US History

Units: 1. Before America2. Early America

3. Revolution4. Learning to be America + Foreign Policy

5. Slavery and economic growth6. Civil War

7. Reconstruction & The Industrial Revolution8. Robber Barrons

9. WWI10. Depression

11. WWII12. Modern America is born

13. The inspiration for all those great spy movies14. The birth of rock and roll

15. The sixties and the rise and fall of countercultures16. Vietnam

17. Excess and the 80’s18. Mr. Preston becomes a teenager

19. In the year 2000

1

• Water Freezes• Glaciers form and use water, land bridge

appears.• Nomads wander over bridge• Head south where it is warm

– Nomads become• The Maya– Big temples, • The Olmecs- Big temples, make calendars, dug ditches,

irrigation• The Incas- mined gold, silver• The Aztecs-knew math, written language

Explorers

• John Cabot- England 1497

• Amerigo Vespucci- Portugal- 1502

• Vasca Nunez de Balboa- Spain- 1513

• Ferdinand Magellan- Spain 1519-1522

Aztecs Destroyed

• Killed by Henry Cortes

• Led Army to Mexico

• Stole gold and silver

• Won battle because of technology

Settlements

• Jamestown, Virginia- First colony established by English

• Land filled with swamps

• Poor Farming

• Hardly any fresh water

• Many settlers died from hunger and disease

Plymouth

• Came on Mayflower to escape religious persecution, 1620

• Pilgrims– separated from the Church of England

• Mayflower Compact-Leaders of Pilgrims wrote and agreement saying that the laws of the new colony would be fair and equal. All the men on board agreed to it.

Plymouth cont..

• Landed late in fall, too late to plant crops• Weather was cold• Not enough food• Settlers became ill• Native Americans helped through the first winter• More than ½ still died by spring• Native Americans showed them how to grow

corn, hunt turkey and deer, ways to fish for food• By 1621 Pilgrims had made it, celebrate one full

year with a 3 day harvest festival, people today think of this as the first Thanksgiving

Growing Colonies

• Colonies start to grow– Massachusetts– Rhode Island– Connecticut– New Hampshire– New York– New Jersey– Pennsylvania– Delaware– Virginia– Maryland– Carolinas– Georgia

Massachusetts

• First New England Colony

• Included all of Massachusetts and part of Maine

• Other colonies grew out of Massachusetts

Rhode Island

• After Massachusetts was settled, many people who were unhappy with puritan life moved to other areas

• Some were forced to leave• Roger Williams left and built settlement called

Providence, which became Rhode Island• 1635- Minister named Roger Williams was kicked out

– He believed the church had to much power– State, government should be separate from the church, or

religion– Free to practice own beliefs, religions

• All 3 beliefs became core parts of the declaration of independence and bill of rights

Connecticut

• Minister, Thomas Hooker, led people out of Massachusetts

• Felt Puritans had become too powerful

• Settled a new colony, Connecticut, Native American name meaning “long river place”

New Hampshire

• 1623, King James (England) sent two fish merchants and others to explore the coast of present day New Hampshire

• Communities established

• People came to these fishing communities because they didn’t want to follow the rules of the Puritan church

• New Hampshire became a colony in 1741

New York

• Land between Virginia and New Hampshire settled by the Dutch

• 1609 Henry Hudson, English explorer, hired by Dutch to sail up river, later named for him

• Claimed land along river and named it New Netherlands

• Largest colony settled on an island, now called Manhattan, named after Manhattan tribe

New Jersey

• 1664, English forces took control of New New Amsterdam (Netherlands)

• Split in two, one became New York and another became New Jersey

• Large town at the mouth of the Hudson was renamed New York

Pennsylvania

• Quakers, led by William Penn, wanted to travel to America to follow beliefs

• He asked King of England for land and was given Pennsylvania.

• Quakers are pacifists

Delaware

• 1704, land taken over by Dutch from Sweden, then England

• Settlers asked William Penn for land to set up their own colony and he agreed.

Virginia

• The first colony of Virginia began with the Jamestown settlement in 1607

• More settlers came from New England and other middle colonies

Maryland

• 1632, Lord Baltimore, rich English Catholic, was given a charter. He settled the colony of Maryland

• Lord Baltimore had Toleration act passed in Maryland. Act guaranteed freedom of religion to all Christians.

Carolinas

• 1663, King Charles of England gave 8 rich English Lords the right to settle land south of Virginia

• Good soil, beautiful land

• Allowed religious freedom

• So many people came because of the good soil that it broke into North and South

Georgia

• Last of the 13 colonies• Settled as home for debtors• These people who had been jailed for not

paying money owed to others• James Oglethorpe thought jail was unfair

for debtors and asked for a new start in America

• 1773, Georgia, named after king George II became a colony

Photos

Colonial Americahttp://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/20804-the-early-colonists-daily-life-video.htm

Pilgrims

William Penn

Native Americans

Aztec Temple

How They Made Money

• The economies of the new world were primarily farming, shipping, fishing, shipbuilding

• Flour was a big export and so was lumber• Ships were built on the coast, especially around

Boston• Flour was grown inland• Southern Colonies in the east used slave labor

and grew tobacco, rise, cotton, indigo– Farmers started off hiring people to work but slaves

became more profitable and as the farmers became more successful the amount of slaves being used increased until they were doing most of the work

Frontier Farms

• Europeans who arrived in the Southern Colonies in the late 1600’s discovered that most of the good farmland on the coast was taken. They moved west to the Appalachian Mountains

• Farms were small and run by families and friends, no slaves were used.

Women and the Colonies

• Women worked hard in the 13 colonies.– Worked with husbands as shipbuilders– Worked as Shopkeepers– Worked as printers– Poor Richard’s Almanac

by Ben Franklin– Did household jobs

• Sewing• Cooking• Cleaning• hunting

Settlements - Town

• Towns were established from Settlements• Many people knew each other and wanted to live near each

other• Kids apprentices

– Bartered and traded between towns (traded products for other products or services)

– Imported items from other towns– Most imported items

• Lots of importing between Europe and southern colonies

Set up shops based on skills

Great Awakening

• People came to America for Religion then abandoned it

• Ministers tried to Awaken interest in God

• New religious groups formed

The Enlightenment

• Colonists interested in new ideas

• Enlightenment was a new way of thinking that came from people in Europe– People believed that knowledge was power

• Said that if people used reason, the government and society would improve

– Encouraged people to question others and to believe that government should protect “lives and liberty and property.”

Political Rights

• Political rights are rights given to people by the government

• England, voters elected people to represent them in making laws.

• Colonies, had the representatives but 8 of the 13 colonies were ruled by governors chosen by the King

• Governors could throw out lawmakers who did not follow English laws. This was unfair

• England had a right to trial by Jury, Colonies did not

Economic Rights

• Colonists wanted to sell products for the most money possible and wherever they wanted to

• England believed in mercantilism – The idea that a nation becomes stronger by building

up it’s gold supply and increasing trade

England established colonies to make money and didn’t like this

- Passed laws to regulate or control the trade in the colonies

Revolution Timeline

• March 5, 1770 Boston Massacre– Colonists yell insults at British soldiers– Someone throws snowballs and rocks– Soldiers shoot and 5 men died

Revolution Timeline

December 1773, colonists dress as Native ---Americans, boarded ships in Boston Harbor

-Threw tea overboard -angry because British passed a law

saying only a British company could supply colonies with tea

-Colonists are now unable to meet and more soldiers are sent to their city

Revolution Timeline

• 1774, colonial leaders meet in Philadelphia• The First Continental Congress

– Members of every colony except Georgia met and wrote the Declaration of American Rights and sent it to Great Britain

– It listed all of the unfair treatment– George Washington, Samuel Adams, Patrick Henry

and others were leading the session– The Declaration did not change the Britain’s mind

Revolution Timeline

• Colonists become angrier

• Patrick Henry demanded freedom from Great Britain and famously ended one of his speeches screaming “Give me liberty or give me death!”

• Many colonists agreed and this became a battle cry

Revolution Timeline

• People were ready to die for freedom

• In Massachusetts, groups called minutemen formed

• Minutemen- colonists between ages of 16-60 who could be ready to fight at a minute’s notice

• Minutemen stored guns and bullets in Concord, 2o miles outside of Boston

Revolution Timeline• British General Thomas Gage finds out about the guns in Concord• Orders troops to raid the storage area and destroy the guns• April 18,1775, 700 British soldiers marched out of Boston, unaware

that they were being spied on• Colonists had a plan to warn the Minutemen• They lit lanterns as a warning signal on lantern meant the attack

was on land, two meant they were heading north by boat• “One if by land, two if by sea”• One lantern lit the tower, The Minutemen had to be warned. A

colonist by the name of Paul Revere jumped on to his horse and rode into the darkness, 16 miles, yelling “The redcoats are coming”

• Revere was joined by William Dawes, they road together• They were captured, Samuel Prescott continued to ride and warn

the other towns

Revolution Timeline

• The Battle of Lexington and Concord, April 19, 1775• British arrive at Lexington Green, 70 men waiting for

them, led by American Captain John Parker “Stand your Ground. Don’t fire unless fired upon. But if they want war, let it begin here.”

• 8 Minutemen killed, one British wounded, Minutemen scattered in defeat

• General Gage marched British troops to Concord

• http://videos.howstuffworks.com/hsw/20724-lexington-and-concord-battles-for-independence-video.htm

Revolution Timeline

• British continue to Concord, feeling confident• When they reached a northern bridge near Concord,

they were charged on by 450 minutemen + shopkeepers, farmers, and others with rifles

• They charged at the British and pushed them back where they were met by more Minutemen hiding behind trees and stone walls, They ran to Boston but by the time they got there 300 British were dead and 90 colonists were dead or wounded

• This was the first battle of the Revolutionary war but war had not been declared

Revolution Timeline

• The Second Continental Congress • A month after the battles of Lexington and Concord

colonial leaders met again in Philadelphia, This was called the Second Continental Congress

• War had not yet been declared between Great Britain and the colonies

• Many leaders did not want war but they new it was probably going to happen because of the violence

• They decided to petition Britain to help find a peaceful resolution, They called this the Olive Branch Petition

• They still prepared for war and chose George Washington, a planter from Virginia, as a military leader. He had fought well during the French and Indian War.

Revolution Timeline

• Battle of Bunker Hill– Fighting broke out in Boston– British troops had remained in the city– Britain ordered them to break out but they had to get past the

Militia (emergency groups of colonists) that were camped out on Bunker Hill and Breed’s Hill

– This was one of the bloodiest battles of the war and Britain took control of the hill on June 17, 1775

– Britain “won” but they lost more men than the colonists and the King was shocked. The colonists were not disappointed because even though they lost they beat up the British

– King George III hired German soldiers to control colonists and he had the navy block all shipping

– The shipping blockade bothered the colonists and prevented supplies from getting into or out of certain areas.

Revolution Timeline

• Watch video about Lexington and Concord

• Read page 72-75 from the book as a class.

• Read only the description of the 7 battles.

• We will discuss the Declaration of Independence and Treaty of Paris on Friday

Declaration of Independence

• The Introduction• The Introduction of the Declaration of

Independence refers to the Laws of Nature and of Nature’s God entitling the people to assume any type of political independence. The introduction also acknowledges that the reason for independence must be of reasonable terms. The Declaration therefore must be concise and explained thoroughly.

Declaration of Independence

• The Preamble• The Preamble contains probably the most

famous lines of the Declaration, “we hold these truths to be self evident, that all men are created equal. ? The Preamble states that there are �certain unalienable rights that government should never violate. Those rights include the right to life, liberty and the pursuit of happiness. Should those rights be violated and the government fails to protect them, the people have the right to protect those rights themselves by overthrowing the government.

Declaration of Independence• The Indictment• The Indictment begins by stating the suffering of the American

colonies and the feeling of absolute constraint in forming a new system of government. The Indictment also refers to the numerous and repeated injuries that King George III placed upon the colonies and then go on to include factual information as to the many things that King George III had committed.

• The King is accused of twenty seven specific abuses; interfering with colonists' rights to self government and a fair judicial system; instituting legislation that affected colonies without their consent, increasing taxes on colonists; requirement to quarter British soldiers; right to trial by jury; preventing them from trading freely, for example. Also, the King had refused to protect the borders of the colonies thus resulting in the destruction of American life and property. These are among the twenty seven accusations the colonists made in direct relation with King George the III in the Indictment portion of the Declaration of Independence.

Declaration of Independence

• The Denunciation• The Denunciation portion of the Declaration of

Independence basically covers and finishes their case for separating from England in the hopes for a peaceful resolution, but with the clear understanding that war is almost inevitable. This section of the Declaration also notes the attempts that had been made to peacefully work things out as many of the Americans still felt that England was their brother and had appealed to more prominent people among the British. Still to their utter disappointment and their requests the colonies remained ignored and unsuccessful.

Declaration of Independence• The Conclusion

In conclusion, the representatives of the United States of America and the people of the colonies had seen existent conditions that required a change in government structure and policy. The conclusion states that “these united Colonies are, and of Right ought to be Free and Independent States; that they are Absolved from all Allegiance to the British Crown. ? The conclusion of the �Declaration also contains the core of Lee’s Resolution that had been passed on July 2.

• A summary of the Declaration of Independence will always take something away from the true words written by Thomas Jefferson, but will give you an idea of what the declaration is about.

Bill of Rights

• In the United States, the Bill of Rights is the name by which the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known. They were introduced by James Madison to the First US Congress in 1789 as a series of articles, and came into effect on December 15, 1791, when they had been ratified by three-fourths of the States.

The Bill of Rights• 1 Freedom of religion, speech, press, assembly, and petition.• 2 Right to keep and bear arms in order to maintain a well

regulated militia.• 3 No quartering of soldiers.• 4 Freedom from unreasonable searches and seizures.• 5 Right to due process of law, freedom from self-

incrimination, double jeopardy.• 6 Rights of accused persons, e.g., right to a speedy and

public trial.• 7 Right of trial by jury in civil cases. • 8 Freedom from excessive bail, cruel and unusual

punishments.• 9 Other rights of the people. • 10 Powers reserved to the states.

Amendments• 11th1795 Citizens cannot sue states in federal courts. There are some exceptions.• 12th1804 Changed the way the President and Vice President are elected.• 13th1865 Ended slavery in the United States.• 14th1868 Every person born in the United States is a citizen. States must follow due process of

law before taking away any citizen's rights or property.• 15th1870 A citizen's right to vote cannot be taken away because of race or the color of their skin.• 16th1913 Congress can put a tax on income.• 17th1913 The people will elect Senators. Before this, Senators were elected by state legislatures

.• 18th1919 Made a law against drinking alcohol, called Prohibition.• 19th1920 Gave women the right to vote.• 20th1933 Changed the days for meetings of Congress and for the start of the President's term of

office.• 21st1933 Ended the Prohibition law of the Eighteenth Amendment. States can make laws about

how alcohol is used in each state.• 22nd1951 A person may not be elected President more than two times• 23rd1961 Gave the people in the District of Columbia the right to vote for President.• 24th1964 Made it illegal to make anyone pay a tax to have the right to vote.• 25th1967 Changes what happens if a President dies, resigns, or is not able to do the job. Says

what happens if a Vice President dies or resigns.• 26th1971 Makes 18 years old the minimum age for people to be allowed to vote• 27th1992 Limits how Congress can increase how much its members are paid.

Constitution- Preamble

• Preamble• The Preamble says:

– We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.

• The Preamble is not a law. It gives the reasons for writing the Constitution. The Preamble is one of the best known parts of the Constitution. The first three words, "We the people," are used very often. There are six intensions-they are the goals of the constitution.

• [change] Legislative power

Constitution- Article 1• Article One: says that the U.S. Congress (the legislative branch) will make

the laws for the United States. Congress has two parts, called "Houses," the House of Representatives and the Senate. The Article says who can be elected to each part of Congress, and how they are elected.

• The House of Representatives has members elected by the people in each state. The number of members from each state depends on how many people live there. Each member of the House of Representatives is elected for two years. The Senate has two members, called Senators, for each state, no matter how many people live there. Each Senator is elected for six years. The original Constitution says that Senators should be elected by the state legislatures, but this was changed later.

• Article One also says how the Congress will do its business and what kinds of laws it can make. It lists some kinds of laws the Congress and the states cannot make. Article One also makes rules for Congress to impeach and remove from office the President, Vice President, judges, and other government officers.

• [change] Executive power

Constitution – Article 2• Article Two says that the President (the executive branch) will carry

out the laws made by Congress. This article says how the President and Vice President are elected, and who can be elected to these offices. The President and Vice President are elected by a special Electoral College chosen by the states, for four years. The Vice President takes over as President if the President dies, or resigns, or is unable to serve. Article Two also says that the President is in charge of the army and navy. He can make treaties with other countries, but these must be approved by two-thirds of the Senate. He appoints judges, ambassadors, and other officers, but the Senate also must approve these appointments. The President can also veto bills. However Congress can over ride the veto

• [change] Judicial power

Constitution- Article 3

• Article Three says there will be a court system (the judicial branch), including the Supreme Court. The article says that Congress can decide which courts, besides the Supreme Court, are needed. It says what kinds of "cases and controversies" these courts can decide. Article Three also requires trial by jury in all criminal cases, and defines the crime of treason.

• [change] States' powers and limits

Constitution – Article 4• Article Four is about the states. It says that all states must give "full

faith and credit" to the laws of the other states. It also says that state governments must treat citizens of other states as fairly as they treat their own citizens, and must send arrested people back to another state if they have been charged with a crime.

• Article Four also says that Congress can make new states. There were only 13 states in 1787. Now there are 50 states in the United States. It says Congress can make rules for Federal property and can govern territories that have not yet been made into states. Article Four says the United States must make sure that each state has a republican form of government, and protect the states from invasion and violence.

• [change] Process of amendment

Constitution – Article 5• Article Five says how to amend, or change, the Constitution.

Congress can write a change, if two-thirds of the members in each House agree. The state governments can call a convention to write changes, although this has not happened since 1787. Any change that is written by Congress or by a convention must be sent to the state legislatures or to state conventions for their approval. Congress decides whether to send a change to the legislatures or to conventions. Three-fourths of the states must approve a change for it to become part of the Constitution.

• An amendment can change any part of the Constitution, except one — no amendment can change the rule that each state has the same number of seats in the Senate.

• [change] Federal power

Constitution – Article 6

• Article Six says that the Constitution, and the laws and treaties of the United States, are higher than any other laws. It also says that all federal and state officers must swear to "support" the Constitution.

• change Ratification

Constitution – Article 7

• Article Seven says that the new government under the Constitution would not start until conventions in at least nine states approved the Constitution

Civil War

• Expansion and Compromise

• 1819 there were 22 states – 11 free states– 11 slave states

Civil War

• Southern states start growing cotton because tobacco wasn’t selling. South was poor

• Eli Whitney invents cotton gin. Cotton becomes big cash crop. Cotton plantations grow and so does use of slave labor

• Factories grow in North. North pulls away from south economically. – Textile plants– Woven cloth– Goods they weren’t able to import

Civil War

• Missouri Compromise – Missouri would enter the union as a slave

state– Maine would enter the union as a free state– The rest of the Louisiana Territory would be

divided by a line. No slavery would be allowed in the states north of that line

Civil War

• Compromise of 1850 – California would join the Union as a free state– In the rest of the territory from Mexico, people

would decide whether or not to allow slavery– The slave trade would be banned in

Washington D.C.– Congress would pass the Fugitive Slave Law

Civil War

• Abolitionists- Northern people who wanted to abolish slavery

• Abolitionists wanted to help African Americans escape from slavery. Abolitionists worked together to set up a network of secret routes for enslaved African Americans to escape to freedom in the North or in Canada. This was called the Underground Railroad.

Civil War

• Frederick Douglas was an abolitionist leader who had escaped from slavery.

• He became an important writer and change a lot of peoples minds about slavery. He wrote about his own life as a slave.

• He wrote the Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass

Civil War

• Uncle Tom’s Cabin by Harriet Beecher Stowe was another famous anti-slavery book.

• The book about “Uncle Tom” detailed an account of the cruelty and harshness of slavery.

• Most Northeners had never heard the horrible details about what happened to slaves.

Civil War

• Kansas-Nebraska Act– Senator Stephen Douglas from Illinois wanted to

organize Nebraska into a territory. Douglas wanted it organized so Illinois could have a railroad built from Illinois through Nebraska

– Douglas suggested dividing the territory into Nebraska and Kansas territory. Douglas decided slavery in the territory could be decided by Popular Sovereignty (A system that allowed the people in a territory to make their own decisions)

Civil War

• Nebraska was too far north to have plantations. The people of Nebraska wanted a territory without slavery.

• Kansas was further south. They could have plantations. After the act was passed there was a land rush to Kansas

• Some wanted slavery and some didn’t. There was a vote to decide whether or not they would be pro slavery

Civil War

• 9000 people were now in Kansas

• Population was now large enough to vote for a government

• Before election extremists rode to Kansas

• Became violent, robbed people,

The First 16 Presidents• 1. George Washington• John Adams• Thomas Jefferson• James Madison• James Monroe• John Quincy Adams• Andrew Jackson• Martin Van Buren• William Harrison• John Tyler• James Polk• Zachary Taylor• Millard Fillmore• Franklin Pierce• James Buchanan• Abraham Lincoln

George Washington

• First American President

• Revolutionary War Hero

• Elected because of popularity

• Formed policy of non-involvement in foreign affairs and wars

John Adams

2nd President

-George Washington’s Vice-President

-First President to live in the White House

-One of the most influential founding fathers

-Died on the 4th of July 50 years after the constitution was signed

Thomas Jefferson

• 3rd President

• John Adams vice president

• Only president to be elected unanimously

• Wrote Declaration of Independence

James Madison

• 4th President

• Had 2 vice-presidents die in office

• Was nicknamed “Father of the Constitution

James Monroe

• 5th President

• Encouraged the growth of America

• Set aside land for Native Americans on the great plains

• He and John Adams both died on July 4th, 55 years to the day the constitution was signed

John Quincy Adams

• 6th president

• Son of John Adams

• First son of a president to be elected

• Did not enjoy entertaining or crowds

• Elected by house of representatives

Andrew Jackson

• 7th president

• Gave parties at the White House and invited the public

• Nicknamed “Old Hickory” because he was tough

• Fought duels to defend his wife’s honor and killed at least one man

Martin Van Buren

• 8th President

• Headed a political group that later became the Democratic Party

• Had followers known as Bucktails because they wore deer tails on their hats when they attended meetings

William Henry Harrison

• 9th President• The oldest president until Ronald Reagan• Only president for 32 days, shortest tenure for president• Death started issues about presidential succession that

weren’t in constitution, 25 amendment later answered these questions

• Refused to wear a coat or hat to his inauguration, stood in the cold and rain and gave the longest inaugural address ever which took over 2 hours, caught a cold which turned into pneumonia and he died. Doctors said that because he was so stressed and the medicine was not advanced, the cold accelerated and he died

John Tyler

• 10th President

• First president to face impeachment

• Had himself sworn in as president after Harrison died, instead of asking for a new election

James Polk

• 11th President

• Couldn’t read or write until he was 18

• “Dark Horse candidate” no body knew him

Zachary Taylor

• 12th president

• Nicknamed “Old Rough and Ready” because of military background

• 2nd president to die in office of stomach and digestive problems, conspiracy theorists say he was poisoned

• Let his horse run around white house lawn

• Never lost a battle when in the military

Millard Fillmore

• 13th President

• Second President to finish term of a President

Franklin Pierce

• 14th President

• Friends with Nathaniel Hawthorne who he convinced to write a book about him

• Youngest president, age 49, considered to be one of the worst presidents

James Buchanan

• 15th president

• Nicknamed “Old Buck”

• Did little to prevent civil war

• Considered to be a lame duck president

Abraham Lincoln

• 16th President

• Assassinated by John Wilkes Boothe

• Led Country through Civil War

• Freed slaves, and fought for their rights

• Great public speaker

Reconstruction

• RECONSTRUCTION: The time period after the civil war– Lincoln wanted to make it easy for the southern

states to rejoin the union– 4 step plan

• Southerners had to promise to end slavery• Southerners had to take a loyalty oath before they could

be forgiven• Southern states could set up a new governments after

10 percent took the loyalty oath• Property but not slaves would be returned to former

Confederates who took the loyalty oath

Reconstruction

• Physically reconstructing or rebuilding towns

• Reconstructing or restructuring the constitution

• Reconstructing national unity

• Reconstructing government

Physically reconstructing or rebuilding towns

• Several towns in the south were destroyed

• Farm land was torn up

• The south in many ways never recovered.

• The land healed but the labor (slaves) were gone and they were now losing money

• It cost money to rebuild

Reconstructing or restructuring the constitution

• Lincoln wanted to give freed slaves the right to vote

• Johnson freed slaves and followed Lincoln’s plan but did not make southern states give African-Americans the right to vote

• The states were allowed to decide that for themselves

• Plan also required states to ratify the Thirteenth amendment, which ended slavery.

Reconstructing the constitution

• Radical Republicans wanted stronger action to punish south

• Wanted to give the right to vote• Johnson put plan into effect when congress

wasn’t in session• South formed new governments and created

“Black Codes” banning African-Americans from voting and jury duty, made it difficult to go to school. Johnson was blamed for letting it happen– Similar to old slave laws

Reconstruction

• Civil Rights– Rights that all citizens should have– Civil Rights Act said that African- Americans

should have the same rights as White Americans

– Johnson refused to sign it and vetoed it– Congress was able to pass the Act over his

veto

Reconstruction

• 13th1865 Ended slavery in the United States.

• 14th1868 Every person born in the United States is a citizen. States must follow due process of law before taking away any citizen's rights or property.

• 15th1870 A citizen's right to vote cannot be taken away because of race or the color of their skin.

Reconstruction Acts

• Congress didn’t like Johnson• Passed Acts

– All states that did not accept the 14th were under military control

– South divided in to 5 military zones– All adult African-American males could vote– Confederate officers could not votes– Confederate supporters could not vote– 1870 all former confederate states had accepted

terms and the Union was reunited

Reconstruction

• Congress impeaches Johnson• Said he gave government more power than they should

have• Johnson did not want to punish former Confederate

officers• Tried to get them land back• Very angry at Johnson• Tried to Impeach him• Impeach: to accuse a high profile official of a crime• Saved from being removed by one vote. His reputation

was ruined.

Resistance to Reconstruction• Ku Klux Klan• The first Klan was founded in 1865 by Tennessee veterans of the

Confederate Army. Groups spread throughout the South. Its purpose was to restore white supremacy in the aftermath of the American Civil War. The Klan resisted Reconstruction by assaulting, murdering and intimidating freedmen and white Republicans.

• In 1874 and later, however, newly organized and openly active paramilitary organizations such as the White League and the Red Shirts started a fresh round of violence aimed at suppressing Republican voting and running Republicans out of office. These contributed to white Democrats regaining political power in the southern states.

• Had military structure because most members were former Confederate soldiers.

• Led by George Gordon and Nathan Bedford Forest. Forest was first Grand Wizard

Reconstruction

• Segregation: The separation of people by race

• Carpetbaggers: A name for a Northerner who went to the south after the civil war.

• Scalawag: A name for a white Southerner who supported Reconstruction government

Reconstruction

• Carpetbaggers and Scalawags blamed for African-Americans holding office

• Large African-American voter turn out– Mississippi sent two men to congress

• Hiram R. Revels• Blanche K. Bruce

Reconstruction

• Freedman: A person freed from slavery– Some slaves had skills they could use to make a

living– Most had no education or jobs– Congress tried to help but powerful white Southerners

tried to limit the freedom of African- Americans– Freedman’s Bureau:

• Gave food, • clothing• found jobs• Started schools for slaves, mostly elementary schools• gave medicine to freed slaves and poor whites

Reconstruction

• Former slaves left plantations and went looking for family members, because they were separated when they were sold.

• Many married legally• Their children went to school and sometimes

parents and grandparents too• Some found jobs in cities• Many had to take hard dangerous or dirty work

such as digging wells and making sewers

If they could afford it, they bought their own land

Reconstruction

• Many were too poor to buy land• A system called Sharecropping developed.• Sharecropping: A person farmed the owner’s

land and paid them rent with part of their crops• The sharecropper had to buy seed, tools,

clothing and other stuff from the landowner• Lived on credit because they didn’t make a profit

and usually only had enough crop to pay rent• Basically it was legal slavery

Reconstruction Ends

• Rutherford B Hayes elected president and pulls troops out of south

• South stops social programs• Create Jim Crowe Laws

– Laws to keep white and African-American people separated

– Separated in schools, restaurants, hospitals, hotels, trains, drinking fountains

• Southern state law makers create Poll Tax• Poll Tax: a tax is a tax paid before someone can

vote.– African Americans cannot afford to vote

American Business

• The north has an industrial boom• The south discovers oil• Corporations: A large company formed by a

group of investors• The Oil Business• The Steel Business

– Andrew Carnegie: Wealthy man who made a lot of money controlling steel. He had a monopoly

– Monopoly: The complete control of an industry by one company or person

American Business

• John D. Rockefeller: Business man who controlled almost the entire oil industry

• Rockefeller, Carnegie, and other rich powerful businessmen were called “Robber Barons”

• They had a huge influence over America, including politically, architecturally and domestically.

American Business

• Modern business is born

• People work 12 hour days

• People start complaining about benefits

• The wealthy pushed the workers as hard as they could.

• Poor working conditions lead to workers rights. This is a continuation of the idea of civil rights

American Workers

• Labor Unions: a group of workers that tries to help its members

• Poor working conditions:– Factories were unsafe– Bad lighting– Little to no fresh air– Unsafe machines– Air pollution– Long hours with no breaks– Fire Hazards

American Workers

• Labor Unions encourage people to strike.• Strike: to refuse to work until certain demands,

such as higher wages or better working conditions, are met

• Entire towns were affected by strikes. Company towns relied on big factories.

• Company Town: a community set up and run by a company for its workers. Most of the town worked for the factories or shops to feed and cloth the workers.

• Companies even owned their houses.

American Workers• Workers protested violently for rights. • Attacked “Scabs”• Big businesses employ lots of people, usually unskilled labor.

Immigrants came to America and were put work but paid nothing• Because immigrants were poor and wanted to live around people

like them, they formed ethnic communities or ghettos filled with tenement housing

• Ghetto: a neighborhood where people of the same race, religion or country live

• Tenement: an apartment house with poor safety, sanitation, and comfort conditions– These were built quickly to accommodate all of the new people– Immigrants came through Ellis Island in New York. – Historians call America the great “Melting Pot” but the cultures did not

co-exist easily and gangs and organized crime started, violent streets were held in the New York and Chicago area.

American Architecture

• Modern city planning develops with the rich living on the outskirts of towns and coming in to work in skyscrapers

• Ghettos start to fill the cities• Migration continues and people move out of the

poor and racially tense south, come to the cities. • Along with labor rights, civil rights becomes

more organized. NAACP begins and fights for African American rights on the job, in education and in housing issues.

World War I

• Vocab– Imperialism: Imperialism is considered the control by

one state of other territories through economic or military influence

– Nationalism: A belief, feeling or social action that focuses on a nation (National flags, anthems, divisions)

– Patriotism: is love of and/or devotion to one's country – Ethnocentrism is the tendency to believe that your

ethnic or cultural group is the most important, and that all other groups are measured next to yours

World War I

• Imperialism, Nationalism, Patriotism and Ethnocentrism all created tension, and bad feelings around the world

• Some countries were trying to tell other countries what to do

• Arch Duke Franz Ferdinand was shot and this was the final thing that started the war because people were already upset because of the other stuff.

World War I

• Cause of war in Europe – many countries didn’t trust each other and they each thought their own country was better then the others = Extreme nationalism.

• Each of these countries started making as many weapons as fast as possible.

• Germany built the largest army.

• Great Britain built largest navy.

World War I

• On April 6, 1917, the U.S. joined its allies--Britain, France, and Russia--to fight in World War I. Under the command of Major General John J. Pershing, more than 2 million U.S. soldiers fought on battlefields in France. Many Americans were not in favor of the U.S. entering the war and wanted to remain neutral. However, the U.S. eventually did enter the war.

• http://www.americaslibrary.gov/cgi-bin/page.cgi/jb/jazz/wwi_1

World War I• Disagreements in Europe over territory and boundaries, among

other issues, came to a head with the assassination of the Archduke Ferdinand of Austria by a Serbian zealot on June 28, 1914. Exactly one month later, war broke out. In 1915, the British passenger liner the Lusitania was sunk by a German submarine, killing 128 Americans and futher heightening tensions. By the end of 1915, Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria, Germany, and the Ottoman Empire were battling the Allied Powers of Britain, France, Russia, Italy, Belgium, Serbia, Montenegro and Japan. In 1917, the U.S. entered the war. Germany formally surrendered on November 11, 1918, and all nations agreed to stop fighting while the terms of peace were negotiated.

• Enter the war after the sinking of the Lusitania

• http://www.firstworldwar.com/posters/usa.htm

World War I• Vocab- Arms race: a contest to build weapons and

military power as fast as possible.- Terrorist: a person who uses violence for a

political cause.- Stalemate: a situation in which neither side wins

or loses.- Propaganda: the spreading of ideas, information

and beliefs to help or hurt a cause. - Ambassador: a person sent to another country

to speak for the government of his or her country

World War I

- Victory Garden: a garden in which citizens raise their own food during the war.

- Bond: a paper that shows dept, or money owned.

- Communism: Economic system in which the government owns all property and business.

- Armistice: an agreement to stop fighting.

World War I

• Central Powers vs. Allied Nations.

• Germany, Austria-Hungry, Ottoman Empire were the major Central Powers.

• Great Britain, France, Russia were leaders of the Allies.

• War was to fight on land, air and the seas.

• Airplanes were invented about ten years before the war started.

World War I

• Weapons of the war.

- Machine gun: could fire up to 600 bullets per minute.

- Tanks; Submarines; Airplanes.

- Poison gases: some were very deadly and effective. Many people that didn’t die off quickly, experienced the painful after effects. – Mustard, Chlorine, Tearing gas

World War I

• The fighting in World War I ended when the ________ took effect at 11:00 am GMT on November 11, 1918. In the aftermath of the war the political, cultural, and social order of the world was drastically changed in many places, even outside the areas directly involved in the war. New countries were formed, old ones were abolished, international organizations were established, and many new and old ideas took a firm hold in people's minds.

• Armistice= ___________________________________________________________________

World War I

• After the Paris Peace Conference of 1919, the signing of the Treaty of Versailles on June 28, 1919, officially ended the war. Included in the 450 articles of the treaty were the demands that Germany officially accept responsibility for starting the war and pay heavy economic reparations. Germany itself was not included in the negotiations of the treaty and was forced to sign it (the alternative was continuing the war which would have probably led to a total occupation of Germany), which caused humiliation in the German people as the blame was shifted on them.

• http://history.howstuffworks.com/search.php?terms=World+War+I&gallery=1&media=video

World War I

• The war brought about change in America. For example, women, many of whom had been active supporters of the war to preserve democracy (like the dedicated Moms in this photo), finally got the right to vote with the ratification of the 19th Amendment in 1920.

World War I Aftermath• Historians have described the First World War as the nation’s first

experience of ‘total war’. By this, they mean a war in which society is organised in such a way that all available resources are channelled into the war effort. As a result, total war has an impact on the lives of everybody in society, not simply those directly involved in the fighting. Some of the experiences of the First World War that can be said to have made a social, cultural and psychological impact are as follows.

• The emotional trauma suffered by many men who were forced (because of conscription) to serve in the Armed Forces.

• There was widespread bereavement because of the death of family and friends.

• There were changes in diet and habits resulting from food rationing. • People lived in a society in which government propaganda and government

controls were more extensive than in pre-war society. • The new experience that many upper and middle class women gained from

taking up paid employment for the first time.• Society’s morals changed

Roaring Twenties Key Points

• Model T Ford- The first affordable car made in 1908, became very popular in the 1920’s and was discontinued in 1927. It was followed by the Model A

Roaring Twenties

• Movies were very popular, especially the comedies of Charlie Chaplin and Buster Keaton

• Serious films such as the Battleship Potemkin were also popular

• People wanted to have fun and be entertained.

Roaring Twenties

• Benny Goodman, Louis Armstrong and others helped popularize Jazz

• Show Tunes and musicals became popular

• Radio shows were main source of entertainment in the home

• War of the Worlds radio broadcast hoax scared people and caused riots and 6 deaths

Roaring Twenties

• Harlem Renaissance– Poets, writers, painters and scholars emerge

from Harlem and New York and bring up modern urban issues and establish African- Americans as a valid artistic and cultural voice

• Langston Hughes• Duke Ellington

– Precursor to socially conscious hip-hop of the 80’s and early 90’s

Roaring Twenties

• In United States history, the term Red Scare denotes two distinct periods of strong anti-communism: the First Red Scare, from 1917 to 1920, and the Second Red Scare, from 1947 to 1957. The Scares were characterized by the fear that communism would upset the capitalist social order in the United States; the First Red Scare was about worker revolution and political radicalism. The Second Red Scare was focused on (national and foreign) communists infiltrating the federal government.

Roaring Twenties

• Prohibition: 18th Amendment- 1919 Made a law against drinking alcohol, called Prohibition.

• 21st Amendment- 1933 Ended the Prohibition law of the Eighteenth Amendment. States can make laws about how alcohol is used in each state.

Roaring Twenties

• Prohibition led to lots of illegal behavior– People went to Speakeasies (an

underground bar or party that had alcohol, usually in closed businesses)

– People made and sold alcohol illegally – People smuggled alcohol from other countries– Gave power to organized crime

• Al Capone• New York Mafia families

1920’s Review

• First affordable car___________________________ hint: made by Ford• Famous silent movie actors ________________ & ____________________• This was the name of the famous radio broadcast prank (hoax) that fooled a

bunch of people, caused riots, and death _________________________________________

• Rock and roll or Hip Hop didn’t exist in the 20’s. The popular music was __________ , _________________, __________________

• The Harlem Renaissance was _________________________________________• ____________________________________________________________________

.• 6. People wear worried about Communism in the 20’s. They were scared of the

red flags the USSR had. This was called the _________ ____________. • 7. In the 20’s alcohol was illegal. What number was the amendment that

banned alcohol illegal? _________ What was the number of the amendment that made it okay to drink again? _________

• 8. Why did people want to ban alcohol? What problems did this cause? ___________________________? What did people do to get alcohol when it was illegal? __________________________________________

1930’s• 1931• Al Capone Imprisoned for Income Tax Evasion • Auguste Piccard Reaches Stratosphere • Christ Monument Built on Rio de Janeiro Hilltop • Empire State Building Completed • U.S. Officially Gets National Anthem • 1932• Air Conditioning Invented • Amelia Earhart First Woman to Fly Solo Across the Atlantic • Lindbergh's Baby Kidnapped • Scientists Split the Atom • Zippo Lighters Introduced • 1933• Adolf Hitler Becomes Chancellor of Germany • Assassination Attempt on FDR • FDR Launches New Deal

– The New Deal was the name that United States President Franklin D. Roosevelt gave to his complex package of economic programs he initiated between 1933 and 1936 with the goals of what historians call the 3 Rs, of giving Relief to the unemployed and badly hurt farmers, Reform of business and financial practices, and promoting Recovery of the economy during the Great Depression.

1930’s• First Nazi Concentration Camp Established • Loch Ness Monster First Spotted • Prohibition Ends in the U.S. • Wiley Post Flies Around the World in 8 1/2 Days • 1934• Bonnie and Clyde Killed by Police • Cheeseburger Created • The Dust Bowl • Mao Zedong Begins the Long March • Parker Brothers Sells the Game "Monopoly" • 1935• Alcoholics Anonymous Founded • Germany Issues the Anti-Jewish Nuremberg Laws

– The Nuremberg Laws (German: Nürnberger Gesetze) of 1935 were antisemitic laws in Nazi Germany which were introduced at the annual Nazi Party rally in Nuremberg. The laws classified people as German if all four of their grandparents were of "German or kindred blood", while people were classified as Jews if they descended from three or four Jewish grandparents. A person with one or two Jewish grandparents was a Mischling, a crossbreed, of "mixed blood".[1] The Nuremberg Laws deprived Jews of citizenship and prohibited marriage between Jews and other Germans.

• John Maynard Keynes Suggests New Economic Theory • Social Security Enacted in U.S.

World War II• World War II Quick Facts

– Germany, Italy and Japan were being awful to the people who lived in their countries.– Germany tried to take over most of Europe except Italy. – Adolf Hitler was a popular German military leader and leader of the Nazi political

party. He was well liked and convinced a lot of people to take his point of view. He was also crazy.

– Hitler wanted control over Europe. He also had secret plans. – Hitler wanted to create a perfect race of people. He wanted pretty people everywhere.

He was an average sized, black haired ugly guy. – Hitler had his soldiers attack people who didn’t fit this image. He really hated Jewish

people, anyone with disabilities and lots of minorities. – Hitler had people he didn’t like brought to concentration camps where they were

killed. – The war was started when countries were being attacked. The attack on Jewish

people didn’t start the war. It was when Germany invaded Poland and headed toward France.

– Great Britain and France were the main countries who were fighting against Germany and Italy.

– Benito Mussolini was a Fascist dictator of Italy, Joseph Stalin was the Communist leader of the USSR, Neville Chamberlain was the Prime Minister of England, Franklin Delano Roosevelt was the President of the United States.

http://www.slatersoftware.com/Pearl%20Harbor.pdf