3 Final Environmental Impact Statement

3 Proposed Actions atI < U.S. ARMY KWAJALEIN ATOLLI'I

I "

I

NOV 0 61989

DO.IrIB MON STATEMENT A--

Approved to? public release(Distrnunar n L~mtad

I U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command

IOctober 1989

?9 10 7

DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYU.S. ARMY STRATEGIC DEFENSE COMMAND - HUNTSVILLE

POST OFFICE BOX 1500

HUNTSVILLE, ALABAMA 35807-3801REPLY TO

ATTENTION OF

CSSD-H-SSP (200)

MEMORANDUM FOR Interested Government Agencies, Public Groups,and Individuals

SUBJECT: U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) FinalEnvironmental Impact Statement (FEIS)

1. Enclosed is a copy of the FEIS for proposed actions atUSAKA. The proposed actions would include continuation ofcurrent activities at USAKA and planned non-Strategic DefenseInitiative (SDI) activities as well as proposed SDI

2. The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) comprises twovolumes. The draft Environmental Impact Statement (DEIS)that was issued in June 1989 is the volume that describes theproposed actions, the alternatives considered, the affectedenvironment, the environmental consequences, and mitigationmeasures. The FEIS completes the material that makes up thewhole of the EIS for the proposed action. It includes:

a. Transcripts of the public hearings that were held on13 July 1989 at Ebeye and Majuro in the Republic of theMarshall Islands.

b. Comments on the DEIS that were submitted bygovernment agencies and the public during the 23 June to7 August 1989 public comment period.

c. Responses to the comments. It also containsadditions and revisions to the DEIS where clarification oradditional information was needed.

3. The Army plans to issue a Record of Decision later thisyear. The Record of Decision will explain the Army'sdecision about the proposed action and alternatives examinedin the EIS, and will describe the mitigation measures theArmy plans to implement. AcCesiol For

NTIS CRA&IL)11 TABUU.C laSU a; I o 0ctd

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Dist

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CSSD-H-SSPSUBJECT: U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) FinalEnvironmental Impact Statement (FEIS).

4. The point of contact is LTC Ronald Keglovits, CSSD-H-SSP,AUTOVON 788-3616 or 205-895-3616.

FOR THE DEPUTY COMANDER:

7-- ~ INOLD H. AY

Colonel, AR iDeputy for Operations

2I

ItIIt,IIIIII

LEAD AGENCY: U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command

COOPERATING AGENCIES: Strategic Defense Initiative OrganizationU.S. Army Corps of Engineers

TITLE OF THE PROPOSED ACTION: Provide test range facilities and supportservices at U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll for ongoing and Strategic DefenseInitiative activities.

AFFECTED JURISDICTION: U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll, Republic of theMarshall Islands

ADDITIONAL INFORMATION: U.S. Army Strategic Defense CommandCSSD-H-SSP (LTC Keglovits)P.O. Box 1500Huntsville, Alabama 35807-3801Telephone: (205) 895-3616; AV 788-3616

PREPARER: Honolulu Engineer DistrictPacific Ocean Division

m Corps of Engineers

PROPONENT: Philip R. HarrisColonel, ENCommanderU.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll

APPROVED BY: Robert D. HammondLieutenant General, USACommanderU.S. Army Strategic Defense Command

Ii DOCUMENT DESIGNATION: Final Environmental Impact Statement

ABSTRACT: >The purpose of the Proposed Action is to conduct tests andcollect data in support of continuing research, development, and opera-tional missions; operational space track missions; and Strategic DefenseInitiative (-SDI) research, development, test, and evaluation fRDTE)activities.

Three alternatives are considered in the Environmental Impact Statement(EIS). The No-Action Alternative includes the ongoing activities atUSAKA. The Proposed Action includes installation and testing of SDIsensing/tracking equipment and interceptor missile systems. Fourconstruction projects in support of base operations are also included.Finally, the EIS examines a Change of Duration Alternative that imple-ments the Proposed Action over a longer period of time.

The EIS examines the environmental impacts of each alternative. Whereimpacts were found to be potentially significant, mitigation measuresare identified. Key topics addressed by the EIS include land and reefareas, water resources, air quality, noise, biological resources in-cluding endangered species, cultural resources, socioeconomics, trans-portation, utilities, electromagnetic radiation from radars, and rangesafety. ,

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I EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

INTRODUCTION

The Proposed Action is to provide test range facilities andsupport services at U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll (USAKA) forcontinuing research, development, operational missions,operational space tracking missions, and Strategic DefenseInitiative (SDI)-activities. USAKA has served as a Depart-ment of Defense (DOD) Major Range and Test Facility Base(MRTFB) since the late 1950s.

This environmental impact statement (EIS) is prepared incompliance with the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA)and its implementing regulations, DOD Directive 6050.1, andArmy Regulation (AR) 200-2, Environmental Effects of ArmyI, Actions. The relationship between the United States and theRepublic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) is currently governedby the Compact of Free Association Act of 1985, PublicLaw 99-239, dated January 14, 1985. All environmental con-trols and stz~ndards imposed by Title I, Article VI, of theCompact of Free Association have been applied in developingthis EIS. As envisioned in the Compact, USAKA is engaged inthe development of specific standards to address the envi-ronmental issues applicable to USAKA in conjunction with theU.S. Army Corps of Engineers, the U.S. Department of State,and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX.With the adoption of appropriate mitigations and the final-ization of the specific standards, the Army believes thatfull compliance with the applicable U.S. environmental Stan-dards will be achieved. Adoption of these standards will beaccomplished in consultation with the Government of theRepublic of the Marshall Islands. Until these alternatestandards are established, standards substantively similarto all applicable U.S. environmental laws will be applied atUSAKA.

The scope of this EIS includes an analysis of impacts fromongoing operations in order to provide a baseline for theevaluation of future test and evaluation activities and re-lated construction.

IAs part of the EIS process, scoping meetings were held atMajuro and Ebeye in the Republic of the Marshall Islands andin Honolulu, Hawaii, during March 1988. Concerns were ex-pressed about adverse impacts on the physical environment,public health and safety, and social and economic condi-tions.

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IIssues raised in the scoping meetings were addressed in theDraft EIS (DEIS), which was filed with the EnvironmentalProtection Agency and made available for public review on23 June 1989. Public hearings on the Draft EIS were held atEbeye and Majuro, RMI, on 13 July 1989. Comments raised atthe public hearings and in comment letters are addressed inthe Final EIS.

The Final EIS contains revisions to the DEIS that are madein response to comments or are based on the availability ofnew information. The revisions include more current data onthe quality of groundwater, potable water, and marine water;new noise and air quality sampling data; additional informa-tion about electromagnetic radiation from both existing andproposed radars; and information about improved waste hand-ling practices already implemented at USAKA.

ALTERNATIVES

This EIS considers three alternatives: i

No-Action Alternative. This alternative is forthe continuation of USAKA mission activities. Itincludes missile launches for test flights, mete- Iorological data gathering, radar calibration, thesensing and tracking of incoming reentry vehiclesfor DOD test programs, and space surveillance. ITest programs are supported by radar and opticalsensing equipment, telemetry, communications, andother technical range support facilities. Baseoperations include all the activities required tosupport a community of almost 3,000 people in anisolated location--transportation, utilities,housing, community support, maintenance, andrepair services.

The No-Action Alternative is the environmentally Ipreferred alternative. It must be noted, however,that all but three of the twelve significant nega-tive environmental impacts that were identified in ithe EIS already exist and would continue to existunder the No-Action Alternative. These negativeimpacts have the potential for greater stress onthe environment under the Proposed Action orChange of Duration Alternatives. Mitigation meas-ures identified in the EIS have the potential toavoid or reduce to insignificant levels all nega-tive impacts. I

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PDX439.046,50 1

IProposed Action. This alternative considers SDItesting at USAKA together with ongoing and plannednon-SDI activities. The proposed SDI testing in-cludes the launch of target and interceptor mis-siles from Meck, Omelek, and Roi-Namur Islands.Other tests involve the sensing and tracking of

reentry vehicles through the use of existingradars and a major new radar facility (the Ground-Based Radar), as well as other sensing and track-ing instruments (both existing and new). MeckIsland, previously used for other programs, willbe rehabilitated for SDI launches. Omelek Island,now used primarily for meteorological rocketlaunches, will be the site of new launch facili-ties. Construction on Kwajalein includes a desal-ination plant and family housing. On Roi-Namur,it includes a sewage treatment plant and documentcontrol facility.

i Change of Duration Alternative. This alternativediffers from the Proposed Action only in thattesting of two SDI activities would be delayed,one for 5 years and the other for 2 years. Thepurpose of considering the Change of DurationAlternative is to determine whether some environ-mental impacts could be lessened by reschedulingsome SDI testing to reduce the peak levels of pop-ulation increase.

An alternative was considered that would reduce or eliminatemissile testing in the Pacific Ocean region. USAKA's loca-tion is a critical factor for missile testing because itprovides security and a high degree of safety. A PacificOcean missile test range is also critical for tracking theNASA space shuttle and other United States and foreign spaceobjects. Because missile flight testing is an essentialpart of developing and maintaining a credible defense sys-tems, this alternative was determined to be unreasonable.

Moving the USAKA facilities and functions to another loca-tion in the Pacific Ocean was also considered unreasonablebecause of the long delays such an extensive relocationwould cause in SDI development.

AFFECTED ENVIRONMENT

3 Kwajalein Atoll is a crescent-shaped coral reef that en-closes the world's largest lagoon. In contrast to the vast-ness of its water area, the land area of the atoll is onlyS5.6 square miles. The environment of Kwajalein is the

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product of millions of years of natural processes, followedby a brief but critical period of human activity. During IWorld War II, Kwajalein Atoll was subjected to severe air,land, and sea bombardment. Today, USAKA is a key facilityin the Western Test Range, one of two national test rangespermitted tc carry out testing under the 1972 Anti-BallisticMissile Treaty. With some exceptions, noted below, USAKA'senvironment is healthy.

Water Resources

Abundant rainfall is the primary source of freshwater for

plant, animal, and human life. Because the groundwateraquifer is limited, water conservation techniques are a anecessary and routine part of life at USAKA. Marine waterquality around USAKA islands has generally been satisfac-tory, except in a few localized areas.

Air Quality and Noise

The air quality is generally good throughout the atoll. IUSAKA's few stationary sources present localized air qualityimpacts. !

Noise is usually not a problem. There is an average of twoto three rocket launches per month from several of thepopulated and unpopulated islands of USAKA. 3Island Plants and Animals

There is a wide variety of plants, seabirds, shorebirds, and iother terrestrial animals on the USAKA islands. The floraare diverse and the fauna abundant.

Marine Biological Resources

Kwajalein Atoll has a large and complex coral reef ecosystem Uand an ocean environment that is typical of the Western Mid-Pacific region. More than 650 species of marine plants and

animals inhabit the atoll and its reef system. Habitat is

present for threatened or endangered seaturtles, rare giantclams, and seagrasses.

Archaeological, Historical, and Cultural Resources

Because of Kwajalein's long history of human occupation,there is a possibility of finding cultural deposits andremains in locations where there are present-day humanactivities. 3

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I3 Land Use

At USAKA, a variety of Army and other DOD facilities andactivities support sensitive missile research, development,

I and testing. These activities and the services necessary tosupport them exist in a very small area in which all spatialpatterns of land use are closely controlled and efficiently

3 managed.

On Kwajalein Island, for instance, a community of approxi-f mately 3,000 people live and work on 748 acres. The scar-city of land on Kwajalein in relation to the numbers ofpeople and the intensity of USAKA activities has forced an

I efficient and environmentally sound land use pattern.

Socioeconomic Conditions

All of the people at USAKA are either employed in support ofthe defense mission or are dependents of personnel who areemployed in support of the mission. Housing is a continuingconcern, in part because of USAKA's remote location and ex-treme environmental conditions.

Transportation

Because of Kwajalein's isolation and island geography,marine and air transportation are critical. Facilities aregenerally adequate even though their use, particularly forair service, is heavy.

n Utilities

Solid and hazardous materials and waste disposal pose anacute problem at USAKA as does the provision of an adequatewater supply. On Kwajalein and Roi-Namur, utilities includepermanent facilities for water supply; wastewater collec-tion, treatment, and disposal; solid waste; and power gener-ation. For the most part, these facilities are at capacity.

Energy demand is large because of the numerous defense-related facilities and services and, among other factors,the heavy air-conditioning load.

I Range Safety and Electromagnetic Radiation Environment

Range safety is defined as those measures that are estab-lished to prevent injury, protect personnel and the generalpublic, and minimize damage to property. It is always a

priority at a military test range. At USAKA, its importanceis emphasized (even more than at most ranges) because USAKA

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Iencompasses the takeoff or splashdown zones for some of the Imost sophisticated weapons testing in the nation's arsenal.Electromagnetic radiation (EMR) is emitted from USAKA's manyradars and communications facilities. A well-defined pro-gram to protect inhabitants from safety hazards and from EMRis in place at USAKA. The effect of new programs on thesesystems is, therefore, a part of this EIS.

IMPACTS AND MITIGATION

The Proposed Action would accomplish a critical step in the Itesting of SDI elements, following the schedule establishedto ensure the timely development of a Strategic DefenseSystem.

Impacts and mitigation measures for the Proposed Action aresummarized below. The matrix presented at the end of this 1summary shows a comparison of the alternatives, their im-pacts, and mitigations.

Freshwater. Demands on the Kwajalein groundwater ilens would increase, particularly during droughtperiods. The potential to overpump the ground-water lens would increase the possibility of tem- !porary groundwater quality degradation because ofsaltwater infiltration. Also, increased missionactivities would increase the potential for con-tamination of the lens well system. The proposedKwajalein desalination plant would mitigate theincreased demands on the groundwater lens system. IImproved hazardous materials and waste handling

procedures would minimize the potential for con-tamination.

Marine Water Quality. Impacts on marine waterquality--because of inadequate solid and hazardouswaste management practices, treated sewage efflu-ent at Kwajalein, untreated sewage effluent atRoi-Namur, dredging, and quarrying--would allincrease as a result of the higher population and Ilevel of activities. Mitigation for impacts thatresult from sewage, solid waste, and hazardouswaste are described in their respective sections.

Air Quality. The increase in solid waste burningand power plant operations would exacerbate theexisting exceedances of air quality standards.The new Power Plant 1A may contribute to air qual-ity standard exceedances. Air quality impactscould be mitigated by additional air quality con-

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trols, reduced power plant operations, increasesin stack heights, and installation of a solidwaste incinerator with air pollution controls.

Island Flora. Construction of a missile launchfacility on Omelek, depending on where it is fi-nally sited, could require the removal of parts ofone of Omelek's three stands of native trees.Careful siting of the proposed facilities couldreduce the number of trees that would have to beremoved. Trees that must be removed could betransplanted to other locations.

* Marine Biological Resources. Increased quarryingand dredging would produce short-term, localized,insignificant impacts. The proposed sewage treat-ment plant on Roi-Namur would reduce impacts to

marine life from untreated sewage effluent. Tominimize shoreline erosion, quarries would besited at least 100 feet from the outer reef edge.Harbor improvements at Omelek could cause a local-ized impact to the rich coral biota near the ex-isting jetty. This impact could be mitigatedthrough careful site planning and constructionpractices.

* Rare, Threatened, or Endangered Species. In-creased operations could put additional pressureon rare giant clams (T. gigas) and seagrass beds.As mitigation, USAKA plans to issue a regulationthat will be based on RMI Environmental ProtectionAgency regulations prohibiting the taking of T.igas. Giant clams could be transplanted from

areas where they might be damaged by USAKA activi-ties.

i ArchaeologicallCultural/Historical. The proposedconstruction of a launch facility on Omelek coulddisturb subsurface archaeological resources. De-pending on final siting and on construction prac-tices, proposed construction at Kwajalein and Roi-Namur could disturb subsurface historical re-sources. Increased population and activity onthose islands could have an indirect impact onthese same resources. Ground-disturbing activi-ties should be planned so that known sites of

I archaeological, cultural, or historical resourceswill be protected. Pre-construction sampling ofthe Omftlek site would determine their extent,

I nature tnd significance. If the proposed facili-

3ES-7PDX439.046.50

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ties cannot be located to avoid a significant siteentirely, a preconstruction data recovery programwould be appropriate.

Socioeconomic Conditions. The nonindigenous popu- ilation at USAKA is expected to increase over thecurrent figure of 2,972, but will not exceed thehistorical maximum. The population would increase Iby 403 in 1992 and 1993 and would drop in 1994 toan increment of 315 (excluding temporary construc-tion workers). In 1997, there would be zero popu- Ilation increase. A shortage of family housingunits is predicted for the No-Action Alternativeand would be further increased by the Proposed IAction, even after construction of 130 proposednew family housing units. Unaccompanied personnelhousing is also projected to be deficient. USAKAhas requested additional funds for housing, in- Icluding the construction of 400 units of unaccom-panied personnel housing. Use of substandardtrailers will continue.

Taxes paid to RMI would increase bercause of thegreater number of construction and operations per- Isonnel at USAKA.

Transportation. The marine transport of equipmentand supplies to support the new SDI launch facili-ties on Meck would require a small craft berthingfacility at Meck. Other impacts on marine andground transportation would be insignificant.

Utilities. Increased demands on the KwajaleinIsland freshwater supply that would result from a Ilarger population would exacerbate both the supplyand water quality problems identified for the No-Action Alternative. The proposed desalination nplant would mitigate these impacts.

Increased demands on the wastewater treatment Isystem at Kwajalein Island could result in perio-dic discharges of excessive suspended solids thatwould exceed primary treatment criteria. Wateronservation, additional biological treatment I

capacity, and an additional clarifier would miti-gate predicted impacts on the Kwajalein Islandwastewater treatment system if further analysis Ishows that capacity will be exceeded. The pro-posed sewage treatment plant on Roi-Namur wouldeliminate the discharge of untreated sewage.

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The increase in population and activity at USAKAwould exacerbate already inadequate solid wastemanagement practices. Impacts could be mitigatedby constructing facilities and instituting prac-

tices that would ensure acceptable disposal. Newfacilities should include an incinerator and suf-ficient improvements to the existing landfill tomeet accepted standards.

Again, the increase in population and activitywould worsen already inadequate hazardous mate-rials and waste handling practices. Impacts couldbe mitigated by constructing new facilities andinstituting new procedures. New facilities wouldinclude storage, an industrial furnace, and anacid neutralization unit. Aboveground fuel stor-g age tanks at Kwajalein Island should be upgraded.

Energy consumption would increase, mainly becauseof the electrical demands of the new ground-basedradar. Construction of Power Plant 1A on Kwaja-lein (now under way) will ensure that adequategenerating capacity is available there. Renova-tion and expansion of the power plant on MeckIsland ensures adequate capacity on that island.

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No Proposed Change ofIEnvironmental Action Action Duration AlternativeResource Regional' Loca Regional' LocaP Regional', ocl

1 Land and Reef Resources33Groundwater * 0M 0 MMarine Water Quality 0 0 M 0 M5Air Quality 0 0 m OmNoise__ __ __ __ _ _

Island Plaits m0 m

Island Animals 0 1Marine Biological Resources 3 0 M 3S mRr, Threatened, or

Endngered Species 0 m m

Archaeological Resources 3 m m

Historical Resources 3

Land UsePopulation3 Nonndgenou3 0 C

Marsra]lose

EmploymentNoEindigonous**

Marsnaiiese

USAKA Housing 00M 0 M

Income/Fiscal Conditions***

Health, Education, Recreation

Transportation 3 0

Water Sup,* 0 OM * MWastewater 0 OM * M

Solid Waste 0 0 mn 0 m

Hazardous Materials/Waste S * mn 0 mEnergy 0 03 ~ ~~Aesthetics_____ _____ _____

RangaSafety __________ _______________

Electromagnetic RadiationI LEGEND0 Sinifcan Neatie IpamRegional Impacts. Morm than one island and/or

S S~nif~ntNegaiveImpctslarge area affected.

3 Insignificant Negative impacts 'Local Impacts: Only one island and/or localized

m Potential Mitigation effects expected.

M Mitigation as Part of the AlternativeI * Positive ImpactNotes: Blank . No Impact

Please review the text of Secton 2.5 for an explanation of theinipacts and mitigations summarized here.

S. ARMY KWAJALEIN ATOLL COMPARISON OFENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ATR TIEIMPACTS,

STATEMENTU S Army Coros of Engineers AND MITIGATION

Figure ES-i

II CONTENTS

3 Executive Summary

ES-i

Chapter 1--Introduction 1-1

1.1 Format of the Final EIS 1-11.2 EIS Public Notice and Public

I Involvement 1-2

Chapter 2--Public Hearings 2-1

1 2.1 Transcript of Proceedings PublicHearing at Majuro 2-3

2.2 Transcript of Proceedings PublicHearing at Ebeye 2-43

2.3 Graphic Presentation for PublicHearings 2-51

Chapter 3--Comment Letters and Responses 3-1

I Chapter 4-.Additions and Revisions to the DEIS 4-1

1.4 Scope of this DEIS 4-12.1 Introduction 4-12.2 No-Action Alternative 4-22.3 Proposed Action 4-22.5 Comparison of Alternatives and

Mitigation 4-33.1 Introduction 4-73.3 Water Resources 4-73.4 Air Quality and Noise 4-163.12 Utilities 4-183.15 Electromagnetic Radiation Environment 4-234.3 Water Resources 4-244.4 Air Quality and Noise 4-274.5 Island Plants and Animals 4-284.8 Archaeological/Cultural/Historical

Resources 4-284.9 Land Use 4-294.10 Socioeconomic Conditions 4-294.12 Utilities 4-304.14 Range Safety 4-334.15 Electromagnetic Radiation Environment 4-335 List of Preparers 4-456 Distribution 4-477 Bibliography 4-49

I I PDX439.053.50. 1

ICONTENTS

(continued)

Tables

i-i USAKA DEIS Commenters 1-4 11-2 Commenters at Majuro and Ebeye Public

Hearings 1-51-3 Comment Letters 1-61-4 Comments on the DEIS 1-7

Changed or Added DEIS Tables

3.3-la Selected Water Quality ParametersWater Quality Sampling at Kwajaleinand Roi-Namur Islands June 1989 4-9

3.3-1b Selected Water Quality ParametersKwajalein Island Lens Wells January1989 4-10I

3.3-2 Summary of Water Quality Data on HeavyMetals Collected from KwajaleinIsland (Sites 1-5) and Roi-NamurIsland (Sites 6-10) Between 28 Sep-tember and 12 October 1988 4-11

3.3-5 Concentrations of Metals Detected inMarine Biota and Water of KwajaleinAtoll July to August 1976 4-12

3.3-10 Ocean Sediments Collected at KwajaleinIsland--Metals and Oil and GreaseResults 4-14

3.3-11 Grit Samples Collected at KwajaleinIsland--Metals Results 4-15

3.12-la Summary of Trihalomethane Analysis forUSAKA 4-19I

4.10-4 Estimate of Rooms Required by Unaccom-panied Personnel 4-29

Appendix

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PDX439.051.50.2 f

Chapter 1INTRODUCTION

1 1.1 FORMAT OF THE FINAL EIS

The Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) for Proposed Ac-tions at U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll comprises two volumes.The Draft EIS (DEIS) that was issued in June 1989 is thevolume that describes the purpose and need for the ProposedAction; detailed examinations of the alternatives consid-ered, the affected environment, and the environmental andsocioeconomic consequences; and mitigation measures.

3 This volume--titled "Final Environmental Impact Statementfor Proposed Actions at U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll"--com-pletes the material that makes up the whole of the EIS forthe Proposed Action. It includes the transcripts of publichearings that were held to solicit public input, commentsabout the DEIS that were submitted by governmental agencies

I and the public, and responses to these comments.

Chapter 4 of this volume contains additions and revisions tothe DEIS where clarifications or additional information wereneeded. These changes are organized to correspond to refer-enced sections of the DEIS and should be read in conjunctionwith that volume. New material is presented in indenteditalic format for ease of identification. Additionally, theExecutive Summary of the DEIS has been revised and is in-cluded with this volume.

All public and agency comments received have been addressedin this Final EIS. Each comment made at the public hearingsand those received in writing have been assigned a number.These numbers are printed in the margins of the transcriptsof the hearings (Chapter 2) and the letters (Chapter 3).3 Responses are numbered to correspond to the coding of thecomments. The coded comments are presented in a format thatshows responses on the same page.

1.2 EIS PUBLIC NOTICE AND PUBLIC INVOLVEMENT

The Notice of Intent to Prepare a Draft Environmental ImpactStatement for the Operation of U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll(USAKA), Republic of the Marshall Islands (RMI) was pub-3lished in the Federal Register on February 2, 1988. Scopingmeetings were held at Central Intermediate School in Hono-lulu on 28 March 1988, Ebeye Elementary School, Kwajalein

I Atoll, on 24 March 1988, and Majuro Courthouse on 24 March

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1988. A scoping meeting for interested U.S. federal agen-cies was held at Fort Shafter, Honolulu, on 21 March 1988. 3Information gained at the scoping meetings was used to iden-tify the issues addressed in the EIS. 3The DEIS was filed with the U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency (EPA) and made available for public review on 23 June1989. Copies of the DEIS were placed at the Majuro Public ILibrary, the Grace Sherwood Library on Kwajalein Island, andthe Office of the Chief Secretary's Representative on EbeyeIsland. Copies of the DEIS were mailed to approximately 3180 agencies and individuals, including all who hadrequested a copy of the Draft EIS at the scoping meetings.

The RMI government was formally notified that the DEIS hadbeen issued and that public hearings had been scheduled. Inaddition, the USAKA commander met with the Chief Secretaryand other RMI officials to explain the findings of the DEIS.

Notice of the hearings was published in the Marshall IslandsJournal (a dual-language weekly newspaper published atMajuro) on 30 June 1989 and 7 July 1989, and in the Hour-glass (the USAKA weekly newspaper, published at Kwajalein)on 29 June 1989 and 6 July 1989. Notices in both papers Iwere published in English and Marshallese.

At Majuro, a detailed article in the 30 June edition of the nMarshall Islands Journal focused on Strategic Defense Ini-tiative (SDI) plans and the upcoming hearings. At USAKA,COL Philip R. Harris, USAKA Commander, called attention tothe upcoming hearing on Ebeye in the "Commander's Column" inthe 6 July edition of the Hourglass. Publicity was alsoprovided by repeated announcements on the televised commu-nity bulletin board during the 2 days preceding the Ebeye 3hearing. The announcements reminded viewers about thehearing and the special ferry service to Ebeye for thehearing.

The first hearing on the Draft EIS was held at the MajuroCourthouse on 13 July (Majuro date); the second was held the 3next evening at the Ebeye Elementary School on 13 July

(Kwajalein date). Verbal comments at both hearings wererecorded by a court reporter; in addition, participants wereinvited to submit written comments at the hearing or to theStrategic Defense Command in Huntsville, Alabama, through7 August 1989. 3Twenty-two comments were made at the two hearings (19 atMajuro and 3 at Ebeye). In addition, three written commentswere turned in at the Majuro hearing. A total of 25 comment

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Iletters containing 128 comments were received by the Stra-tegic Defense Command.

Comments were received from federal agencies, private organ-izations, and individuals. Table 1-i is a list of com-menters. Lists of all public comments are in Tables 1-2 and

-Comments covered a wide range of subjects, as indicated inTable 1-4. All comments are coded. For the public hearingsat Majuro and Ebeye, they are designated by an M or E fol-lowed by a numeral. The letters are coded in a similarfashion with L followed by a numeral (assigned in the orderin which letters were received) and a "point number" (whichshows a comment or comments within a specific letter).

A number of commenters had questions about hazardous andsolid waste practices at USAKA and expressed concerns aboutpotential effects on the drinking water supply. Health and

safety concerns -bout electromagnetic radiation from radarswere the subjects of several comments. There were also anumber of comments about the value of SDI testing at USAKAand other policy issues.i

iIiIIiUi

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P!)X439.041.50

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ITable 1-2

COMMENTERS AT MAJURO AND EBEYF PUBLIC HEARINGS

Comment

Number Name

Ml Jerry KramerM2 Alfred CapelleM3 Ronald CannarellaM4 Ronald CannarellaM5 David StraussM6 Alfred CapelleM7 David ChappellM8 David ChappellM9 Ronald CannarellaMI0 Ronald CannarellaM11 Ronald CannarellaM12 Ronald CannarellaM13 Ronald CannarellaM14 Ronald CannarellaM15 Alfred CapelleM16 Elizabeth HardingM17 Elizabeth HardingM18 David StraussM19 David StraussM20 David StraussM21 David StraussM22 David StraussM23 Michael OgdenM24 Michael OgdenM25 Alfred CapelleM26 Alfred CapelleSM27 Alfred Capelle

El Richard L. JungE2 Abon Jeadriki E3 Abon Jeadrik

III

I

I

PDX439.059.50

* 1-5

I.

Table 1-3COMMENT LETTERS

LetterNumber Correspondent -:

LI U.S. Department of the Interior, Geological SurveyL2 U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyL3 Valley Citizens for a Safe EnvironmentL4 Lawyers Alliance for Nuclear Arms Control, Massachusett

ChapterL5 Joan PatchenL6 Minnie W. Koblitz4L7 Judith CiceroL8 University of HawaiiL9 Sylvia FurberLIO Betty BurkesLii Winifred M. LubellL12 Lynne RobihanLi3 W. Robert PearmainL14 Amy CullumLI5 Claire P. PearmainL16 Katherine W. BrounL17 Joel ConnellyL18 Barbara McGee IL19 Women's International League for Peace and Freedom

L20 U.S. Department of CommerceL21 Jean T. ColbyL22 H. F. Kaplan IL23 Marie MorongellL24 U.S. Department of the Interior, Office of Envirommental

Project ReviewL25 Chad Wylie, University of Guam Marine Laboratory

I

I_

PDX439.059.5016

, 1-6

Table 1-43 COMMENTS ON THE DEIS

- ~;orvComment Number

rQuality L2.8 and L2.9, L3.8, L3.27 to

L3.31, L3.44, L8.10, L8.12, L8.13

Alternatives Examined in the DEIS L3.1 to L3.4, L4.3

Electromagnetic Radiation El, L2.18, L3.9, L3.12, L3.22 toL3.26

3Endangered Species Ml to M4, L3.57 to L3.60, L2.2,L24.1, L25.1, L25.2

B Environmental Reguilation at USAKA M16, M17, L2.1, L2.11

Hazardous Materials and Waste M10, L2.2, L2.7, L2.9, L3.9,L3.14 to L3.16, L8.6 to L8.11,L8. 14

Island Plants and Animals L24.2 to L24.4

Marine Biological Resources L20.1, L20.3

Marshallese Language M5, M6, M15, M25 to M27

Noise L3.46 to L3.52

Non-Radar Tracking L3.18 to L3.21

Policy Issues M8, L3.5, L4.1, L4.2, L5 to L7,I L9 to L19, L21 to L23

Range Safety M7, L3.6, L3.7, L3.12, L3.13,I L3.17, L3.53 to L3.56

Scope of the DEIS L4.4 to L4.6

3 Sea Level Rise M23, M424

Socioeconomic Issues 1419 to 1422

ISolid Waste L2.7, L8.3, L8.4

Water Quality M49, 1411 to M414, 1418, E2, E3, Ll.1to L1.3, L2.10 to L2.17, L3.10,L3.11, L3.32 to L3.45, L8.1 to

L8.4, L8.9

PDX439.049.50. 1 1-7

Chapter 2PUBLIC HEARINGS

This chapter contains the verbatim transcripts of the hear-ings held at Majuro (13 July [12 July on Kwajalein]) andEbeye (13 July). Supplementary responses are provided forthose comments that required additional information. Alsoincluded are copies of overhead transparencies used at thetwo hearings.

5 In the following transcripts, numbers have been assignedeach comment to assist in identifying responses. For eachcomment, the initial letter (M or E) identifies the commentas having been made at Majuro or Ebeye. The numeral thatfollows represents the comment in the order in which com-menters spoke. M2, for example, is the second comment madeat the Majuro hearing. Responses that were made at the timeof the hearing follow the comment in the transcript. Sup-plementary responses, where necessary to provide additionalinformation or clarification, are coded with the commentnumber and appear in the right-hand column of the page.

IIIIIIIUI

3 2-1

PDX439.042.50I

2.1 TRANSCRIPT OF PROCEEDINGS

5 PUBLIC HEARING AT MAJURO

3

IIIII

.IIUiiiii3 2-3

! PDX439. 042.50

I . . . . . m II • • I I

IIIII

PUBLIC HEARING

I Draft Environmental Impact StatementProposed Action at

U.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll

CH2M HILLII

Transcript of ProceedingsII

BE IT REMEMBERED, that a public hearing in the abovematter was held at the Republic of the Marshall IslandsHigh Court, Courtroom B, P.O. Box 378, Majuro, MarshallIslands 96960 at 7:00 p.m. on Thursday, July 13, 1989,before COL Philip Harris, LTC Charles Harris, LTC RonKeglovits, LTC Michael Van Zandt, Raleigh Sakado andAndrew Linehan.

WHEREUPON, the following proceedings were had,to wit:

IU

Richard L. Lind3 Court Reporter

II 2-5

I 1 P R 0 C E E D I N G S

2

3 COL HARRIS: Good evening. I'm Colonel Phil

3 4 Harris, the Commander of USAKA, we'll begin the public

5 hearing.

6 Tonight's hearing is the opportunity for us to brief

7 you on the new test programs that are going to take place

1 8 at USAKA and receive any comments that anyone might have

5 9 concerning the Environmental Impact Statement, referred to

10 as EIS.

Ill Everything being said this evening is being

12 transcribed by our reporter, so that we will have an

I 13 accurate record of this evening's events.

g 14 The meeting will be conducted in English. We do have

15 Mr. Lee Silk here to translate, if it's required. So, if

U 16 anyone does have a problem, please raise your hand and

17 Mr. Silk will translate.

I 18 I would like to introduce the members of the panel

i 19 that I have with me this evening. First is my Deputy

20 Commander, LTC Chuck Harris. We have LTC Ron Keglovits

I 21 representing the Strategic Defense Command from Huntsville,

22 Alabama; LTC Michael Van Zandt who is the Assistant General

I 23 Counsel with the Strategic Defense Initiative Organization

i 24 in Washington D.C; Mr. Raleigh Sakado is here from

25 Honolulu, and he represents the United States Army CorpsIMajuro, RMI Public Hearing, 13 July 1989 Page 1

21 2-7

I

1 of Engineers, Pacific Ocean Division, which prepared the

2 Draft Environmental Impact Statement. Finally, Andrew

3 Linehan is here from CH2M HILL, a consultant who assisted

4 in the preparation.

5 The agenda on the screen is what we will be following

6 this evening. After I have finished speaking, LTC Harris

7 will discuss the proposed test activities at USAKA. He 58 will explain the environmental impacts identified in the

9 EIS and will describe what we propose to do to lessen some

10 of those impacts. That will be followed by a short break

11 during which time you can prepare comments, and that will

12 be followed by the comment portion of tonight's hearing.

13 The last page in the handout that you have can be used

14 to submit written comments this evening or to request a

15 copy of the final EIS. If you need additional space,

16 please use the back and other paper that you may want to

17 attach. Please turn these comments in here at the table

18 when you depart after the comment period.

19 You should understand that all of the written and all

20 of the oral comments received this evening will become part

21 of the public record for this EIS and will be considered in

22 preparing the final EIS.

23 Through 7 August of this year, 1989, you can also send

24 comments to the address shown here (gesture toward screen), 325 and that address is also located on the bottom of your

Majuro, RMI Public Hearing, 13 July 1989 Page 2

2-8

I1 comment sheet.

2 I would like to take a moment to describe why we have

3 the Environmental Impact Statement.

4 The National Environmental Policy Act requires U.S.

1 federal agencies to prepare an EIS before taking any major

6 action affecting the environment. Under the Compact of

7 Free Association an EIS must be prepared before the United

1 8 States Government takes any action in the Republic of the

9 Marshall Islands.

10 The National Environmental Policy Act was passed by

i ll the United States Congress in 1969 because of the growing

12 concern about the impacts of development upon the natural

13 environment. The act provides that for every major federal

14 action affecting the environment in any significant way, a

I 15 detailed statement will be prepared describing the

16 environmental impact of the proposed action. The statement

17 must also describe possible alternatives to the proposed

18 action and ways that any adverse impacts to the environment

19 can be reduced.

3 20 The whole purpose of what has become known as an EIS

i 21 is to cause the public agency that is proposing an action

22 to consider how it will affect the environment--both

* 23 natural and man-made environment--and to ask whether what

24 is being proposed is, environmentally, the best way to do

U 25 it.

Majuro, RMI Public Hearing, 13 July 1989 Page 3

Ii 2-9

1 Once the impacts have been identified, the agency

2 needs to show how adverse impacts can be eliminated or

3 reduced. The agency may also identify some positive

4 impacts that it wants to sustain or encourage. The process

5 allows informed decisionmaking and reveals potential

6 impacts to the public.

7 The EIS has become part of the process of designing

8 any project. The process puts heavy emphasis on public

9 oarticipation. It starts with what is called a scoping

10 meeting to identify public concerns about possible impacts

11 from the project.

12 Many of you may recall the scoping meeting for this

13 proposed action that were held here in March of 1988. A

14 meeting was also held in Honolulu in order to consider the

15 concerns of other public agencies that have

16 responsibilities that affect the environment.

17 Public hearings such as this one tonight here in

18 Majuro and the one we will conduct tomorrow night on Ebeye

19 are organized so that we can receive comments from

20 interested people. We need to know your concerns about the

21 proposed action. If we can this evening, we will address

22 those comments.

23 As I mentioned earlier, written comments will be

24 accepted through 7 August at the address shown in your

25 information packet.

Majuro, RMI Public Hearing, 13 July 1989 Page 4

2-10 i

I A final EIS that covers all the comments and issues

2 raised during the public comment period will be issued

U 3 later this year. Thirty days later the Army will make a

4 decision about the proposed action. This decision will be

5 published in what's called a Record of Decision, and it

l6 will be issued later this year.

USAKA is only one of two national test ranges that are

8 permitted to carry out antiballistic missile testing under

9 the 1972 Antiballistic Missile Testing Treaty. Because of

10 its huge lagoon and its location USAKA plays a critical

S 11 role in testing defense systems such as elements of the

12 Strategic Defense Initiative and tracking of space

3 13 vehicles. These tests are one part of the proposed action

14 that is the subject of this Draft EIS.

15 I would now like to ask LTC Harris to come up and

I 16 discuss the EIS in various details.

17 LTC HARRIS: Good evening. I'm going to review

* 18 for you the proposed action and the alternatives that are

19 the subject of this EIS. I will also describe how we

20 expect these actions to affect the environment and how we

I 21 propose to reduce or eliminate any problems.

22 The EIS addresses the current situation at USAKA and

I 23 the environmental problems associated with these current

24 operations. It also looks at environmental problems of the

I 25 proposed action and alternatives.

Majuro, RMI Public Hearing, 13 July 1989 Page 5

I 2-11

I1 The proposed action for this EIS includes both ongoing 32 and planned USAKA programs; that is, the continuation of

3 the kinds of programs that have been going on at USAKA in I

4 recent years. ,I

5 These test activities require all kinds of support

6 activities like utilities, housing, and transportation.

7 The proposed actions also include some new SDI tests at

8 USAKA. I9 For some of the new SDI tests, target or interceptor

10 missiles will be launched from USAKA. These tests will

11 require the extensive renovation of existing launch 312 facilities on Meck and Omelek Islands. Some of the work on

13 Meck has already begun. The work at Omelek is not planned 314 to begin before 1992. The first of the launch tests for

15 the ERIS program is scheduled for early next year at Meck. I16 By the way, the acronyms that are used throughout 317 tonight's scenario are posted on the side here--ERIS, I

18 believe, is about the fifth one down. 319 On Kwajalein, the Ground-Based Radar Experimental

20 project will require the installation of a major new radar I21 facility at the existing Building 1500. 322 In addition to the SDI tests that requires new

27 construction or renovation, the proposal also includes 324 other SDI tests that will use the existing USAKA range

25 facilities and other planned non-SDI tests, as described IIMajuro, RMI Public Hearing, 13 July 1989 Page 6

22-12 I

1 in Chapter 2 of the EIS.

2 Several other construction activities are also

3 3 proposed. These construction projects are currently

4 scheduled to begin in 1990 or 1991. The desalination plant

5 was identified as essential to assure an adequate supply of

3 6 potable water. It will use waste heat from Power Plant IA

7 to distill seawater. The sewage treatment plant at

3 8 Roi-Namur will eliminate the discharge of untreated sewage.

9 The document control facility will be part of the radar

I 10 complex on Roi-Namur and will add office and document

I ll storage space that is badly needed.

12 Two housing projects at Kwajalein will help address

I 13 the current lack of adequate housing. The new 130 family

14 units will replace some of the old trailers. The EIS says

i 15 there were to be two, 200-person buildings to house

16 unaccompanied personnel; however, recent changes in plans

17 will consolidate these units into a 400-person building

I 18 sited in the Dally tennis court area on Kwajalein. The

19 maps posted on the wall in the back of the room shows the

I 20 locations of some of the proposed construction. You are

I 21 encouraged to look at them during the break.

22 In addition to the proposed action, which I have just

I 23 described, the Draft EIS looks closely at two other

24 alternatives. With the No-Action Alternative, we assume

i 25 that no new SDI testing would occur at USAKA. However,

I Majuro, RMI Public Hearing, 13 July 1989 Page 7

Ii 2-13

1 ongoing and planned non-SDI tests and related support

2 activities would continue.

3 The change of duration alternative includes all of the

4 activities of the proposed action; however, we assume that

5 the testing--but not the related construction--for GBR-X

6 and HEDI would be delayed. This alternative was considered i7 in order to examine the impacts of reducing the peak

8 population at USAKA by spreading the test activities over a

9 number of years. Specifically, HEDI testing would be 310 delayed 5 years, to begin in 1998, and GBR-X testing would

11 be delayed 2 years, to begin in 1995.

12 This alternative reduces the increase of U.S.

13 personnel and their families from just over 400 in the

14 proposal to just over 200, but the increase extends over a 315 longer period. As discussed in your handout, two other

16 alternatives were considered but are not discussed in i

17 detail because they were unreasonable.

18 The Draft EIS examines the environmental impacts of I19 the three alternatives. It looks at potential impacts,

20 both positive and negative, to some 26 types of resources.

21 Where there are significant impacts, mitigations have been 322 identified.

23 In Chapter 3 of the EIS, existing environmental I24 conditions at USAKA are described. Although, on the whole,

25 a positive picture is presented, the EIS points out the IMajuro, RMI Public Hearing, 13 July 1989 Page 8

I2-14 i

3 1 problem areas in USAKA's current operations. USAKA is

2 already acting to solve some of these problems. One

3 3 example is that the groundwater at Kwajalein Island, which

4 is an important source of drinking water, is in danger of

5 overpumping and contamination. However, as part of the

i 6 proposed action, a new desalination plant using heat from

7 the new power plant has been proposed. This should reduce

3 8 the risks associated with relying so heavily on the

9 groundwater lens system.

10 The Draft EIS also points out localized marine water

i ll quality problems, including potential contamination due to

12 inadequate solid and hazardous waste practices; however,

13 the EIS considers improvements in our waste-handling

14 practices to reduce the risk of contamination.

15 Some of these considered mitigations are to stop open

16 burning of waste oil, construction of adequate storage

17 facilities, and establishment of controls to track waste as

i 18 it is generated at USAKA. There are also risks of

19 contamination from the untreated sewage that is pumped into

i 20 the lagoon through the outfall at Roi-Namur. The proposed

I 21 sewage treatment plant at Roi-Namur will eliminate that

22 problem.

i 23 The Draft EIS identified possible noise problems from

24 the Kwajalein power plants and air quality problems

I 25 downwind of Power Plants 1 and 1A and the solid waste

Majuro, RMI Public Hearing, 13 July 1989 Page 9

2-15

1 burning pit. We have had air quality and noise monitoring

2 done since the Draft EIS was prepared. The monitoring

3 results indicate that air quality is good and noise levels

4 are within standards. Mitigation considered in the EIS

5 includes continuing to monitor air quality.

6 The Draft EIS addresses the concern that the number of

7 rare giant clams at USAKA may be declining, as they are in

8 other parts of the Marshall Islands. The EIS considers as

9 a mitigation that USAKA write a regulation based on RMI

10 Environmental Protection Agency regulations that prohibits

11 the taking of giant clams by U.S. personnel.

12 There could be approximately 400 additional U.S.

13 personnel and family members at USAKA in 1992, the peak

14 year of SDI testing. The Draft EIS identifies crowded and

15 substandard housing as an existing problem at USAKA which

16 would get worse with the additional population. Two

17 housing projects are proposed to help mitigate the housing

18 problem. These include 400 units of unaccompanied

19 personnel housing and 130 new family housing units on

20 Kwajalein.

21 As I mentioned earlier, the concern about water supply 322 at Kwajalein will be partially addressed by building a

23 desalination plant. Also, a filtration system is currently

24 being installed and is scheduled for completion in March of

25 next year. The current discharge of untreated sewage at

Majuro, RMI Public Hearing, 13 July 1989 Page 10

2-16

I1 Roi-Namur will be eliminated when we build a sewage

2 treatment plant there. The Draft EIS also identifies the

33 potential for overload of the existing sewage treatment

4 plant at Kwajalein.

1 One of the studies for this EIS investigated in some

3 6 detail current solid and hazardous waste handling practices

7 at USAKA. It showed that the way we have been dealing with

3 8 the waste generated at USAKA is inadequate. Specifically,

9 open-air burn pits, open dumps, and septage disposal in

I 10 open trenches are not acceptable disposal methods.

I ll In addition, the disposal of waste oil and solvents,

12 batteries, and construction debris is not adequate. Also,

i 13 although equipment containing PCBs is being replaced, all

14 of this equipment has not yet been replaced nor removed

I 15 from the atoll.

I 16 USAKA has begun to address these problems. We are

17 implementing procedures to assure that we know about all

I 18 hazardous and toxic materials brought to Kwajalein and that

19 we can track those materials and assure that they are

I 20 disposed of properly. USAKA is commited to begin removing

i 21 PCBs from Kwajalein by the end of this fiscal year. We

22 also plan to begin implementing the changes in USAKA's

3 23 waste-handling procedures recommended by the recently

24 developed waste management study.

3 25 What I have described so far are the environmental

I Majuro, RMI Public Hearing, 13 July 1989 Page 11

I3 2-17

1 impacts of ongoing operations. The Draft EIS also

2 identifies a few new impacts that will result from the new

3 testing.

4 The new impacts will be primarily at Omelek Island

5 where the existing meteorological launch facilities will be

6 expanding for launching test rockets. The existing

7 facilities are just north of a stand of native trees. An

8 archaeological survey located a site inside that grove of

9 trees. It is not clear yet whether the new facilities will

10 require removing any of the trees or building on the

11 archaeological site. Efforts will be made to avoid the

12 archaeological site and the stand of trees. If the

13 archaeological site cannot be avoided, the EIS considers as

14 a mitigation an archaeological data-recovery program.

15 The construction activities at Omelek may also involve

16 improvements or expansion of the harbor area. There are

17 some sensitive coral areas near the jetty at Omelek.

18 Sediments from harbor improvements could drift over to

19 cover and damage the coral. In order to prevent this from

20 happening, the EIS considers as a mitigation that any

21 harbor work at Omelek will be controlled to reduce

22 sedimentation, for example, by using silt curtains around

23 the harbor construction area.

24 What I have described are the principal findings of

25 the Draft EIS. As I mentioned earlier, the document

Majuro, RMI Public Hearing, 13 July 1989 Page 12

2-18 I

1 contains much more detail about many environmental

2 resources on the USAKA islands. The maps and the color

13 photographs available tonight show you some of the other

4 issues described in the EIS.

5 Now, before we take a break, COL Harris will say a few

6 more words.

7 COL HARRIS: When we reconvene after the break,

8 we wil. take comments from anyone who would like to speak.

9 The comments that we cannot address here this evening will

i 10 be addressed in the final EIS, which as I mentioned will be

I 1l published later this year. Again, I would remind you that

12 everything said this evening is being recorded so that it

I 13 can become an official part of the record of this project

14 and to assure that all the comments are addressed in that

1 15 final EIS.

I 16 Also, I will remind you that the back sheet on the

17 information packet can be used for comments this evening or

I 18 to bring comments for the final EIS and to obtain a copy of

19 that final EIS.

20 I would like to make one final point. We have taken

I 21 the initiative to identify the environmental issues at

22 USAKA and have taken steps to correct those issues as

23 expeditiously as possible. Some of these solutions are not

24 short-term, however. I plan to take immediate action to

1 25 correct the problems with resources I have personally

U Majuro, RMI Public Hearing, 13 July 1989 Page 13

I3 2-19

1 under my control. For those actions requiring additional

2 resources, we are personally commited to pursuing through

3 Army channels the necessary means to implement the

4 mitigation proposed in the EIS. Protecting the environment

5 at the Kwajalein Atoll and our workforce has our commitment

6 and our support.

7 Let's take a break and we will reconvene at about

8 8:00.

9 (Whereupon, a short recess was taken.)

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18I

19

20

21

22

231

24

25

Majuro, RMI/13 July 1989 Page 14

2-203

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IC E RT I F I C AT E

STATE OF WASHINGTON )

COUNTY OF KING s

3 I, the undersigned Notary Public in and for the State of

Washington, do hereby certify:

3 That the annexed transcript of the July 13, 1989, Public

Hearing was taken stenographically by me and reduced to

typewriting under my direction.

ft I further certify that I am not a relative or employee or

attorney or counsel of any of the parties to said action, or a

relative or employee of any such attorney or counsel, and that I

am not financially interested in the said action or the outcome

I thereof;

3 I further certify that the annexed July 13, 1989 Public

Hearing is a full, true and correct transcript, including all

3 objections, motions and exceptions of counsel, made and taken at

the time of the foregoing proceedings.

3 IN WITNESS WHEREOF, I have hereunto set my hand and affixed

5 my seal this 23 day of August, 1989.3AYPUBLIC in and ror the Late

Washington, residing at Seattle.

I y Appointment Expires August 347, 1991

CERTIFICATE

I32-41

I~.2 TRANSCRIPT OF PROCEEDINGSI PUBLIC HEARING AT EBEYE

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PUBLIC HEARINGIDraft Environmental Impact Statement

Proposed Action atU.S. Army Kwajalein Atoll

CH2M HILLII

Transcript of Proceedings

I

BE IT REMEMBERED, that a public hearing in the abovematter was held at the Republic of the Marshall IslandsSchool House, Ebeye Island, Marshall Islands at 7:00 p.m.on Thursday, July 13, 1989, before COL Philip Harris,LTC Charles Harris, LTC Ron Keglovits, LTC Michael VanZandt, Raleigh Sakado and Andrew Linehan.

WHEREUPON, the following proceedings were had,to wit:

I

Richard L. LindCourt Reporter

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U3 2.3 GRAPHIC PRESENTATION FOR PUBLIC HEARINGS

Copies of overhead transparencies that were used in thepublic hearings are reproduced on the following pages.

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IACRONYMS 3

USAKA U.S. ARMY KWAJALEIN ATOLL I

SDC STRATEGIC DEFENSE COMMAND 3SDI STRATEGIC DEFENSE INITIATIVE 3EIS ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT 3ERIS EXOATMOSPHERIC REENTRY VEHICLE INTERCEPTOR

SYSTEMI

HEDI HIGH ENDOATMOSPHERIC DEFENSE INTERCEPTOR 3SBI SPACE-BASED INTERCEPTOR 3GSTS GROUND-BASED SURVEILLANCE AND TRACKING SYSTEM 5GBR-X GROUND-BASED RADAR-EXPERIMENTAL 3AOA AIRBORNE OPTICAL ADJUNCT

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Chapter 3COMMENT LETTERS AND RESPONSES

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guishes multiple comments within a single letter. Forexample, L2.3 indicates the third comment in the secondletter received. Letters that have been photocopied andreduced are on the the left half of each page and responses3 Iare printed on the right half of each page.

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Chapter 4ADDITIONS AND REVISIONS TO THE DEIS

This chapter contains material that amends or supplementsthe DEIS. For some items, this information reflects datathat became available after the DEIS was prepared; forothers, it reflects information provided by commenters ordata that were developed in response to comments. Thischapter is organized to match corresponding sections of theDEIS and should be used in conjunction with that volume.

1.4 SCOPE OF THIS DEIS

Section 1.4 (page 1-9), is revised with the addition of thefollowing paragraph following the first paragraph:

U All environmental controls and standards imposedby Title I, Article VI, of the Compact of FreeAssociation have been applied in developing thisEIS. As envisioned in the Compact, USAKA isengaged in the development of specific standardsto address the environmental issues applicable toUSAKA in conjunction with the U.S. Army Corps ofEngineers, the U.S. Department of State, and theU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Region IX.With the adoption of appropriate mitigations andthe finalization of the specific standards, theArmy believes that full compliance with the appli-cable U.S. environmental standards will beachieved. Adoption of these standards will beaccomplished in consultation with the Governmentof the Republic of the Marshall Islands. Untilthese alternate standards are established, stan-dards substantively similar to all applicable U.S.environmental laws will be applied at USAKA.

2.1 INTRODUCTION

In the second bulleted item, second sentence, revise thenumber of major construction projects from five to four. InTable 2.1-1 under the column heading "Change of DurationAlternative," change the first item to read:

Same as Proposed Action except HEDI operationsdelayed 5 years.

I 4-1

PDX439.044.50

I

2.2 NO-ACTION ALTERNATIVE 3Subsection 2.2.5, Employment and Population (page 2-25), isrevised with the addition of the following sentence at theend of the page:

In mid-1989, the indigenous workforce at USAKAdropped to 930 (including 140 at one-half time) asa result of budgetary constraints unrelated to theProposed Action. 5

2.3 PROPOSED ACTION

Subsection 2.3.2.6, Mid-Course Sensors Experiment (MSX)(page 2-44), is replaced with the following paragraph:

The MSX would involve the launch of a satellitefrom Vandenberg AFB to observe targets launchedinto suborbital flight from the Pacific MissileRange Facility at Barking Sands, Kauai. The Imission, scheduled for the first quarter of 1992,would provide data about ICBM mid-course flight aswell as phenomenology data. USAKA would provide Isensing and tracking. No construction ormodification of USAKA facilities would berequired. I

Subsection 2.3.3.2, Sewage Treatment Plant. Roi-Namur(page 2-50), is revised by the deletion of the words U"secondary treatment" in the first paragraph and by theaddition of the following text after the end of the firstsentence:

An alternate waste treatment standard is beingdeveloped for USAKA in consultation with the U.S.State Department, EPA, USAKA, and the RMI. Withapproval of the alternate standard, the Roi-Namursewage treatment plant is proposed to be designedto achieve primary treatment, with screening and Idischarge through the existing outfall, whichwould be extended to a depth of no less than30 feet. I

Subsection 2.3.3.4, Housing Projects (page 2-51), is revisedby deletion of the second paragraph, titled UnaccompaniedPersonnel Housing Units, Kwajalein. The unaccompanied per-sonnel housing project has been withdrawn as part of theProposed Action for this EIS. The new conceptual design isfor a single 400-unit structure. The new design is not

4-2 1PDX439.044.50 3

III

sufficiently developed to permit environmental evaluation inthis EIS. The reference to Unaccompanied Personnel Housingshould be deleted from Figure 2.3-2.I

2.5 COMPARISON OF ALTERNATIVES AND MITIGATION

Section 2.5, Comparison of Alternatives and Mitigation isrevised by the addition of the following paragraph at theend of the first full paragraph on page 2-55:

The No-Action Alternative is the environmentallypreferred alternative. It must be noted, however,that all but three of the twelve significant nega-tive environmental impacts that were identified inthe EIS already exist and would continue to existunder the No-Action Alternative. These negativeimpacts have the potential for greater stress onthe environment under the Proposed Action orChange of Duration Alternatives. Mitigation meas-ures identified in the EIS have the potential toavoid or reduce to insignificant levels all nega-tive impacts.

Subsection 2.5.2, Environmental Impacts and Mitigation,under the heading Land and Sea Resources, is revised by theaddition of the following after the third sentence onpage 2-55:

3 Traces of volatile organic compounds have beenfound in samples of water from lens wells onKwajalein and Roi-Namur.

I Subsection 2.5.2, Environmental Impacts and Mitigation, isrevised by the replacement of the two paragraphs titled AirQuality and Noise (page 2-56), with the following:

Under certain conditions (depending on the fuelused at the power plant and the direction of thewind) existing Power Plant 1 and the solid wasteburn pit on Kwajalein may exceed air quality stan-dards. Under both the Proposed Action and theChange of Duration Alternative, the increases insolid waste pit burning and power plant operationsto support increased personnel would exacerbatethese existing air quality impacts on KwajaleinIsland. The proposed Power Plant IA may also con-tribute to air quality impacts on Kwajalein

I Island.

I 4-3

IPDX439.044.50

IAir quality impacts associated with the power 3plant operations on Kwajalein could be mitigatedby the use of fuel with lower sulfur content,altered operations, increases in stack height, andadditional air quality controls. Air quality im-pacts associated with the solid waste burn pitcould be mitigated by the installation of a solidwaste incinerator with appropriate air pollutioncontrols.

Subsection 2.5.2, Environmental Impacts and Mitigation, 3under the heading Socioeconomic Conditions (page 2-59), thethird paragraph is replaced with the following:

Under the No-Action Alternative, a deficit of upto 617 unaccompanied personnel housing units wouldoccur. Under the Proposed Action, the deficitwould peak at 627 units in 1991, and would con- mtinue above 620 through 1994, before falling to587. Under the Change of Duration Alternative,the unaccompanied personnel housing shortage wouldbe slightly lower (3 to 33 units) from 1989 to1994, and slightly higher (8 to 25 units) from1995 to 1998. This deficit could be mitigated by Ithe construction of new units.

Subsection 2.5.2, Environmental Impacts and Mitigation, 3under the heading Socioeconomic Conditions, is revised bythe addition of the following after the final paragraph onpage 2-59: 1

In mid-1989, the level of the indigenous workforceat USAKA dropped to 930 (including 140 at one-halftime). This reduction was the result of b0**7etary Iconstraints at USAKA unrelated to the Prop6sedAction. The conclusions of the DEIS regardingjobs and employment at USAKA are not affected by Uthis change in the size of the Marshallese work-force.

Revised Figure 2.5-1 replaces the corresponding figure inthe DEIS (page 2-57).

In Subsection 2.5.2, under the heading Biological Resources(page 2-56), the following material is added at the end ofthe first paragraph: 3

Although there are no known seabird nesting sitesnear the proposed launch facilities on Omelek, theconstruction area will be surveyed for nests

4-4 1PDX439.044.50

No Proposed Change ofEnvironmental Action Action Duration Alternative

Resource Regional, Local Regional' Local Regional' I LocaJ2

Land and Reef Resources 0 7 0 1Groundwater 0 * M * M

Marine Water Qual.-y S 5 M S MAir Quality r Om I

Noise

Island Plants O m OrnIsland Animals _ L_Marine Biological Resources C ) O m ) S m

Rare, Threatened, orEndangered Species 0 S m S mArchaeological Resources S m m

Historical Resources 0 C)

Land Use

PopulationNonindigenous 0

Marsha;iese

EmploymentNonindigeOouS * *Marshaiies

USAKA Housing 0 0 M S Mif Income/Fiscal Conditions , ,

Health, Education, Recreation

Transportation 0 C

Water Supply 0 • M S MWastewater 0 • M • M

Solid Waste 0 S m S m

Hazardous Materials/Waste • S m • m

Energy 0 03AestheticsRange Safety

Electromagnetic Radiation

LEGENDSRegional Impacts: More than one island and/or

Signifcant N eImpacts large area affected.

C Insignificant Negatve Impacts Local Impacts: Only one island and/or localizedS Poenniiat Ngatie I seffects expected.

m Potential Mitigation

M Mitigation as Part of the Altemative

I Positive ImpactNotes: Blank No Impact

Please rsew the text of Section 2.5 for an explanation of the3impacts and mitigations summanzed hers..S. ARMY KWAJALEIN ATOLL COMPARISON OF

ANVIRONMENTAL MPACT ALTERNATIVES, IMPACTS,U S Army orps of Engineers AND MITIGATION

Figure 2.5-1

Ibefore construction begins and any bird nesting areaswill be avoided to the extent possible.

1 3.1 INTRODUCTION

The Marshallese names given in Table 3.1-1 (page 3-2) wereincorrect and are replaced with the following:

Common Name Marshallese Name

Roi-Namur Rubt im NimurEnnylabegan Ane-E ap-KanEniwetak Ane-wetakEbeye EpjgEnnubirr Ane-Bbn

I In addition, the traditional spelling of Kwajalein Atollshould be added:

Aelbfiin Kuwajleen

1 3.3 WATER RESOURCES

Subsection 3.3.1, Freshwater, is revised by the addition ofthe following text under the heading Groundwater after thelast sentence on page 3-33:

Because of the strongly seasonal distribution ofrainfall on Kwajalein, the freshwater lensesundergo natural shrinkage during dry months andexpansion during wet months. As the dry seasonprogresses, the chloride concentration of pumpedgroundwater increases progressively. Chlorideconcentrations typically rise to 100 or 150 mil-ligrams per liter (mg/L) in at least several ofthe wells during normal dry seasons, and may reachor exceed the potable limit of 250 mg/L duringpronounced dry seasons or other drought con-ditions.

Degradation of groundwater that occurs duringdroughts tends to be reversed quickly, typicallywith the onset of the next wet season. The ef-fects of multiyear droughts are longer lasting,although they are primarily caused by the lack ofrainfall and natural groundwater discharge ratherthan overpumping. Records kept by the water sys-tem operators on Kwajalein show a fairly rapid

1 4-7

PDX439.044.50

Irecovery of the groundwater system following the 3most serious recent drought. During the 1984drought, chloride concentrations in productionwells exceeded 150 mg/L from May to July, butdecreased rapidly to 20 to 80 mg/L by September Iwith the resumption of wet season rains. Concen-trations remained below 100 mg/L throughout theperiod from 1985 to 1987 (William Meyer, District IChief, United States Department of the Interior,Geological Survey, Water Resources Division,letter to LTC Keglovits of the Strategic Defense ICommand dated July 20, 1989).

Subsection 3.3.1, Freshwater, under the heading Groundwater 3(page 3-34), is revised by the deletion of the first para-graph on the page. The text on page 3-34 is further revisedby the addition of the following material after the secondparagraph (preceding the heading Surface Water).

In June 1989, Advanced Sciences Incorporated(ASI), sampled and analyzed groundwater taken fromlens wells on Kwajalein (Nos. 2, 4, 5, and 6) andRoi-Namur (Nos. 1, 2, A, B, C, and F). Sampleswere tested for turbidity, pH, inorganic constitu- Uents, metals, radiological substances, volat leorganic compounds (VOCs), and other organic com-pounds, including pesticides. The organics analy- Ises included testing for 150 organic compounds.The results of the testing indicated that mostcompounds were present in concentrations below thedetection limits for the analytical methods used.The following discussion and Table 3.3-la summar-ize exceptions where concentration of specificparameters were detected.

Of the four wells tested on Kwajalein Island, one,(Lens Well 5, located just west of the water stor-age tanks), showed elevated levels of total or-ganic halides (TOX) (0.15 mgIL), while two others(Lens Well 4, located just west of the helicopter Ihangar, and Lens Well 6, located just south of thephoto lab) showed trace amounts (0.010 pg/L). NoEPA standard currently exists for TOX. Lens 3Well 5 also showed traces of chloroform and 1,1,1-trichloroethane (volatile organics). The amountsdetected (I microgram per liter [pg/L] of eachsubstance) are less than the EPA National Primary nDrinking Water Standards of 200 pg/L of 1,1,1-trichloroethane and 100 pg/L for total trihalo-methanes (of which chloroform is one constituent).

4-8 IPDX439.044.50 3

Table 3.3-1aSELECTED WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

WATER QUALITY SAMPLING AT KWAJALEIN AND ROI-NAMUR ISLANDSJUNE 1989

Parameter

Total Volatile Organics

Organic Trans 1,2- 1,1,1-tr-Halides dichloro- Chloro- chloro-

(TOX) TCE PCE ethene form ethaneIsland and Well (mgi ) (Ug1L) L3g/LL (U/Li) .(UIL L (U L/L)

EPA National Pri- None 5.0 None* None** None*** 200.0mary DrinkingWater Standards

Kwajalein

LW-2 ND ND ND ND ND NDLW-_4 0.010 ND ND ND ND NDLW-5 0.15 ND ND ND 1.0 1.0LW-6 0.010 ND ND ND ND ND

Rol -NamurLW-i 0.045 13.0 12.0 19.0 ND NDLW-2 ND 1.0 ND ND ND NDLW-A 0.013 ND ND ND ND NDLW-B Not tested ND ND ND ND NDLW-C 0.012 ND ND ND ND NDLW-F 0.008 ND ND ND ND ND

ND = Not detected* = Proposed EPA standard: zero 1g/L

** = Proposed EPA standard: 70 p1gILI = The standard regulates combined total trihalomethanes (TM) at 100 ).gIL

Source: ASI, 1989

Of the five wells on Roi-Namur tested for TOX,four contained TOX. Lens Well 1 on Roi-Namurshowed 0.045 pg/L, while Lens Wells A, C, and Fshowed 0.013 pgIL or less.

Lens Wells 1 and 2 on Roi-Namur also showed ele-vated volatile organics levels, indicating con-tamination by degreasers/cleaning solvents. Thesample from Lens Well I (located west of the run-way) contained 13 pg/L of trichloroethene (TCE),compared with the EPA Drinking Water Standard of5 pg/L; 12 pg/L of tetrachloroethene (PCE); and19 pg/L of trans-i,2-dichloroethene. EPA cur-rently has no drinking water standard for PCE ortrans-1,2-dIchloroethene; however, EPA has pro-posed standards of zero and 70 VgIL, respectively,for the two constituents. The sample from LensWell 2 (located near the center of Namur) showed a3 TCE level of 1 VgIL.

Samples taken from six lens wells on KwajaleinIsland in January 1989 also showed that there was

* 4-9

PDX439.044.50

icontamination by 1,1,1-trichloroethane in Lens 3Well 2. Although the level of contamination washigher than in the June study (110 pg/i), it wasless than the EPA drinking water standard of200 pg/l). Low levels of 1,1-dichloroethane,chloroform, bromodichloromethane, chlorobenzene,and bromoform were also identified. 3

Table 3.3-1bSELECTED WATER QUALITY PARAMETERS

KWAJALEIN ISLAND LENS WELLSJANUARY 1989

EPA NationalPrimary

DrinkingLens Well Water

Substance LW-IA LW-2 LW-7C LW-7E LW-8B LW-8D Standards

1,1-Dichloroethane ND 38 ND ND ND ND NoneChloroform ND 6.3 ND ND ND ND None1

1,1,1-Trichloroethane ND 110.0 ND ND ND ND 200.0Bromodichloromethane ND 6.9 ND ND ND ND None'

Dibromochloromerhane ND 6.9 ND ND ND ND None1

Chlorobenzene ND ND ND ND ND 3.7 NoneBromoform ND 2.7 ND ND ND ND Nonel

'The U.S. EPA standard for combined total trihalomethanes is 100 Pg/I.ND = Not detected. ISource: U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, IN: ASI, 1989.

The source of the contamination observed in the ilens wells on Roi-Namur and Kwajalein is uncer-tain. Use of Lens Well 2 on Roi-Namur and LensWell 2 and the aviation lens well (an unnumbered 3well adjacent to the northwest corner of BucholzField) on Kwajalein has been discontinued becauseof the prior discovery of contamination in thelens well and the proximity of the wells topotential sources of contamination.

Subsection 3.3.2, Marine Water Quality (page 3-35), is irevised by deleting references to the second NPDES permit(No. TT0110027), which was not issued in final form. 3Subsection 3.3.2, Tables 3.3-2 (page 3-38) and 3.3-5(page 3-41), are revised to replace the Trust Territory ofthe Pacific Islands marine water quality standards for the Ifollowing metals with amended standards: lead, zinc,copper, mercury, cadmium, arsenic, and chromium (Source:Title 63, Public Health, Safety, and Welfare; Chapter 13,Air, Land, and Water Pollution; Subchapter VII, Marine andFresh Water Quality Standard Regulations (as amendedMarch 31, 1986).

4-10 1PDX439.044.50

ITable 3.3-2

SU1ARY OF WATER QUALITY DATA ON HEAVY METALS COLLECTED FROMKWAJALEIN ISLAND (SITES 1-5) AND ROI-NAMUR ISLAND (SITES 6-10)

BETWEEN 28 SEPTEMBER AND 12 OCTOBER 1988

I Lead Zinc Copper Mercury(m /L) (mz /L) (m/L) (m- / L)

Standards

EPA' Chronic 0.0056 0.086 0.0029 0.000025Acute 0.140 0.095 0.0029 0.0021

TTPIb 0.0056 0.058 3.000 0.000025

I Site 1 <0.005 <0.050 <0.001 <0.0005Site 2 0.047 0.053 0.066 <0.0005Site 2 dup. 0.055 <0.0005Site 3 0.031 <0.050 0.018 <0.0005Site 4 0.006 <0.050 <0.001 <0.0005Site 5 0.016 <0.050 <0.001 <0.0005

Site 6 <0.005 <0.050 <0.001 <0.0005Site 7 <0.005 <0.050 <0.001 <0.0005Site 8 <0.008 <0.050 <0.001 <0.0005Site 9 0.006 <0.050 <0.001 <0.0005Site 90 <0.005 <0.050 <0.001 <0.0005

Field blank (2) <0.005 <0.050 <0.001 <0.0005

Source: Aecos, Inc., 1988.

aEPA Marine Water Quality Criteria, 1987.bTTPI - Trust Territory of the Pacific Islands, Environmental Protection

Board Rules and Regulations, Public Law 4C-78 (63 TTC 501 etseq.), as amended March 31, 1986.

Note: Water quality sampling site locations are indicated in Fig-ures 3.1-2 and 3.1-3.

UIIUII

I 4-11

3 PDX439.044.50

ITable 3.3-5

CONCENTRATIONS OF METALS DETECTED IN MARINE BIOTA AND WATER OF KWAJALEIN ATOLLJULY TO AUGUST 1976

MetalsaSire Sample Cadmium Copper Mercury Lead Zinc Arsenic

Kwajalein Dump Fish b 0.65 0.09 0.16 2.48 0.65Snails 0.99 4.27 0.08 1.52 16.71 1.14Crabs 1)4) 58.60 b 2.11 4.52 0.8'Coral 0.04 0.41 .04 ?.02 3.41 3.00 IWater 0.043 0.056 C

Kwajalein Fish b 0.41 g.09 0.15 b 0.32Lagoon Crabs b 40.54 0.09 4.68 0.16

Coral 0.04 3.23 b 39 0.22 0.80Water b b 9.3 0.012 0.8

Kwajalein Fish b 0.34 0.16 0.10 1.64 0.23Harbor Snails 0.23 4.76 0.09 1.10 22.59 0.15

Sponge 0.17 6.43 b 0.72 1.70 0.11Barnacles 9.24 4.08 08 0.33 1g.21 0.331

Kwajalein Fish b 0.86 b 0.37 2.47 0.57Japanese Snails 0.12 5.44 0.06 0.40 24.60 0.17Pools Crabs b 15.99 0.05 0.14 4.46 0.37 I

Coral 9.10 3.35 b 1.68 0.24 1.09Sea cucumber b.21 0.1 O .18 g.62 0.31Water b 9

Biggerman Fish (herbivore) b 0.45 0.05 b b 0.77 IIsland Fish (carnivore) 0.10 0.78 0.06 0.17 19.58 0.24

Snails 1.71 8.14 09 .06 12.81 1.14Clams 0.59 0.87 9. 15.32 2.54Crabs J.16 18.75 b 0.23 6.95 0.23Coral 0.31 b 0.45 0.52 0.50Lobster 6.41 7.27 0.14 0.24 3.68 0.17

Sponge 9.17 g.90 0.07 g.17 L.05 0.39Water 0.0006 c

Roi-Namur Snails 9.14 5.46 b 0.17 8.96 0.44 IOcean Side Coral 2.13 0.03 0.56 0.23 0.64

Sponge b 0.65 b 0.29 0.38 0.18Sea cucumber b 0.56 .04 .06 g.51 0.19Water b 0.037 9

Roi-Namur Dump Fish b 1.54 0.19 b b 0.32Snails 0.57 5.95 .04 0.76 17.23 0.30Clams 0.38 0.38 0.85 15.79 1.45Coral 0.14 3.50 b 1.64 3.62 0.68Sponge 9.09 0.27 b 0.14 0.98 0.16Sea cucumber 0.32 b g.40 g.4 4 0.54Water b 0.038 0.0003 C

Meck Island Fish b 0.44 0.07 b 0.62 0.36Snails 1.35 2.53 0.08 0.55 12.64 0.21Crabs 0.16 14.05 0.20 0.16 1.77 0.29Coral 9.10 ,.96 b 4.12 J.24 0.49Water b C

Illeginni Snails 9.19 3.35 0.06 g.57 5.62 0.46 IIsland Crabs 4g.43 g.04 4.01 0.63

Water b b b C

Lowest detectable llmlt--water 0.005 0.025 0.0002 0.005 0.015 CLowest detectable lmit--tissue 0.01 0.025 0.01 0.05 0.05 0.05TTPI water standard- .005 mg1L 3.000 0.000025 0.0056 0.058 0.01

mg1L mg1L ug1L 1giL mg1L

aTissue levels expressed in mg/kg; water levels expressed as mg1L. Ib~or detectable.

CAnalysls not performed.Source: TTPI EPE Rules and Regulations, PL 4C-78 (63 TTC 501 et seq.), as amendedMarch 31, 1986.

Source: U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, 1977.

4-12 1PDX439.044.50

I

Subsection 3.3.2 (page 3-37), under the heading Solid andHazardous Waste, replace the first sentence with the fol-lowing:

Tests for heavy metal concentrations of seawatersamples taken off the Kwajalein and Roi-Namur dumpcomplexes (Sites 2 and 3 in Aecos, Inc., 1988)showed levels eALeeding EPA ieceiving wa~er qual-ity criteria for lead and copper and exceedingTrust Territory receiving water quality standards

* for lead.

Subsection 3.3.2 (page 3-42), under the heading Ocean3 Dumping, the last two sentences are revised:

A Memorandum of Agreement between USAKA and theU.S. EPA, prepared (in early 1989) in consultationwith the RMI government, allows ocean dumping ofspecified bulky metallic waste.

Subsection 3.3.2.1 (page 3-45), is revised by the additionof the following text at the end of the subsection:

In June 1989, samples of ocean sediments adjacentto the oil pit/sanitary landfill area of KwajaleinIsland were sampled for oil and grease, 13 prior-ity pollutant metals, and volatile organics (ASI,1989). As shown in Table 3.3-10, although nodetectable concentrations of volatile organicswere found, concentrations of oil and grease weredetected at 73 to 140 milligrams per kilogram(mg/kg). Metal concentrations were elevated; inparticular, Sample No. I showed concentrations of13,600 mg/kg of copper, 6,600 mg/kg of lead, and1,680 mg/kg of zinc.

IIII

4-13

PDX439.044.50

iTable 3.3-1.9

OCEAN SEDIMENTS COLLECTED AT KWAJALEIN ISLAND iMETALS AND OIL AND GREASE RESULTS

Samples

Ocean Ocean OceanSediment Sediment Sediment

Parameter No. 1 No. 2 No. 3 3Silver 3.7 ND 1.1Arsenic 77.1 ND 9.1Beryllium ND ND NDCadmium 32 ND 4.3 IChromium 108 3.6 29.2Copper 13,600 27.5 736Mercury 1.8 ND NDNickel 114 ND 19.4 ILead 6,600 9.6 2,960Antimony 39.6 ND 4.8Selenium ND ND NDThallium ND ND ND IZinc 1,680 16.6 149

Oil and Grease 73 130 140 3Note: ND = Not detecced.

Source: ASI, 1989.

The ocean sediments were analyzed for hazardous Iwaste EP (extraction procedure) toxicities. Thisanalysis showed that the metal concentrations arenot easily extractable (leachable) from the sedi- Iments, and in all cases, did not exceed the EPtoxicity values.

Three samples were tested for the presence of13 priority pollutant metals that could bedeposited by boat sandblasting operations. Asshown in Table 3.3-11, the first sample (sandblas;t[Igrit) was taken at the sandblasting area. Thesecond sample was taken from ocean sediments ne ;rthe end of the dry-dock area in the harbor marina,and the third sample was taken from ocean sedi-ments adjacent to the barge slip ramp dock. 3

I

;-14 IPDX439.044. 50

ITable 3.3-11

GRIT SAMPLES COLLECTED AT KWAJALEIN ISLANDMETALS RESULTS

I(mgkg) SamplesOcean

Sandblast Sediment Ocean SedimentParameter Grit Marina BSR Dock

Silver 2.4 ND NDArsenic 193 36.9 54.7Beryllium ND ND NDCadmium 37.3 7.2 9.0Chromium 289 319 45.6Copper 4,800 654 994Mercury ND ND NDNickel 23.3 112 5.0Lead 700 347 362Antimony 40.0 3.8 _.4Selenium ND ND NDThallium ND ND NDZinc 2,070 431 270

I ot . ND Not detected.

Source: ASI, 1989.

The sandblast grit sample showed elevated levelsof several metals- -particularly chromium, copper,lead, and zinc. The ocean sediments generallyshowed lower levels of the same metals. The metalconcentrations were compared with EP toxicitylevels; this comparison showed that the metal con-centrations in all three samples do not exceed EPtoxicity values provided under the Resource Con-servation and Recovery Act (RCRA).

USAKA's Chief Medical Officer and the Army Envi-ronmental Hygiene Agency, in consultation, eval-uated the available data on metal concentrations

in marine waters and sediment (including the ASIdata) and concluded that the levels observed poseno health risk. Nonetheless, USAKA has initiatedfurther testing of metal levels in tissues andwater column samples to characterize more defin-itively the distribution and sources of the metalcontamination.I

I3 4-15

3 ' V:.044.50

I

3.4 AIR QUALITY AND NOISE

Subsection 3.4.1.3, Existing Air Pollution Sources(page 3-50), is revised by the following addition at the endof the second paragraph:

A short-term ambient air quality monitoring pro-gram was performed over a 3-day period, June 13 to i15, 1989, a. Kwajalein. The primary purpose ofthe monitoring program was to measure the influ-ence of the solid waste burn pit on air quality iSamples were collected downwind of the burn pit.Some measurements were made at the Kwajaleinjunior/senior high school to obtain background airquality data during the same time frame (ASI,1)89).

Monitoring data were collected for meteorology, initrogen oxides (NO,), carbon monoxide (CO),particulate matter (PMIO), sulfur oxides (SO,),lead, hydrogen chloride (HCl), and volatile Iorganic compounds (VOC). Because of the short-term nature of the program, monitoring data arerepresentative of the time and location of the Isafmples collected only. During the monitoringprogram, air quality at the school was well belowambient air quality standards. No exceedances ofambient standards were measured downwind of theburn pit, but the monitors were not directlydownwind the entire time. Concentrations of PM1Oand CO were high enough at the burn pit to indi-cate that standards potentially could be exceededat close-in locations under worst-case burning andmeteorological conditions. In addition to combus- Ition emissions, ash handling practices were foundto be a significant source of PM1O emissions (ASI,1989). U

Subsection 3.4.1.4, Ambient Air Quality (page 3-53), isrevised by the following addition at the end of the first iparagraph:

Stack test emission measurements were made atPower Plant 1, Power Plant 2, and the solid wasteburn pit on Kwajalein and at the Roi-Namur PowerPlant. Measurements of PM10, NO,, CO, and SO2 ,and VOC emissions were taken from one engine ateach power plant. i

4-16 1PDX439.044.50

IResults from the power plant stack tests indicatedthat except for SO2, emissions are about the same,although slightly lower than the emission ratesused in the DEIS modeling analysis. The sulfurcontent in the fuel was 1 percent for the test.The modeling analysis was based on 0.25 percent

sulfur fuel. Therefore, measured SO, emissionswere greater than modeled in the DEIS (ASI, 1989).Burn piL emissions were found to be greater thanthe emissions modeled in the DEIS.

I Although stack test results were inconclusive,they suggested that exceedances of No, standardsmay not occur downwind of Power Plants 1 and 2,but that use of I percent sulfur fuel could pro-duce elevated SO2 levels around the power plants(ASI, 1989). Predicted exceedances of air qualitystandards downwind of the burn pit would begreater than projected in Table 3.4-3 using thelarger emission rate measured in the stack test

I program.

Stack testing results support conclusions reachedin the DEIS about the potential for air qualitystandard exceedances downwind of the burn pit.

Subsection 3.4.2, Noise (page 3-54), fifth paragraph, ismodified by replacing the second sentence with the fol-lowing:

Measurementq of existing noise levels are avail-able only on Kwajalein Island. Therefore, thedescriptions of the affected environment areprimarily based on knowledge and modeling ofexisting noise-generating activities.

On page 3-57, first paragraph, after the first completesentence, add:

Limited onsice noise monitoring data were avail-able for Power Plant 1 (ASI, 1989).

The next two sentences should be deleted and replaced with:

These data show the 65-dBA DNL contour caused byPower Plant I to be about 1,300 feet from theplant. There are no noise-sensitive land useswithin this area.

I4-17

PDX439.044.50

I

3.12 UTILITIES 3Subsection 3.12.1.1, Potable Water Systems, is revised underthe heading Kwajalein by the addition of the following textat the end of the third paragraph on page 3-160:

USAK4 has begun the installation of new filtrationequipment and has initiated work to link "dead- Iend" mains of the potable water distributionsystem in order to improve circulation.

Subsection 3.12.1.1, Potable Water Systems, is revised underthe heading Treated Water Quality (page 3-160) with theaddition of the following at the end of the text: I

In June 1986, the U.S. Army Pacific EnvironmentalHealth Engineering Agency (EHEA) reviewed resultsof water quality sampling from 1983 through mid-1986 (Water Quality Engineering Special Study:Project No. 31-91-0500-86). The EHEA character-ized USAKA's drinking water as of high quality and Iwithin primary and secondary drinking water stan-dards, except for marginal turbidity values. Thesomewhat high turbidity was not predicted to have Iany direct adverse health effects.

I 1989 USAKA began a new program of water quality 3monitoring in conformance with the monitoringrequirements of the U.S. National Primary DrinkingWater Standards. The new monitoring includedtesting for constituents that had not been testedfor in the past. In January 1989, the Army Envi-ronmental Hygiene Agency (AEHA) collected andanalyzed samples from the drinking water systems Ion Kwajalein, Roi-Namur, Meck, and EnnylabeganIslands.

The samples were taken from the distribution sys-tem subsequcnt to treatment. Inorganic constitu-ents were within normal concentrations. On Kwaja- Ilein total organic carbon (TOC) and total organichalide (TOX) were slightly elevated. The TOC maybe associated with algal activity in the raw waterstorage tanks. The source of the TOX is probablyassociated with Lens Well 5 as discussed in re-vised Subsection 3.3.1. Turbidity was within therange of 0.92 (Meck) to 2.3 (Kwajalein). These Ivalues exceed those under the proposed SafeDrinking Water Act (SDWA) for surface sources. 3

4-18 3PDXI39.044. 503

Volatile organic compounds were generally found tobe below the detection limits. The SDWA limit fortrihalomethanes (THMs) of 100 micrograms per liter(ig/L) is exceeded in the drinking water on Kwaja-lein. The results of the THM analysis for the in-dicated islands are summarized in Table 3.12-la.

U Table 3 .12-la

SUZ01ARY OF TRIHALOMETHANE ANALYSIS FOR USAKA

3 Parameter Kwaialein Roi-Namur Meck Ennylabegan

Trihalomethanes (pg/L)

Chloroform 55.0 15.0 2.6 22.0Bromodichloromethane 40.0 4.7 1.0 4.5Dibromochlormethane 28.0 1.0 0.9 1.7Bromoform 6.7 ND ND ND

Total THMs* 129.7 20.7 4.5 28.2

3 -U.S. EPA standard for THMs Is 100 pg/L.

Source: U.S. Army Environmental Hygiene Agency, in: ASI, 1989.ITHMs are produced during chlorination of thewater. The extent of THM production is related toI chlorine concentration, water temperature, pH,co-ntact time, and presence of precursor compounds(i.e., organic material such as humic acids).Decomposition of vegetation releases humic sub-stances that are the likely source of the precur-sors. The water system on Kwajalein requires arelatively high chlorine concentration to maintaina residual throughout the system.

Chloroform has been shown to be a carcinogen inanimal studies at high dose levels; the other THMsare mutagenic in bacterial tests. Chloroform andthe other THMs have been present in water suppliesfor as long as chlorine has been used as a disin-fectant because of its reaction with the precur-3 sors.

Maximum contaminant levels (MCLs) are establishedbased on a level of exposure considered to consti-tute a negligible incremental lifetime risk (ap-proximately one in one million) based on a conser-vative risk estimate calculation procedure. Alifetime of 70 years and a 2-liter of water per

3 4-19

!P 5TX,. Vi , ' ,..' -,

! !

day consumption rate is used in the risk assess-ment analysis. The existing MCL for THMs is100 pg/L. U.S. EPA is currently evaluating sci-entific data regarding THMs. Use of an alterna-tive disinfection method and/or treatment process Imay be required.

Subsection 3.12.2, Wastewater Collection, Treatment, andDisposal, under the heading Kwaialein, is revised by theaddition of the following text after the fourth paragraph onpage 3-162. I

Although the influent to the Kwajalein Islandtreatment plant is primarily domestic wastewater,a number of nondomestic sources also reach theplant. Nondomestic sources include sinks anddrains at the aircraft maintenance shops, theautomotive shops, the photographic laboratory, the Icalibration laboratory, the dry cleaning shop, thebase engineering services shops, the marine ter-minal shops, the Recreation Services crafts shops, Ithe high school chemistry laboratory, the hospitallabcratory, and the dental clinic laboratory.Wastes from the photographic laboratory are pre-treated for silver recovery before entering thewastewater system.

In the same subsection under the heading Roi-Namur, the Ifollowing sentence is added at the end of the paragraph:

Nondomestic sources of wastewater include sinks Iand drains at the maintenance shops.

Subsection 3.12.3.1, Municipal Waste, is modified by replac-ing the first sentence of the first full paragraph onpage 3-164 with the following:

In mid-1989, USAKA and the U.S. EnvironmentalProtection Agency, in consultation with the RMIgovernment, entered into a Memorandum of Agreementto allow once more the ocean disposal of certainbulky, metallic waste.

The last sentence of the same paragraph is replaced with the Ifollowing: I

4-20 IPDX439 .044 .503

ISeptage is buried in excavated pits on Roi-Namur.Septage from Meck and Ennylabegan is transportedto Kwajalein to be processed through the waste-water treatment plant.

Subsection 3.12.3.2, Construction Solid Waste Storage andDisposal is revised by the addition of the following sen-tence after the first sentence on page 3-165:

Asbestos is no longer buried in landfills at USAKAand the process of identifying existing areaswithin landfills chat contain asbestos has begun.

Subsection 3.12.4.1, Hazardous Materials (page 3-167), fifthparagraph is revised by the addition of the following sen-tence immediately before the last sentence.

The traces of organic halides and volatile organiccompounds found in lens wells on Roi-Namur andKwajalein (see revised Subsection 3.3.1) suggestthat some contamination has occurred.

Subsection 3.12.4.1, Hazardous Materials (page 3-167), isalso revised by the addition of the following text after thefifth paragraph:

There are seven lens wells on Kwajalein. The san-itary landfill and supply disposal area (shown inFigure 3.12.1) are located within approximately1,000 feet of Lens Well 6, suggesting that ground-water could be affected by releases from the land-fill. Lens Wells 2 and 5 are each located withinapproximately 1,000 feet of the fuel storage area.The remaining wells are located along the airfieldtaxiway and runway. Research and development op-erations and supply activities are located within800 feet of both sides of the runway, indicatingsome potential for groundwater contamination as aresult of accidental releases from these areas.Potential accidental releases would be mitigatedby the use of containment curbs within theseoperations areas.

There are five lens wells located along the north-west side of the airfield runway on Roi-Namur.The sanitary landfill (Figure 3.12.2) on Roi-Namuris located approximately 1,300 feet southwest ofthese wells. The proximity of the landfill tothese wells suggests that groundwater potentiallycould be affected by releases from the landfill.

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these wells suggests that groundwater potentiallycould be affected by releases from the landfill. IThe potential for groundwater contamination re-sulting from releases of hazardous materials issignificant. Hazardous materials stored or dis-pensed near lens wells or in recharge areas forgroundwater have the potential to contaminate thedrinking water supply as a result of spills orinadequate handling practices. Further, insuffi-cient controls over disposal of hazardous mate- Irials could result in migration of these materialsto drinking water sources. Some of these mate-rials are specifically regulated under the Safe IDrinking Water Act and, if released to drinkingwater sources, could contaminate the alreadyinadequate supply of drinking water on Kwajaleinand Roi-Namur Islands. These substances, such astrichloroethene and l,1,l-t_-ichloroethane, aretoxic and would present a health hazard if foundin elevated concentrations in the drinking water.

Although no such substances have been detected inthe drinking water distribution system, they have Ibeen found in Lens Wells 2 and 5 at Kwajalein (seeTables 3.3-la and 3.3-lb (in Chapter 4 of this

volume]). Elevated levels in the range of 1 toI19 Vg/L have been detected in Lens Wells 1 and 2on Roi-Namur. The presence of these substances,even in low levels in the lens wells, is indica-tive of a pathway from the storage and/or dispens-ing areas to the groundwater.

Subsection 3.12.4.2, Hazardous Waste, is revised by the Iaddition of the following text at the bottom of page 3-168:

In mid-1989 USAKA began implementing new practicesfor hazardous waste handling. A Hazardous Mate-rials Management Committee has been established,which includes representatives of USAKA, the prime Ilogistics/engineering contractor, and other keycontractors. Its purpose is to establish andimplement procedures for improved hazardous mate-rials and waste management practices, and to iden-tify and handle existing hazardous wastes in con-formance with applicable regulations.

A USAKA environmental point-of-contact and anenvironmental engineer position have been estab-lished. Key USAKA personnel are being provided

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Itraining in solid waste and hazardous materialsand waste handling. The first steps of a wasteinventory have begun and locations and estimatedquantities of materials have been identified. Thefinal waste inventory and management plans arecurrently being developed. A USAKA StandardOperating Procedure is being developed for thedispensing and collection of oils and other haz-ardous materials. USAKA has obtained a hazardouswaste generator number from EPA.

I Instructions have been issued that require thesegregation of waste oils and solvents at thegeneration source. Burning of waste oil in openpits is no longer practiced; waste oil is cur-rently being transferred into drums for charac-terization and disposal. Batteries are nowdrained and neutralized. Spent battery casingsare no longer land-filled but are segregated forproper disposal. Asbestos is no longer disposedof in USAKA landfills, and a number of existingasbestos-containing areas in the landfills havebeen identified for cleanup. Other hazardouswaste is now separated from solid waste at theKwajalein landfill. A facility has been identi-fied for use as a temporary staging and storage3 area for hazardous waste.

All PCB-contaminated materials stored at Building1500 on Kwajalein have been shipped to the United

I States for proper disposal. Plans are beingdeveloped to decontaminate the areas of Build-ing 1500 that had been contaminated. A PCBstorage facility that conforms to standards isbeing constructed and is scheduled to be completedby July 1990.

3.15 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ENVIRONMENT

I The following sentence is added at the end of the firstparagraph on page 3-190:

I Information about potential effects on humans ofexisting and proposed radars, other than the bodyheating effect, is provided in revised Subsec-U tion 4.15.2.

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ITable 3.15-1 (page 3-192), is revised by the addition of thefollowing line showing pulse repetition frequencies (modu- Ilation) of the USAKA radars with established hazard zones:

ALCOR: 38 to 203 pulses per second m

ALTAIR: VHF Waveforms: 20 to 1,724 pulses persecond I

UHF Waveforms: 50 to 3,100 pulses persecond

TRADEX: L-Band: 110 to 1,500 pulses per secondS-Band: 100 to 1,500 pulses per second

MiW: 50 to 2,000 pulses per second

AN/FPQ-19: 160 pulses per second IANIMPS-36: 160, 320, and 640 pulses per second

SDRs: 1,805, 3,003, and 3,620 pulses per second

Source: U.S. Army Strategic Defense Command:USAKA Range Instrumentation and Support FacilitiesManual. (1 October 1988).

The operating frequency and modulation of theproposed GBR-X radar are classified information.

4.3 WATER RESOURCES

Subsection 4.3.1.1, No-Action Alternative (page 4-5), is Irevised by the addition of the following sentence at the endof the first paragraph:

Traces of volatile organic compounds found inseveral lens wells on Kwajalein and Roi-Namurindicate a contamination pathway from storagedispensing areas to the groundwater. (See revisedSubsection 3.3.1, Freshwater).

Subsection 4.3.1.2, Proposed Action (page 4-5), is revised Iby the addition of the following sentence after the firstparagraph: 3

The increased population and higher level of mis-sion activities would increase the risk of ground-

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Iwater contamination by hazardous materials andwastes.

Subsection 4.3.1.2, Proposed Action (page 4-5), is alsorevised by replacing the last sentence of the third para-graph with the following:

Although the groundwater system at Kwajalein isfairly resilient and has little long-term (multi-year) "memory," it does undergo fairly rapid de-pletion in the absence of rain. In conjunctionwith drought conditions, the increased demand forpotable water could cause chloride levels to rise3 above 150 mg/L temporarily.

Subsection 4.3.1.4, Mitigation (page 4-6), is revised by theaddition of the following sentence at the end of the para-graph:

Mitigation for the increased risk of groundwatercontamination by hazardous materials and waste andfor the overpumping of the lens wells would be im-plementation of the improved waste handling prac-tices (described in Subsection 4.12.4.4) and bythe continuation of the monitoring program imple-mented by USAKA in mid-1989.

U Subsection 4.3.2.2, Thermal Discharges (page 4-8), isrevised by the addition of the following after the second

i paragraph:

The proposed 150,000-gpd desalination facilitywill use waste heat from the new Power Plant IA.Saltwater will be used to cool the diesel enginesthat power the electrical generating equipment.Heat will be extracted from the waste saltwaterstream prior to its discharge back into the lagoonthrough the existing 24-inch outfall (Fig-ure 3.12.1). The total dissolved solids of thesaltwater (brine) will increase by about 10 per-cent in its single pass through the desalinationsystem (an increase from about 34 parts perthousand [ppt] to about 37.4 ppt). Dissolvedsolids levels above 38 ppt can occur naturally intidal pools and in some open ocean environments.Given the modest increase in salinity and the factthat the saline effluent will be quickly dilutedto ambient levels, no measurable biological effectis expected.

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IIn the same subsection (4.3.2.2), under the heading Sewage(page 4-8), the second paragraph is revised by the addition Iof the following:

An alternate waste treatment standard is being Ideveloped for USAKA in consultation with the U.S.State Department, EPA, USAKA, and the RMI. Withapproval of the alternate standard, the Roi-Namursewage treatment plant is proposed to be designedto achieve primary treatment, with screening anddischarge through the existing outfall, which Iwould be extended to a depth of no less than30 feet. Analysis of the proposed design states,"The recommended improvements [are] not antici- Ipated to result in significant adverse impacts tothe marine environment. ... There should be nodiscernable impact as a result of the wastewaterdischarge outside of the immediate area of theoutfall. The coastal waters in the project areahave excellent circulation and flushing character-istics and the prevailing current results in a Irapid net transport away from the island." (SeaEngineering, 1989).

In the same subsection, under the heading Solid Waste(page 4-9), the first paragraph is revised by replacing thelast Ilast sentence with the following sentence:

Heavy metal levels in seawater could concinue toexceed EPA receiving water quality standards forlead and copper and Trust Territory receivingwater quality standards for lead.

Subsection 4.3.2.4, Mitigation (page 4-10), is revised by Ithe addition of the following paragraph at the end of thetext under the heading Solid Waste: 3

If new data indicate a more serious contaminationproblem, mitigation measures could include a banon the consumption of fish taken near the contami- Inated areas. An additional measure (which couldhave some risk of spreading the contamination)would be the dredging and disposal of contaminatedsediments.

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I1 4.4 AIR QUALITY AND NOISE

Subsection 4.4.1.2, Proposed Action (page 4-15), is revisedby the addition of the following sentence at the end of thetext under the heading SO,:

Use of 1 percent sulfur fuel (used in mid-1989 atPower Plant 1) could produce elevated SO, levelsaround the power plants (see revised Subsec-tion 3.4.1.4).

I Also in Subsection 4.4.1.2, the following text is addedafter the first full paragraph on page 4-20:

I Since the beginning of recorded history, sea levelhas changed so slowly that, for practical pur-poses, it has been constant. However, sea levelwas rising about 3 feet per century from 15,000 to5000 B.C. In the last century, tidal gauges haveindicated that sea level has risen about30 centimeters (cm) (1 foot) relative to most ofthe U.S. coast. Studies combining thesemeasurements to determine global trends haveconcluded that the average worldwide sea level hasrisen 10 to 15 cm (4 to 6 inches) in the last100 years.

UHoff-ii et al. (1986) have estimated sea levelrise for specific years. Their projections indi-cate sea level rises of from 3.5 to 5.5 cm willoccur by the year 2000, which is within the timeframe of this project. By the year 2100, sealevel rise may be as high as 368 cm.

All of these projections are based on theories ofa series of complicated feedback mechanisms.There is considerable uncertainty regarding theimpact of a doubling of greenhouse gases. Basedon the absorption of infrared radiation, a doub-ling of these gases would result in a rise of theearth's temperature of 1.20C, if no other factorschanged. However, raising the earth's temperaturemay increase evaporation, which could result inincreased cloudiness that would reflect incomingsolar radiation and eventually decrease tempera-ture. Because of this, any increase in sea levelthat might result from possible global warmingcannot be clearly defined. Current assumptionsand theories suggest that no significant rise in

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sea levels will occur w':n the time frame c.:this project (i.e., through 1998).

In Subsection 4.4.2, Noise, Subsection 4.4.2.2, P -q... dAction (page 4-23), is revised bv replacing the fourthparagraph with the followiug:

Operation of Power PlanL IA in conjunction w:: 1iPower Plant I would result in the 65-dBa DNLcontour being about 2,000 feet from the plants.There are no noise-sensitive land uses within this Iarea.

Subsection 4.4.2.4, Mitigation (page 4-24), is revised byreplacing the entire paragraph with the following:

Because no significant impacts have been identi-fied, no mitigation is required.

4.5 ISLAND PLANTS AND ANIMALS lSubsection 4.5.2.2, Proposed Action (page 4-33), is revisedby adding at the end of the first paragraph; and Subsec-tion 4.5.2.4, Mitigation (page 4-34), is revised by replac-ing the existing sentence with the following:

Prior to construction activities, a survey fornests will be conducted and bird nesting areaswill be avoided to the extent possible during con-struction.

4.8 ARCHAEOLOGICAL/CULTURAL/HISTORICAL RESOURCES 3Subsection 4.8.1.2, Proposed Action (page 4-41), the firstparagraph is revised by deleting the sentence (beginning on Iline 7) "The proposed . . . in this area."

Subsection 4.8.2.2, Proposed Action (page 4-43), the first 3paragraph is revised by the deletion of the reference tounaccompanied personnel housing on Kwajalein.

Subsection 4.8.2.4, Mitigation (page 4-43), the secondparagraph is revised by the deletion of the reference tounaccompanied personnel housing on Kwajalein. 3

I

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I 4.9 LAND USE

Subsection 4.9.2, Proposed Action (page 4-45), the secondi paragraph is revised by the deletion of the second sentence.

4.10 SOCIOECONOMIC CONDITIONS

Table 4.10-4 (page 4-50) is amended as tollows:

I Table 4.10-4

ESTIMATE OF ROOMS REQU-RED BY UNACCOMPANIED PERSONNEL

Fiscal YearDescription 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998

No-Actiorn AlternativeTotal rooms currently required 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137

Total supplyUnaccompanied personnel accommo-dation meeting Army standards1

Existing 520 520 520 520 520 520 520 520 520 520

Programmed modernization ofexisting 30 units 30 30 30 30 30 30 30

Total existing supply 520 520 520 550 550 550 550 550 550 550

I Net surplus (shortage) (607) (617) (617) (587) (587) (587) (587) (587) (587) (587)

Proposed ActionNo-Action rooms required 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137A dditional rooms required _ 4 10 37 37 33 0 0 0 0

Total rooms required 1,137 1,141 1,147 1,174 1,174 1,170 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137

Total existing supply 520 520 520 550 550 550 550 550 550 550

N et surplus (shortage) (617) (621) (627) (624) (624) (620) (587) (587) (587) (587)

Change of Duration AlternativeNo-Action rooms required 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137 1,137Additional rooms required 0 4 4 4 10 25 25 8 8 8

Total rooms required 1,137 1,141 1,141 1,141 1,147 1,162 1,162 1,145 1,145 1,145

Total existing supply 520 520 520 550 550 550 550 550 550 550

Net surplus (shortage) (617) (621) (621) (591) (597) (612) (612) (595) (595) (595)

'USAL4 has adopted AR 210-11 and the Army Corps design standards for future conversion and construction ofunaccompanied housing. Based on these standards, USAKA will strive toward providing each unaccompaniedpersonnel an individual bedroom with bathroom facilities to be shared by two persons.

Sources: Information provided by USAKA and USASDC, Huntsville, Alabama.II

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iIn Subsection 4.10.1.2, Proposed Action (page 4-52), thesecond paragraph is revised to read: I

Table 4.10-4 shows UPH ne-ds and compares theexpected demand and supply. The Proposed Actionwould result in a net total deficit of 627 unitsin FY91, 624 units in FY92 and FY93, and 620 unitsin FY94. From 1995 through 1998, the total defi- ncit would be 587 units. This deficit represents asignificant impact because there would not be anadequate supply of housing to meet demand through I1998.

In Subsection 4.10.1.3, Change of Duration Alternative,(page 4-53, line 7) the sentence beginning, "The deficit of I

is revised to read:

The deficit of UPH would be greatest (621) in FY90 iand FY91 and drop to 612 in FY94 and FY95, and 595in FY96 to FY98.

4.12 UTILITIES

Subsection 4.12.1, Water Supply, is revised by replacing thelast sentence of Subsection 4.12.1.1, No-Action Alternative(page 4-66), with the following sentence:

Recent drinking water analysis shows that THMsslightly exceed the EPA SDWA standard on KwajaleinIsland. (See revised Subsection 3.12.1.1.)

Subsection 4.12.1.2, Proposed Action (page 4-66), is revisedby the addition of the following after the bulleted items:

Increased population and mission activities in-crease the potential for drinking water contamina- Btion by hazardous materials and waste.

Subsection 4.12.1.4, Mitigation (page 4-68), is revised bythe addition of the following sentence at the end of thefirst paragraph:

Mitigation measures for the risk of water supplycontamination by hazardous materials or wastewould be the implementation of improved wastehandling practices, described in Subsec- Ition 4.12.4.4. I

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ISubsection 4.12.2, Wastewater Collection, Treatment, andDisposal, Potential Areas of Concern (page 4-68), is revisedby the addition of the following sentence after the end of3 the last sentence on the page:

Increased mission activities could increase theamounts of nondomestic wastewater entering thewastewater system, increasing the possibility Ofcontaminating of the wastewater system and itseffluents.

Subsection 4.12.2.1, No-Action Alternative (page 4-69), isrevised by the addition of the following sentence at the end5 of the paragraph:

A number of nondomestic sources of wastewaterentering the wastewater systems on Kwajalein andRoi-Namur have been identified.

Subsection 4.12.2.2, under the heading Roi-Namur(page 4-70), the text is revised by replacing the thirdthrough final sentences of the first paragraph and the

entire second paragraph with the following material:

3 An alternative waste treatment standard is beingdeveloped for USAKA in consultation with the U.S.State Department, EPA, USAKA, and the RMI. Withapproval of the alternate standard, the Roi-Namursewage treatment plant is proposed to be designedto achieve primary treatment. Sewage will bescreened and discharged through the existingoutfall, which will be extended to a depth of noless than 30 feet.

Subsection 4.12.2.2, Proposed Action, is revised by theaddition of the following sentence at the end of the text onpage 4-70 under each of the headings Kwajalein and Roi-Namur:

Increased mission activities could increase theamounts of nondomestic wastewater entering thewastewater system, increasing the possibility ofcontaminating the wastewater system and itseffluents.

Subsection 4.12.2.4, Mitigation (page 4-71), is revised bythe addition of the following at the end of the paragraph:

Mitigation for the impacts of nondomestic sourcesof wastewater would be provided by the proposed

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Iimprovements to hazardous waste handling practices Idescribed in Subsection 4.12.4.4. These include acomprehensive hazardous waste inventory study toidentify all sources and disposition of hazardouswaste, including hazardous waste entering thewastewater system.

Subsection 4.12.3.1, No-Action Alternative (page 4-72), is Srevised by the addition of the following material at the end

of the subsection:

In mid-1989, USAKA began implementing new wastehandling practices (described in more detail inrevised Subsection 3.12.4.2). Waste oil is nolonger burned in open pits; instead, waste oil iscollected in drums for disposal. Batteries arenow drained and neutralized and spent batterycasings are no longer landfilled, but are segre- Igated for proper disposal. Asbestos is no longerdisposed of in USAKA landfills and a number ofasbestos-containing areas in the landfills have Ibeen identified for cleanup.

Subsection 4.12.4.1, No-Action Alternative (page 4-76) is 3revised by the addition of the following text at the end ofthe first paragraph:

Both the Spill Prevention, Controls, and Counter-measures Plan (revised by the Corps of Engineersin March 1986) and the USAKA Marine OperationsManual (January 1988) provide guidance for con-taining spills of hazardous substances, pollu-tants, and contaminants. There are limited re-sources at Kwajalein for use in the event of aspill such as oil flotation booms and skimmers.USAKA is revising the USAKA Spill Prevention, Con-trols, and Countermeasures Plan to implement pro- Icedures that will assure effective prevention,control, and countermeasure practices.

In mid-1989, USAKA began implementing new hazard-ous materials and waste management practices,described in revised Subsection 3.12.4.2. The newpractices are intended to bring USAKA into sub-stantive compliance with applicable regulationsgoverning hazardous materials and waste.

I

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I4.14 RANGE SAFETY

Subsection 4.14.1.2, Proposed Action, is revised under theheading Meck Island by the addition of the following text atthe end of the first paragraph on page 4-90:

The proposed actions will include the use of MMHas fuel for th~e maneuvering systems of some KVs.Monomethyl hydrazine is listed by the AmericanConference of Governmental Industrial Hygienistsas a suspected human carcinogen. As such, compre-hensive procedures will be used for the storageand handling of MMH to prevent human exposure bothduring normal use or from accidental discharge(see Subsection 4.14.1 of the DEIS). During mis-sile maneuvering, MMH is consumed in the chemicalreaction that provides rocket thrust. The resul-tant combustion products are water vapor, ammonia,and carbon dioxide.

1 4.15 ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION ENVIRONMENT

Subsection 4.15.2, Proposed Action, is revised by the addi-tion of the following material after the first paragraph cnpage 4-99:

Analysis of the cumulative impacts of the proposedGBR-X radar and the existing radars on KwajaleinIsland prepared for the GBR Environmental Assess-ment shows that electric field power densitieswill not exceed 4.3 mW/cm 2 anywhere on KwajaleinIsland when the GBR-X radar and other KwajaleinIsland radars are operated singly or together. Inthe housing area on the northeast side of Kwaja-lein Island, electric field power densities are3 predicted not to exceed 0.366 mW/cm2 .

NONTHERHAL HEALTH EFFECTS RESULTING FROM ELECTRO-MAGNETIC RADIATION FXPOSURE

Standards and guidelines developed by the U.S.Army, the American National Standards Institute,and the Occupational Safety and Health Adminis-tration for controlling human exposure to radi-ation from radars and other emitters are based onthe well-documented thermal ecFect of microwaveand radio frequency radiation A growing body ofsciertific literature suggest. -hat electrical and3 magnetic fields may Pose a threat to public health

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at field strengths significantly below those thatcause cellular heating in biological systems. Theavailable literature, largely on electrical andmagnetic fields of electrical power equipment inthe extremely low frequency (ELF) range, is not Iconclusive. Moreover, it is difficult to relatethese studies to the potential effects of radi-ation in the much higher microwave and radio Ifrequency ranges.

The following material summarizes the current Iresearch on nonthermal effects of electrical andmagnetic fields. Much of the following discussionparaphrases or quotes directly a recent survey ofthe topic prepared by the Office of TechnologyAssessment (OTA) ("Biological Effects of PowerFrequency Flectric and Magnetic Fields: OTA,1989).

The frequency range that has been the subject ofmost of the scientific research concerning non- Ithermal effects is the 30 to 300-Hertz (Hz) range,which is also designated as the Extremely Low Fre-quency Range, or ELF. By contrast, the operating Ifrequencies of most radars are in the megahertz(millions of hertz) or gigahertz (billions ofhertz) range. Research does not yet provide con-clusive evidence (positive or negative) -boutnonthermal effects of fields generated by radarand microwave frequencies. A few studies havelooked at the effects of very high frequencyemissions that are modulated or "pulsed" at lowerfrequencies (see below, ELF-Modulated RadioFrequency Exposures).

ELF experiments conducted in the laboratory havenot thus far established a method for predicting Ihow biological effects seen at the :ellular level

will affect the whole organism. Many of the basicaxioms of toxicology and environmental health 3concerning threshold dose response relationships,true for many chemical and ionizing radiationexposures, may not directly apply to ELF fields.In the case of ELF fields, it is not yet clearwhat measures of exposure or dose are relevant(see Cellular Level Experiments, below). It maynot be safe to assume that if ELF field exposureleads to health risks, exposure to stronger ELFfields or exposure for longer periods is worse g

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Ithan exposure to weaker ELF fields or exposure forbriefer periods.

The OTA background paper continues " ... underspecific circumstances even weak low-frequencyelectromagnetic fields can produce substantialchanges at the cellular level and in a fewexperimental settings, effects have also beendemonstrated at the level of the whole animal.

Epidemiological evidence, while controversial andsubject to a variety of criticisms, is beginningto provide a basis for concern about the risksfrom chronic exposure." The authors of the OTAbackground paper summarize that, "In our view, theemerging evidence no longer allows one to cate-gorically assert that there are no risks. But itdoes not provide a basis for asserting that thereis a significant risk."

The following paragraphs describe the findings ofseveral experiments involving the biological ef-fects of ELF exposures. The experiments are di-

vided into three categories:

1 • Cellular level experiments* Whole animal and human studies| Cancer and electromagnetic fields:

epidemiological studies

5CELLULAR LEVEL EXPERIMENTSCalcium Efflux Across Cellular Membranes

3 The flow of calcium ions across the cell membranein response to extracellular signals is an impor-tant means of transmitting signals from the out-side to the interior of the cell. Calcium flowgoverns physiological processes such as musclecontraction, egg fertilization, and cell division.Most of the intracellular calcium is normallybound to molecules in the cell. Calcium is alsopresent in the structure of the membrane itself,to be released in the event of an appropriatetriggering signal.

The phenomenon most studied at the cellular levelis the efflux of calcium ions from cells as aresult of exposure to 60-Hz fields. A decrease inthe outward flow of calcium ions from the cellmembranes of tissue preparations of chick brain

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exposed to ELF fields, compared with unexposedtissue preparations was first demonstrated by Adeyand Bawin in 1976.

In an independent set of experiments, a change in Icalcium efflux was observed (Blackman, 1982); how-ever, the Blackman study observed an increaserather than a decrease of calcium ion flux, with a Icomplex pattern of several frequency ranges, or"windows." Blackman studied frequency ranges of 1to 30 Hz and 45 to 105 Hz and the intensity rangeof I to 70 volts/meter (VIM). Further experimentsshowed that the position of frequency and ampli-tude windows was influenced by the strength and Irelative orientation of any static magnetic fieldsuperimposed on the AC field (Blackman et al.,1985). That is, the local geomagnetic fieldcaused by the earth itself was an important vari-able in the calcium-efflux phenomenon and the re-sults appeared to indicate that a larger dose or amore intense field does not produce a stronger ef-fect (the efflux of calcitm ions), or even any ef-fect, compared with a smaller dose or a less in-tense field. IChromosomal Damage and Interference with DNASynthesis and RNA Transcription INuclear DNA is the primary constituent of thechromosome and carries the genetic code. RNA liesoutside the cell nucleus and its function is totranscribe the DNA command codes into proteins,which are necessary for the cell to function.Cancer-initiating agents such as ionizing radia- Ition and some chemicals cause direct damage to DNAby mutations. ELF fields do not have enoughenergy to break bonds or otherwise disrupt the Istructure of DNA.

Three extensive independent studies exposed human Ilymphocytes, Chinese Hamster Ovary Cells (CVO),and chromosomes from blood samples of mice to 60-Hz fields of 50 kVIM (Benz, 1987; Cohen, 1986; ULivingston, 1986). These experiments were allnegative and led to the conclusion that it isunlikely that ELF fields induce sister chromatidexchange (SCE) or other forms of chromosomaldamage. SCE is a chromosomal defect known toresult from agents such as ionizing radiation. 3

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Liboff (1984) and Goodman (1986) observed changesin DNA synthesis rates and alterations in thetranscription patterns of RNA leading to struc-rurally altered proteins in cells exposed to low-intensity ELF fields. Goodman's study demon-strated that the rate of production of the normalproteins made by the cell is increased. Becauseprotein synthesis is extremely complex, theseexperiments provide no simple interpretationconcerning the mechanisms or potential effects on3 organisms.

Interaction with Cells Relevant to Cancer

I It has been hypothesized that ELF fields promotecancer formation or cancer growth rather than ini-tiate cancer (Cole, 1987; Guddon, 1981; Berenblum,1975; Trosko, 1983; and Trosko, 1985). This ob-servation appears to be consistent with the factthat ELF fields have not been known to cause aber-rations in DNA structures.

The presence of certain cellular enzymes and otherbiochemicals is often used as an indicator ofmalignancy. Ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) is onesuch enzyme. ODC is present in all cells; it isessential for cell growth because it helps synthe-

i isize the biochemicals that are necessary for DNAand protein synthesis. Any agent that promotescell growth also promotes ODC activity. Thus,factors that increase ODC activity may, but do notalways, lead to tumors. Normal fibroblasts(classically used in tumor promotion experiments)were exposed to 60-Hz electrical fields at10 mV/cm and there was a twofold increase in ODCactivity (Cain, 1986).

Other studies have been conducted in this area.Most study results are consistent with the hypoth-esis that fields can promote tumors, but the stud-ies carry with them the warning that any potentialrelationship between the field intensity and the3 degree of promotion may be highly complex.

WHOLE ANIMAL AND HUMN STUDIES

3 Experiments with Circadian Rhythm

Experiments on the effect of electrical and mag-netic fields on the circadian systems of man, pri-

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mates, and lower animals indicate an effect of 60-Hz fields on the periodicity of physiologicalfunctioning. It is not clear whether such effectsare deleterious or long-lasting.

Central Nervous Svstem Effects

The central nervous system (CNS) uses low fre- iquency fields for its intercellular functions;therefore, the central nervous system is a naturalcandidate for interaction with electrical and mag- Inetic fields. Animal studies, including the stud-ies of circadian variations introduced by fields,indicate the following specific points: 3

Field CNS interactions may involve de-pendencies at very specific frequenciesand intensities, and may vary with thebackground static fields present, thetime of day, and the duration of expo-sure.

Developing nervous systems may be par-ticularly susceptible and effects may be Ilatent, manifested only in specific sit-uations or later in time.

More than any other agent known, exceptperhaps some psychotropic drugs, ELFfields are specific with respect to theregions of brain tissue affected and thepoint of administration in the circadianrhythm.

Other studies

Pineal melatonin depression has been associated 3with cancer growth, and administration of mela-tonin has been found to slow the growth of cancer.Wilson et al. (1981) found that ELF fields depress 3pineal melatonin levels in animals.

CANCER AND ELECTROMAGNETIC FIELDS: EPIDEMIOLOGI-CAL STUDIES

Childhood Cancer and ELF Fields 3The areas that have received the most attention inthe context of public health and electromagneticradiation are cancer incidence in children and

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Icancer as related to occupational ELF field expo-sure. These concerns first arose from an epidemi-ological study performed by Wertheimer and Leeper(1979). The authors noted an association betweenchildhood cancer and homes classified as beingnear "high-current-configuration" distributionlines, which were likely to produce stronger thanaverage magnetic fields.

Four studies have been completed since the Wer-theimer study. Two (Fulton, 1980; Myers, 1985)have shown no correlation between cancer andestimated exposure to magnetic fields; two otherstudies (Tomenius, 1986; Savitz et al., 1987 and1988) found positive correlation.

3 Occupational Exposure to ELF Fields and Cancer

Epidemiological data on the incidence of leukemiain electrical workers were reviewed to assess rel-3ative risk and establish confidence levels associ-ated with specific occupations (Savitz and Calle,1987). These data were compiled from 11 studiesthat were conducted between 1980 and 1987. Thisreview indicated that electrical equipment as-semblers, aluminum workers, and telegraph, radio,and radar operators all show a relative enhance-ment for acute leukemia.

Two additional epidemiologic studies were reviewedthat evaluated the association between ELF fieldexposures and leukemia (Cole, 1987). Combined,these studies showed a relative enhancement foracute myelogenous leukemia, myeloid leukemia, andlymphatic leukemia.

As stated in the OTA background paper, "Based onthe set of studies discussed above, it is fair tosay that there is an indication that occupationalexposure in 'electrical occupations' is associatedwith enhanced leukemia risk. Remember that'associated' means 'occurs together with;' it doesnot imply a causative link. The job classifica-tions do not clearly indicate the actual occupa-tional exposure to fields. No confounding vari-ables or household and other exposures have beentaken into consideration in these studies ...Collectively the studies do not provide good evi-dence that ELF field exposure increases the riskof leukemia. At the same time the evidence

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precludes categorical statements that no such riskexists." (OTA, 1989).

The association between brain and CNS tumors andELF field exposures related to occupations hasbeen examined in several studies. One study byLin (1985) looked specifically at brain and CNStumor mortality risk in men with electrical jobs. ILin sought to correlate the brain tumor risk de-rived from death certificate data with the likeli-hood of on-the-job exposure. His results indicate 3statistical significance, consistency, and anassociation between higher doses and higher riskof brain tumor. 3Status of Understanding the ELF Fields--CancerAssociation iThe association between cancer and ELF fields wasfirst hypothesized by Wertheimer (1979). Studiesconducted since then have yielded mixed results. IThe most thorough epidemiological study conductedto date is the study by Savitz et al. (1988).This study, combined with the cellular level stud- Iies described above, provide some evidence tosupport the possibility that ELF field exposurecan act as a cancer promoter. Nonetheless, theOTA background paper concluded that "overall, theevidence now available is too weak to allow firmconclusions either way." 3ELF-Modulated Radio Frequency Exposures

Several studies (Adey, 1982; Bawin, 1975; Black-man, 1985; and Lyle, 1983) have demonstrated bio-effects of exposures to radio frequency fields(100 to 1,000 Mhz) that are amplitude-modulated or Ipulsed at ELF frequencies (zero to 100 Hz). Am-plitude modulation, as used here, means that theintensity of the radio frequency field is variedsinusoidally (i.e., in the form of a sine wave) atELF frequencies, whereas pulsed modulation refersto a field that is rapidly turned off and on (thusshowing a square or saw-toothed pattern). Radiofrequency fields interact much more strongly withtissues than do ELF fields because electricalfields induced in tissue are proportional to fre- Iquency. The radio frequency fields in the ex-periments listed above induce radio frequencyfields of I to 10 VIM in exposed tissue.

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IThe OTA background paper states, "Given evidencesuggesting that the mechanisms by which fieldsinteract with cells are nonlinear, some scientistshave proposed that cells may be capable of 'demod-ulating' amplitude-modulated fields. That is,cells may be able to extract the ELF components ofthe high frequency field. If this is true, theresultant ELF fields in tissue would be orders ofmagnitude larger than the ELF fields induced inhumans by the power-frequency fields of power3 lines and appliances."

Adey and Bawin have shown that ELF magnetic fieldsbetween I to 100 Hz and also ELF-modulated veryhigh-frequency (VHF) magnetic fields of 147 MHzcould alter the outflow of calcium ions from chickbrain tissue (Bawin, 1975) as well as from livingcats. They also demonstrated the same effect inliving cats exposed to low-intensity microwavefields of 450 MHz with the carrier frequency modu-

I lated at the ELF frequency of 16 Hz (Adey 1982).

Lyle (1983) found that a 450-MHz field modulatedat 60 Hz significantly suppressed the ability ofcultured T-lymphocyte cells from mice to suppresscultured cancer cells.

I Fletcher et al. (1987) found that cell to cellcommunication was altered following ELF-modulatedmicrowave exposures in Chinese hamster ovary cellschallenged by lymphotoxins.

The research on radio frequency fields modulatedor pulsed at ELF frequencies provides the majorlink to the potential nonthermal effects ofradars, including the radars at USAKA. The exist-ing radars at USAKA operate in the megahertz togigahertz range, but most can be pulsed at lowerfrequencies. The two existing radars at KwajaleinIsland for which there might be some concern aboutpotential cumulative effects in conjunction withthe proposed GBR-X are the ANIFPQ-19 and theANIMPS-36. In addition, there is a lower-poweredwindfinding radar that has a small hazard zone.The ANIFPQ-19 can be modulated with a pulse repe-tition frequency (PRF) of 160 pulses per second,and the AN1MPS-36 can be modulated with PRFs of160, 320, and 640 pulses per second. These pulserates characterize both the main beams of the3 radars and any side or grating lobes. The PRFs

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Ifor these two radars are higher than the I to100 pulses per second (or Hertz) range implicatedin the research.

The specific operating frequencies and pulse repe- Itition frequencies of the proposed GBR-X radar areclassified information that cannot be disclosedpublicly. However, according to the GBR-X project Ioffice, the GBR-X radar will operate in the X-band(8 to 12.5 gigahertz). It will be modulated(pulsed) at a wide range of PRFs, including the Irange of zero to 100 Hz.

While it cannot be categorically asserted that theoperation of the GBR-X radar (singly or in con- Ijunction with existing radars) will have no healthrisks, the evidence on ELF radiation and pulsedradio and microwave frequency radiation does not Isupport the assertion that there are reasonablyforeseeable significant impacts. iSMOURY AND CONCLUSIONS- -NONTHERMAL EFFECTS

The OTA background paper prepared in 1989 includes Ithe most recent research and focuses on fieldsproduced by E.Fs of I to 100 Hz. Few studies haveshown links between the conclusions about fieldsproduced by currents in the 1- to 100-Hz range andpotential health effects of radio and microwavefrequency fields. The major link between thehealth effects associated with power frequency Ifields and higher frequency radiation is shown inthe studies cited above that identified nonthermaleffects when radio and microwave frequency fields 1are modulated or pulsed at ELF frequencies.

A review of the literature on nonthermal health 3effects of radio and microwave frequency radiationindicates that additional research is needed. Itis not possible to draw firm conclusions about thepublic health implications of the subtle and com-plex nonthermal effects of EMR exposure from thecellular experiments, animal studies, and epidemi-ological studies discussed above. Although somepotential effects on public health have been sug-gested, none of the studies conducted to dateallows definite conclusions about possible risk.However, because the existing research is incon-clusive and there is no established research pro-tocol or methodology, no reasonably foreseeable

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Isignificant adverse impact can be predicted. Theconclusions of OTA's background paper about poten-tial health effects of power frequency fields mayalso apply to the subject of pulsed microwave orradio frequency fields:

"As recently as a few years ago, scientistswere making categorical statements that onthe basis of all available evidence there areno health risks from human exposure to power-frequency fields. In our view, the emergingevidence no longer allows one to categor-ically assert that there are no risks. Butit does not provide a basis for assertingthat there is a significant risk."

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UChapter 5--LIST OF PREPARERS

Chapter 5 of the DEIS is revised as follows:

Under the heading MANAGEMENT, the following staff positionsare revised:

Ivey, Richard S.Director of Planning, CH2M HILL, Portland, Oregon

M.A., 1955, Political Science, University ofCaliforniaBerkeley, California

3 B.A., 1950, Political Science, Reed College

Portland, Oregon

* Years of Experience: 36

Role: Contractor Project Manager

I Linehan, Andrew 0.Environmental Planner, CH2M HILL, Portland, Oregon

3 M.A., 1984, Public Affairs/Urban and RegionalPlanning, Princeton University3 Princeton, New Jersey

B.A., 1978, International Studies, Reed CollegePortland, Oregon

Years of Experience: 7

3Role: Contractor Assistant Project Manager

Under the heading TECHNICAL STAFF, the following is in-3 serted:

Sarah BattelleI Project Geologist, Advanced Sciences Inc.

M.S., 1980, Geology, San Diego State UniversitySan Diego, California

B.S., 1978, Geology, Oregon State UniversityCorvallis, Oregon

Years of Experience: 9

3 Role: Section Reviewer

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IRick JohnsonIndustrial Processes Engineer, CH2M HILL, Reston,Virginia

B.S., 1974, Chemical Engineering, Virginia Poly- 3technic Institute at Virginia State UniversityBlacksburg, Virginia

Years of Experience: 15

Role: Section Reviewer 5Jane StansfieldEnvironmental Scientist, CH2M HILL, Denver,Colorado

M.S., 1985, Industrial Hygiene, Central Missouri

State UniversityI

B.S., 1974, Biology, Kansas State UniversityFort Hayes, Kansas

Years of Experience: 8

Role: Section Preparer IIIIi1iII

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i | B mI

Chapter 6--DISTRIBUTION

Chapter 6 of the DEIS, DISTRIBUTION, is revised by the addition of thefollowing:

FEDERAL, STATE, AND LOCAL Paul McCoyGOVERNMENT AGENCIES 629 Brentmeadow Circle

Madison, Tennessee 37115David CoctinghamDirector Minnie W. KoblitzEcology and Environmental P.O. Box 1473

Conservation Office Orleans, Massachusetts 02653DOC/NOAA/CS/EC, Room 622214th and Constitution Ave., N.W. Joan PatchenWashington D.C. 20230 P.O. Box 282

N. Truro, Massachusetts 02652

U.S. Environmental ProtectionAgency Judith Cicero

Region IX P.O. Box 1158Attention: Deanna M. Wieman, Eastham, Massachusetts 02642

Director, Office of ExternalAffairs Jerry Kramer

215 Freemont Street P.O. Box 6San Francisco, California 94105 Majuro, tfH 96960

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSE AGENCIES Johanna Guth1700 Makiki Street, #221

Commanding Officer Honolulu, Hawaii 96822U.S. Army Navy OrdinanceMissile Test Station Sara SieversAttention: Jamie Lucero Cabot House, HarvardWhite Sands Missile Range Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138INew Mexico 88002-5510

Dr. Anne RowthornMike Jones 17 Woodland Drive

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Salem, Connecticut 06415Huntsville DivisionP.O. Box 1600 Malcolm D. RivkinHuntsville, Alabama 35807-3801 Rivkin Associates

7508 Wisconsin AvenueINDIVIDUALS Bethesda, Maryland 20814

Joel Connolly Douglas MurtlandLower Road Science and EngineeringBrewster, Massachusetts 02631 Association (SEA)

1421 Prince Street, Suite 300Barbara McGee Alexandria, Virginia 22314Wellfleet, Massachusetts 02667

Andrew WolfWomen's International League for Federation of American Scientists

Peace and Freedom 307 Massachusetts Avenue, N.E.Attention: Mary Zepernick, Washington D.C. 20002

President, U.S. Section1213 Race Street Nelson RodriquesPhiladelphia, Pennsylvania Advanced Sciences, Inc.

19107-1691 2620 San Mateo, N.E.Suite DAlbuquerque, New Mexico 87110

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IEdd Joy W. Robert PearmainEarth Technology 9 Lewis Street275 Hospitality Lane Lincoln, Massachusetts 01773Suite 200San Bernardino, California 92408 A. Cullum

P.O. Box 1222Kenneth Barclay East Orleans, Massachusetts

USAKA 02643P.O. Box 1694APO San Francisco 96555 Claire P. Pearmain

Box 33Hans Giroux Lincoln Center, Massachusetts26 Sun River 01773Irvine, California 92714

Katherine BrownMr. Arnold Lum 135 Scranton AvenueSierra Club Falmouth, Massachusetts 02540Legal Defense Club212 Merchant Street, #202 REGIONALHonolulu, Hawaii 96813

Pacific Concerns Resource CentreMr. Alan MacLaren (8M-011154) General Coordination OfficeLockheed Missile & Space Company P.O. Box 9295P.O. Box 3504 Newmarket, Auckland, AotearoaSunnyvale, California New Zealand

94088-3504

UNIVERSITIES AND LIBRARIESMr. Glenn Alcalay95 Cabrini Boulevard, #30 University of Guam INew York, New York 10033 Attention: Chad Wylie

Marine LaboratoriesDouglas Holbert UOG StationP.O. Box 997-GE Mangilao, Guam 92963 IRoi-NamurAPO San Francisco 96557 University of Hawaii at Manoa

The Environmental CenterHelen F. Kaplan Attention: Ms. Anna Ulaszewski I1451 Beacon Street Honolulu, Hawaii 96822

Waban, Massachusetts 02168Mr. Fred C. Schmidt, Documents

Marie Morongell Department--AC I15 Hervens Lane The LibrariesOrleans, Massachusetts 02653 Colorado State University

Fort Collins, Colorado 80523Jean T. Colby IBox 594N. Eastham, Massachusetts 02651

Sylvia Furber I109 Prudence LaneCotuit, Massachusetts 02635

Betty Burkes IRFDI Chequessett RoadWellfleet, Massachusetts 02667

Winnifred Lubell IRRIWellfleet, Massachusetts 02667

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U5 Chapter 7--BIBLIOGRAPHY

Chapter 7 of the DEIS is revised by the addition of thefollowing:

Adey, W. R., S. M. Bawin, and F. Lawrence. 1982. Effectsof Weak Amplitude-Modulated Microwave Fields on CalciumEfflux From Awake Cat Cerebral Cortex. Bioelectromaz-netics 3:295-307.

Advanced Sciences Incorporated. July 1989. USAKA Mitiga-tion Projct: Draft Technical Report, KwajaleinIsland, Mar-shall Islands.

3 Bawin, S. M., L. Kaczmarek, and W. R. Adey. 1975. Effectsof Modulated VLF Fields on the Central Nervous System.Annals of the New York Academy of Science 247:74-81.

Bawin, S. M. and W. R. Adey. June 1976. Sensicivity toCalcium Binding in Cerebral Tissue to Weak Environ-mental Electric Fields Oscillating at Low Frequency.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences73 (6) :1999-2003.

I Benz, R. D., A. L. Carsten, J. W. Baum, and A. V. Kuchner.1987. Mutagenicity and Toxicity of 60-Hz Magnetic PndElectric Fields. Technical Report. Final Report toth3 New York State Power Lines Project, Wadsworth Labs,E-297, Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York.

3 Berenblum, I. 1975. Sequential Aspects of Chemical Car-cinogenesis: Skin. Cancer: A Comprehensive Treatise.Plenum Press, New York, pp. 323-344.

Blackman, C. F., S. G. Benane, L. S. Kinney, W. T. Joines,and D. E. House. 1982. Effects of ELF Fields onCalcium-Ion Efflux from Brain Tissue In Vitro.Radiation Research 92:510-520.

Blackman, C. F., S. G. Benane, D. E. House, W. T. Joines.1985. Effects of ELF (1-120 Hz) and Modulated (50 Hz)RF Fields on the Efflux of Calcium Ions from Brain3 Tissue In Vitro. Bioelectromagnctics 6(1):1-11.

Cain, C. D., M. C. Malto, R. A. Jones, and W. R. Adey. Nov-ember 1986. Effects of 60-Hz Fields on Ornithine De-carboxylase Activity in Bone Cells and Fibroblasts.Technical Report, Contractors' Review Meeting, U.S.Department of Energy Office of Energy Storage and3 Distribution and the Flectric Power Research Institute

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! ~ ~PDX si. s,'.',

I

Health Studies Program, New York State Department ofHealth, Denver, Colorado. I

Cohen, M. M. 1986. In Vitro Genetic Effect of Electromag-netic Fields. Technical Report. Prepared for the NewYork State Power Lines Project, Wadsworth Labs, E-297,Empire State Plaza, Albany, Ne% York.

Cole, P. March 1987. An Epidemiologic Perspective onElectromagnetic Fields and Cancer. Prepared for LheFlorida Department of Environmental Regulation.

Dowell, P. August 1985. RF Summary Report of Met RocketLaunch Area.

Fletcher, W. H., W. W. Shiu, T. A. Ishida, and W. R. Adey.November 1987. A Modulat .' Microwave Field and TumorPromoter May Inhibit Cell-Cell Communication and Cause Ian Increased Sensitivity to Cytotoxic lymphokines andtumor necrosis factor. Technical Report, Contractors'Review Meeting, U.S. Department of Energy Office of IEnergy Storage and Distribution and the Electric PowerResearch Institute Health Studies Program, Kansas City,Missouri. I

Fletcher, W. H., W. W. Shiu, T. A. Ishida, D. L. Haviland,C. F. Ware. 1987. Resistance to the cytolytic actionof lymphotoxin and tumor necrosis factor coincides withthe presence of gap junctions uniting target cells.Journal of Immunology 139(3):1-7.

Fulton, J. P., S. Cobb, L. Preble, L. Leone, and E. Forman.1980. Electrical Wiring Configurations and ChildhoodLeukemia in Rhode Island. American Journal of Epidem-iology 111:292-296.

Goodman, R. and A. S. Henderson. 1986. Sine Waves EnhanceCellular Transcription. Bioelectromagnetics 7(1):23-29.

Guddon, R. W. 1981. Cancer Biology. Oxford UniversityPress, New York.

Hileman, Betty. March 1989. "Global Warming." Chemical Iand Engine Ting_ News, Vol. 67, No. 11.

Hoffman, J. S., J. B. Wells, and J. G. Titus. 1986. 3"Future Warming and Sea Level Rise." IN: Iceland.mposium '85; ed. Per Bruun, Reykjavik National EnergyAuthority.

4-50 UPDX419. .. 50

ILiboff, A. R., T. Williams Jr., D. M. Strong, and R. Wistar

Jr. February 1984. Time-Varying Magnetic Fields:Effect on DNA Synthesis. Science 223:818-820.

Lin, R. S., P. C. Dischinger, J. Conde, and K. P. Farrell.1985. Occupational Exposure to Electromagnecic Fieldsand the Occurrence of Brain Tumors: An Analysis ofPossible Associations. Journal of OccupationalMedicine 27:413-415.

Livingston, G. K., 0. P. Gandhi, I. Chatterjee, K. Witt, J.L. Roti. 1986. Reproductive Integrity of MammalianCells Exposed to 60-Hz Electromagnetic Fields. Tech-nical Report. Prepared for the New York State PowerLines Project, Appendix 6, Wadsworth Labs, E-297,Empire State Plaza, Albany, New York.

Luben, R. A., C. D. Cain, M. C-Y. Chen, D. M. Rosen, and W.R. Adey. 1982. Effects of Electromagnetic Stimuli inBone and Bone Cells in Vitro: Inhibition of Responsesto Parathyroid Hormone by Low-energy, Low-frequencyFields. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sci-ences 79:4180-4184.

I Luben, R. A. and Cain, C. D. 1984. Use of hormone receptoractivities to investigate the membrane effects of lowenergy electromagnetic fields. IJ: Nonlinear Electro-dynamics in Biological Systems, W. R. Adey and A. F.Lawrence, editors. Plenum Press, pp. 23-24.

SLyle, D. B., P. Schnechter, W. R. Adey, and R. L. Lundak.1983. Suppression of T-Lymphocyte Toxicity FollowingExposure to Sinusoidally Alternating Magnctic Fields.Bioelectromagnetics 4:281-292.

Myers, A., R. A. Cartwright, J. A. Bonnell, J. C. Male, andS. C. Cartwright. 1985. Overhead Power Lines andChildhood Cancer. Technical Report. Proceedings ofthe International Conference on Electric and Magnetic3 Fields in Medicine and BiologZ.

Savitz, D. A. 1987. Case-Control Study of Childhood Cancerand Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields. TechnicalReport, prepared for the New York State Power LinesProject, Albany, New York: Health Research Inc.

Savitz, D. A. and E. E. Callc 1987. Leukemia and Occupa-tional Exposure to Electrmagnetic Fields: Review ofEpidemiological Surveys. Journal of Occupational3 Medicine 29:47-51.

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I

ISavitz, D. A., H. A. Wachtel, F. Barnes, E. M. John, and J.

G. Tvrdik. 1988. Case-Control Study of ChildhoodCancer and Exposure to 60-Hertz Magnetic Fields.American Journal of Epidemiology 128(1):21-38. 3

Titus, James G. Coastal Zone Management Journal, Vol. 14,No. 3.

Tomenius, L. 1986. 50-Hz Electromagnetic Environments andthe In-idence of Childhood Tumors in Stockholm County.Bioelectromagnetics 7:191-207. 3

Trosko, J. E. and C. C. Chang. 1985. Implications for RiskAssessment of Genotoxic and Non-Genotoxic Mechanismis inCarcinogenesis. Methods for Estimating Risk ofChemical Injury: Human and Non-Human Biota andEcosystems. Academic Press, New York. 3

. 1983. Role of Intercellular Communi-cation in Tumor Promotion. Tumor Promotion and Carcin-og2nesis in vitro. CRC Press, Boca Raton, Florida.

U.S. Congress, Office of Technology Assessment. May 1989.Biological Effects of Power Frequency Electric &Magnetic Fields--Background Paper, OTA-BP-E-53.Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office.

Wertheimer, N. and E. Leeper. 1979. Electrical Wiring Con- Ifigurations and Childhood Cancer. American Journal ofEpidemiology 109:273-284. 3

Wilson, B. W., L. E. Anderson, D. I. Hilton, and R. D.Phillips. 1981. Chronic Exposure to 60-Hz ElectricFields: Effects on Pineal Function in the Rat.Bioelectromagnetics 2(4) :371-380.

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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMYHEADOUARTERS, U S. ARMY KWAJALEIN ATOLL

BOX 26. APO SAN FRANCISCO 96555

Military Liaison Officer July 17, L969

IMr. Alfred CapelleResources ManagerAlele Museum and

LibraryPO Box 269Mdjuro, Marshall Islands 96960

I Dear Mr. Capelle:

On behalf of Colonel Philip Harris, Commander of UnitedStates Army Kwajalein Atoll, please allow me to express ourappreciation for your participation in the Public Hearing ofJuly 13, 1989, relating to the Environmental Impact Statementconcerning proposed construction at Kwajalein Atoll.

As you are already aware, Colonel Harris shares ycurconcern for the preservation of Marshallese culture andlanguage. This concern can oe seen in the Army's use ofMarshaliese place-names as replacements for the World War IINavy code names previously used on military maps.

In this connection, we wish to request your assistance. Inrevising the maps, it is quite possible that the cartographersmay have misspelled names of some of the islands, or else haveused non-standard variants. We would be most grateful if youwould provide us with a list of place-names that are spelledincorrectly, along with the correct spellings of the names oftnose islands. We, in turn, shall attach this list to thefinal report, and furtnermore, we shall endeavor to use correct

* spellings of those places in the future.

I will pass this list on to Colonel Harris as soon as it isready.I

Sincer~Jly,

Frank Moore IIIMajor, U.S ArmyMilitary Liaison Officer

I

IJuly 23, 1989

TO: FRANK MOORE III, MAJOR USA

FROM: ALFRED CAPELLE

SUBJECT: Preferred Spellings for Place Names of Kwajalein Atoll,per your 17 July '89 letter

I PRESENT SPELLING PREFERRED SPELLING

Kwajalein Atoll Aelbhin Kuwajleen

Kwajalein Island Kuwajleen

Mejato Island MeJatto

Ninji, Ninge Island NiniRoi-Namur Island Rubt im Nimur

Gagan Island Kowak-KanGellinam Island Kiden-Ep

Illeginni Island Likijjine

Ennylabegan Island Ane-Ellap-Kap

Ennugarret Island Ane-KbranOmelek Island Komle

Ebeye Island Epj6

Medk Island Meik

Eniwetak Island Ane-vJetak

I Ebadon Island Epatbn

Gugeegu Island F ehe

Ennubirr Island Ane-Bbn

Gea Pass Toon-Nini

South Ambo Channel Toon-Mertak

North Pass Toon-AnepiMilu Pass Toon-Milu

Eniwetak Passage Toon-Meik

Bigej Channel Too--Pikeej

South Pass Toon-Ane-Bubj

Mann assage Toon-Maan

Ellep Passage/North Ambo Channel To-Mekak

Onemak West Passaqe Toon-LikijjineOnemak East Passage Toon-MurleWojejairok Pass Toon-Wdje-KaoBoggerik Passage Toon-Eorrob

Tablk Channel Toon-Jpik

I Nell Passage Toon-Nd)

IIIII

mJuly 22, 1989

E Major Frank Moore IIIU.S. ArmyMilitary Liaison OfficerDepartment of the ArmyHeadquarters, U.S. Army Kwajalein AtollBox 26, APO San Francisco 96555

i Dear Major Moore:

Thank you for your letter of July 17. I am happy to assistthe Army by providing the enclosed listing of traditional KajinMt.oI place names for Aelofiin Kuwajleen (Kwajalein Atoll).

3 We sincerely appreciate the Army's concern and interest inhelping us preserve and perpetuate Marshallese culture andlanguage.

I When I met Col. Philip Harris in the Chief Secretary's Office,he asked if Oscar and I could suggest a Marshallese name for thenew housing area on the north end of Kuwajleen Island.

This past week I happened to be on Epja (Ebeye) and had achance to discuss the subject with Alap Atidrik Maie of Kuwajleen.Consequently, we would like to suggest the name LIBARWATO.

LIBARWATO is the cultural name for a relatively large rockwhich was once situated on the lagoon shore near the north end ofKuwajleen, in the vicinity of the new housing area. Briefly, thestory behind the rock was that once upon a time a lady called

I LIBARWATO turned into a rock. Being amicable and friendly shehelped her fellow islanders in times of difficulty. When she diedshe continued to help by forewarning them of invaders andimpending disasters such as typhoons, tidal waves, etc. Herforewarnings always came true. Whenever deep and resoundingrumbling sounds emanate from the rock of LIBARWATO the islanderswould know what it means and take the necessary precautions.

m As the activities on Kuwajleen are similar in a number of waysto what once upon a time happened there, we feel the name LIBARWATOis appropriate for that housing area instead of "Silver City".While LIBARWATO herself had achieved it, the residents of Kuwajleenare engaged in trying out a defensive system that can protect livesfrom either natural or man-made disasters. No one then should besurprised when one of these days the deep and rumbling sounds ofLIBARWATO are once again heard across the water and sky.

I wit, fr eg9/S,

Re.,oce P tection Officer

cc: Colonel HarrisChief Secretary DeBrumAlap Maie

I