U.S. History Chapter 18 Sections 1 & 2

Essential Question:

What is imperialism and why did American expansionism/imperialism during the late

1800s and early 1900s result in the Spanish American War and the war in the

Philippines?

Imperialism• The policy in which stronger nations

extend their economic, political, or military control over weaker territories

• What countries had been est. colonies for centuries, why shouldn’t the U.S. join in?

• How did the belief in manifest destiny contribute to U.S. imperialism?

• What are current examples of U.S. imperialism?

Factors Influencing U.S. Imperialism

• Economic FactorsEconomic Factors

• NationalismNationalism

• Military FactorsMilitary Factors

• Humanitarian Factors???Humanitarian Factors???

William McKinley • 25th President of the

U.S. in office 1897-1901

• Advocate of U.S. Imperialism abroad

• Independent country of Hawaii annexed during his presidency

• Assassination leads to Teddy Roosevelt’s assumption of Presidency

Military Strength • U.S. must keep up

with other nations that est. global military presence

• Navy officer Alfred T. Mahan urged the U.S. compete with other nations

• By 1890 U.S. is world’s 3rd largest navel power

Alfred T. Mahan

New Markets • Technology allows American

farms/factories to produce more than can be consumed

• What to do with extra products?

• Need new markets to sell them in

• Being in control of the market gives you favorable conditions

Cultural Superiority?

• U.S. thought American way of life is the U.S. thought American way of life is the bestbest

• It was their duty to “Americanize” & It was their duty to “Americanize” & Christianize the rest of the worldChristianize the rest of the world

• Social Darwinism + racism justified Social Darwinism + racism justified increased imperialismincreased imperialism

• The United States begins to flex its muscles internationally

• Other countries begin to see that the U.S. is becoming one of the strongest countries in the world

• The U.S. has shown the world it is capable of using its military to get what it wants

Chapter 18 Section 1 Review:• What is imperialism?

• 3 goals of U.S. imperialism?

• President who was first advocate of U.S. imperialism?

• How much did the U.S. buy Alaska for?

• Why has Hawaii been important to the U.S. since the 1790s?

• Who set up the first U.S. controlled gov’t in Hawaii?

Chapter 18 Section 2

The Spanish American War

The Spanish American War Causes:1. U.S. involvement in Cuban independence from

Spain 2. Yellow JournalismResults:1. Treaty of Paris - Cuban independence - Spain gives U.S. Puerto Rico & Guam- $20 mil for Phil (U.S. buys The Philippines for $20 million in 1898)

Americans want Cuba

• How far is Cuba from the United States?

• During the 1800s Cuba repeatedly tries to gain independence from Spain

• Americans invest millions in Cuban Sugar plantations

Hawaii• Hawaii has been economically important to U.S. since 1790s

• Merchants stop there on the way to China

• In 1820s children of U.S. missionaries stay in Hawaii & become sugar planters, sell most of the sugar to the U.S.

Revolution in Cuba• Rebels hoping for Cuban independence began a

revolution and destroyed property owned by Spanish and Americans in Cuba

• They hoped to force the U.S. to intervene

• Americans are split, should they aid a revolution like 1776 or should they protect their business interests and side with Spain

• What does Cuba Libre mean? • A free Cuba

Spain gets tough

• Spain sends Valeriano Weyler to restore order

• Weyler puts 300,000 Cubans in concentration camps

• Americans are outraged by his actions

Weyler

Yellow Journalism • During late 19th century newspapers are fighting for

readers • War will sell newspapers• Newspapers favor a war with Spain to make money• Yellow Journalism:• Sensationalize headlines, exaggerate the news to

gain new readers • Embellish events in Cuba, call Weyler a “butcher”

U.S.S. Maine • Warship stationed in

Havana Harbor to protect Americans in Cuba

• 1898 ship mysteriously blows up

• Newspapers immediately blame Spain, War is declared

• Ship exploded from an internal explosion, not a Spanish bomb

Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!Remember the Maineand to Hell with Spain!

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

Funeral for Maine victims in Havana

1898: ship mysteriously blows up in Havana Harbor

Rough Riders • Volunteer cavalry Volunteer cavalry

regiment led by Theodore regiment led by Theodore Roosevelt Roosevelt

• Helped led charge up Helped led charge up San San Juan HillJuan Hill, the most , the most important land battle of important land battle of Spanish-American WarSpanish-American War

• Roosevelt gained fame Roosevelt gained fame from his role with the from his role with the Rough Riders Rough Riders

Teddy Roosevelt

“A splendid little war”

• Spanish-American War lasts only 16 weeks

• The results still are important today

• Cuban Independence

• U.S still controls Guam & Puerto Rico

• Large amount of U.S. imperial influence in the Philippines and the rest of world after the war.

Philippine-American War• How much did the U.S. buy the Philippines from Spain

for per the Treaty of Paris?

• Filipinos are not happy with American occupation

• U.S. mistreats the Filipinos just as Spain did

• Filipinos revolt using guerrilla tactics

• It took 3 years for the U.S. to put down the rebellion

• Philippines granted independence in 1946

Cuba and the United States• Despite Cuban independence, the U.S. seeks to

influence Cuba • American soldiers occupy Cuba after the

Spanish-American War• Americans let the same officials who had served

Spain remain in charge of Cuba • Cubans write a constitution that does not

mention any official relationship with the U.S.

Platt Amendment (1903) – Platt Amendment (1903) – Cuba becomes a protectorateCuba becomes a protectorate

1.1. Cuba can’t make treaties that limit independence Cuba can’t make treaties that limit independence or allow foreign power to control territory or allow foreign power to control territory

2.2. The U.S. Could intervene in Cuban affairs if The U.S. Could intervene in Cuban affairs if necessary to maintain an independent govt.necessary to maintain an independent govt.

3.3. Cuba must lease Cuba must lease Guantanamo Bay Guantanamo Bay to the U.S. For to the U.S. For naval station.naval station.

4.4. Cuba must not build up an excessive public debtCuba must not build up an excessive public debt..

Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?Cuban Independence?

Puerto Rico

• Many Puerto Ricans want independence others want statehood

• Why is Puerto Rico important to U.S.?

1. Maintaining U.S. presence in Caribbean

2. Protecting future canal to be built in Panama

Foraker ActForaker Act

• At first Puerto Rico At first Puerto Rico has a military has a military government government

• In 1900, U.S. passes In 1900, U.S. passes the the Foraker ActForaker Act which ends military which ends military rule & sets up a civil rule & sets up a civil government government

• Foraker Act gave the Foraker Act gave the president of the U.S. president of the U.S. power to appoint power to appoint Puerto Rico’s Puerto Rico’s governor and governor and members of its upper members of its upper house house

PR becomes a U.S. TerritoryPR becomes a U.S. Territory

Hawaiian Annexation• As white sugar planters become more

powerful they import laborers from other countries

• By 1900 foreigners outnumber Hawaiians 3 to 1

• Americans pressure gov’t annex the islands to continue the beneficial trading relationship

Hawaii becomes a territory• Native Hawaiians resist

annexation • U.S. Marines are sent

in to “protect” Americans in Hawaii

• Marines help overthrow the Queen

• Sanford B. Dole sets up first U.S. controlled gov’t

• Hawaii becomes a territory in 1898

Sanford B. Dole

U.S. “Sphere of Influence”

The Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door PolicyThe Open Door Policy

Secretary of StateJohn Hay.

Give all nations equalaccess to trade in China.

Guaranteed that China would NOT be taken over by any one foreign power.

Open Door Notes = preserve Chinese Open Door Notes = preserve Chinese independence and protect independence and protect American interestsAmerican interests

The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900The Boxer Rebellion: 1900

“55 Days at Peking.”

Foreigners & Chinese Christians killed

““kill the foreign devils”kill the foreign devils”