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Battle of Saratoga 1777: The “Turning Point” of the War!
American victory that convinced France to join the
Americans 22
Winter at Valley Forge, 1777-1778: the Continental Army camps at Valley Forge, Pennsylvania; becomes a symbol of the hardships(starvation, disease, exposure) of war, over 2500 soldiers die. 23
The Battle of Yorktown (1781) The final major battle of the
Revolutionary War. Yeah boi! The Americans and French win!
General George Washington
Lord Charles Cornwallis
24
North America after the Treaty of Paris, 1783
In the Treaty of Paris of 1783, the British finally recognize the United States as an independent country.
15
People of the American Revolution
• African-American spy during the American Revolution. Spied on Lord Cornwallis’ camp.
James Armistead
<-- French Noble who helped American during the revolutionary War
• Marquis de Lafayette 25
Samuel Adams
• Leader of the Sons of Liberty was an informal organization of patriot leaders who protested British policies.
• “ No taxation without representation Is tyranny” 26
Sons of Liberty
Abigail Adams
Wife of John Adams
• Her writings voice strong opinions & reveal a commitment to voting rights for women, African Americans and support American Independence.
“Remember the Ladies”
27
Bernardo de Galvez
• He commanded Spanish troops against the British in Louisiana and protected the city of New Orleans.
• He defeated British troops in Florida.
28
John Paul Jones Fought during the
American Revolution in the Continental Navy.
• He commanded the USS Bonhomme Richard and defeated the British ship Serapis, which made him a naval hero.
• Known as the “Father of the U.S. Navy.”
“I have not yet begun to fight” 29
Baron C
harles de M
ontesquieu (1689-1755) K
ey thinker of the Enlightenment recorded his ideas about governm
ent and law
in several books. His ideas encouraged the developm
ent of a system of
checks and balances established by the U.S. C
onstitution.
"In a true state of nature, indeed, all men are born equal, but they cannot continue in this equality.
Society makes them lose it, and they recover it only bytheprotectionoflaws."
Articles of Confederation
• This document was an agreement by the states to work together. It gave the states the most power and formed a very weak national(federal) government.
• America’s First Government! Our First Constitution
30
WEAKNESSES: No national court system No executive branch (no
President) One legislature, with little
power. Each state had only one vote in Congress. No power to tax anyone. No power to regulate trade
between the states. No power to raise an army.
Northwest Ordinance
• It established procedures for the admission for territories into the Union as new states once they reached a certain population.
18
1787- Procedures for orderly future expansion of the U.S.
Slavery was prohibited in the N
orthwest Territory
System to adm
it new states as equals to original colonies
when population reached 60,000 (to form
not less than 3 or m
ore than 5 states)
Great Com
promise
Provided a bicameral Congress
A.H
ouse of representatives- each state is represented according to its population (satisfied the V
A plan)
B.Senate- each state has 2 senators (satisfied the NJ plan)
3/5ths Com
promise
A com
promise m
ade during the Constitutional Convention.
Agreem
ent to count 3 out of every 5 of the slave population for property and tax purposes
Federalist
Supported a new Constitution to replace the
Articles of Confederation
Supported a stronger national government
Federalist Papers by Madison, H
amilton, &
Jay argued for ratification of the Constitution
Anti-Federalist
Opposed to the new
Constitution
Patrick Henry, G
eorge Mason &
others feared a strong national governm
ent would tram
ple on state’s rights
Refused to ratify the Constitution without a Bill of Rights
Republic
A state w
here supreme pow
er is held by the people &
their elected representatives, with
an elected or nominated president
Essays by Alexander H
amilton, John Jay, &
Jam
es Madison that helped persuade
Am
ericans to approve the new constitution
44. Amendmeans to
change. As in amend the
Constitution so it works
better. Amendment = change to the Constitution
I can amend the
Amendments!
2/3Amend
amend
Amendment
3/4or
64
Ratify
Sign of give formal consent to
(a treaty, contract, or agreement),
making it officially valid
“We the People of the United States, in order to form a more perfect union, establish justice, insure domestic tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general welfare, and secure the blessings of liberty to ourselves and our posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.”
1787- Constitution of the United States
is approved by the delegates.
34
Am
endment
A form
al or official change made to a law
, contract, constitution or other legal docum
ent
The First Amendment
• Protects the freedom of…
• Religion
• Assembly
• Speech
• Press
• Petition
• Amendment 42
Power divided among three branches:Separation of
Powers
Legislative
Makes laws
CongressExecutive
Carries out laws
PresidentJudicial
Interprets laws
Supreme Court
65
Each branch can check or control the other two. We call this Checks and Balances
Executive
•Makes Appointments
•Veto Power
Judicial
•Can declare a law
unconstitutional
•Judicial Review
Legislative
•Overrides Vetoes
•Controls Money
•Impeachment Power•Approve
Appointments
•Power to pardon
•Can serve for life
•Issues Executive Orders 66
Federalism: The sharing of power between a national government and states.
Limited Government:: type oof government in which everyone, including all authority figures, mmust obey the law? 67
• Republicanism: People hold the power through the election of representatives.
Popular Sovereignty• Political power rests with the
people. Exercised through voting, can create, alter, and abolish government. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government.68
Popular Sovereignty • Political power rests with the
people. People express themselves through voting and free participation in government.
38
Power divided among three branches: Separation of
Powers
Legislative
Makes laws
Congress Executive
Carries out laws
President Judicial
Interprets laws
Supreme Court
Article I, Section 1 Article II, Section 1 Article III, Section 1
39
Bill of Rights (1791)–1st 10 amendments 1st: Freedom of speech, of the press, of religion, and to protest our government 2nd: Right to own guns
3rd: No quartering of soldiers in our homes
4th: Protection against unreasonable search and seizure
5th: Right to due process, right to remain silent, no double-jeopardy
6th: Right to jury in criminal trial, speedy trial, and to a lawyer
7th: Right to jury in civil suits
8th: Protection against cruel and unusual punishments
9th: We can have more rights than just the ones in the Constitution
10th: Powers not given to the national government go to the states 23
April 1789 - George Washington becomes the 1st President of the United States. John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, and Alexander Hamilton are part of the first Cabinet