US History, May 12 • Entry Task: Grab a book and turn to the Bill of

Rights (166-169). With Japanese Internment, which constitutional rights from the Bill of Rights were violated (Chilson will give examples)? Announcements: – You’ll need your packet out today!

First Amendment

• Public meetings and camp newspapers censored – only English allowed

4th Amendment – Searches, Seizures, Warrants

• FBI searched homes without search warrants

5th Amendment – Criminal Proceedings and Condemnation of Property

• Forced removal and detention • Denied rights to call favorable

witnesses/confronted with accusatory witnesses

• Denied right to life, liberty, and property

First Amendment

• Shintoism prohibited; Buddhism restricted

Amendment 6 – Right to a Speedy, Public Trial

• Japanese Americans were denied a speedy trial or access to legal representative – no witnesses

• Japanese Americans were not told of their crime or the charges against them.

14th Amendment – Civil Rights

• Citizens of the US - rounded up based on ethnicity/race

First Amendment

• Isolation Camps for anyone labeled “troublemaker” for starting a petition

Today, you should…

• Know some of the Constitutional amendments violated with Japanese internment

• Evaluate the results of internment (challenges, reparations)

Japanese “mistakes”

• No immediate follow up plan (3rd attack cancelled) • “Divided” America now ready for war • Ships attacked were older, built in 1920s • Ships sunk in shallow harbor waters (All but

Arizona, Utah, and Oklahoma were raised/rebuilt) • No damage to dry docks, fuel tanks, repair facilities • Aircraft Carriers: not in the base • Submarine bases: not damaged • Hitler declares war on the US Dec. 11: now America

can help Britain!

https://www.wtamu.edu/library/documents/posters.shtml

When the U.S. entered WW2 in late 1941, victory seemed remote Germany controlled

almost all of Europe

Axis armies controlled

Northern Africa & threatened

the Suez Canal

Germany pressed into Russia

Japan dominated the western half of the Pacific Ocean

But…over the next 2 years, the U.S. & the Allies began to win the wars in Europe & the Pacific

Incarceration of Japanese Americans

FDR was convinced to sign Executive Order 9066 – 10 internment camps: Canada followed and interned 23,000 Japanese

We're gonna have to slap the dirty little Jap And Uncle Sam's the guy who can do it We'll skin the streak of yellow from this sneaky little fellow And he'll think a cyclone hit him when he's thru it We'll take the double crosser to the old woodshed We'll start on his bottom and go to his head

Performed by Carson Robison, December 1941 – audio link

MUST CLOSE EARLY -- Like a lot of ether Japanese operated businesses, the cafe managed by pretty Yuri Takahashi, American-born, must close early after Thursday. Right is Matsuo Hashiguchi, who says he will play pinochle by phone.

FORSWEARS JAPAN -- Toshika Nakagawa is shown being photographed for registration with the Japanese American Citizens League after taking a new oath of allegiance to United States.

MAN, WHO DRAGGED JAP BOY PATROLMAN FROM HIS POST, FINED Charged with dragging a Junior Safety Patrol member from a school crossing April 16 because the boy was a Japanese, Karl R. Paykull, 67 years old, was found guilty of disorderly conduct and fined $25 in Police Court today. Paykull said: "I can't understand why a Japanese should be on the patrol when we are at war with Japan."

The Wartime Relocation Agency (WRA) forced approximately 110,000 Japanese Americans to…

…sell their homes and businesses,

Takeo Nakashima sold the farm to Iver Drivstuen and his wife Bergie in 1942 for $12,825, well below market value. Below – grandson, who visited relatives in Japan and could not return for 7 years

Internment camp in Manzanar, California

• They were released in 1944, after victory against the Japanese seemed imminent.

and relocate to inland camps, living in crowded barracks behind barbed wire.

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:JapaneseAmericansChildrenPledgingAllegiance1942-2.jpg

• There were three types of camps. Civilian Assembly Centers, Relocation Centers, and Detention camps housed those considered to be disruptive or

of special interest to the government (McNeill Island, WA).

Washington State

• 13,000 Japanese-Americans interned from WA

• Camp Harmony – Puyallup Fairgrounds (end of 1942)

• Camp Minidoka (ID) or Tule Lake (CA)

Presenter

Presentation Notes

Transport center in San Francisco, 1942

• Pike Place Market

What about the other enemies?

• 1942, March 27: Effective date of curfew order covering German and Italian aliens and all persons of Japanese ancestry in Military Area No. 1, requiring them to be in their place of residence between 8 P.M. and 6 A.M., forbidding them possession of firearms, explosives, cameras, radio transmitting sets or shortwave receiving sets, and barring travel more than five miles from home without a permit.

• NO INTERNMENT, THOUGH…

1942, Austin Anson, president of the Salinas Vegetable Grower-Shipper Association told a reporter, “We’re charged with wanting to get rid of these Japs for selfish [economic] reasons. We do.”

Loyalty Questions

• Two questions, – #27 (willingness to serve in the U.S. Armed

Forces) – #28 (willingness to swear unqualified

allegiance to the United States and forswear allegiance to any other nation or government),

were both disturbing and confusing to the internees.

“No-no Boy” – John Okada

• "In the detention centers, families lived in substandard housing, had inadequate nutrition and health care, and had their livelihoods destroyed: many continued to suffer psychologically long after their release" - "Personal Justice Denied: Report of the Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians"

442nd Regiment

• Mostly made up of Nisei - segregated • Fought in Italy, France, and Germany • 21 Medal of Honor Recipients • Overall: 33,000 Japanese Americans

fought

Korematsu v. United States • Fred Korematsu was a U.S.-born

Japanese American man who decided to stay in San Leandro, California

• Fred Korematsu argued that Exec. Order 9066 violated the 5th Amendment and 14th Amendment

• Topaz, Utah internment camp. He was placed in a horse stall with one light bulb. He remarked that “jail was better than this.”

• Korematsu stood in front of US District Judge Marilyn Patel and said, “I would like to see the government admit that they were wrong and do something about it so this will never happen again to any American citizen of any race, creed, or color.” He also said, “If anyone should do any pardoning, I should be the one pardoning the government for what they did to the Japanese-American people.”

Hirabayashi vs. United States • Gordon Hirabayashi: University of

Washington student • Convicted of Curfew Violation in 1942;

Supreme Court upheld ruling in 1943 • Case overturned in 1987

Fred Korematsu – Presidential Medal of Freedom (1998) and Gordon Hirabayashi visiting the camp

he stayed at in Arizona in 1999

• Going home was not easy… • About 1327 chose to emigrate

to Japan.

Presenter

Presentation Notes

A Japanese family returns home to find their garage vandalized with graffiti and broken windows in Seattle – May 10, 1945

Reparations • 1976 President Gerald

Ford rescinded Executive Order No. 9066.

• Estimated $400 million lost

• By 1988: $20,000 to each survivor (only 60,000 left)

Could this ever happen again? • 2004 On September 16th, Fred Korematsu wrote an article

for the San Francisco Chronicle in response to the statement made by Fox News media personality Michelle Malkin who claimed that because some Japanese Americans were spies during WWII, their internment was not such a bad idea. She then continued that racial profiling of Arab Americans was similarly justified by the need to fight terrorism.

• His article ends, "I know what it is like to be at the other end of such scapegoating and how difficult it is to clear one's name after unjustified suspicions are endorsed as fact by the government. If someone is a spy or terrorist they should be prosecuted for their actions. But no one should ever be locked away simply because they share the same race, ethnicity, or religion as a spy or terrorist. If that principle was not learned from the internment of Japanese Americans, then these are very dangerous times for our democracy."

Writing Prompt Choices

– Writing Prompt choices (4 sentences): • Was the relocation a political or military decision? • Why didn’t fellow Americans object? • What could have been other options for Japanese

Americans? • Could this ever happen again?