u.s. & global i mr. gaul. who was the first to argue the sun was at the center of the universe,...
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U.S. & Global IMr. Gaul
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Who was the first to argue the sun was at the center of the universe, not the Earth?Nikolas Copernicus
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What important discoveries did Galileo make regarding other planets/space?Mountains on the moonThings in space were made of the same
matter that things on Earth were made ofSunspotsFour moons orbiting Jupiter
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What are the steps of the scientific method?Ask a question & do background researchHypothesizeTest your hypothesis & collect dataAnalyze the resultsDraw conclusions
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What were William Harvey’s contributions to the Scientific Revolution?There is only one type of blood flowing in
the human bodyThe heart is the beginning point for the
circulation of bloodBlood does a complete lap through the body
before returning to the heart
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What were Montesquieu’s beliefs about how a government should be organized?Should be divided into three branches:
Executive – enforce laws Legislative – make laws Judicial – interpret laws
Each branch should have: Their own unique responsibilities Checks and balances on the power of the other
two branches
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What was Jean Jacques Rousseau’s concept of a social contract?An entire society agrees to be governed by
its general willThe general will is what is best for all
citizens, meaning what ensures all citizens natural rights
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Which “Enlightened Monarch” said Diderot’s ideas would have, “turned her kingdom upside down.”?Catherine the Great of Russia
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What was the one absolute truth Rene Descartes believed in?His own existence!!
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What are the characteristics of the Rococo style of painting?GraceCharmEleganceCelebration of natural beautyDepiction of humans enjoying the natural
world and being human
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What are the three responsibilities of government, according to Adam Smith?Protect citizens from invasion: armyProtect citizens from injustice: policeMaintain the infrastructure necessary for
economic activity and for the public good Roads Canals Bridges
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What tool did Francis Bacon believe all scientists should use to develop theories and answer scientific questions?The scientific method!
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What did Enlightenment philosophers believe was the key to understanding human institutions?Reason & the power of the human mind to
be rational and think
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What was the name given to the time period where science and reason were used to understand the natural world?The Age of Enlightenment
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Who is known as the father of modern rationalism?Rene Descartes
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Which composer was a child prodigy?Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart
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What was John Locke’s concept of “tabula rasa”?All humans are born with a blank mind, a
clean slateWe are then molded by our experiences in
life If we study and find out what the best
experiences are we can then mold people in the proper way and create a better society
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Which scientist advanced knowledge of the human body by actually dissecting human cadavers rather than animals?Andreas Vesalius
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Which philosophe is famous for the following quote in defense of freedom of speech? “I may disagree with what you say, but I will
defend to the death your right to say it.” Voltaire
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Enlightenment philosophers believed the power of the government comes from whom?The people! From the consent of the
governed!
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What are the characteristics of an “Enlightened Monarch”?At the very least these rulers were open to
studying and learning about the new ideas of the Enlightenment and the new discoveries of the Scientific Revolution
Some implemented new ideas into their rule, while others listened, learned, and kept things the way they were
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When are humans given their natural rights?At birth!
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Who said, “I think, therefore I am.”?The father of modern rationalism, Rene
Descartes
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What document puts Montesquieu’s words into action and forms a government based on the principle of separation of powers?The United States Constitution
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Who edited the 28 volumes of the Encyclopedia and met with Catherine the Great and her court in Russia?Denis Diderot
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Which scientist was among the first to use controlled experiments, particularly in the area of gasses, where he has his own law?Robert BoyleBoyle’s law: the pressure and volume of a
contained gas are inversely related
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What was Adam Smith’s concept of laissez-faire economics?The economic marketplace should be
governed by the law of supply and demandGovernments should stay out of economic
affairs all together “Hands off” economics
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Which scientist was persecuted by the Catholic Church for teaching the sun was at the center of the universe, as well as the other discoveries he made through his telescope?Galileo Galilei
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What was Mary Wollstonecraft’s argument in favor of women’s rights?All humans have the capacity to reason
and think rationallyAll humans are given natural rights at
birthWomen are humans…THEREFOREWomen have the ability to reason and
thing rationallyWomen have natural rightsWomen should have the same rights as
men!
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What scientist validated Copernicus’ heliocentric model of the universe, as well as showed the planets orbit the sun in elliptical orbits? Johannes Kepler
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What is Margaret Cavendish known for?She was a famous and respected German
astronomerShe was denied a teaching position at the
Berlin Academy despite her credentials and reputation among her peers simply because she was a woman and they did not want to be the first such school to hire a woman
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How were the Ptolemaic and Copernican models of the universe different? Which model do we use today?Ptolemaic
Ancient Egyptian astronomer Geocentric (Earth centered universe)
Copernican From the scientific revolution Heliocentric (sun centered universe)
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What were two reasons for the rapid spread of Enlightenment ideas across Europe and into the North American colonies?Salons: gatherings of people from all areas
of society to discuss and share new ideas, theories, and scientific discoveries
The growth of reading and expanding literate population b/c of the printing press
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Which two estates did not pay the taille in France during the Old Regime (pre revolution)?Nobility and Clergy (1st & 2nd)
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What was King Louis XVI’s solution to the financial crisis France was in?Called a meeting of the Estates General for
the first time in 175 yearsEstates General is a meeting of
representatives from all three estates in French society
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Which estate owned 10% of France’s land and accounted for 0.5% of its population?The 1st estate, the Clergy
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What were the divisions in French society called during the Old Regime?Estates
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The new National Assembly swore the Tennis Court Oath. What was the oath?They would continue meeting as France’s
National Assembly until they had produced a new constitution for the country
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What was the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen?A statement of philosophical principles
based on Enlightenment ideas issued by France’s new National Assembly - comparable to the Declaration of Independence.
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In 1791 the unrest in France alarmed other European monarchs. What did they fear?They feared Revolution fueled by the ideas
of the Enlightenment would spread to their countries and lead to the end of their rule.
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Who was the brutal head of the Committee of Public Safety?Maximilian Robespierre
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During the Reign of Terror, why did the Committee of Public Safety set up revolutionary courts throughout the country?To prosecute internal enemies of the
Revolution (French people that weren’t doing what they were told by the revolutionary government!)
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What did the National Convention do in an attempt to create a new order in France that reflected its belief in reason?Pursued a policy of de-Christianization
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How did Napoleon gain control of the executive authority of the French gov’t?He was a successful and wildly popular
general who had led the French to victory in Italy
Backed by the military, he overthrew the unpopular Directory in a coup d'état
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How did Napoleon’s expansion of the French empire affect the development of liberty and law in the conquered lands and dependent states?Napoleon and his armies spread some of
the principles of the Revolution to both Dependent & Allied States Legal equality, religious freedom, economic
freedom, destroyed the old order of privilege
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French Revolution #13 What ultimately led to Napoleon’s
defeat?His desire for power and glory; pride
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Who crowned Napoleon emperor of France?Himself! Napoleon did instead of the Pope
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What helped Great Britain survive continued attacks by Napoleon and the French?Geography: GB is an island, so all attacks
had to come by seaGreat Britain had the strongest and most
modern navy in the world
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What effect did Napoleon’s conquests have on the other nations of Europe?Spread the principles of the French
Revolution & Enlightenment Spread nationalism: devotion to & pride in
one’s country Showed what power the citizens of a nation
could wield if they were united behind a common cause
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What battlefield tactic helped Napoleon earn his reputation as a military genius?Divide and conquer the enemy’s forces
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Under the Constitution of 1791 who would make the laws?An elected legislative assembly made up of
745 representatives Only men over the age of 25 who paid a certain
amount of taxes were eligible to vote
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What was the most important of the 7 legal codes established by Napoleon?The Civil (Napoleonic) Code because it
preserved the gains of the French Revolution: equality under the law, religious toleration, the right to choose your profession, end to serfdom and feudalism
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Both the U.S. Declaration of Independence and the French Declaration of Rights of Man emphasized the idea that a governments main job is to?Protect the natural rights of its citizens!Life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness
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Why did a mob attack the Bastille on July 14, 1789? It was a prison and armory: a glaring
symbol of royal authority in ParisBelieved to hold political prisonersNeeded weapons to stage a revolution
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What were the differences between the two major factions of the Jacobin political club, the Girondins and the Mountain?Girondins:
Represented the provincial areas outside of cities
Feared the radical mobs of Paris & other cities Wanted to keep the king alive
Mountain: They WERE the radical mobs in the cities Wanted to kill King Louis XVI
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What was Napoleon’s last battle? Did he win or lose? Who was the opposing General?Waterloo in BelgiumDuke of WellingtonHe lost!
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Industrial Revolution #1
Where did the Industrial Revolution begin?Great Britain
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Industrial Revolution #2
What were the five factors that contributed to the IR beginning there?Available capital/entrepreneursRich natural resourcesAvailable supply of laborAvailable markets for their manufactured
goodsChanging agricultural practices
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Industrial Revolution #3 How did banks help spark economic
activity?By providing loans to entrepreneurs and
businesses to invest in new technology, buildings, or products
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Industrial Revolution #4 How would you describe the U.S.
South’s economy in the early 1800’s?Agrarian – dominated by cash crops
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Industrial Revolution #5 What was the major impact of the
Market Revolution on how Americans “went to work”?Rather than work in the home and in the
fields people actually left their homes and went to work somewhere else, for someone else
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Industrial Revolution #6
What was a major impact of industrialization on where people lived in the U.S.? Industrialization led to urbanization – the
growth of cities. Americans began to migrate to urban areas in large numbers.
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Industrial Revolution #7 What two factors, one natural one
manmade, led to cotton being king in the U.S. South?Perfect geography – climate, soil, etc.The invention of the cotton gin
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Industrial Revolution #8 What was Francis Cabot Lowell’s major
contribution to the Industrial Revolution?The creation of centralized factories where
all stages of the production process are done in the same facility
Also, his hiring practices of employing only young, single girls
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Industrial Revolution #9 Why did the labor movement begin?
Because the industrial working class was fed up with watching ownership grow rich while they continued to struggle to survive.
It began to protest the long hours, low wages, and dangerous working conditions in factories
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Industrial Revolution #10 What effect did a centralized production
process have on the output of a factory? It made the production process cheaper and
more efficient It increased the output of a factory
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Industrial Revolution #11 What were some of the negative
consequences of rapid industrialization?CrowdingLack of services
Fire, police, sewage, sanitation, etc.Tenement life
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Industrial Revolution #12 What is a centralized factory?
One that houses all stages of the production process in one facility
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Industrial Revolution #13 What effect did the mass production of
goods have on the price of those goods?Mass production leads to lower prices for
consumers
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Industrial Revolution #14 Early in the American Industrial
Revolution, who did many mills in the Northeast hire?Young, single, women (Lowell girls)
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Industrial Revolution #15 How were the economies of the North
and South different in the U.S.?The north was more urban with an economy
based on industryThe south was rural with an economy based
on plantation farming (cotton, tobacco, etc.)
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Industrial Revolution #16 What was life like on the job for factory
workers?Long hoursDangerous, uncomfortable conditionsLow wages
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Industrial Revolution #17 What were the major economic
activities of the Old Northwest (today’s Midwest)?Livestock & grain farming
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Industrial Revolution #18 How would you describe the social
services in the rapidly growing urban centers?Limited at best
Police, fire, sanitation, sewage, etc.
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Industrial Revolution #19 What effect did industrialization have on
the population of cities in the Northeast?The population in urban areas grew rapidly
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Industrial Revolution #20 What advanced methods of
transportation were developed in the early 1800’s?RailroadsCanalsSteamboats
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Industrial Revolution #21 Why did factory owners try to hire as
many women as they could? Because they were cheaper – ½ the cost of
employing a man to do the same job
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Industrial Revolution #22 What are shifts? Why did factory
owners use them?Different blocks of time for employees to
report to workOwners used them to keep their machines
operating 24 hours a day
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Industrial Revolution #23 What is a person who risks their own
capital in organizing and running businesses?An entrepreneur
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Industrial Revolution #24 Where were the first factories located?
Why?Near rivers or fast flowing waterBecause the earliest factories used the
power of running water to power their machines
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Industrial Revolution #25 What invention changed this? What was
the change?The steam engineFactories could be located anywhere!
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Industrial Revolution #26 What factors contributed to the
movement of a large number of people from rural to urban areas in the United States?Use of machines on the farm reduced the
need for manual labor Jobs were available in the new factories in
the growing urban areas
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Industrial Revolution #27 How did industrialization impact family
life for the industrial working class?High stress levelsDepression for men when they struggled to
find work while their wives and kids did work
Little time togetherTough living conditions in the tenements
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Industrial Revolution #28 What is one major, lasting result of the
IR?The growth of cities and the urbanization of
America
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Industrial Revolution #29 Compare the cities of the South to those
of the North in the early 1800’s.There were more cities in the North, and
they were larger than those in the South