boasted the highest bridge in the world. She was also the last warship to be fitted with teakwood decks. Built in Bethlehem Steel Company's Fore River Shipyard at Quincy, Massachusetts, the ship's keel was laid on December 2, 1957. The ship was later launched on July 14, 1959. USS LONG BEACH got underway on nuclear power for the first time on the morning of July 5, 1961. On September 9, 1961, the ship was commissioned at the Boston Navy Shipyard, From January to October 1985, the TOMAHAWK cruise missile system was installed onboard at Puget Sound Naval Shipyard, replacing the previously removed TALOS system.

SpecificationsDisplacement Length Beam Max Speed Power Plant Aircraft Armament 17,525 tons (full load) 721 feet 73 feet 30-plus knots 2 - Westinghouse C1W nuclear reactors 2 geared turbines, 2 shafts None - helo landing area only Standard Missiles (ER) ASROC (from MK 16 box launcher) 8 - Harpoon (from two quad launchers) 8 - Tomahawk ASM/LAM (from 2 armored box launchers 6 - MK 46 torpedoes (from 2 triple tube mounts) 2 - 5-inch/38 caliber guns 2 - 20mm Phalanx CIWS SPS-48 Air Search Radar SPS-49 Air Search Radar SPS-67 Surface Search Radar SQQ-23 Sonar [keel-mounted] 1 Mk14 Weapon Direction System 2 Mk56 Gun Fire Control System 4 Mk76 Missile Fire Control System 1 Mk111 ASW Fire Control System 4 SPG-55 Radars 2 SPW-2 Radars

Combat Systems

SLQ-32 EW system Mk 6 FANFARE Complement 825 (55 officer, 770 enlisted); Marines: 45 (1 officer, 44 enlisted)

ShipsName Long Beach Numbe Builde Homepor Ordered r r t CGN 9 Quincy San Diego 15 Oct 1956 Commissione Decommissione d d 09 Sep 1961 01 May 1995

CG-16 Leahy classModern US Navy Guided Missile Cruisers perform primarily in a Battle Force role. These ships are multi-mission (AAW, ASW, ASUW) surface combatants capable of supporting carrier or battleship battle groups, amphibious forces, or of operating independently and as flagships of surface action groups. Due to their extensive combat capability, these ships have been designated as Battle Force Capable (BFC) units. The Leahy-class were "double-end" guided missile Guided Missile Destroyer Leader [DLG], which as with other similar ships were reclassified as Guide Missile Cruisers [CG] on 30 June 1975. The class was given an AAW upgrade during the late-1960's and early 1970's, with Terrier launchers modified to fire Terrier or Standard SM-1ER missiles. The 3"/50 guns were replaced by 8 Harpoon missiles, the Terrier launchers were upgraded to fire the Standard SM-2ER missile, and 2 Phalanx CIWS were added. All were upgraded under the late-1980's New Threat Upgrade (NTU) program, which included combat system capability improvements to the ship's Air Search Radars (SPS48E and SPS-49), Fire Control Radars (SPG-55B), and Combat Direction System (CDS). These improvements provided an accurate means of coordinating the engagment of multiple air targets with SM-2 Extended Range missiles. During the NTU overhaul, all spaces were renovated, berthing and food servic