u.s. microgrid research1].pdfu.s. microgrid research presentation at the university of tokyo,...
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Environmental Energy Technologies Division
U.S. Microgrid Research
presentation at the
University of Tokyo, Holonic Energy Systems Laboratory
11 July 2005by
Chris Marnay
[email protected] - +1.510.486.7028 - http://der.lbl.gov
research supported by the Distributed Energy Program of the U.S. Dept of Energy and the California Energy Commission
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0. What is a Microgrid?1.Higher Electricity Use and More Waste Heat2.Limits to the Conventional Wisdom Future3.Heterogeneous Power Quality Requirements4.The CERTS Microgrid5.Distributed Energy Resources Customer
Adoption Model (DER-CAM)6.Why Microgrids? Why Now?
Outline
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East Bay Municipal Utility District Microturbine Installation with Cooling
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What is a Microgrid?
A controlled grouping of energy (including electricity) sources and sinks that is connected to the macrogrid but can function independently of it.
Two Main Benefits to Developers of Microgrids:• pushing efficiency limits by heat recovery (CHP)• Providing heterogeneous power quality and
reliability (PQR)
There are other societal benefits.
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Key Microgrid Feature is Local Control.
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History of U.S. Electricity Sector
phases of centralization
1. isolated developments (pre 1900)
2. consolidation and monopolization (1900-1933)
3. fossilization and total centralization (1933-1980)
phases of decentralization
1. independent investment (avoided cost) (1980-1995)
2. wholesale (and some retail) competition (1995- )
3. decentralization and full competition? (2000- )
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Development of theDanish Power System (1980-2000)
source: Eltra (grid operator of western Denmark)
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Final Energy Consumption by Fuel in Japan
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Mto
e
OthersOilElectricityNGCoal14% in 1960
19% in 1980
24% in 2000
Electricity is a Bigger Share of Energy Use in Developed Economies
Final Energy Consumption by Fuel in the U.S.
0
200
400
600
800
1 000
1 200
1 400
1 600
1 800
1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000
Mto
e
7% in 1960
13% in 1980
19% in 2000
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More Per Capita Electricity Use
Electricity Consumption per Capita
0.0
2.0
4.0
6.0
8.0
10.0
12.0
14.0
1970 1973 1976 1979 1982 1985 1988 1991 1994 1997 2000
MW
h
Japan U.S. France
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So, Much More Total Electricity
US Electricity Generation (TWh)
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 2030
source: Annual Energy Outlook 2005, Energy Information Administration.
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More and More Heat is WastedElectricity Generation By Fuel in Japan
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000
TWh
LossesCoalOilNGNulearHydroOthers
Electricity Generation By Fuel in the U.S.
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
1960 1964 1968 1972 1976 1980 1984 1988 1992 1996 2000
TWh
LossesCoalNGOilHydroNulearOthers
source: International Energy Agency
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Expansion is All Central StationForecast U.S. Capacity Additions,
2000-2025
renewables5%
nuclear1%
distributed generation
2%
nat gas combustion
turbine28%
coal21%
nat gas combined
cycle43%
total = 400 GW
10% of the DG is small-scale residential/commercialsource: Annual Energy Outlook 2005,
Energy Information Administration, DOE/EIA-0383(2005)
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Limits of Conventional Wisdom
• restrictions on power system expansion– siting, environmental, rights-of-way, etc.
• centralized power system planning• volatile bulk power markets• economics drives operates closer to limits• insecure system• multiple infrastructure interdependencies
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It Could Be a Rough Ride
AEO 2004 N e w Capacity
0
20,000
40,000
60,000
80,000
100,000
120,000
1980
1982
1984
1986
1988
1990
1992
1994
1996
1998
2000
2002
MW
source: Hirst, Eric, U.S. Transmission Capacity: Present Status and Future Prospects,Consulting, Bellingham, WA, June 2004, pg. 7.
Gross Volume of U.S. Electricity Trade (TWh)
0100200300400500600700800
1992 1994 1996 1998 2000 2002 2004
source: Energy Information Administration, Electric Transmission in a Restructured Industry, 2004
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What Does Power Quality and Reliability Really Cost?
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An PQR Pyramid
• Loads are often broken down by time and enduse but not by PQR requirements.
• The most demanding PQR requirements are not met.
• Highly sensitive loads are small and they could be smaller.
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Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology Solutions
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Example CERTS Microgrid
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CEC SupportedActivity
1999 2000 2002 2003 2006 2010
DOE SupportedActivity
A proven, mature Microgrid approach
allows high penetration of DG sources by
providing a resilient platform for plug and play operation of heat and power sources.
Prior Program Activity
Current Program Activity
CERTS Microgrid Research
2001 2004 2005
Fundamental Microgrid Concept Defined
CEC Microgrid Workshop
Survey of DERTest Facilities
Microgrid Protection Issues Paper
Customer Adoption Model
UWM Droop Control Theory
Microsource ModContract
MicrogridTestbed Operational
Develop mGRID Software
Beta Test mGRID Software
Initial Mtgs. W/CEC to Share Microgrid ConceptsInitial Microgrid Testbed Testing Complete
Jointly Funded Field Demo
Testbed Design/RFP Development
Microturbine Testing by SCE/UCI
Possible Integration of Customerand Power Flow Models
Standard Power Electronics Interface
Future Program Activity
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The CERTS Microgrid is ...
• controlled by “customers” based on internal requirements subject to the technical, economic, and regulatory opportunities and constraints faced.
• designed and operated to jointly provide heat and power and heterogeneous power quality and reliability.
• a cluster of small (e.g. < 500 kW) sources, storage systems, and loads which presents itself to the grid as a legitimate entity, i.e. as a good citizen.
• interconnected with the familiar wider power system, or macrogrid, but can island from it.
• controlled by local intelligent inverter like power electronic devices.
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DER Customer Adoption Model (DER-CAM)
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Energy Flows Incorporating CHP
technology adoption decisions
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July Weekday of a Tokyo Office Building(with 300 kW generator with TAC installed)
• TAC is a CHP technology that uses low temp heat to drive building cooling (& dehumidification) using absorption cycles.
•TAC is especially valuable if there is minimal building heating demand, and/or if it displaces valuable on-peak electricity.
•TAC adoption/operation is particularly hard to simulate because of the simultaneity of these effects.
Thermally Activated Can Offset Expensive Building Peak Electricity
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23
hour
elec
trici
ty lo
ad (k
W)
Cooling offset by waste heat recovery
Utility electricity purchase
NG----ABSHX----00300
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Why Microgrids? Why Now?
1. Can growing electricity demand be met by central station power systems alone?
2. Can growing electricity power quality and reliability requirements be met?
3. Can we capture more waste heat to lower carbon emissions?
4. What might a mixed scale power system look like?