us history study guide

8/8/2019 US History Study Guide

1/29

AP US History

Mid-Term Exam Review

Chapter 1

Portuguese navigators discover sea route to AsiaGold, glory, and God

New navigation technology

CaravelCompass

Quadrant

Treaty of Tordesillas

Commerce across the SaharaMansa Musa

Trading posts on West African coast = factories

Plantations on Atlantic islands

Slavery in AfricaAcceleration of the slave trade

Cheap imported textilesGuns

Militarized states

Bartholomeu Dias Cape of Good Hope

Vasco de Gama India

Christopher Columbus Hispaniola and San Salvador

Amerigo VespucciBering Strait land bridge

Absence of livestock in the West

Decline in populationThe Columbian ExchangeMovable type printing

John Cabot

Conquistadores

Magellan circumnavigated the globe

Hernn Corts 1519 in Tenochtitln

Ritual sacrificeSmallpox epidemic

Pizarro conquered Inca

Spanish America

Urban civilizationCouncil of the Indies

Viceroys

The Catholic ChurchCriollos (creoles) = European people born in the colonies

Municipal councils

HaciendasPeninsulares = at the top of social class


2/29

Mestizos

Justifications for conquest

Missionary elementMining for silver and gold

Bartolom de Las Casas

Ecomienda systemRepartimiento system = Indians legally free, had wages

The Black Legend

St. Augustine, Florida = oldest European settlementSpanish Florida

Indian rebellion

Hopi

ZuniPueblo

Agricultural communities

Great League of Peace

Indian religionIndian attitudes toward property

Accumulation of wealthMale and female relations

Notions of liberty

English exploration

ChartersEnclosure movements

Masterless men danger to societyChristian freedom

Uniformity and conformity social order

Inequality built into libertyHierarchyMagna Carta

Equality under the law

The Levellers democracy and constitutionAssertive sense of nationhood

Land as the basis of freedom

English Civil War

Chapter 2

Jamestown settlement, 1607High mortality rate

The Virginia Company

Tobacco-producing coloniesFreedom dues

Proprietors

Displacement of IndiansIntroduction of new livestock, technology


3/29

Disease in Jamestown

Rigorous military discipline

Headright systemHouse of Burgesses

Powhatan

Uprising of 1622Virginia becomes royal colony

Emerging class of tobacco planters

Indentured servantsLack of stable family life

Status of women

Femme sole

The Maryland ExperimentCalvert

Catholicism in Maryland

Total anarchy?

Tensions between Protestant planters and Catholic eliteRefuge to Dissenters

Religious Toleration ActRise of slavery

Need for free labor

English ideas of race

Slaves as outsidersStatus of mixed-race children

A slave society

PuritanismTenets

Calvinism

Purpose of immigratingJohn Winthrop

Natural and moral liberty

PlymouthMassachusetts Bay Colony

Mayflower Compact = men agreed to obey just and equal laws

Great Migration = 29 32

Importance of arriving in familiesThe Puritan family

Family unit

Key valuesProper behavior

Way of life

Visible saintInequality = Gods will

Roger Williams

State should not involve itself with spiritual matters

Indians should be well-treated


4/29

Rhode Island

Colony of Connecticut

New HavenHartford

Anne Hutchinson

Issue with covenant of grace v. covenant of worksArminian Heresy

Antinomianism

Putting ones own judgment above the law and church lawQuakers

God is in every individual

Inner light

Treatment of Quakers in MAIndian relations

Massacre at Mystic (Pequot village)

Emigration because of economic reasons

Cloth producersNew England economy

Fishing and timberDistribution of wealth and rise of merchants

More equally distributed

Boston merchants exercised decisive influence

Religious status of third generation?Half-way Covenant

Allowed baptism and subordinate membership

Ministers chastised people for great backslidingJeremiads = warnings

Chapter 3

What to look for in Chapter 3:

-more colonial powers

-conflict-crisis

-expansion

-more power for UK

-treatment of natives-ideas about liberty

-similarities/difs.

-tolerance-economy

-settlements

Ppe

Pueblo Revolt in 1680

Spaniards re-conquer 92

European Powers Spanish = FL, Southwest


5/29

New France and New Netherland = trading endeavors

Dutch

Primarily tradersDutch East India Company

Settled in Manhattan

Devotion to liberty: freedom of the press, religionNew Amsterdam

Haven for persecuted Protestants

Not free of conflictWar with Agonquian Indians

Friendly relations with Iruquois Confederacy

Fortified military outpost

No elected assembly but even slaves had some freedomsPatroons = shareholders who agreed to transport tenants for agricultural labor

West India Company promised land, livestock for 6 years of labor

New France failed to attract many settlers

Granted seigneuries to noblesEngages = servants returned home after servitude

1685 Revocation of Edict of Nantes Huguenots fledAdopted humane Indian policy

Enduring alliances

Jesuits = French Catholic missionariessought to convert IndiansFrench = willing to accept Indians as part of colonial society

Mercantilism

Political economic theory/policy that govt should regulate economic activity

Vision of colonization: colonies benefit mother countryZero-sum game: 1 side is winning, other is losing

Navigation Acts: 4 Categories1) American exports go through England2) govt adds income from taxes

3) all English ships

4) Manufacturing is prohibited in the colonies(Hat Act)

England turns blind eye to smuggling: salutary neglect

Ignores violations of N.A.English captured New Netherland, became important imperial hub

English less tolerant/equal than Dutch

Most of New York owned by just 5 families

Strengthened Iroquois Confederacy due to Covenant Chain treatyPolicy of careful neutrality

1683 Charter of Liberties and Privileges reaffirmed traditional English rights

South Carolina = slave society from outset unlike MD and VAPennsylvania founded by William Penn, Quaker

Religious tolerance

Friendly relations with IndiansPenns Chain of Friendship


6/29

Laws enforcing morality

1676 Bacons Rebellion

Wealthy planter who wanted to put an end to corruption, IndiansPromised land to those who would join his cause

Causes

1) Corruption w/ in VA elite2) Indentured servants need land (population demographic changes, living longer)

3) Indians land taken by servantsEffects

1) Indians became hated

2) Fewer indentured servants

3) Slavery

1675 Indian alliance under Metacom = King Philip attacked all over New Englandmid-1676 Colonists retaliation even Praying Indians banished

1688 Glorious Revolution

1689 Bill of Rights

1680s = England trying to decrease colonial autonomy1675 Lords of Trade questioned MA compliance w/ Nav. Acts

1689 Catholic proprietor of MD, Lord Baltimore, overthrown, charter revoked1715 charter restored after conversion to Anglicanism

in NY, Leisler = fervent Calvinist, William refused to recognize his authority, sent army

1691 MA becomes royal colony

has to abide by Toleration Actdemise of NE way

Witchcraft crisis in Salem

Toward end of 1692 MA governor had to dissolve Salem courtThe Eighteenth Century

Changes from the 17th:

1) diversity2) religion

3) Indians

4) land5) trade, consumerism

6) cities, ports, artisans

7) styles/Anglicization

8) social orders

Two centuries after Columbus:

Spanish Empire = urban based in Mexico and South AmericaFrench Empire = plantations in West Indies, trading posts

English Empire = outstripped rivals in population, trade

Population boom late 18th centuryAuthorities in UK began to worry about emigration

New world attracted people from non-English areas of UK

German migration due to religious discord in individual states

Tended to arrive in families


7/29

Redemptioners = indentured families

Enhanced religious diversityMost colonies = no separation of church and state

Freedom:

Liberty of conscience

No draftAvailability of land

No economic restraints

1721 reaffirmation of English/Indian Chain of Friendship PAbut 1737 Walking Purchase exposed fraudulent dealings with Indians

days of William Penn were over

Small family run farms in NEMore and more people encroaching on Indian territory

NY landlords engrossed much of desirable land

PA became best state for poor people

American newspapers filled with British ads

Tea became a necessityTrade expansion of port cities

Philadelphia became capital of New WorldArtisans, expanding consumer market

New world empire of trade

Flour, bread, African slaves grew sugar in West Indies to be distilled into rumShips built in NE were 1/3 of Englands fleet

Royal navy protected American shipping

Colonial elite emerged, dominated politics nepotism

Richest colonists = SC plantersFreedom from labor = mark of gentleman

Growing number of slaves lived in povertyHigh birthrate fueled population growth in NE not enough land

Poor sent to workhouses, children apprenticed

Colonial farm families believed land was a right

Dislike of personal dependenceFamily = center of economic life

Division of labor along gender lines

Lower infant mortality more time in child careFree colonists = highest GDP in world

Chapter 4

Equiano

Asiento

Treaty of Utrecht 17134 key points (Intro)

Equianos life illustrates broad patterns of 18th century history

Atlantic was more a bridge than a barrier between Old and New WorldsGreatest irony = simultaneous expansion of freedom and slavery


8/29

Liberty was seen as what made the British empire distinct

Middle Passage

Tobacco in ChesapeakeRice in South Carolina and Georgia

Non-plantation slavery in NE and Middle States

Chesapeake society = elaborate hierarchyIndigo and rice

Task system

Economy of scaleRice plantations maintained traditional African culture

Charleston and Savannah servants, workers = Euro-American culture

Stable family life and cohesive community = less likely in North

Communities of fugitive slaves = known as maroons1712 NY Slave Uprising

1739 Stono Rebellion

South Carolina, newly arrived slaves rebel

tightening of slave code

temporary prohibitive tax on imported slaves

The rights of EnglishmenImpressment

Republicanism

VirtueCountry party and court party

Lockean Liberalism

Colonial Assemblies

Politics become fashionableTrial of Zenger

Freedom of speechWhitefieldDeism

The Great Awakening

Old Lights and New LightsSinners in the Hands of an Angry God

Effects of Awakening:

1) reflected/exposed social tensions

2) questioned authority3) Christianization of slaves

4) expansion of printed material

Spanish tried to reinvigorate N of Rio GrandePresidios = military outposts

Father Serras missions to California, 1769

Mobile and New Orleans = thriving French citiesFrench = threat to Brits

Land grant to Ohio Company = threat to Indians and demanded French recognition 7

Years War7 Years War: 1754 to 1763


9/29

1) George Washington tried to get rid of French

2) Indians killed hundred of colonists in W. PA

3) Brits came under rule of William Pittnew Prime Ministerraised lots ofmoney for war in Europe while colonists struck French at weak point: colonies

4) Montreal surrenders in 1760

Peace of Paris1) Spain gives Florida in exchange for Cuba

2) France gives Canada in exchange for Guadeloupe and Martinique

3) Spain gets Louisiana colonyEffects of P.o.P.:

1) Indians more dependent on Brits

2) tribal confusion, threat of Brit expansion

3) balance-of-power diplomacy ended1763 Pontiacs Rebellion

causes: (1) Ottawa war leader (2) preachings of Neolin, new idea of pan-Indian

identity (3) common experience of dispossession

Proclamation of 1763Lands west of App. Mountains for Indians

Effects of 7 Years War1) shattered power of NE quaker elite

2) final blow to policy of friendship with Indians

3) more aggressive stance toward Indians (Paxton boys)

4) strengthened pride

Chapter 5

Negative Effects of 7 Years WarDebt

High taxes

Increased cost of empireHave to pacify Indians

Americans celebrate too, but with misgivings

Proclamation of 1763 halts westward expansionBritain thought colonists needed to pay taxes

Mercantilism navigation acts

Originally = salutary neglect

Currency Act: money cant be produced in coloniesColonists: no taxation without representation

Social contract: between equals, power to rebel

British response to social contract: parliament represents everyone:Virtual representation

Proclamation of 1763 alarms Americans

Revenue Act goods had to be shipped through EnglandSugar Act 1764


10/29

Stamp Act 1765

British army permanently stationed on American soil

Internal taxesBoycott of British goods: Stamp Act Congress

The Liberty Tree Liberty Hall

The Sons of LibertyMob destroyed home of Major Thomas James

1766 repeal of Stamp Act

Declaratory Acts = parliament is still in chargeRegulator Movements mid 1760s, SC

Protested under-representation of Western settlements

Failure to establish local gov. to regularize land titles/suppress outlaws

Parallel movement in NC small farmers refused to pay taxes, kidnapped localofficials, etc. b/c of corrupt country officials

Regulators condemned the rich

1771 Battle of Alamance = farmers suppressed

Hudson River land riotstenants seized land along Hudson R. Ethan Allen and the Green Mountain Boys form VT

1767 Townshend Duties boycott and homespun movement

1770 Boston Massacre propaganda, pamphlets

Repeal of Townshend Duties, leaving only tax on tea

1773 Tea Act to resolve East India Companys problems

Boston Tea Party Intolerable/Coercive Acts Quebec Act

Patrick Henry

Suffolk Resolves: Americans refuse to obey Brits1774 First Continental Congress

Endorses Suffolk Resolves, adopted Continental Association

1775 Second Continental Congress Concord and Paul Revere

1775 Olive Branch Petition from Congress

Ethan Allen surrounded Ft. TiconderegaMarch 1776: British abandon Boston

Elites of MA and VA supported break with Brits

NY and PA = more diverse opinions

1776 Thomas Paine Common Sense

1776 Congress declares independence

American army = knew the land, had spirit, local support

British army = greatest military power in the world, well organized

String of serious mistakes by Brits:1) alienating locals

2) misjudging degree of support for rebels3) European rivals welcomed British defeat

4) Sir William Howe didnt prosecute war vigorously from start

1777 British surrender Saratoga1777-8 Washington camped at Valley Forge

1778 Treaty of Amity and Commerce with France


11/29

1778 British switch focus to South, hope to exploit local tensions

1781 Washington surrounds Cornwallis at Yorktown

French fleet blocks off Chesapeake1783 Treaty of Paris

USA gets control of all land between Canada and Florida (East of Mississippi R.)

Americans agree not to persecute Loyalists

Chapter 6

New sense of liberty

New state constitutions

Paine v. Adams

Voting restrictionsDifferences between states (see chart)

Link to religious toleration

Role of Catholics

JewsOther Protestants

Separation of Church and StateChanges within churches

Encouraging virtue public schools

A virtuous citizenryChanges in economics

1) free labor

2) decline in # of indentured servants3) equal opportunity among white males

4) property

5) debate over inflation-whether local or national authorities should take steps to bolsterhousehold independence by limiting price increases

-1776-9 more than 30 incidents of mob violence

6) free trade debate-Congress urged states to adopt measures to fix wages and prices

-embodied republican belief that role of gov. was to promote public good

-pro-free trade: economic development arose from economic self interest-Adam Smith: the invisible hand of the free market

-natural liberty would regulate prices

Loyalists after the revolution

Despite Treaty of Paris, confiscated Loyalist property = not returnedIndians

Americans unhappy with Proclamation of 1763

Indians divided in allegiance during warFighting in Ohio River Valley doesnt end until 1790s

Indians completely without white support

SlaveryRole in political language


12/29

Basis of economy and s.c. structure south of MD

Enlightened Atlantic world viewed slavery as morally wrong

Quakers slavery is wrong

Freedom petitions

Blacks in the army often gained freedom

Some side with Brits1775 Lord Dunmores Proclamation

South would rather lose war than lose slaves

Every state North of Maryland took steps toward emancipation1777-1804

slow process

sizable free black communities

many blacks in the North could voteWomen

Revolutionary women

Ladies Association

Marriage contract => above social contractMen viewed women as unfit for citizenship

Republican Motherhood idealCompanionate marriage new ideal

America as beacon of hope

French RevolutionLatin American wars for independence

Differences in State Constitutions

1. Eliminated property qualifications to vote-all but VA, MD, SC

2. and tax qualifications-only VT3. Right to vote for free blacks

--all but VA, SC, GA

4. Unicameral-PA, GA, VT

5. Bicameral

-everyone else

6. Complete religious liberty-only NY

Chapter 7

Advantages of new country:

IsolatedYoung population

Broad distribution of land

Widespread literacyDisadvantages:


13/29

Not in complete control over land

Communication and transportation = primitive

Mainly rural societyThe Articles of Confederation, drafted 1777, ratified 1781

A firm League of Friendship

unicameral congressone stateone vote

amendments needed unanimous consent

Problems:(1) Economic issues

(a) consumer binge after war ends loss of virtue = luxury

British demanded payment in specie

(b) fiscal instability tensions between debtors and creditors (+ hard

currency leaving country and local artisans couldnt compete)

(c) govt couldnt pay bonds, congress had no authority to make states pay

dues

(d) creditors start to worry about getting paid back foreclosure(e) debtors have lots of power in RI Rogues Island

Tender Laws: RI can print money

Stay Law: debts cant be claimed for period of time

(f) MA passes very dif. laws in favor of creditors

Specie Laws: debts must be paid in hard cash(2) Serious foreign policy issue

(a) couldnt get other countries to pay attention to them

(b) British wouldnt leave and Confederation Congress = powerless(c) worry that Kentucky and TN will support Spain

(3) Squabbles between states

(a) NJ has lots of major states surrounding it(b) CT says upper part of PA is actually CT property

Accomplishments:

Rules for settling the West: Ordinance of 1784 (district system)

Money for schoolsSettling land disputes, esp. in Ohio R. Valley

Many people believed that farmers must move West for prosperity

NW Ordinance of 1787: prohibited slavery in the old NW, new states are equal to oldstates

Economic problems:

All states had their own currency and tax system

Several states printed paper moneyCreditors vs. debtors Shays Rebellion in 1787

Dangers of too much liberty

The Nationalists:Madison

Hamilton

Army officers, member of Congress, diplomatsBondholders, urban artists, merchants


14/29

1787 Constitutional Convention in Philadelphia

Delegates shared social status & political experience

Middle ground between despotism and anarchyThe Virginia Plan: 2 house legislature based on population

The New Jersey Plan: Unicameral, one stateone vote

Compromise => present day systemReps. Elected every 2 years

Senators every 6

Delegates sought to shield fed govt from popular enthusiasmsNo direct election of fed judges or president

Electors would be prominent, well-educated people

2nd place finisher = VP

New Constitution1) Division of powers

2) Checks and balances

3) Stronger national govt

Slavery3/5 of slave population = counted in determining reps.

Fugitive Slave Clause

Electoral college slaves dont have a voice

Initial failure to include Bill or Rights = bad for slavery

New enthusiasm for government (used to be for liberty)Special ratifying convention

Republican emphasis on virtuous citizenry

Ant-federalists:John Adams

John Hancock

Patrick HenryPopular self-government = best in small communitiesPro-constitution sentiments flourished in cities and towns

Most fervent supporters lots of property

Only RI and NY voted against ratificationMadison thought Bill of Rights was redundant

3 Populations in US:

Indians

other persons (slaves)The People

Nationalism

Civic: community with shared valuesEthnic: shared ethnic heritage

USA: both

How USA deals with Indians:Exclusion

Treaties

Transferred land from Indians to USAWar in Ohio R. Valley


15/29

Miami Confederacy vs. USA troops 1791-1795

USA wanted Indians to assimilate, Indians wanted autonomy

Changing role of blacks:Letters from an American Farmer

Naturalization Act of 1790 restricted to whites

Jeffersons neg. view of blacks/divided mindRace became the conventional justification of slavery

Chronology:

1777 Articles of Confederation (ratified 81)

1786-8 Shays Rebellion (creditors/debtors)

1787 NW Ordinance

Constitutional Convention1788 Ratification of Constitution by 9 states

1791 Bill of Rights added

1808 Congress prohibits slave trade

Chapter 8

Hamiltonian Program

1) Funding and Assumption

2) Sell new bonds

3) Create a national bank4) Whiskey Tax

5) Tariff to increase manufacturing

hinged on close ties with Britain

Opposition in South

Dispute over placement of national capitalImpact of the French Revolution:1793 Proclamation of US Neutrality

British seized American ships impressment

John Jays treaty: canceled FranceUSA treaty1794 Whiskey Rebelllion, GWs vigorous response

Republicans (Madison and TJ) supported France

Urban artists, wealthy southern planters, ordinary farmers

Wider circulation of pamphlets due to printing pressEveryone had a political voice

Womens rights movement

Adams PresidencyElection of 1796: Adams vs. Jefferson

USA dragged into European disputes (e.g. XYZ affair: 3 French agents demanded

huge bribe for PM, USA dips. refused)1800 peace with France

1799 Fries Rebellion

Farmers in PA armed tax revoltAlien and Sedition Acts


16/29

Reign of witches

Burr and Jefferson tied, but Hamilton supported TJ over Burr and convinced the

Federalist House of Rep. to pick TJSlave uprising in Haiti 1804

Gabriels Rebellion: 1800

Plot by VA slaves to capture Richmond, force abolition legislature tightened controls on slavery

Jeffersons Presidency

Reduced importance of fed. govtEconomy in govt

Free trade

Abolish all taxes except tariffFreedom of religion and press

Chronology

1789 George Washington elected

1793 Neutrality Proclamation1797 John Adams elected

1798 XYZ AffairAlien and Sedition Acts

1799 Fries Rebellion

1800 Gabriels Rebellion180l Thomas Jefferson elected

Jeffersonians Hamiltonians

Key

Objective

Liberty stability

Key Fear Tyranny anarchy

View of

People

Faith in the people Distrustful of the people

People dont know whats good for them

Govt Weak, small, decentralized Strong, central, protects stability

Priority Fairness, protect state rights,

keep govt small

Stability, govt power, economic growth

Constitution Strict construction Broad construction, implied powers

Vision Agrarian republic Manufacturing/commercial growth

Social

Order

Personal independence,

everyone is self sufficient

People need to be in a web of

dependency so everyone is in line

Foreign

Policy

Francophile inclination

(French Revolution = pro-

liberty)

Anglophile (UK has stability and

economic growth)

1803 Marbury vs. Madison


17/29

a. Adams appointed justices of the peace before leaving office

b. Madison refused to issue commissions to these midnight appointments

c. Marbury brings Madison in front of Supreme Court, asks for writ ofmandamus forcing Madison to issue commission

d. Marshalls decision:

i. Madison is being a jerkii. but the court cannot issue a writ of mandamus because it should not

have original jurisdiction in this case

iii. thus the decision overturned part of the Judiciary Act of 1789iv. established judicial reviewpower of Supreme Court to overturn

laws, decide what is constitutional

1. Fletcher vs. Peck established judicial review for states

2. state laws held by constitution--Est. judicial review

--Overturned part of the Judiciary Act of 1789

The Louisiana Purchase

a. rebellion in Saint Domingue

defeats Napoleon

Napoleon wants to sellFrench territory to USA

b. the right to trade through New Orleans had been established by the Treaty ofSan Lorenzo (Pinckneys Treaty) but Jefferson feared the French wouldnt

obey it

c. TJ felt obligated to acquire the LA territory even though it went against hisRepublican ideals (strengthened federal republic)

d. TJ justified actions by saying the LA Purchase would strengthen agrarian

republice. ended French presence in North America

f. incorporating LA territory was troublesome b/c slaves and women had more

freedom under the Frenchv. compromise = LA would retain rightsvi. but gradually LA grew more and more racist

Irony of the LA Purchase

Lewis and ClarkStrengthened W. migration movement

New info about terrain, wildlife

Official piracy in the Barbary statesJefferson refused their demands, led to declaration of war

Precursors to War of 1812:

1) The Non-importation Act

no imports2) Embargo

no exports

3) Non-intercourse Actno exports to Britain or France

4) Macons Bill #2

well trade with both until one does something to infringe on our liberty5) Embargo re-established at last minute to try to avert war


18/29

Causes of War:

1) War Hawks (Clay and Calhoun)

2) Impressment3) Indians

4) Freedom of the seas

Indians:Tecumseh: pan-Indian alliance

Prophet: complete separation from whites

Brits riling up IndiansUS Govt = basically bankrupt

Brits invade D.C.Star-Spangled Banner

Tecumseh and Creeks defeatedAndrew Jackson is a war hero

Treaty of Ghent ended war in 1814

Results:

Jackson is a heroPeace in Europe

No more Federalists (Hartford Conventiondownfall)

Chapter 9

The Market RevolutionTransportation

Toll roads (turnpikes shunpikes)

Water transportation/Steam Boat

CommunicationBefore = local economy

Farm familiesBarteringLocal stores

Rural craftsmen

ProsUpstream commerce

Rapid transport

Cons

Several states borrowed so much money to imitate Eerie Canal that they wentbankrupt during Panic of 1837

Canals = connected existing watercolor

Railroads = opened new territory, stimulated mining, iron industryTelegraph = sped flow of info, price uniformity

Migration:

Land-hungry settlers after warAfter end of war, 6 new states

People traveled in groups

Cooperated when arrived to create new Cotton KingdomSquatters


19/29

Expanding borders

Seizure of FL

Spain sold FL to USAThe Cotton Gin

Slavery and cotton plantations expand

Factories:Water-powered spinning and weaving

Immense demand

Planters monopolized most fertile land

Slave trading became well-organized

Slave coffles

Westward movement of slavery:

Destruction of familiesBreak up of communities

Fewer opportunities for liberty

Souths expansion simply reproduced old s.c. structure of old states

Transformation in the North:Integrated economy of commercial farms and cities

farmers self-sufficiency

Better transportation new role: grow crops, raise livestock for sale

Agricultural innovations:

Steel plowReaper

Fertilizer

Cincinnati slaughterhouses

Changes in urban areas:Population growth

Took advantage of expanding marketMain goal = Increase production, reduce laborNew nature of craft work

Subdivision of tasks

Outwork systemPower looms

Factory towns

Lowell

Water power changes to steam powerMass production ofinterchangeable partsSouth lagged because it had no internal market

Conception of timeBoarding houses

New view of USA:

EnergeticMaterialistic

Constantly in motion

No longer tied to communityCorporation = business which has investors


20/29

Corporate charters

Court decisions during Market Rev. affirmed the employers authority

Manifest DestinyTranscendentalism = NE intellectual movement

Individualism

PrivacySelf-reliance

EmersonWalden

Thoreau

The 2nd Great Awakening

1820s and 30s

Began when religious leaders were alarmed by low attendanceCharles Finney

Characteristics and Results:

(1) Mass enterprise

(2) Deism declines(3) new religious prophets

(4) camp meetings(5) moral free agency

The new middle class

Opportunity for the self-made man

Clerks, accountants, office employeesBlacks:

Poor neighborhoods

Violence, prejudice

Exclusion creation of own societies

AMECThe Cult of DomesticityResponse to Market Rev.

Domestic, dependent, pious, pure

Catherine BeecherWage labor vs. slavery?

Workers Unions began in late 1820s

Workers problems had to be understood as institutional, not individual

Chapter 10

Three Central Elements of American Freedom(1) Market Revolution

(2) Territorial Expansion

(3) Political democracyThe Dorr War

RI refused to get rid of property qualifications for voting Peoples

Convention Thomas Dorr appointed governor, Tyler dispatches federal troopsHabit of the Heart:


21/29

Equality

Individual initiative

Active public sphereAlexis de Tocqueville

Steam power penny press opportunity for women

Minstrel showsJim Crow

By 1860 blacks could vote only in the 5 NE states

The American System(1) New national bank

(2) Tariff on imported goods (Clay and Calhoun)

(3) Internal improvementsThe Second Bank of the United States

The Panic of 1819

Causes:

(1) Rapid expansion in West

(2) Demand for loans to buy land(3) Local and fed. banks give loans

(4) 1819 = speculative bubble burstsDuring:

(1) Debtors pressed fed. gov for assistance

(2) Many states suspended collection of debts (esp. Kentucky)Effects:

(1) Distrust of federal banks

(2) McCulloch vs. Maryland:Marshall declared that the bank was a legit exercise of congressional

authority under the necessary and proper clause

Maryland could not tax the bankThe Era of Good FeelingsMissouri Compromise

(1) Missouri could draft constitution without restrictions

(2) Maine enters Union(3) Remaining territory N. of MOs Southern border = non slave states

--TJ strenuously tried to keep slavery out of MO

The Monroe Doctrine 1823(1) USA opposes further colonization

(2) USA would abstain from further involvement in wars in Europe

(3) European countries should not interfere with Latin American independence

The Election of 1824Jacksons support due to military victories, status as hero

Adams support in NE where Republicans wanted S. to relinquish power

Crawford: S. Old Republicans States RightsHenry Clay

Decision went to House of Representatives

Clay supported Adams because he thought Adams would support the AmericanSystem


22/29

Martin Van Buren = pro-political party system

Organized Jacksons supporters for election of 1828

Pros of party system:1) check on those in power

2) choice for voters

3) counteract sectionalismThe Age of Jackson

(1) suspicion of banks and paper money

(2) market revolution = moral decay(3) against federal efforts to change economy or rights to interfere in private lives

Whigs:

United behind American system

Strongest in NE = modernizing businessmen, bankers, farmers along rivers, largesouthern planters

Democrats:

Balance of power between local and national authority

Alarmed by widening gap between social classesThought non-producers were seeking to take advantage

Attracted aspiring entrepreneurs, farmers, and city workers who were suspiciousof big business

Public vs. private freedom

Under Jackson, weak national authority

Democrats and private life:Individual morality is a private matter

Opposed temperance legislation

Supporters = immigrants who didnt want WASPs to regulate moralityMoral free agency

Whigs:

Liberty and power reinforce e/oLiberty required a prosperous and moral America

Viewed society as class-based

Any individual could achieve upward movementGovt could instill character traits

Nullification Crisis:

Tariff of 1828 vs. South Carolina

SC passed legislation nullifying the tariffsDaniel Webster called nullification illegal

The Force Bill, 1833, authorized Jackson to use force to enforce Tariff

1833 to avert confrontation Henry Clay (with Calhouns help) redid Tariff,instated a lower one

1832 Indian Removal Act

Due to need for land for Cotton KingdomJackson claimed for good of Indians

Trail of Tears from 38-9

Court Cases:

Cherokee Nation vs. Georgia


23/29

-Indians have no rights

Worcester vs. Georgia

-Indian treaties with fed govt must be upheldWilliam Apess appealed for harmony between Indians and whites

The Bank War

Biddle and Bank of USA vs. Jackson and local banksJackson vetoed a bill that would extend the banks charter for 20 more years

Jackson argued that it was unacceptable for Congress to create a source of

concentrated power like the bankWhigs denounced Jackson for using his veto power

Sequence of Events

1816: National Bank Chartered after War of 1812

1828: Jackson elected1832: Biddle tries to push through a renewal bill 4 years early, hoping that Jackson wont

veto it for fear of not being re-elected

but Jackson vetoes it anyway and is re-elected

Jackson takes all money out of Fed Bank and redistributes it to state banksPet banks: local banks where Jackson deposited money

Effects of Bank War:Bank of US lost its ability to regulate the activities of state banks

Issued lots of paper money speculation and inflation

The Panic of 1837: Factors(1) Pet banks

(2) Speculative frenzy

(3) Speculative bubble(4) Specie Circular and Bank of England demands gold and silver

(5) Economic downturn in Britain decreased demand for American cotton

(6) Events triggered a Panic in 1837 and a depression until 1843Martin Van Buren (elected in 36) hard money, anti-bank wing of the DemocraticParty

removed federal funds and put them in the treasury

--angered business-oriented Democrats--agrarian Whigs = supported it

--state sovereignty advocates who left during Nullification Crisis returned to

DemsElection of 1840

William Henry Harrison vs. Van Buren

Harrison won on log cabin hard cider campaign

Then he diedVP Tyler became president without a party

His Accidency

Chapter 11

And then, in Chapter 11, nothing happened.


24/29

Chapter 12

An Era of ReformTactics for Social Change

Moral suasion

Government coercionDemonstration by example

Utopian Communities

The ShakersOneida

Noyes

Complex marriage

Brook FarmThe Owenites

Josiah Warren

Revivals

Moral free agencyPerfectionism

The AsylumThe Common School

Colonization as solution to slavery

Militant Abolitionism

William Lloyd Garrison The Liberator

1831, called for immediate abolition of slavery

Spreading the abolitionist message

American Anti-Slavery Society in 1833The Grimk sisters

The Liberty Bell

Racism within abolitionistsThe Gag Rule (repealed in 44) => Congress could not even consider emancipation

Women in the Public Sphere

Female Moral Reform Society 1834The Seneca Falls Convention 1848

Bloomers

Women in the workplace

Cult of domesticity vs. feminism1840 The American and Foreign Anti-Slavery Society

(anti-feminist)

1852 Harriet Beecher Stowes Uncle Toms Cabin

American Temperance Movement 1826

Chapter 13

The Mormons forced to Missouri and then Illinois

Mexican gov wanted to reduce power of Catholic church

New class of ranchers: gente de razn


25/29

The Texas Revolt

Americans settled in Texas until there were more Americans than Tejanos

Mexico = no slaveryMexican army under Santa Anna stormed the Alamo 1835

Texas became independent

Called for union with United StatesPolk

Democrat

Slaveholder5440 or fight (reoccupation of Oregon)

First dark horse candidate for president

TX became part of USA

Polks goals:1) reduce tariff

2) independent treasury

3) settle Oregon dispute

4) bring in CAMexican-American War: Sequence of Events

(1) Both countries lay claim to land between rivers 1846(2) Polk claims Mexicans started it

(3) Manifest Destiny USA supports war

(4) Volunteer fighting:Freed CA

Occupied Santa Fe

Defeated Santa Annas army in Central Mexico(5) 1848 Mexican Cession: Treaty of Guadelupe Hidalgo

Gadsden Purchase 1853 => possibility of southern transcontinental railroad

1848 California Gold RushThe Wilmot Proviso 1846 = proposed prohibiting slavery in all territories acquired fromMexico

Free Soil Party Van Buren

1848 Election Zachary Taylor, WhigFree Soil = popular in North

Clays Compromise of 1850:

1) CA = free state2) Slave trade abolished in DC

3) Fugitive slaves can be reclaimed

4) Remaining territory = popular sovereignty

Millard Fillmore (Taylors successor) threw support to ClayFugitive Slave Act

The Kansas-Nebraska Act

Kansas and Nebraska enter Union as territorial governmentsPopular sovereignty in both states

Repealed Missouri Compromise

Shattered unity of Democratic PartyThe Whig Party also collapsed


26/29

Economic and social changes, Market Rev, mass immigration changes in Rep party

1843-1857 explosive economic growthcatalyst = railroad network

reorientation of Northwest trade

Northern economy = complex, integrated, eastern industrialists market manufactured

goods, west = commercial farmersBoston Baltimore = 1 region of economic growth

Second region = centered on Great Lakes

1840-60 growth in immigration, Ireland and Germanyspurred by:

modernization

American freedom

Refugees from potato famineThe Know-Nothings

Roman Catholic Irish

American tradition of anti-popery

John Hughes parochial schoolsIrish brought into urban political machines of Democratic Party, whose local bosses

gave jobs and poor reliefNativism emerged as major political movement

Swept elections in Massachusets

Major component of victorious anti-Nebraska coalition of voters against the K-Nact

Appeal combined anti-Catholic and anti-slavery sentiment, opposition to sale of

liquorFree blacks found immigrants pushing them out of jobs

Some states made literacy a voting requirement

The Free Labor IdeologyReps convinced Northerners that the slave power was a more immediate threatClaimed that opportunity was the most important thing in the North

Slavery spawned social order

Wanted to end federal govs support of slavery: rallying cry = freedom nationalWilliam Seward: The Irrepressible Conflict

2 conflicting systems: slavery and free labor

Super liberalBleeding Kansas, 1856

proslavery Missourians crossed border to Kansas, cast fraudulent ballots in 1854

election

Franklin Pierce called ballots legitimate, replaced territorial governorSettlers from free states est. rival govt

Sporadic civil war broke out

Bleeding Kansas: seemed to prove Douglas theory wrongThe Presidential Election of 1856

Republicans = Fremont

Opposed expansion of slaveryDemocrats = James Buchanan


27/29

Know-Nothings = ex-pres. Millard Fillmore

Buchanan carried whole South, won

Parties reoriented along sectional linesBuchanan: tried to reunite country, failed miserable

Dred Scott 1857

Undermined popular sovereigntyReputation of court sank to new lows

Lecompton battle

Buchanan tried to admit Kansas as a slave state under the never-passed pro-slaveryLecompton Constitution

Douglas was outraged, blocked attempt

Kansas admitted as free state on eve of civil war

Lincolns America: small producerLincoln was willing to compromise to keep USA

Lincoln v. Douglas: Illinois Senate race 1858

Douglas: politicians cant impose moral values

Douglas/Dems won raceCaused split in Dem party: pro-Buchanan and pro-Douglas

John BrownHarpers Ferry 1859

Seized federal arsenal, but was quickly surrounded

Brown became a martyr

Secessionist movementBlamed southern debt on north

Desire for slave empire

Ostend Manifesto Britain, France call on USA to purchase or seize Cuba from Spain

Walker captures Baja CA, est. self as leader of independent country

Also est. as ruler of NicaraguaCaptured city of Granada and declared himself pres.Franklin Pierce recognized Walkers govt

Southern nationalists = fire-eaters, aimed to split South from USA

The Democratic SplitNorth: Douglas and Popular Sovereignty

South: Breckinridgeslavery must be protected

Lincolns PlatformOpposed slavery

Western homesteads

Protective tariffs

RailroadLincoln won in 1860

7 states from SC to TX seceded from Union

Crittendens CompromiseDivide new territories between free and slave

Status quo in other states

Both North and South rejected itThe South elected Jefferson Davis


28/29


29/29

Nationally chartered banks greenbacks

Manufacturing increased

Women found places to workRepublicans labeled opposition to war Copperheads

1863 NYC Draft Riots

Failure of King Cotton diplomacyThe divided South

South becomes bankrupt

Heroes of America = peace movementBlack troops in the South

Vicksburg and Gettysburg = turning points

Vicksburg = Union controlled Mississippi R. Valley

Gettysburg = Lee retreated1864 Grant began war of attrition

Butcher Grant

Shermans march to the sea to crush Southern morale

1864 Lincoln won sweeping victoryTen-percent Plan

Lincolns lenient plan toward the SouthWade-Davis Bill

Guarantees blacks equality before law

Pocket vetoed by Lincoln

The Sea Island experimentNegro Paradise on the Davis plantation

1865 13th Amendment Ratified

Union soldiers occupied RichmondLee surrendered on April 9th

Civil War ended

Lincoln was assassinated by John Wilkes Booth

us history study guide

Documents