US Foreign Policy 1865-1917

Unit 5Ch. 9

Chapter 11

Foreign Policy v. Domestic Policy

Foreign Policy – any government action involving relationships with other nations Examples: treaties, military actions, trade

agreements

Domestic Policy – any government action within the nation Examples: programs like Medicare and Social

Security, taxes, business regulations, etc.

The Age of Imperialism

Imperialism – the process of a powerful nation exerting its will on a weaker nation or people

Colonization – one nation actually owns and occupies another region of the world

The Age of Imperialism - CausesMilitary – naval bases

Alfred T. Mahan (Military Historian) - The Influence of Sea Power on History

Economic new markets for goods sources of raw materials (not a big problem for the

US) “Extractive Economies”- imperial country extracted

goods and shipped them to the home countrySocial

missionary impulse- spread western values (religion)

Social Darwinism- stronger rule over the weaker. God’s will for Americans to settle the frontier

“The White Man’s Burden” by Rudyard Kipling

US Foreign Policy Goals - General

Increase tradeProtect US business interestsAvoid conflict with Great PowersMaintain the Western Hemisphere as US

sphere of influence

Pre-Civil War Foreign Policy

George Washington’s Farewell Address Avoid foreign entanglements (alliances) Remain neutral in any international conflicts Behave “virtuously” in relations with other nations

Manifest Destiny Major Territorial Expansion

Foreign Policy 1865-1890Alaska – purchased 1867 from Russia

Secretary of State William Seward Seward’s Folly/Seward’s Icebox- why would US want

a vast tundra of snow and ice

Hawaii US business interests – especially in sugar cane King Kalakaua and the Bayonet Constitution Queen Liliuokalani v. Sanford B. Dole & the

Hawaiian League Senate Investigations Annexation to the US – 1898

Pre-Civil War Foreign Policy

Monroe Doctrine – 1823Open trade with Japan – 1853

Commodore Matthew Perry Sailed a fleet of American warships into present day

Japan

“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867“Seward’s Icebox”: 1867

Causes of The Spanish-American WarThe worldwide impulse toward imperialismUS economic interests in Cuba

Particularly sugar caneThe Cuban Revolution

Valeriano “Butcher” Weyler Reconcentrados – concentration camps

José Martí – poet and symbol of revolutionThe Yellow Press

William Randolph Hearst & the New York Journal “You furnish the pictures and I’ll furnish the war”

The sinking of the Maine

“Remember the Maine and To

Hell With Spain!”

The War

George Dewey led his ships to destroy the Spanish Force

Emilio Aguinaldo Filipino nationalist Led other nationalists fought against Spain and US

Rough Riders US cavalry led by Theodore Roosevelt Secured grounds surrounding Santiago

Results of the Spanish American WarCuban independence US gained Puerto Rico, Guam, the Philippines

(for $20 million)The Platt Amendment

Prevented Cuba from making treaties without US permission

Gave US permission to intervene in Cuba if the US felt it was necessary

US becomes an imperial power

The duty of the hour: to save her not only from Spain, but from a worse fate.

The US and Asia

1898-1914

The US & the Philippines

Foreign Policy goal: Have a naval base from which to protect trade and

US interests in Asia Promote US expansion in the Pacific “following the

sun”

Philippine Insurrection Emilio Aguinaldo

William Howard Taft – administrator

The Imperialist/Anti-Imperialist Debate

Imperialist arguments: US should be a Great Power like others Increase trade around the world Necessary for naval bases and protection of international

trade If the US doesn’t annex, someone else will

Anti-Imperialist arguments: Against fundamental American principles Costs too much money Unnecessary to promote trade

How some apprehensive people picture Uncle Sam after the war. (Detroit News, 1898)

Declined, with thanks.

JOHN BULL: It’s really most extraordinary what training will do. Why, only the other day I thought that man unable to support himself. (Fred Morgan, Philadelphia Inquirer, 1898)

“What the US has fought for.”

“The White Man's Burden” By Rudyard Kipling (Feb. 1899)

 Take up the White Man's burden-- Send forth the best ye breed-- Go, bind your sons to exile To serve your captives' need; To wait, in heavy harness, On fluttered folk and wild-- Your new-caught sullen peoples, Half devil and half child.

Take up the White Man's burden-- In patience to abide, To veil the threat of terror And check the show of pride; By open speech and simple, An hundred times made plain, To seek another's profit And work another's gain.

Take up the White Man's burden-- The savage wars of peace-- Fill full the mouth of Famine, And bid the sickness cease; And when your goal is nearest (The end for others sought) Watch sloth and heathen folly Bring all your hope to nought.

Take up the White Man's burden-- No iron rule of kings, But toil of serf and sweeper-- The tale of common things.

 

The ports ye shall not enter, The roads ye shall not tread, Go, make them with your living And mark them with your dead.

Take up the White Man's burden, And reap his old reward-- The blame of those ye better The hate of those ye guard—The cry of hosts ye humor (Ah, slowly!) toward the light:-- "Why brought ye us from bondage, Our loved Egyptian night?"

Take up the White Man's burden-- Ye dare not stoop to less-- Nor call too loud on Freedom To cloak your weariness. By all ye will or whisper, By all ye leave or do, The silent sullen peoples Shall weigh your God and you.

Take up the White Man's burden! Have done with childish days-- The lightly-proffered laurel, The easy ungrudged praise: Comes now, to search your manhood Through all the thankless years, Cold, edged with dear-bought wisdom, The judgment of your peers.

“Take Up the White Man's Burden, and Reap His Old Reward”

By William H. Walker, Life (March 16, 1899)

Uncle Sam: "I don't like the job, Rudyard, my boy!"

Denver Post 1900

“The Real White Man’s Burden” by Ernest Crosby

Take up the White Man’s burden. Send forth your sturdy kin, And load them down with Bibles And cannon-balls and gin. Throw in a few diseases To spread the tropic climes, For there the healthy [savages] Are quite behind the times.  And don’t forget the factories. On those benighted shores They have no cheerful iron mills, Nor [huge] department stores. They never work twelve hours a day And live in strange content, Although they never have to pay A single [cent] of rent.  Take up the White Man’s burden, And teach the Philippines What interest and taxes are And what a mortgage means. Give them electrocution chairs, And prisons, too, galore, And if they seem inclined to kick, Then spill their heathen gore.  

They need our labor question, too, And politics and fraud— We’ve made a pretty mess at home, Let’s make a mess abroad. And let us ever humbly pray The Lord of Hosts may deign To stir our feeble memories Lest we forget—the Maine.  Take up the White’s Man’s burden. To you who thus succeed In civilizing savage hordes, They owe a debt, indeed; Concessions, pensions, salaries, And privilege and right— With outstretched hands you raised to bless Grab everything in sight.  Take up the White Man’s burden And if you write in verse, Flatter your nation’s vices And strive to make them worse. Then learn that if with pious words You ornament each phrase, In a world of canting hypocrites This kind of business pays.

Source: Ernest Crosby, “The Real White Man’s Burden,” Swords and Ploughshares (New York: Funk and Wagnalls Company, 1902), 32–35.

US – Japanese Relations

Foreign Policy Goal Limit the growth of Japanese influence in Asia and

the Pacific Maintain friendly relations with Japan

Roosevelt arbitrates settlement to Russo-Japanese War 1905 wins a Nobel Peace Prize

Roosevelt encourages Japan to annex Korea

US – Japanese Relations

Gentlemen’s Agreement 1907 end segregation of American and Asian children in

schools

Great White Fleet New force of navy ships Demonstrated America’s increased military power

around the world

The Great White Fleet

US – Chinese Relations

European “spheres of influence”US Foreign Policy goals:

Support Chinese independence Maintain possibility of US trade with China

US intervenes in the Boxer Rebellion – 1900 Chinese secret society killed foreign missionaries

and diplomats0

John Hay – Open Door Policy US didn’t want colonies in China, just wanted free

trade there

The Open Door Policy

The Boxer Rebellion

The US and Latin America

US Global Investments and Investments in Latin America

1914

Theodore RooseveltBig Stick Diplomacy

Enforce the Monroe Doctrine Attempt negotiations Use force if necessary Protect and promote US business interests

Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine Updates doctrine for an age of economic

imperialism

Theodore Roosevelt

Panama Canal Attempts to negotiate with Colombia to get control of

the Canal Zone Sends navy ships to Panama to support Panama’s

revolution against Colombia After Panama’s independence negotiates with THEM

for use for the Canal Zone Increase speed and reduce cost of international trade

Panama CanalPanama CanalPanama CanalPanama Canal

TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)

TR in Panama(Construction begins in 1904)

The Roosevelt Corollary

William Howard Taft

Dollar Diplomacy Enforce the Monroe Doctrine Replace European loans with American loans Economic ties will promote friendly relations Use force when necessary Protect and promote US business interests

Woodrow Wilson

Moral Diplomacy Enforce the Monroe Doctrine Democratic governments will promote friendly

relations Use force when necessary to ensure stability Promote and protect US business interests

Intervention in HaitiIntervention in Mexican Revolution

John J. Pershing led forces to chase rebel Pancho Villa

US Interventions in Latin America