u.s. army corps of engineers permit department of state lands permit multnomah county …...

Horsetail Creek Floodplain Restoration Project Exhibit 2

EXHIBIT 2

REGULATORY PERMITS AND CONDITIONS

U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS PERMIT

DEPARTMENT OF STATE LANDS PERMIT

MULTNOMAH COUNTY GRADING AND EROSION CONTROL AND FLOODPLAIN DEVELOPMENT

PERMIT

U.S. FOREST SERVICE DECISION MEMO

U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE LETTER OF CONCURRENCE

NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE BIOLOGICAL OPINION


U.S. ARMY CORPS OF ENGINEERS PERMIT


DEPARTMENT OF STATE LANDS PERMIT

Italicized areas are not required by the Corps for a complete application, but may be necessary prior to final permit decision by the Corps.

1 v. 07-07-09

DATE STAMP

DATE STAMP

Joint Permit US Army Corps Application Form Of Engineers (Portland District)

AGENCIES WILL ASSIGN NUMBERS

Corps Action ID Number Oregon Department of State Lands No

SEND ONE SIGNED COPY OF YOUR APPLICATION TO EACH AGENCY

US Army Corps of Engineers:

District Engineer

ATTN: CENWP-OD-GPPO

Box 2946

Portland, OR 97208-2946

503-808-4373

AND

DSL - West of the Cascades:

State of Oregon

Department of State Lands

775 Summer Street, Suite 100

Salem, OR 97301-1279

503-986-5200

O

R

DSL - East of the Cascades:

State of Oregon


1645 NE Forbes Road, Suite 112

Bend, Oregon 97701

541-388-6112

AND

Send DSL Application Fees to:

State of Oregon


PO Box 4395, Unit 18

Portland, OR 97208-4395

(Attach a copy of the first page of the application)

(1) APPLICANT INFORMATION

Applicant

Name and Address

U.S. Forest Service

USFS - Columbia River Gorge

National Scenic Area

Attn: Lynn Burditt

902 Wasco, Suite 200

Hood River, OR 97031

Business Phone #

Home Phone #

Fax #

Email

503-308-1700

NA

[email protected]

Authorized Agent

Name and Address

Lower Columbia River

Estuary Partnership

Attn: Debrah Marriott

811 SW Natio Pkwy, Ste 410

Portland, OR 97204

Business Phone #

Home Phone #

Fax #

Email

503-226-1565 Ext. 227

NA

503-226-1580

[email protected]

Check one

Consultant

Contractor X

Property Owner

Name and Address

If different from above1

USFS

Same as applicant

Business Phone #

Home Phone #

Fax #

Email

Same as applicant

(2) PROJECT LOCATION

Street, Road or Other Descriptive Location Legal Description (attach tax lot map*)

Immediately SW of Exit 35; located between I-84 and

UPRR; see cover sheet of attached drawings

Township Range Section Quarter/Quarter

1N 6E 3,4,&9

In or near (City or Town) County Tax Map # Tax Lot #2

Dodson, OR Multnomah 01n06e See Appendix F

Waterway (pick one) River Mile (if known) Latitude (in DD.DDDD format) Longitude (in DD.DDDD format)

Horsetail & Oneonta Creeks

Columbia River Floodplain

Columbia RM 138 45.5915 -122.0762

1 If applicant is not the property owner, permission to conduct the work must be attached. 2 Attach a copy of all tax maps with the project area highlighted.

http://www.ormap.org/

http://deq12.deq.state.or.us/website/findloc/data.asp

http://www.topozone.com/


2 v. 07-07-09

Directions to the site From Portland: I-84 east towards Cascade Locks; take Exit 35; backtrack west on historic highway towards

Multnomah Falls; park at Horsetail Falls or Oneonta Gorge parking area; site is located to the north of the UPRR

tracks

(3) PROPOSED PROJECT INFORMATION

Type: Fill X Excavation (removal) X In-Water Structure X Maintain/Repair an Existing Structure X

Brief Description: Place up to 1,000 logs for habitat (anchored primarily by trenching into stream bank). Fill gravel pond to re-create alluvial fan

and create emergent wetland. Modify planform and cross-sectional profile of 0.4 miles of constructed stream channel. All fill

native to site, except 900 CY of stream substrate removed during ODOT culvert maintenance from nearby Gorge streams and

100 CY of boulders imported from a quarry.

Fill

Riprap Rock X Gravel X Organics Sand X Silt Clay Other: X LWD

Wetlands Permanent (cy) Temporary (cy) Total cubic yards for

project

(including outside

OHW/wetlands)

7,464

7,464 0

Impact Area in Acres Dimensions (feet)

4.5 L’ W’ H’

Waters below OHW Permanent (cy) Temporary (cy) Total cubic yards for

project

(including outside

OHW/wetlands)

10,936

10,693 243


3.4 L’ W’ H’

Removal

Wetlands Permanent (cy) Temporary (cy) Total cubic yards for

project

(including outside

OHW/wetlands)

23,415

0 23,415


7.3 L’ W’ H’

Waters below OHW Permanent (cy) Temporary (cy) Total cubic yards for

project

(including outside

OHW/wetlands)

120

20 100


1.1 L’ W’ H’

Total acres of construction related ground disturbance (If 1 acre or more a 1200-C permit may be required from DEQ) 11

Is the disposal area upland? Yes No X Impervious surface created? <1 acre X >1 acre?

No permanent disposal areas proposed. Temporary stockpile of native materials (both from on-site and other Gorge streams) will occur on-site within

wetland areas (see Appendix A for locations). No impervious areas will be created.

Yes No

If yes, please explain in the project

description (in block 4)

Are you aware of any state or federally listed species on the project site? X

Are you aware of any Cultural/Historic Resources on the project site? X

Is the project site within a national Wild & Scenic River? X

Is the project site within a State Scenic State Scenic Waterway?* X

(4) PROPOSED PROJECT PURPOSE AND DESCRIPTION

Purpose and Need:

Provide a description of the public, social, economic, or environmental benefits of the project along with any supporting formal actions of a public body

(e.g. city or county government), as appropriate.*

http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/stormwater/constappl.htm

http://www.dfw.state.or.us/wildlife/diversity/threatened_endangered.asp

http://ecos.fws.gov/tess_public/StartTESS.do

http://www.oregon.gov/OPRD/HCD/index.shtml

http://www.rivers.gov/wildriverslist.html

http://www.oregonstatelands.us/DSL/PERMITS/scenicwaterways.shtml


3 v. 07-07-09

The purpose of the proposed project is to enhance aquatic and riparian habitat and improve fish passage within the lower portions of Horsetail and

Oneonta Creeks, which are located within the Columbia River floodplain and were severely degraded by construction of I-84 and invasion of non-native

species. Specifically the project will improve fish passage from the Columbia River into this 190-acre site; increase stream habitat diversity by

recontouring constructed channels and placing up to 1,000 pieces of LWD; reforest up to 170 acres of riparian areas; eliminate the diversion of Oneonta

Creek through the gravel pond; and convert the gravel pond to an emergent wetland. The Interstate-84 culvert, which provides the only access to the

site, has been recognized as a partial barrier to fish passage. Additionally, biologists and other scientists have documented habitat conditions in the site

that are severely degraded from pre-disturbance conditions, i.e., before the freeway and railroad were constructed. Because the site is used by waterfowl,

red-legged frogs, great blue heron, and several species of both local and up-river salmonids, restoring habitat at the site as close as practical to its pre-

disturbance condition is a priority for local and regional populations of these and other native species. In addition to benefiting a large number and

variety of species, the site is unique in that it provides a large, contiguous tract of bottomland hardwood forest adjacent to the Columbia River. Due to

both development and natural landscape features, this habitat is rare in the Columbia River Gorge.

The Estuary Partnership proposes to implement this restoration project, which leverages studies and design work previously funded by BPA, OWEB,

and East Multnomah SWCD. A variety of entities will fund construction of this project, including BPA, ODOT and the USFS.

Project Description:

Please describe in detail the proposed removal and fill activities, including the following information: See attached.

Volumes and acreages of all fill and removal activities in waterway or wetland separately

Permanent and temporary impacts

Types of materials (e.g., gravel, silt, clay, etc.)

How the project will be accomplished (i.e., describe construction methods, equipment, site access)

Describe any changes that the project may make to the hydraulic and hydrologic characteristics (e.g., general direction of stream and surface

water flow, estimated winter and summer flow volumes.) of the waters of the state, and an explanation of measures taken to avoid or minimize any

adverse effects of those changes.

Is any of the work already complete? Yes No X If yes, please describe the completed work.

Project Drawings

State the number of project drawing sheets included with this application: 25 (located in Appendix A)

A complete application must include a location map, site plan, cross-section drawings and recent aerial photo as follows and as applicable to the project:

Location map (must be legible with street names)

Site plan including;

Entire project site and activity areas

Existing and proposed contours

Location of ordinary high water, wetland boundaries or other jurisdictional boundaries

Identification of temporary and permanent impact areas within waterways or wetlands

Map scale or dimensions and north arrow

Location of staging areas

Location of construction access

Location of cross section(s), as applicable

Location of mitigation area, if applicable

Cross section drawing(s) including;

Existing and proposed elevations

Identification of temporary and permanent impact areas within waterways or wetlands

Ordinary high water and/or wetland boundary or other jurisdictional boundaries

Map scale or dimensions

Recent Aerial photo (1:200, or if not available for your site, the highest resolution available)

Will any construction debris, runoff, etc., enter a wetland or waterway? Yes X No

If yes, describe the type of discharge and show the discharge location on the site plan.

http://earth.google.com/

http://terraserver-usa.com/


4 v. 07-07-09

No construction debris will be allowed to enter streams or wetlands, and no sediment-laden water will be discharged. However, water pumped during

dewatering operations may be turbid, and if so will be discharged to adjacent upland areas treated with appropriate erosion control. Although anticipated

to be minimal in volume, some of this discharge may make its way back to surface waters as overland runoff.

All work will occur during the in-water work window (typically 7/15 – 8/31, but extended by ODFW to 9/15 [see Appendix C for ODFW

correspondence re: extension request]), which also corresponds with low flows at the site. Additionally, most work areas will be isolated from the

flowing stream, and instream work will not occur during rain events. These measures should eliminate most runoff/sediment from entering streams and

wetlands; however, all construction activities will occur in wetlands and streams therefore sedimentation will occur. The erosion and sediment control

measures specified in the project plans will help control sediment input to Horsetail and Oneonta Creeks.

Note: The project should take approximately 5-6 weeks to complete. The entire in-water window is listed below for the project’s estimated start and end

date; however, the project will be implemented during a 5-6 week period within that greater timeframe. Furthermore, the project is anticipated to occur

entirely within the 2012 in-water work window, but additional work also may be completed in 2013.

Estimated project start date: 7/15/12 (if needed 7/15/13) Estimated project completion date: 9/15/12 (if needed 9/15/13)

(5) PROJECT IMPACTS AND ALTERNATIVES

Alternatives Analysis:

Describe alternative sites and project designs that were considered to avoid or minimize impacts to the waterway or wetland. (Include alternative

design(s) with less impact and reasons why the alternative(s) were not chosen. Reference OAR 141-085-0565 (1) through (6) for more information*).

See attached (Section 5.1).

Measures to Minimize Impacts

Describe what measures you will use (before and after construction) to minimize impacts to the waterway or wetland. These may include but are not

limited to the following:

For projects with ground disturbance include an erosion control plan or description of other best management practices (BMP’s) as appropriate.

(For more information on erosion control practices see DEQ’s Oregon Sediment and Erosion Control Manual)

For work in waterways where fish or flowing water are likely to be present, discuss how the work area will be isolated from the flowing water.

If native migratory fish are present (or were historically present) and you are installing, replacing or abandoning a culvert or other potential

obstruction to fish passage, complete and attach a statement of how the Fish Passage Requirements, set by the Oregon Department of Fish and

Wildlife will be met.

http://arcweb.sos.state.or.us/rules/OARS_100/OAR_141/141_085.html

http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/stormwater/escmanual.htm

http://www.dfw.state.or.us/fish/passage


5 v. 07-07-09


Description of resources in project area

River

Ocean Estuary River X Lake Stream X Freshwater Wetland X

Describe the existing physical and biological characteristics of the wetland/waterway site by area and type of resource

(Use separate sheets and photos, if necessary).

For wetlands, include, as applicable:

Cowardin and Hydrogeomorphic(HGM) wetland class(s)*

Dominant plant species by layer (herb, shrub, tree)*

Whether the wetland is freshwater or tidal

Assessment of the functional attributes of the wetland to be impacted*

Identify any vernal pools, bogs, fens, mature forested wetland, seasonal mudflats, or native wet prairies in or near the project area.)

For waterways, include a description of, as applicable:

Channel and bank conditions*

Type and condition of riparian vegetation*

Channel morphology (i.e., structure and shape)*

Stream substrate*

Fish and wildlife (type, abundance, period of use, significance of site)

General hydrological conditions (e.g. stream flow, seasonal fluctuations)*

http://www.fws.gov/nwi/Pubs_Reports/Class_Manual/class_titlepg.htm

http://www.oregonstatelands.us/DSL/PERMITS/wetlanddelineation.shtml


6 v. 07-07-09


Describe the existing navigation, fishing and recreational use of the waterway or wetland.*

There are no existing navigational or fishing uses of the site. The USFS’ Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area Management Plan designated the

project site as “open space”, therefore it is not managed for recreational uses and there are no plans to develop it for recreation in the future. Existing

recreational uses include swimming/wading in the creeks and pond and hunting.

Site Restoration/Rehabilitation

For temporary disturbance of soils and/or vegetation in waterways, wetlands or riparian areas, please discuss how you will restore the site after

construction including any monitoring, if necessary*

All areas disturbed during access or construction would be regraded to their original contours (or those detailed in Appendix A if the intent of the

restoration action is a change in contours), seeded with a native seed mix appropriate to the habitat (e.g., wetland or upland), and mulched with weed-

free straw.


7 v. 07-07-09

Mitigation

Describe the reasonably expected adverse effects of the development of this project and how the effects will be mitigated.*

For permanent impact to wetlands, complete and attach a Compensatory Wetland Mitigation (CWM) Plan. (See OAR 141-085-0705 for plan

requirements)*

For permanent impact to waters other than wetlands, complete and attach a Compensatory Non-Wetland Mitigation (CNWM) plan (See OAR 141-

085-0765 for plan requirements)*

For permanent impact to estuarine wetlands, you must submit a CWM plan.*

All temporary and permanent fill proposed as part of this project is intended to move the site towards its historic condition and increase habitat quality

and function. Therefore all actions would have a net benefit to project area wetlands and waterways. Because all proposed activities are intended to result

in ecosystem uplift and will not have permanent adverse effects, mitigation is not proposed.

Mitigation Location Information (Fill out only when mitigation is proposed or required) Mitigation not required

Proposed

mitigation

(Check all that apply):

Onsite Mitigation Type of mitigation:

Offsite Mitigation Wetland Mitigation

Mitigation Bank Mitigation for impacts to other waters

Payment to Provide Mitigation for impacts to navigation, fishing, or recreation

Street, Road or Other Descriptive Location Legal Description (attach tax lot map*)

Quarter/Quarter Section Township Range

In or near (City or Town) County Tax Map # Tax Lot #3

Wetland/Waterway (pick one) River Mile (if known) Latitude (in DD.DDDD format) Longitude (in DD.DDDD format)

Name of waterway/watershed/HUC Name of mitigation bank (if applicable)

(6) ADDITIONAL INFORMATION

Adjacent to R-F Site and Physical Mitigation Site Property Owners and Their Address (if more than 5, attach printed labels*)

3 Attach a copy of all tax maps with the project area highlighted.




http://www.ormap.org/

http://deq12.deq.state.or.us/website/findloc/data.asp

http://www.topozone.com/

http://www.oregonstatelands.us/DSL/PERMITS/docs/huc5.pdf


8 v. 07-07-09

Appendix C lists the names and addresses of nearby property owners.

Has the proposed activity or any related activity received the attention of the Corps of Engineers or the Department of State Lands in the past, e.g.,

wetland delineation, violation, permit, lease request, etc.?

Yes X No

If yes, what identification number(s) were assigned by the respective agencies: Delineation report submitted December 2011.

Corps # NWP-2012-21 State of Oregon # WD 2011-0388

Has a wetland delineation been completed for this site? Yes X No

If yes by whom?* InterFluve and the Lower Columbia River Estuary Partnership

Has the wetland delineation been approved by DSL or the COE? Yes No X

If yes, attach a concurrence letter. *

Delineation report submitted to DSL and the USACE in December 2011.


9 v. 07-07-09

(7) CITY/COUNTY PLANNING DEPARTMENT AFFIDAVIT (TO BE COMPLETED BY LOCAL PLANNING OFFICIAL) *

I have reviewed the project outlined in this application and have determined that:

This project is not regulated by the comprehensive plan and land use regulations.

This project is consistent with the comprehensive plan and land use regulations.

This project will be consistent with the comprehensive plan and land use regulations when the following local approval(s) are obtained.

Conditional Use Approval

Development Permit

Other

This project is not consistent with the comprehensive plan. Consistency requires a

Plan Amendment

Zone Change

Other

An application has has not been filed for local approvals checked above.

Local planning official name

(print)

Signature Title City / County Date

Comments:

(8) COASTAL ZONE CERTIFICATION *

If the proposed activity described in your permit application is within the Oregon coastal zone, the following certification is required before your

application can be processed. A public notice will be issued with the certification statement, which will be forwarded to the Oregon Department of Land

Conservation and Development for its concurrence or objection. For additional information on the Oregon Coastal Zone Management Program, contact

the department at 635 Capitol Street NE, Suite 150, Salem, Oregon 97301 or call 503-373-0050.

CERTIFICATION STATEMENT

I certify that, to the best of my knowledge and belief, the proposed activity described in this application complies with the approved Oregon Coastal

Zone Management Program and will be completed in a manner consistent with the program.

Print /Type Name Title

Applicant Signature Date

http://www.oregon.gov/LCD/OCMP/CstZone_Intro.shtml

(9) SIGNATURES FOR JOINT APPLICATION

Application is hereby made for the activities best of my knowledge and belief, this information activities. By signing this application I consent project location and to determine compliance below to act in my behalf as my agent in the permit application.

I understand that the granting of other permits permits requested before commencing the project. The fee for the state application must accompany

described herein. I certify that I am familiar with the information contained in the application, and, to the is true, complete, and accurate. I further certify that I possess the authority to undertake the proposed

to allow Corps or Dept. of State Lands staff to enter into the above-described property to inspect the with an authorization, if granted. I hereby authorize the person identified in the authorized agent block

processing of this application and to furnish, upon request, supplemental information in support of this

by local, county, state or federal agencies does not release me from the requirement of obtaining the I understand that payment of the required state processing fee does not guarantee permit issuance.

the application for completeness.

DSL does not require a fee for voluntary habitat restoration projects. Amount enclosed $0

Print /Type Name Title - Print /Type Name Title

Lynn Burditt Area Manager Debrah Marriott Executive Director

Applicant Signature Date Authorized Agent Signature Date

./"--- 1121/W1 Z--- Landowner sig atures: submersible lands, please

For projects and /or mitigation work proposed on land not owned by the applicant, including provide signatures below. A signature by the Department of State Lands for activities proposed

lands only grants the applicant consent to apply for authorization to conduct removal/fill on state-owned submerged and submersible lands grants no other authority, express or implied.

state-owned submerged and on state-owned

activities on such lands. This submerged/submersible signature for activities

Print /Type Name Title Print /Type Name Title

NOT APPLICABLE NOT APPLICABLE

Property Owner Signature Date Mitigation Property Owner Signature Date

• Italicized areas are not required by the Corps for a complete application, but may be necessary prior to final permit decision by the Corps. 10 v. 07-07-09

Horsetail Creek Floodplain Restoration Project

Removal/Fill Permit Application Prepared for

USFS – Columbia River Gorge NSA Prepared by

Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership February 2012

Horsetail Creek Floodplain Restoration Project February 2012

CONTENTS PERMIT APPLICATION FORM PERMIT RESPONSES APPENDIX A – DESIGN DRAWINGS APPENDIX B – PHOTO LOG APPENDIX C – NEIGHBORING PROPERTY OWNERS APPENDIX D – AGENCY CORRESPONDENCE APPENDIX E – SECTION 106 DOCUMENTATION APPENDIX F – TAX LOT MAPS



Removal/Fill Permit Application and Responses


4. PROPOSED PROJECT PURPOSE AND DESCRIPTION 4.1. Project Purpose and Need: See application.

4.2. Project Description 4.2.1. Proposed Action The proposed action would improve passage through the I-84 culvert, install up to 1,000 pieces of LWD, regrade 0.4 miles of constructed stream channels, convert a 2.5-acre gravel pond into an emergent and riparian wetlands, help control invasive species, and replant up to 170 acres of riparian forest. In-water construction would occur during July 15 – Sept. 15 of 2012, and potentially during the same timeframe in 2013 (see Appendix C for ODFW correspondence re: extension request). Reforestation likely would take approximately 5-10 years to complete and would occur year-round, beginning during Fall 2012. Project designs (60% level of design), including maps showing project reaches and access areas, are included as Appendix A.

Primary access would occur via established access routes, as shown on Sheet 3 (Appendix A). Heavy equipment necessary for construction activities may include excavators, skidders, dump trucks, loaders, bulldozers, chainsaws, and a helicopter.

The project’s activities have been separated into reaches, which are delineated spatially on Sheet 9 of Appendix A. Additional detail specific to each reach is outlined below. Additional details re: construction sequencing, erosion control, temporary stream crossings, etc. are provided in sheets 3-8 of the design drawings (Appendix A).

It should be noted that the design plan outlined in this permit application may change slightly during final design and/or construction; however, it represents the maximum potential impact to resources, i.e., removal volumes, areas affected, etc. will not increase from those included in this application.

Project Reach: I-84 Culvert

The proposed alternative for modifying the inlet of the I-84 culvert is to remove the majority of the inlet weir and apron (~20CY of concrete) and replace it with a constructed riffle effective at controlling flows (Appendix A, Sheets 14 and 15). The streambed immediately upstream of the constructed riffle also would be regraded to concentrate flow into the low flow barrel; during this work, ~100CY of native substrate would be temporarily removed from waters and permanently backfilled during construction of the diversion riffle. Approximately 60 CY of permanent fill (up to 18” boulders) would be imported to construct the riffle. Gravel and cobble removed during streambed grading would be embedded within the imported boulders such that the constructed riffle does not migrate during high flow events.

To improve passage through the culvert, the baffles in the western culvert would be replaced with those that meet current fish passage criteria (details regarding these baffles are provided in Appendix A, sheets 14 and 15). All existing baffles would be disposed of off-site. No baffles can be placed in the other four culverts due to hydraulic restrictions.


The area of disturbance for this action is less than 0.1 acres. Equipment used in this reach likely would include a backhoe and bobcat. Dump trucks would deliver materials to the site. The work area would be isolated during construction. See Appendix A for additional detail re: construction sequencing, BMPs, access routes, etc. All disturbed areas would be seeded and mulched immediately upon completion of this restoration action. There will be no adverse hydrologic or hydraulic effects of this action.

I-84 Culvert Reach: Removal/Fill Volumes (cubic yards)

Item/Activity Temporary Removal

Temporary Fill

Permanent Removal

Permanent Fill

Wetlands

Totals (No activities proposed in wetlands)

0 0 0 0

Waters

Remove Concrete Weir and Apron

0 0 20 0

Regrade Existing Material 100 0 0 100

Boulders 0 0 0 60

Totals 100 0 20 160

Project Reach: Horsetail Creek Highway Reach

Proposed enhancement actions in this sub-reach include adding up to 200 pieces of LWD (with and without rootwads) and low-intensity modification of stream planform and x-sectional profile to create a more diverse channel (the existing channel was constructed and is very uniform) (see Appendix A, sheet 10 for details). The LWD constitutes approximately 325 CY of permanent fill (~1/3 to waters, ~2/3 to wetlands), requiring approximately 2,200CY of temporary removal and permanent backfill in wetlands to anchor the structures (LWD would be anchored primarily by trenching/burying it in streambanks, although limited cabling [primarily subsurface] may be required.).

Approximately 1,500 CY of native wetland/streambank substrate would be excavated during regrading of the stream channel and removal of the small man-made berm separating the historic outlet. Up to 1,000 CY of that material would be permanently removed and used to permanently fill the gravel pond (see description provided under Gravel Pond Reach).

One temporary crossing would be located in this reach, which would use approximately 30 pieces of LWD for the crossing structure. These logs would be used for habitat features once the crossing is removed. Two isolation structures (coffer dams) also would be located in this reach. The crossings and coffer dams constitute approximately 80CY of temporary fill to waters.

The area of disturbance for this action is 1.9 acres. To reduce impacts to sensitive areas, LWD would be moved to placement locations primarily by helicopter. Other machinery (e.g., excavators) necessary for LWD construction activities would be able to access construction areas in this reach from the western staging area. The work area would be isolated, i.e., dewatered, during construction. See Appendix A for additional detail re: construction sequencing, BMPs, access routes, etc. All disturbed areas would be seeded and mulched immediately upon completion of this restoration action. There will be no adverse hydrologic or hydraulic effects of this action.


Horsetail Creek Highway Reach: Removal/Fill Volumes (cubic yards)


Temporary Fill

Permanent Removal

Permanent Fill

Wetlands

LWD 0 0 0 225

Anchoring LWD 2,200 0 0 2,200

Regrading stream channel 500 0 800 500

Removing man-made berm 0 0 200 0

Totals 2,700 0 1,000 2,925

Waters

LWD 0 0 0 100

Coffer Dams (2) and Temp. Crossings (2)

0 80 0 0

Totals 0 80 0 100

Project Reach: Horsetail Creek Meander Reach

Proposed restoration actions in this sub-reach include adding up to 90 pieces of LWD (with and without rootwads) (see Appendix A, sheet 11 for details). The LWD constitutes approximately 150 CY of permanent fill (~1/3 to waters, ~2/3 to wetlands), requiring approximately 950CY of temporary removal and permanent backfill in wetlands to anchor the structures (LWD would be anchored primarily by trenching/burying it in streambanks, although limited subsurface cabling may be required.).

One temporary crossing would be located in this reach, which would use approximately 30 pieces of LWD for the crossing structure. Another crossing would be located just upstream of this reach at the utility easement crossing. This crossing, which also would utilize approximately 30 logs, is counted in fill volumes for this reach. All 60 logs would be used for habitat features once the crossings are removed. The crossings constitute approximately 100 CY of temporary fill to waters. No isolation structures (coffer dams) would be located in this reach.

The total area of disturbance for this action is 1.4 acres. To reduce impacts to sensitive areas, LWD would be moved to placement locations primarily by helicopter. Other machinery (e.g., excavators) necessary for LWD construction activities would be able to access construction areas in this reach from the western staging area. Based on previous experience at the Mirror Lake Restoration Project (Rooster Rock State Park), which has similar habitats, soils, and project actions, less impact would occur if we construct this action “in the wet” vs. attempt to dewater the project area. See Appendix A for additional detail re: construction sequencing, BMPs, access routes, etc. All disturbed areas would be seeded and mulched immediately upon completion of this restoration action. There will be no adverse hydrologic or hydraulic effects of this action.


Horsetail Creek Meander Reach: Removal/Fill Volumes (cubic yards)


Temporary Fill

Permanent Removal

Permanent Fill

Wetlands

LWD 0 0 0 100

Anchoring LWD 950 0 0 950

Totals 950 0 0 1,050

Waters

LWD 0 0 0 50

Temp. crossings (2) 0 100 0 0

Totals 0 100 0 50

Project Reach: Eastern Slough Reach

Proposed restoration actions in this sub-reach include the following (see Appendix A, sheets 12 and 16 for details):

1. adding up to 470 pieces of LWD (with and without rootwads); 2. within the diverted/constructed portion of the channel (the lower 200 yards), low-intensity

modification of slough planform and x-sectional profile such that its geometry resembles that of natural (i.e., reference) portions of the slough located upstream; and,

3. removal of the berm and CMP culvert that separates the slough’s historic outlet channel.

The LWD constitutes approximately 750 CY of permanent fill (~1/3 to waters, ~2/3 to wetlands). Within the western portion of the slough (where approximately 235 logs would be placed), LWD would be anchored primarily by trenching/burying it in streambanks, although limited cabling (primarily subsurface) may be required. Approximately 2,500 CY of native wetland/streambank substrate would be temporarily removed and permanently backfilled during trenching/anchoring of LWD. The eastern portion of the slough is not accessible by overland equipment therefore placement of the remaining 235 logs would occur only by helicopter. No trenching/excavating would occur; however, LWD may be tethered/cabled to adjacent trees.

Approximately 2,300 CY of material (~600CY from wetlands) would be removed during regrading of the lower 200 yards of the slough (including removal of the man-made berm separating the slough’s historic outlet channel) (Appendix A, sheet 12). The majority of this material (up to 2,000 CY) would be permanently removed and used to permanently fill the gravel pond (see description below). The remainder (~300CY) would be temporarily removed and permanently backfilled.

Two isolation structures (coffer dams) would be located in this reach. The coffer dams constitute approximately 25CY of temporary fill to waters. No temporary crossings would be located in this reach.

The total area of disturbance for this action is 1.2 acres. To reduce impacts to sensitive areas, LWD would be moved to placement locations primarily by helicopter. Other machinery (e.g., excavators) necessary for LWD construction activities would be able to access construction areas in this reach from the western staging area. The lower 200 yards of the slough would be isolated/dewatered during construction; however, based on previous experience at the Mirror Lake Restoration Project (Rooster Rock State Park), which has similar habitats, soils, and


project actions, less impact occurs during LWD placement if construction occurs “in the wet” vs. attempting to dewater the project area. Therefore, portions of the slough in which only LWD placement will occur will not be dewatered. See Appendix A for additional detail re: construction sequencing, BMPs, access routes, etc. All disturbed areas would be seeded and mulched immediately upon completion of this restoration action. There will be no adverse hydrologic or hydraulic effects of this action.

Eastern Slough Reach: Removal/Fill Volumes


Temporary Fill

Permanent Removal

Permanent Fill

Wetlands

LWD 0 0 0 500

Anchoring LWD 2,500 0 0 2,500

Removing man-made berm 0 0 100 0

Regrading channel 300 0 200 300

Totals 2,800 0 2,000 3,300

Waters

LWD 0 0 0 250

Coffer dams & crossings 0 25 0 0

Totals 0 25 0 250

Project Reach: Oneonta Creek and Gravel Pond

Proposed restoration actions in this reach include the following (see Appendix A, sheet 13 for details):

1. reconstructing Oneonta Creek’s alluvial fan to eliminate the diversion of Oneonta Creek into the gravel pond;

2. filling the gravel pond (2.3-acres; average depth = 6.0ft) to create an emergent wetland; 3. connecting the newly constructed wetland to Horsetail Creek’s highway reach by

breaching the berm separating the two; and, 4. placing LWD in Oneonta Creek and the newly constructed wetland.

Oneonta Creek’s alluvial fan would be reconstructed primarily using material salvaged on-site; however, approximately 900 CY of gravel and cobble (12” minus, D50 of 3” to 4”) would be imported. This material, which is being donated by ODOT, comes from other Gorge streams (primarily Multnomah and Tumult Creeks) where routine dredging must occur to maintain I-84 culverts. An additional 100 CY of boulders (up to 18”;purchased from a quarry) will be imported to provide a coarse veneer for the alluvial fan. The remainder of the fan (surface area = 1.1 acres; volume = ~10,500 CY of fill above existing pond water surface elevation) would be constructed with fill salvaged from the Highway Reach (1,000CY), Eastern Slough (2,000CY), and the wetland and berm located to the north of the pond. 14,000CY would be removed from the wetland area, while 3,500CY would be removed from the berm (only 350CY of which is from within jurisdictional wetland elevations). The total volume of material required to fill the gravel pond (excluding construction of the alluvial fan) is 10,000 CY, all of which would be sourced from the aforementioned on-site locations.


Fill from the wetland would be obtained by lowering its elevation by an average of 2.25 feet. This would create elevations in this invasives dominated wetland that match those of adjacent wetland areas that have native species communities, theoretically improving the future condition of its vegetation community. Fill from the upland berm would be generated by excavating a breach to connect the newly constructed wetland to Horsetail Creek’s highway reach. The intent of this breach is to enhance fish access to the wetland area, per concerns expressed by ODFW and others during site visits.

Two temporary crossings would be located in this reach. The first crossing would span the pond outlet channel (located at the eastern end of the gravel pond) and would be comprised of approximately 20 logs (30CY). The second crossing would be located at the utility corridor crossing of Oneonta Creek (just downstream of the UPRR). This crossing would be in place for the duration of the project and would be comprised of approximately 100CY of fill imported from ODOT maintenance operations (cobble from nearby Gorge streams, which would be incorporated into the alluvial fan when the crossing is decommissioned). It would also serve as the upstream dewatering structure for the reach. The lower coffer dam constitutes approximately 15CY of temporary fill to waters.

Up to 240 pieces of LWD (with and without rootwads) would be added to the alluvial fan, wetland area, wetland channels, and Oneonta Creek to provide habitat diversity and hydraulic roughness and to assist in stabilizing the alluvial fan. The LWD constitutes approximately 375 CY of permanent fill (~1/4 to waters, ~3/4 to wetlands). LWD would be anchored primarily by trenching/burying it, although limited cabling (primarily subsurface) may be required. All trenching/anchoring would occur during construction of the fan, filling of the gravel pond, and regarding of the wetland therefore no additional removal/fill is required to anchor the LWD above that already specified for those actions.

The total area of disturbance for this action is 6.1 acres. To reduce impacts to sensitive areas, LWD would be moved to placement locations primarily by helicopter. Other machinery necessary for LWD construction activities would be able to access construction areas in this reach from the western staging area. The entire work area (Oneonta Creek and the gravel pond) would be isolated/dewatered during construction. See Appendix A for additional detail re: construction sequencing, BMPs, access routes, etc. All disturbed areas would be seeded and mulched immediately upon completion of this restoration action. There will be no adverse hydrologic or hydraulic effects of this action.


Oneonta Creek/Gravel Pond Reach: Removal/Fill Volumes (cubic yards)


Temporary Fill

Permanent Removal

Permanent Fill

Wetlands

LWD 0 0 0 325

Anchoring LWD 0 0 0 0

Filling gravel pond 10,000a 0 0 10,000

Constructing alluvial fan 4,250 b 0 0 10,500

c

Totals 14,250 0 0 19,775

Waters

LWD 0 0 0 50

Constructing alluvial fan 0 0 0 250d

Coffer dams & crossings 0 145 0 0

Totals 0 145 0 275

Notes: aMaterial sourced from wetland to north of pond.

bMaterial sourced from wetland to north of pond and channel breach.

cMaterial sourced from wetland to north of pond, channel breach, eastern slough,

highway reach, and imported substrate. dCobble, gravel, and boulders sourced from ODOT.

Site Wide Riparian Areas

Proposed restoration actions include removing invasive species and planting native species to re-establish woody and herbaceous vegetation throughout the site. A variety of native species would be planted depending on specific reach conditions and target plant communities (see sheets 22-25 in Appendix A for the site’s planting plan). Post-planting maintenance would include weed whacking and spot herbicide application. Access for planting activities would take place from the primary (western) staging area.

No removal or fill is associated with this action. 4.2.2. Endangered and Threatened Species

The threatened or endangered fish species reported at the site (StreamNet 2012) and observed by the project team include coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch) and steelhead trout (O. mykiss). Chinook salmon (O. tshawytscha), chum salmon (O. keta), sockeye salmon (O. nerka), and bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) also may use habitat within the action area for off-channel rearing or migration. Critical habitat for all of these species (except coho salmon) also exists within the action area. Habitat suitable for Northern spotted owl is located with 0.25 miles of the site (the distance for which helicopter noise may affect the species); critical habitat also is designated within this buffer.

Based on effects determinations and prior discussions with the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) and U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS), an individual consultation is required to comply with Endangered Species Act (ESA) provisions. The USFS submitted that document to NMFS and USFWS in January 2012.


4.2.3. Historical and Cultural Resources

The USFS conducted a cultural resources review of the proposed project area and found that a cultural resource reconnaissance survey is not required. The proposed actions fall within the parameters of Appendices A, B and C of the Programmatic Agreement (PA) the USFS has with the State Historic Preservation Office and the Advisory Council for Historic Preservation (ACHP). Under this PA, the proposed actions are not likely to cause effects to cultural resources. No further cultural resource review is required. Documentation is included in Appendix E.

The USFS also sent notification letters to the cultural resources contacts for the Confederated Tribes of the Warm Springs, Confederated Tribes of the Umatilla Indian Reservation, Nez Perce Tribe, Yakama Nation, and the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde. One response was received, in which the Confederated Tribes of the Grand Ronde concurred with the finding of no effect.

If during construction any potentially historic or archeologically significant items are found, all work will immediately stop and the State Historic Preservation Office and the District Engineer will be notified.

5. PROJECT IMPACTS AND ALTERNATIVES 5.1. Describe alternative sites and project designs that were considered to avoid impacts to

the waterway or wetland: 5.1.1. Alternative Sites Considered

The project team selected the Horsetail/Oneonta Creek project site for a variety of reasons:

1. The site provides habitat beneficial to fish spawned on-site as well as up-river salmon migrating through the mainstem Columbia River.

2. The site provides a large, contiguous tract of bottomland hardwood forest adjacent to the Columbia River.

3. The site is located within the Gorge, where salmon habitat restoration opportunities are limited and costly, due largely to Gorge morphology and strict land use regulations.

4. The upper portions of the Oneonta and Horsetail Creek watersheds are in relatively pristine condition, therefore, watershed scale processes are largely intact.

5. Due to public ownership of the site and surrounding areas, development and associated impacts are unlikely to occur in the future.

5.1.2. Alternative Activities Considered at Preferred Site

The Estuary Partnership and USFS considered numerous enhancement actions prior to settling on the proposed alternative. These include the following:

I-84 Crossing o The project team considered replacing the I-84 culvert with a bridge; however,

the estimated cost was orders of magnitude higher than the project’s budget could support.

o The project team proposed modifying the existing culvert by installing a series of baffles at the inlet of and within the culvert. ODOT rejected this alternative because it raised the water surface elevation within the site during flood scenarios. This was unacceptable because differential water surface elevations


create hydraulic pressure across the I-84 road prism, which could undermine the roadway.

Gravel Pond o The project team considered disconnecting the gravel pond from Oneonta Creek

(its primary hydrologic source) but not converting the pond to a shallow-water wetland. This option was eliminated because conversion of the pond to a wetland would provide an opportunity to restore native wetland plant species as well as improve habitat conditions for native salmonids and amphibians.

o The project team also considered scraping the berm located immediately south of the Horsetail Creek “highway reach” for use as fill material. However, the project team determined that the ecological cost of losing the mature ash gallery located on the berm outweighed the ecological benefit of converting the pond to a wetland. Therefore, the project team proposes sourcing fill material from the low quality (invasive species dominated) wetland immediately to the north of the pond as well as from the man-made portion of the eastern slough. Lowering the elevation of the wetland and revegetating it with native species should improve its quality while simultaneously allowing the pond to be filled. Sourcing material from the lower (man-made) portion of the eastern slough will permit diversification of this uniform, trapezoidal channel (therefore improving fish habitat) while also providing fill material for the pond.

Historic Outlets of Horsetail Creek and the Eastern Slough o The project team considered re-establishing the historic connections of Horsetail

Creek and the eastern slough to the Columbia River. However, as with the replacement of the I-84 culvert, these actions were orders of magnitude more expensive than the project budget could support.

5.2. Describe what measures you will use (before and after construction) to minimize impacts

to the waterway or wetland:

The project will comply with all appropriate General Conditions, Regional Conditions, and §401 conditions associated with the use of the Nationwide Permit. No permanent adverse impacts to waterways or wetlands are anticipated to result from the proposed activities; therefore, only temporary impacts are discussed below.

5.2.1. For projects with ground disturbance include an erosion control plan or description of

other best management practices (BMP’s) as appropriate.

The project would incorporate erosion control measures as outlined on sheet 8 (Appendix A) and as specified in Multnomah County’s Grading and Erosion Control Permit. The Grading and Erosion Control permit application will be submitted in February; its approval is required for implementation of this project, and work would not begin until it is received. BMPs that will be implemented include the following:

Work area isolation. Areas in which instream excavation and grading will occur will be dewatered. Based on previous experience in similar habitats, if LWD placement is the only action that will occur, placement “in the wet” is the least impactful method.

Floating silt curtain (Eastern Slough only; would be used only if work area isolation fails and in-water actions generate greater than anticipated turbidity)

Sediment fencing, straw bales, and/or other appropriate erosion control;

Work stoppage and covering of all stockpiles during rain events;

Implementation of the project during the site’s low flow period; and,


Seeding and mulching of all disturbed areas immediately following completion.

5.2.2. For work in waterways where fish or flowing water are likely to be present, discuss how

the work area will be isolated from the flowing water.

All tasks except reforestation include work in actively flowing streams or sloughs. Typical details regarding the site’s work area isolation plan (including fish salvage) are provided on sheets 7 and 8 (Appendix A) as well as via text/notes on sheets 4-6. Fish salvage would occur at each location before work area isolation begins as well as during dewatering (to insure capture of individuals missed during initial removal). All fish salvage, dewatering, etc. would occur under the supervision of an Estuary Partnership biologist experienced in managing these actions at an in-water construction site.

For all work occurring in the Eastern Slough and Meander Reach (where only LWD installation will occur), fish salvage and work area isolation likely would generate greater impacts than working “in the wet”. Therefore work areas will not be isolated if LWD installation is the only activity occurring. All other BMPs would be implemented as previously described. Additionally, a silt curtain may be used in the Eastern Slough if turbidity levels are higher than anticipated and if flows permit its effective use; stream flows will not permit the effective use of a turbidity curtain in Horsetail Creek.

5.2.3. If native migratory fish are present (or were historically present) and you are installing,

replacing or abandoning a culvert or other potential obstruction to fish passage,

complete and attach a statement of how the Fish Passage Requirements, set by the

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife will be met.

See Appendix D regarding status of ODFW fish passage approval.

5.3. Description of resources in project area.

The project site is approximately 190 acres of relatively flat land for which the natural borders, before the construction of the railroad and I-84, were the Columbia River and the steep gorge bluffs. From east to west the site has a gentle slope but consists almost exclusively of forested and emergent wetlands with smaller areas of open water (both natural and man-made). I-84 and the UPRR border the site to the north and south. Undeveloped forest borders the UPRR to the south. The small community of Dodson, the Horsetail Falls parking area, and Ainsworth State Park are the only developments near the site. The site is owned by the USFS; however, it is designated as a natural area. Consequently, recreation is not encouraged, and trails and other facilities have not been developed.

The site contains two perennial streams (Horsetail and Oneonta Creeks) and an array of sloughs, ponds and wetlands. The Horsetail Creek and Oneonta Creek watersheds have maximum elevations of approximately 4000 feet, and drain over the bluffs of the Columbia River Gorge to the Columbia River floodplain (approximate elevation 20-25 feet NAVD 88), to their confluence with the Columbia River (elevation 11 feet NAVD 88). The watersheds are predominantly public land, with 93% in federal ownership, and only 4% in private ownership. Collectively, the watersheds contain approximately 93% forested upland and 3% wetland. The majority of the Oneonta and Horsetail Creek watersheds are located within the Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area. The portions of both streams located within the project site are designated as Essential Salmonid Habitat, as is a portion of the Eastern Slough. Both streams are rain-driven systems that experience peak flows during winter months and low flows during August and September.

http://www.dfw.state.or.us/fish/passage


The site was part of a survey conducted by the General Land Office (GLO) in 1859. Field notes from the survey indicate that the site was dominated by bottomland forests composed primarily of Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia), along with black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) and willows (Salix spp.). Interspersed within these forests were 5-6 streams and sloughs, each of which had its own individual connection to the Columbia River. See Appendix B, Figure 1 for details re: historic conditions and impacts.

In addition to regulation of mainstem hydrology, two significant impacts have occurred: 1. Agriculture – Historic aerials show clearing of the site’s riparian forest, likely to

facilitate grazing. 2. Transportation corridors – The construction of the railroad, Historic Highway, and I-

84 all resulted in the placement of new fill, culverts, and bridges. However, the construction of I-84, which largely disconnected the site from the Columbia River, was the most disruptive. During construction, ODOT excavated pits for fill material and rerouted streams and sloughs. As a result, four surface water features now flow west through constructed ditches converging with Oneonta Creek and flowing beneath I-84 through one culvert, leaving only one connection to the Columbia River and greatly reduced habitat connectivity. Additionally, these excavated channels lack habitat complexity, and the pond through which Oneonta Creek is diverted provides habitat for predators, increases stream temperatures (Appendix B, Figure 2), and seasonally dewaters a portion of Oneonta Creek (Appendix B, Picture 9).

In-water restoration actions will take place in five project reaches; revegetation will occur across the entire site. Baseline environmental conditions for each project reach are detailed below. Project Reach: I-84 Culvert

The combined flows of Oneonta Creek and Horsetail Creek are conveyed through the I-84 road prism through a group of five concrete box culverts (Appendix B, pictures 1 and 2). During low flow periods, a 14” weir directs water into the western most culvert; however, gravel has aggraded to the top of the concrete weir and into the upstream end of the western barrel, limiting the weir’s effectiveness at directing water into the western culvert.

The western-most culvert has a series of five baffles to facilitate fish passage through this low-flow barrel (Appendix B, picture 3). These baffles have a hydraulic drop of 12” and therefore exceed current ODFW and NMFS fish passage criteria. Horsetail Creek Highway Reach

The Horsetail Creek highway reach extends approximately 1,200 feet upstream from the confluence of Horsetail and Oneonta Creeks, to a location 150 ft. upstream of the confluence of Horsetail Creek and the eastern slough (Appendix A, sheet 9). This reach was created during construction of I-84 when Horsetail Creek was diverted from its historic outlet to a new confluence with Oneonta Creek (Appendix B, Figure 1). The reach is controlled by a riffle near its confluence with Oneonta Creek. Upstream of the riffle, the channel gradient is flat, with nearly the entire reach consisting of a long glide/pool that has residual depth controlled by the downstream riffle (Appendix B, pictures 4 and 5). Upstream from the riffle, the channel substrate is primarily silty sand with some fine gravel, with hardpan clay found in isolated locations in the reach. A large berm is located on the south bank and is vegetated primarily with mature Oregon ash (Fraxinus latifolia) trees, Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor), and reed canary grass (Phalaris arundinacea). Habitat quality is very poor throughout this reach, with limited habitat diversity, structure, and cover. The project team has observed juvenile coho salmon and steelhead trout rearing in this reach.


Horsetail Creek Meander Reach

The Horsetail Creek meander reach is approximately 700 feet long and is moderately entrenched in the Columbia River floodplain (Appendix A, sheet 9; Appendix B, picture 12). Aquatic habitat is relatively intact, with moderate instream habitat diversity and low to moderate LWD loading. Bed surface substrate is medium to large gravel, with a moderate degree of armoring. In select pools, gravel has been scoured to an underlying clay hardpan layer. The reach contains two tight meander bends, with nearly vertical banks at each outside bend. Both locations have recruited LWD to the stream channel in the relatively recent past. The project team has observed coho salmon and steelhead trout spawning and rearing in this reach. Eastern Slough Reach

The Eastern Slough reach includes sloughs and ponds that both existed prior to, and resulted from, highway construction activities (Appendix A, sheet 9; Appendix B, Figure 1). This area includes a constructed 500-foot long trapezoidal reach that resulted from diverting the sloughs from their historic outlets to their current confluence with Horsetail Creek’s meander reach at the time of highway construction (Appendix B, picture 6), and approximately 5.6 acres of former borrow areas. In addition, the reach includes approximately 5,000 feet of natural slough channels (Appendix B, picture 7). Habitat complexity in this reach is low, particularly in the 600-foot diversion reach. Oneonta Creek /Gravel Pond Reach

This reach includes a 2.3-acre borrow pit (average depth = 6.0 feet) and outlet channel that were excavated from Oneonta Creek’s historic alluvial fan during construction of I-84 (Appendix B, Figure 1). A surface connection still exists between Oneonta Creek and the gravel pond (Appendix B, picture 8). This connection captures a variable portion of Oneonta Creek’s discharge; however, based on discharge monitoring conducted during summer 2010, approximately 85% of Oneonta Creek discharge is diverted through the gravel pond during low flow conditions. Flow that is routed from Oneonta Creek through the pond discharges to lower Horsetail Creek via an outlet channel at the eastern end of the pond. This diversion increases temperatures in lower Horsetail Creek by approximately 2-3˚C (Appendix B, Figure 2) and seasonally dewaters the lower portion of Oneonta Creek (Appendix B, picture 9). The gravel pond provides habitat for largemouth bass, which have been observed throughout the pond. Site Wide Riparian Areas

The vast majority of the site has a mature canopy of native species, primarily black cottonwood (Populus trichocarpa) and Oregon ash. However, the understory is overwhelmingly dominated by reed canary grass and Himalayan blackberry. These invasive species prevent native shrub and herbaceous communities from establishing and also prevent recruitment of native woody species. Therefore, the forest is not regenerating and likely would be lost through the next century, a process that currently is being accelerated by an active beaver population.


MULTNOMAH COUNTY GRADING AND EROSION CONTROL AND FLOODPLAIN DEVELOPMENT

PERMIT


U.S. FOREST SERVICE DECISION MEMO


U.S. FISH AND WILDLIFE SERVICE LETTER OF CONCURRENCE

Biological Assessment – Horsetail Creek Floodplain Restoration Project January, 2012


Biological Assessment

Prepared for

U.S. Forest Service

Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area

Hood River, Oregon

Prepared by

Lower Columbia River Estuary Partnership

Portland, Oregon


Table of Contents

Executive Summary…………………………………………………. 4

1. Introduction .................................................................................. ……. 5

Background ..................................................................................................................................................... 5 1.1

1.2 Purpose and Need ............................................................................................................................................ 6

1.3 Action Area ...................................................................................................................................................... 7

Evaluation Methods .............................................................................. 8 2.

Species and Critical Habitat Occurrence ........................................... 9 3.

3.1 Lower Columbia River Chinook Salmon ......................................................................................................... 10

3.2 Lower Columbia River Coho Salmon .............................................................................................................. 10

3.3 Lower Columbia River Steelhead .................................................................................................................... 10

3.4 Columbia River Chum Salmon ........................................................................................................................ 10

3.5 Up-river ESUs (combined) .............................................................................................................................. 11

3.6 Bull Trout ......................................................................................................................................................... 11

3.7 Pacific Eulachon .............................................................................................................................................. 11

3.8 Northern Spotted Owl ...................................................................................................................................... 12

Environmental Baseline ....................................................................... 14 4.

4.1 Site Characteristics .......................................................................................................................................... 14

Project Reach: I-84 Culvert ................................................................................................................................... 14

Project Reach: Horsetail Creek Highway Reach ................................................................................................... 15

Project Reach: Horsetail Creek Meander Reach .................................................................................................... 15

Project Reach: Eastern Slough ............................................................................................................................... 15

Project Reach: Oneonta Creek /Gravel Pond ......................................................................................................... 15

Project Reach: Site Wide Riparian Areas .............................................................................................................. 16

4.2 Salmonid-Specific Baseline Conditions ........................................................................................................... 16

4.3 Pacific Eulachon ............................................................................................................................................... 21

4.4 Northern Spotted Owl ....................................................................................................................................... 21

5. Proposed Action (Project Description) ..................................................... 22

6. Analysis of Effects ....................................................................................... 26

6.1 Impacts to Environmental Baseline (Salmonids and Bull Trout) ...................................................................... 26

6.2 Pacific Eulachon ............................................................................................................................................... 30


6.3 Impacts to Northern Spotted Owl ..................................................................................................................... 31

6.4 Interdependent, Interrelated, and Cumulative Effects ....................................................................................... 32

6.5 Additional Impacts to Environmental Baseline Resulting from Anticipated Extension of the In-Water Work

Window................................................................................................................................................................... 32

7. Conservation Measures (Best Management Practices) ........................... 33

7.1 Herbicide BMPs ............................................................................................................................................... 33

7.2 In-Water Work ................................................................................................................................................. 33

7.3 Fish Handling ................................................................................................................................................... 34

7.4 Sediment/Erosion Control ................................................................................................................................ 34

7.5 Spill Prevention ................................................................................................................................................ 35

7.6 Noise Reduction ............................................................................................................................................... 35

7.7 Temporary Work Access ................................................................................................................................. 36

8. Take Analysis ............................................................................................... 37

8.1 Lower Columbia River Chinook Salmon, Coho Salmon, and Steelhead Trout ................................................ 37

8.2 Northern Spotted Owl ....................................................................................................................................... 38

9. Determination of Effect .............................................................................. 39

9.1 Effects to Species and Critical Habitat – LCR Chinook, Steelhead and Coho ................................................ 39

9.2 Effects to Species and Critical Habitat – Chum salmon, Up-river ESUs, Pacific Eulachon ............................ 40

9.3 Effects to Species and Critical Habitat – Bull trout and Northern spotted owl ................................................ 40

10. Essential Fish Habitat ............................................................................... 42

11. References .................................................................................................. 44

Appendices A Design Drawings

B Photo Log

C Agency Correspondence

D Record of Decision

E Monitoring Plan


Executive Summary

The Lower Columbia Estuary Partnership (Estuary Partnership) and U.S. Forest Service (USFS)

propose to implement habitat enhancement actions on lower Horsetail and Oneonta Creeks. The

two streams are located on approximately 190 acres of Columbia River floodplain within the

Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area, approximately eight miles downstream from

Bonneville Dam. Up to 14 Endangered Species Act (ESA) listed fish and wildlife species may be

affected by the proposed project. The USFS owns the project site and is the lead federal agency.

The project site has been degraded by infrastructure development, invasive species, and historic

land use practices. The proposed project would reconnect and enhance aquatic and riparian

habitats at the project site, thereby restoring these habitats as close as practical to their pre-

disturbance condition. Specific activities include improving fish passage, installing up to 1,000

pieces of large woody debris, regrading 0.4 miles of constructed stream channels, converting a

2.5-acre gravel pond into an emergent wetland, and replanting up to 170 acres of riparian forest.

Though this project will improve habitat conditions and provide long-term benefits to listed

species, it will result in short-term, localized impacts during construction. The following table

summarizes the project’s effects determinations.

Species ESA Status Effects to

Species

Effects to Critical

Habitat

Effects to Essential

Fish Habitat


Chinook Salmon ESU

Threatened Likely to

adversely affect

Likely to adversely affect Likely to adversely

affect

Upper Columbia River

Spring-run Chinook

Salmon ESU

Endangered Not likely to

adversely affect

Not likely to adversely

affect

Likely to adversely

affect

Snake River

Spring/Summer-run

Chinook Salmon ESU

Threatened Not likely to

adversely affect


affect

Likely to adversely

affect

Snake River Fall-run

Chinook Salmon ESU


adversely affect


affect

Likely to adversely

affect


Steelhead DPS


adversely affect

Likely to adversely affect Not Applicable


Steelhead DPS


adversely affect


affect

Not Applicable

Snake River Steelhead

DPS


adversely affect


affect

Not Applicable

Middle Columbia River

Steelhead DPS


adversely affect


affect

Not Applicable


Coho Salmon ESU


adversely affect

Not applicable (Likely to

adversely affect if critical

habitat is designated)

Likely to adversely

affect

Columbia River Chum

Salmon ESU


adversely affect


affect

Not Applicable

Snake River Sockeye

Salmon ESU


adversely affect


affect

Not Applicable

Pacific Eulachon Threatened Not likely to

adversely affect


affect

Not Applicable

Bull Trout Threatened Not likely to

adversely affect


affect

Not Applicable

Northern Spotted Owl Threatened Not likely to

adversely affect

No effect Not Applicable


1. Introduction

Background 1.1

The Lower Columbia River Estuary Partnership (Estuary Partnership) and U.S. Forest Service

(USFS) propose to implement habitat enhancement actions on lower Horsetail and Oneonta

Creeks, two tributaries to the Columbia River located in the Columbia River Gorge National

Scenic Area (CRGNSA). The two streams are located on approximately 190 acres of Columbia

River floodplain near river mile 138, eight miles downstream from Bonneville Dam (Sheet 1,

Appendix A). The streams are located in the Hamilton Creek – Columbia River 6th

field

hydrologic unit code (#170800010802). The project site is owned by the USFS; however,

approximately 40 acres of the site are located within the Interstate Highway 84 (I-84) right-of-

way. I-84 forms the northern site boundary; the Union Pacific Railroad (UPRR) track to the

south forms the southern extent of the site (Figure 1).

Figure 1. Horsetail Creek Floodplain Restoration Project – Site Boundary

Because this project will take place within the Columbia River floodplain, as well as within and

adjacent to three Columbia River tributaries, it may impact fish species listed under the

Endangered Species Act (ESA). ESA listed species that may be impacted include the following:

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha):

o Upper Columbia River Spring-run ESU – federally endangered

o Snake River Spring/Summer-run ESU – federally threatened

o Snake River Fall-run ESU – federally threatened

o Lower Columbia River ESU – federally threatened

Steelhead trout (O. mykiss)

o Upper Columbia River DPS – federally threatened

o Snake River Basin DPS – federally threatened

o Middle Columbia River DPS – federally threatened

o Lower Columbia River DPS – federally threatened

Coho salmon (O. kisutch)



Sockeye salmon (O. nerka)

o Snake River ESU – federally endangered

Chum salmon (O. keta)

o Columbia River ESU – federally threatened

Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) – federally threatened

Pacific eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus)

o Southern DPS – federally threatened

Additionally, the project occurs near Northern spotted owl (Strix occidentalis caurina) habitat,

and therefore, it may impact that federally threatened species. Salmon, steelhead, and Pacific

eulachon are listed under the jurisdiction of the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS),

while bull trout and Northern spotted owl are listed under the jurisdiction of the U.S. Fish and

Wildlife Service (USFWS).

With the exception of the Lower Columbia River (LCR) Coho Salmon ESU, NMFS and USFWS

have designated critical habitat for all species listed above. Critical habitat is based on the

specific areas within the geographical area occupied by the species, in which are found physical

or biological features that are essential to the conservation of a given species [50 CFR

424.12(b)]. The proposed designations focus on the principal constituent elements (PCEs) that

are essential to the conservation of the species. PCEs include, but are not limited to “roost sites,

nesting grounds, spawning sites, feeding sites, seasonal wetland or dryland, water quality or

quantity, host species or plant pollinator, geological formation, vegetation type, tide, and specific

soil types.” With the exception of LCR Coho Salmon ESU, critical habitat for all of the above

species falls within the action area.

Section 7 of the ESA requires that any action by a federal agency is “not likely to jeopardize the

continued existence of any [listed] species or result in the destruction or adverse modification of

habitat of such species.” The proposed project occurs on federally owned land and will require a

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (Corps) Clean Water Act (CWA) 404 Removal-Fill Permit.

Federal ownership of the project site constitutes the federal nexus and requires the USFS to

consult with NMFS and/or the USFWS for actions potentially affecting listed species protected

under the ESA. This BA evaluates the effects of the action on those ESA listed species and

recommends conservation measures to reduce the “take” of species during project

implementation. In addition to effects on species, this BA also examines potential effects on the

species’ critical habitat. Finally, the BA includes an Essential Fish Habitat (EFH) assessment, in

accordance with the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act, to

determine if the proposed action “may adversely affect” designated EFH for relevant federally

managed commercial fisheries species within the proposed action area.

1.2 Purpose and Need

The Horsetail Creek Floodplain Restoration Project site was greatly altered during anthropogenic

development of the Columbia River Gorge. Specifically, construction of the railroad, historic

highway, and interstate fixed stream locations, rerouted the lower portions of Horsetail Creek

and the slough, diverted Oneonta Creek through a gravel pond, and created passage barriers at

two stream crossings. Other impacts include clearing of native vegetation, grazing, the

introduction of non-native species, and regulation of mainstem Columbia River hydrology. As a

result of these impacts, habitat conditions, hydrology, and water quality at the site are degraded


from pre-disturbance conditions. Generally speaking, these altered conditions favor non-native

flora and fauna, e.g., reed canarygrass (Phalaris arundinacea) and largemouth bass (Micropterus

salmoides), at the expense of native species. Additionally, the I-84 culvert, which provides the

only access from the Columbia River to the site, is a partial barrier to fish passage and is not

passable by native fish species during the majority of the year (Appendix B, Pictures 1-3).

Since 1991, 13 species of Columbia River salmon and steelhead have been listed under the

Endangered Species Act (ESA). A variety of factors, including habitat impacts such as those

experienced at the project site, have led to the ESA listings. There are limited habitat restoration

opportunities for anadromous salmonids and other native species in the CRGNSA, primarily due

to Gorge morphology, transportation infrastructure, and existing land uses. Not only is the

Horsetail Creek project site one of the few large, contiguous tracts of intact floodplain under

public ownership, but it is known to support several stocks of anadromous salmon, including two

federally threatened stocks that spawn on-site. The site also supports a variety of other native

species, including beaver (Castor canadensis), great blue heron (Ardea herodias), red-legged

frogs (Rana aurora), and a variety of waterfowl. Many of these other native species also have

seen their populations decline since development of the CRGNSA.

The purpose of the proposed action is to reconnect and enhance aquatic and riparian habitats at

the Horsetail Creek project site, thereby restoring these habitats as close as practical to their

historic (pre-disturbance) condition. By doing so, the project is anticipated to directly and

indirectly benefit up to 11 stocks of Columbia River salmonids and other native species found at

the site, while helping to control populations of non-native, invasive species.

1.3 Action Area

Figure 2 defines the project site, which includes the streambeds, streambanks, riparian areas, and

associated wetlands and upland areas of Horsetail and Oneonta Creeks and the Eastern Slough

extending from the UPRR tracks to the south, I-84 to the north (including the culvert that forms

the site’s hydrologic outlet), the intersection of I-84 and the UPRR tracks to the east, and the

western boundary of Oneonta Creek’s riparian area to the west.

The “action area” includes all areas to be affected directly or indirectly by the proposed action

and not only those immediate areas involved in the action. The action area for the proposed

project includes not only the project site identified above, but also the areas identified below:

For all aquatic species, the action area will include the portion of the Columbia River

located immediately downstream (less than 100 meters) of the outlet of the I-84 culvert

and not more than 25 meters from the wetted edge.

For Northern spotted owl, the action area also will include the area within 0.25 miles of

the project site – a buffer distance established by Thraikill (2007).

ESA-listed species in other portions of the CRGNSA are not expected to be directly or indirectly

affected by the proposed action.


2. Evaluation Methods

Between November 2009 and January 2012, USFS, Estuary Partnership, and InterFluve, Inc.

scientists and engineers made numerous site visits to gather data on the project site. Project

scientists gathered data on temperature, streambed and streambank materials, site hydrology and

hydraulics, fish and wildlife populations, aquatic and terrestrial mollusks, and rare plants.

Portions of the site were surveyed to support development of a hydraulic model for Horsetail

Creek and to conduct hydraulic evaluations of fish passage at the culverts and bridges on the site.

Background data, such as aerial photographs and historic vegetation surveys, were also examined

during the site evaluation process. The project team completed a detailed feasibility and

alternatives analysis for the site in January 2011.

The project team also discussed the proposed action and its potential benefits and impacts with

representatives from the following entities: USACE, Oregon Department of State Lands (DSL),

NMFS, USFWS, and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW). Coordination with

those entities included:

Corps – Meeting with James Holm, Multnomah County Project Manager, on December

7, 2011 to discuss the project.

DSL – Meeting with Anita Huffman, acting Multnomah County Project Manager, on

December 8, 2011 to discuss the project.

NMFS – The Estuary Partnership conducted a site visit with Aaron Beavers, NMFS fish

passage engineer, in September 2011 to discuss culvert modifications at the site. The

Estuary Partnership also met with Ben Meyer, Willamette Basin/Lower Columbia Branch

Chief, in December 2011 to discuss the project, potential NMFS concerns, and ESA

consultation.

USFWS – The Estuary Partnership discussed the project with Kathy Roberts, USFWS

biologist, regarding potential effects of the proposed action on bull trout and northern

spotted owl. Those conversations informed timing and duration of helicopter operation.

ODFW – The Estuary Partnership conducted a site visit to discuss the project with Bill

Warncke, ODFW/ODOT liaison and met with Greg Apke, ODFW Fish Passage

Coordinator to discuss ODFW fish passage criteria and concerns re: the project. The

Estuary Partnership also conducted a site visit with Todd Alsbury, ODFW District Fish

Biologist, to discuss the project. Todd supports the project and approved an extension to

the in-water work window (Appendix C).


3. Species and Critical Habitat Occurrence

The following sections describe use of the project site and action area by ESA-listed species, as

well as the presence of critical habitat. Project reaches referenced below are mapped on sheet 9

of Appendix A and are described in detail in Section 4. Table 1 summarizes the potential use of

the site by salmonid species at different life stages.

Table 1. Timing of Use Among Salmonids in Horsetail and Oneonta Creeks and the Eastern Slough

Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Species/Life Stage Anticipated

In-water Work Window

Spawning (including pre-spawn holding)

LCR Chinook

LCR Coho

CR Chum

LCR Steelhead

Bull Trout

Upriver ESUs

Incubation

LCR Chinook

LCR Coho Salmon

CR Chum Salmon

LCR Steelhead

Bull Trout

Upriver ESUs

Rearing

LCR Chinook

LCR Coho Salmon

CR Chum Salmon

LCR Steelhead

Bull Trout

Upriver ESUs

Species/Life Stage Not Present

Species/Life Stage May Be Present

Species/Life Stage Greatest Chance of Presence


3.1 Lower Columbia River Chinook Salmon

StreamNet (2012) reports spawning and rearing habitat for Chinook salmon within and upstream

of the project site; however, spawning adults have not been observed by ODFW during fall

spawning surveys (ODFW 2009, cited in Inter-Fluve 2010). Additionally, project scientists did

not observe adult Chinook salmon in the project site during 2010 or 2011, suitable Chinook

salmon spawning habitat does not exist in the project site, and passage barriers at the UPRR and

historic highway crossings would prevent their upstream migration into Oneonta Gorge. Rearing

may occur year-round throughout the site, with the exception of temperature-limited areas during

summer months, e.g., the gravel pond and eastern slough. Rearing also likely occurs in the

portion of the action area located downstream of the project site, i.e., the mainstem Columbia

River, however, it likely is very limited during summer months due to temperatures that

routinely exceed 20˚C.

3.2 Lower Columbia River Coho Salmon

StreamNet (2012) reports spawning and rearing habitat for coho salmon within and upstream of

the project site, and project scientists have observed coho salmon spawning and rearing on-site.

Spawning occurs in Horsetail Creek (upstream of its confluence with the pond outlet) and

throughout the entirety of Oneonta Creek. Spawning has been observed from late October

through December; however, adult coho have been observed returning to the site as early as late

September. Rearing occurs year-round throughout the site, with the exception of temperature-

limited areas during summer months, e.g., the gravel pond and eastern slough. Rearing also

likely occurs in the portion of the action area located downstream of the project site, i.e., the

mainstem Columbia River, however, it likely is very limited during summer months due to

temperatures that routinely exceed 20˚C.

3.3 Lower Columbia River Steelhead

StreamNet (2012) reports spawning and rearing habitat for steelhead trout within and upstream

of the project site, and project scientists have observed steelhead spawning and rearing on-site.

Spawning likely occurs between January and May throughout the entirety of Oneonta Creek and

in the upstream portion of Horsetail Creek, i.e., upstream of its confluence with the pond outlet.

Project scientists have observed spawning adults in Horsetail Creek’s meander reach during

March and April. Rearing occurs year-round throughout the site, with the exception of

temperature-limited areas during summer months, e.g., the gravel pond and eastern slough.

Rearing also likely occurs in the portion of the action area located downstream of the project site,

i.e., the mainstem Columbia River, however, it likely is very limited during summer months due

to temperatures that routinely exceed 20˚C.

3.4 Columbia River Chum Salmon

Columbia River Chum Salmon have been extirpated from all Oregon tributaries located in the

CRGNSA, and StreamNet (2012) reports that the action area does not provide spawning habitat

for this species. Juvenile chum salmon outmigrate to the Pacific Ocean between March and May,

shortly after emerging from the gravels. During this outmigration, they may use habitat within

the action area for off-channel rearing. Although monitoring has not occurred at the project site,

monitoring in similar habitats in the CRGNSA routinely capture chum salmon (Jones et al. 2008;

Sol et al., 2008; Sol et al., 2009; Sol et al., 2010). Due to project timing, chum salmon are


extremely unlikely to be found in the action area during or immediately following construction

of in-water restoration actions; however, they may be present in the action area during

reforestation activities.

3.5 Up-river ESUs (combined)

Up-river salmonids include all ESUs originating from above Bonneville Dam. Although there

has been no sampling at the project site to confirm use of the site by up-river ESUs, various

monitoring efforts conducted by the Estuary Partnership and its partners routinely capture

Chinook salmon and steelhead at CRGNSA monitoring sites with habitats similar to those at the

project site (Jones et al. 2008; Sol et al., 2008; Sol et al., 2009; Sol et al., 2010). Genetic testing

of captured Chinook salmon (both clipped and unclipped) indicates that some of these fish are

from up-river stocks. Capture of these species is limited to the freshet, which typically ends prior

to onset of the in-water work window (July 15th

). Therefore, although it is likely that up-river

ESUs utilize the site’s off-channel habitats, presence of these ESUs at the project site during in-

water construction is highly unlikely. Although these stocks could be present in the action area,

i.e., the mainstem Columbia River, during in-water construction, they would not be able to enter

the site due to passage barriers posed by the I-84 culvert. Up-river ESUs may be found within the

action area during reforestation activities.

3.6 Bull Trout

Historically, bull trout occurred throughout the Columbia River Basin, though presently they are

primarily found in upper/headwater tributaries. StreamNet (2012) lists the mainstem Columbia

River as being used by bull trout for migration; however, because of the habitat types required by

bull trout, individuals are very rarely seen in the mainstem Columbia, especially in the mid to

lower Columbia or its tributaries. This is particularly true during the in-water work window

(summer months) when temperatures in the lower Columbia River typically exceed 20˚C. For

these reasons, it is highly unlikely that bull trout use the project site or would be found within the

action area during in-water construction activities. Bull trout may be found within the action area

during reforestation activities.

3.7 Pacific Eulachon

Except for brief spawning runs into their natal streams, eulachon spend the majority of their lives

in the ocean. Spawning grounds are generally found in the lower reaches of large snowmelt fed

rivers (Hay and McCarter 2000). The mainstem of the lower Columbia River provides spawning

and incubation sites for Pacific eulachon, as well as a large migratory pathway to spawning areas

in its tributaries. Spawning is known to occur in the mainstem of the lower Columbia River, as

well as several of its large tributaries, including the Sandy River in Oregon. During spawning,

eulachon have been found in the lower Columbia River from its mouth to immediately

downstream of Bonneville Dam. Spawning in the Columbia River occurs in January, February,

and March (Gustafson et al. 2010). Eulachon eggs hatch within 20 to 40 days of spawning, and

soon after, eulachon larvae are carried downstream. Because of the timing of freshwater use by

eulachon, it is extremely unlikely that Pacific eulachon would be found within the action area

during project construction; however, they may be present in the action area during reforestation

activities.


3.8 Northern Spotted Owl

Though the project site has not been surveyed for Northern spotted owl, due to habitats present

and surrounding disturbances, it is unlikely they use the project site. Northern spotted owl

require old growth forest habitat, large trees with deformities, large snags, moderate to high

canopy closure, and a large accumulation of fallen trees and woody debris. The project site does

not contain these features and it is fragmented by the adjacent I-84, historic highway, UPRR, and

hiking trails. Although it is extremely unlikely that Northern spotted owl use the project site, the

wildlife action area (defined using the 0.25-mile buffer established by Thraikill [2007]) includes

166 acres of “suitable” habitat and 99 acres of “highly suitable” habitat (Figure 2) (USFWS

2012). Most of this habitat is contiguous with adjacent suitable habitat (USFWS 2012). Because

suitable habitat exists, it is possible that Northern spotted owl would be found within the action

area during construction and reforestation activities.


Figure 2. “Suitable” and “highly suitable” Northern spotted owl habitat within the action area.

Provided by Kathy Roberts, USFWS.


4. Environmental Baseline

The Horsetail Creek Floodplain Restoration Project site (Appendix A, Sheet 1) is located on 190

acres of historic Columbia River floodplain within the CRGNSA near river mile 138. The

Horsetail Creek and Oneonta Creek watersheds have maximum elevations of approximately

4,000 feet and drain over the bluffs of the Columbia River Gorge to the Columbia River

floodplain (approximate elevation 20-25 feet NAVD 88), to their confluence with the Columbia

River (elevation 11 feet NAVD 88). The watersheds are predominantly public land, with 93% in

federal ownership, and only 4% in private ownership. Collectively, the watersheds contain

approximately 93% forested upland and 3% wetland. (InterFluve 2010)

Section 4.1 summarizes characteristics of the project reaches in which restoration will occur.

Section 4.2 details salmonid-specific baseline conditions; those conditions are summarized in

Table 2. Baseline conditions for Pacific eulachon and Northern spotted owl are briefly

summarized in Sections 4.3 and 4.4.

4.1 Site Characteristics

As noted previously, the Horsetail Creek Floodplain Restoration Project site has been greatly

altered by anthropogenic development in the Columbia River Gorge. Specifically, construction

of the railroad, historic highway, and interstate fixed stream locations, rerouted the lower

portions of Horsetail Creek and the slough, diverted Oneonta Creek through a gravel pond, and

created passage barriers at two stream crossings (Appendix B, Figure 1). Other impacts include

clearing of native vegetation, grazing, the introduction of non-native species, and regulation of

mainstem Columbia River hydrology. As a result of these impacts, habitat conditions, hydrology,

and water quality at the site are degraded from pre-disturbance conditions. Generally speaking,

these altered conditions favor non-native flora and fauna, e.g., reed canarygrass (Phalaris

arundinacea) and largemouth bass (Micropterus salmoides), at the expense of native species.

Additionally, the I-84 culvert, which provides the only access from the Columbia River to the

site, is a partial barrier to fish passage and is not passable by native fish species during the

majority of the year.

In-water restoration actions will take place in five project reaches; revegetation will occur across

the entire site. Baseline environmental conditions for each project reach are detailed below.


The combined flows of Oneonta and Horsetail Creeks are conveyed through the I-84 road prism

through a group of five concrete box culverts (Appendix B, pictures 1 and 2). During low flow

periods, a 14” weir directs water into the western-most culvert; however, gravel has aggraded to

the top of the concrete weir and into the upstream end of the western barrel, limiting the weir’s

effectiveness.

The western-most culvert has a series of five baffles to facilitate fish passage through this low-

flow barrel (Appendix B, picture 3). These baffles have a hydraulic drop of 12” and therefore

exceed current ODFW and NMFS fish passage criteria.



The Horsetail Creek highway reach extends approximately 1,200 feet upstream from the

confluence of Horsetail and Oneonta Creeks, to a location 150 ft. upstream of the confluence of

Horsetail Creek and the eastern slough (Appendix A, sheet 9). This reach was excavated during

construction of I-84 when Horsetail Creek was diverted from its historic outlet to a new

confluence with Oneonta Creek (Appendix B, Figure 1). The reach is controlled by a riffle near

its confluence with Oneonta Creek. Upstream of the riffle, the channel gradient is flat, with

nearly the entire reach consisting of a long glide/pool that has residual depth controlled by the

downstream riffle (Appendix B, pictures 4 and 5). Upstream from the riffle, the channel substrate

is primarily silty sand with some fine gravel, with hardpan clay found in isolated locations in the

reach. A large berm is located on the south bank and is vegetated primarily with mature Oregon

ash (Fraxinus latifolia) trees, Himalayan blackberry (Rubus discolor), and reed canary grass

(Phalaris arundinacea). Habitat quality is very poor throughout this reach, with limited habitat

diversity, structure, and cover. The project team has observed juvenile coho salmon and

steelhead trout rearing in this reach, as well as adult coho holding prior to moving upstream to

spawn.


The Horsetail Creek meander reach is approximately 700 feet long and is moderately entrenched

in the Columbia River floodplain (Appendix A, sheet 9; Appendix B, picture 12). Aquatic habitat

is relatively intact, with moderate instream habitat diversity and low to moderate LWD loading.

Bed surface substrate is medium to large gravel, with a moderate degree of armoring. In select

pools, gravel has been scoured to an underlying clay hardpan layer. The reach contains two tight

meander bends, with nearly vertical banks at each outside bend. Both locations have recruited

LWD to the stream channel in the relatively recent past. The project team has observed coho

salmon and steelhead trout spawning and rearing in this reach.

Project Reach: Eastern Slough

The eastern slough reach includes sloughs and ponds that both existed prior to, and resulted

from, I-84 construction activities (Appendix A, sheet 9; Appendix B, Figure 1). This area

includes a constructed 500-foot long trapezoidal reach that resulted from diverting the sloughs

from their historic outlets to their current confluence with Horsetail Creek’s meander reach

(Appendix B, picture 6), and approximately 5.6 acres of former borrow areas. In addition, the

reach includes approximately 5,000 feet of natural slough channels (Appendix B, picture 7).

Habitat complexity in this reach is low, particularly in the 500-foot diversion reach.

Project Reach: Oneonta Creek /Gravel Pond

This reach includes a 2.5-acre borrow pit and outlet channel that were excavated from Oneonta

Creek’s historic alluvial fan during construction of I-84 (Appendix B, Figure 1). A surface

connection still exists between Oneonta Creek and the gravel pond (Appendix B, picture 8).

Based on discharge monitoring conducted during summer 2010, approximately 85% of Oneonta

Creek discharge is diverted through the gravel pond during low flow conditions. Flow that is

routed from Oneonta Creek through the pond discharges to lower Horsetail Creek via an outlet

channel at the eastern end of the pond. This diversion increases temperatures in lower Horsetail

Creek by approximately 2-3˚C (Appendix B, Figure 2) and seasonally dewaters the lower portion


of Oneonta Creek (Appendix B, picture 9). The gravel pond provides habitat for largemouth

bass, which have been observed throughout the pond.

Project Reach: Site Wide Riparian Areas

The vast majority of the site has a mature canopy of native species, primarily black cottonwood

(Populus trichocarpa) and Oregon ash (Appendix B, picture 10). However, the understory is

overwhelmingly dominated by reed canary grass, with areas of evergreen (Rubus laciniatus) and

Himalayan blackberry. These invasive species largely prevent native shrub and herbaceous

communities from establishing and also prevent recruitment of native woody species. Therefore,

the forest is not regenerating and likely would be lost through the next century, a process that

currently is being accelerated by an active beaver population.

4.2 Salmonid-Specific Baseline Conditions

This section uses NMFS’ 1996 document Making Endangered Species Act Determinations of

Effect for Individual or Grouped Actions at the Watershed Scale (NMFS 1996) to evaluate

baseline conditions for salmonids. Table 2 provides a summary of these conditions.

Water Quality

Temperature

The project team monitored surface water temperatures at nine locations within the project site

during June through September of 2010 (InterFluve 2010). The network of monitoring locations

was chosen to provide a comprehensive assessment of the site’s thermal profile, including the

effect of different channel types, tributaries, and riparian conditions. Because the site’s thermal

regime and biological communities likely vary significantly during periods when Columbia

River backwater inundates portions of the site, data were separated into two monitoring periods:

backwater and low-flow conditions.

The backwater period refers to the time period (June 1 – July 6) when the Columbia River is high

enough to inundate the site (including intermittent backwatering). The low-flow period refers to

the time period when the Columbia River is consistently low enough that backwatering does not

occur (July 17 – September 15). Flows within Oneonta and Horsetail Creeks typically are lowest

during the low-flow period.

ODEQ and NMFS report 18°C in their 2003 Temperature Criteria as the maximum temperature

for salmon and trout rearing and migration (ODEQ 2003), while NMFS (1996) identifies 57°F

(13.9˚C) as the maximum temperature for “properly functioning” systems. Throughout the

duration of the backwater period, temperatures across the site were generally lower than the 18˚C

maximum temperature value. Average daily low and high temperatures for the site during June 1

through July 6, 2010 were between 8.9ºC and 14.2ºC, and no monitoring station averaged more

than one hour per day above 18ºC.

During low-flow conditions however, seven-day average maximum temperatures exceeded both

thresholds at all monitoring locations (Appendix B, Figure 2). Though temperatures at some

monitoring locations never exceeded 18˚C, some locations exceeded even this lower standard for

an average of more than 20 hours each day. Because temperatures are greater than 14ºC at times,


NMFS considers Horsetail and Oneonta Creeks to be “not properly functioning” for

temperature.

Table 2. Checklist for documenting environmental baseline and effects of the proposed action on

relevant indicators (NMFS 1996).

ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE EFFECTS OF THE ACTION(S)

PATHWAYS:

INDICATORS

Properly

Functioning At Risk

Not Properly

Functioning Restore Maintain Degrade

Water Quality:

Temperature

Sediment/Turbidity

Chemical Contamination

Habitat Access:

Phys Barriers

Habitat Elements:

Substrate

Large Woody Debris

Pool Frequency

Pool Quality

Off-Channel Habitat

Refugia

Channel Condition and Dynamics:

Width/Depth Ratio:

Streambank Condition

Floodplain Connectivity

Flow/Hydrology:

Peak/Base Flows

Drainage Net. Incr.

Watershed Conditions:

Road Dens. & Loc.

Disturbance History

Riparian Reserves

Sediment/Turbidity

Soil at the project site has been mapped as Sauvie Silt Loam (USDA Soil Conservation Service

1983), which is a poorly drained soil found on the broad floodplains of the Columbia River.

Subsoil is described as silty clay loam and substratum as very fine sandy loam.

Streambank conditions vary throughout the site. In the area of Horsetail Creek’s historic alluvial

fan, streambank heights are relatively low, and the banks are primarily composed of alluvial

gravel and sand, with a thin layer of organic topsoil on the surface. Moving downstream,


streambanks become progressively taller and the bank materials are dominated by silty loam

soils. At some locations, the streambanks include exposed layers of hardpan clay soils.

Streambed materials within the project site vary from cobble to sand and silt. Streambed

materials in the entirety of Oneonta Creek include coarse gravel to large cobble, while surface

substrate in Horsetail Creek varies by reach, and tends to become finer as the channel slope

decreases. Although embeddedness is relatively low in the fan and meander reaches, substrate in

Horsetail Creek’s highway reach is primarily silty sand.

Although turbidity appeared to be relatively low during site visits (even during elevated winter

flows) and some locations within the project site have high quality substrate, because there are

areas with high percentages of fine material, the site is considered “not properly functioning”

for sediment and turbidity.

Chemical Contamination/Nutrients

No water quality information was found for Horsetail and Oneonta Creeks, and due to their small

size, they are not listed for any parameter on the DEQ 303(d) list (DEQ 2007). Because both

streams are located within the CRGNSA, and their watersheds are relatively undeveloped, it is

assumed that negative water quality impacts to the site are minimal. Because of this, the site is

considered “properly functioning” for chemical contaminants and nutrients.

Habitat Access

Physical Barriers

As described in Section 4.1, the combined flows of Oneonta Creek and Horsetail Creek are

conveyed to the Columbia River through a group of five concrete box culverts. A concrete weir

(14” in height) located approximately 20 feet upstream of the culverts directs water into the

western most culvert during low flow periods (Appendix B, pictures 1 and 2). Gravel has

aggraded to the top of the concrete weir and into the upstream end of the western barrel, such

that the weir is largely ineffective at focusing flow into the western barrel during low flow

periods. The project team has observed adult coho salmon and steelhead attempt, but fail, to clear

this weir.

The western (low-flow) culvert has a series of 5 weirs spaced at approximately 30 feet to

facilitate fish passage (Appendix B, picture 3). These weirs appear to have deteriorated over

time, and their vertical drops (~12”) exceed fish passage criteria.

InterFluve conducted a fish passage assessment as part of the baseline investigation of the site.

Its results suggest that passage conditions for juvenile and adult salmon and steelhead are good

during periods when the Columbia River is high and the site is backwatered, but moderately

impaired to poor for the remaining months/flow conditions. Based on these results, the site is

considered “not properly functioning” for physical barriers.

Habitat Elements

Substrate

As described earlier, streambed materials within the project site vary by reach. Oneonta Creek’s

substrate consists of coarse gravel to large cobble throughout its entirety, and embeddedness is

moderate to low. Although substrate in Horsetail Creek’s meander and fan reaches consists


primarily of gravel and cobble, substrate in the highway reach is primarily silty sand. Substrate

in the eastern slough also consists primarily of fines.

Substrate at the site is considered “not properly functioning” primarily b/c of conditions in

lower Horsetail Creek and the eastern slough.

Large Woody Debris

NMFS (1996) defines large woody debris (LWD) as pieces of wood greater than 24 inches in

diameter and 50 feet in length. Based on surveys of all project reaches, LWD in the action area

falls substantially short of the >80 pieces per mile standard established by NMFS. Additionally,

the limited number of mature trees in the site’s riparian areas provides limited resources for

future recruitment. Consequently, the site is classified as “not properly functioning” based on

NMFS’ LWD standards.

Pool Frequency

The average width of Horsetail Creek is 22 feet, the average width of Oneonta Creek is 15 feet,

and the average width of the Eastern Slough is 30 feet. NMFS (1996) pool frequency standards

for streams of those sizes are as follows: Horsetail Creek, 56 pools/mile; Oneonta Creek, 70

pools/mile; and the Eastern Slough, 47 pools/mile. Estuary Partnership and InterFluve scientists

conducted a qualitative survey of pool frequency within the action area. This survey indicated

that pools of different types occur in Oneonta Creek and in the fan and meander reaches of

Horsetail Creek. Pools are almost totally absent from the eastern slough and Horsetail Creek’s

highway reach. The quantity of pools does not meet NMFS’ criteria; additionally, as stated

previously, the project site does not meet NMFS’ LWD criteria (NMFS 1996). A limited number

of pools observed in the creek are formed and maintained by LWD, and with riparian reserves

being low enough to limit future LWD recruitment, pool frequency likely would decrease in the

future. Consequently, the site is considered “not properly functioning” for pool frequency.

Pool Quality

The majority of pools observed within the project site were less than one meter in depth and

lacked LWD or other structural cover. Some also have high amounts of fine material, and in the

lower portion of the site, stream temperatures in these pools are elevated during summer months.

For these reasons, pool quality is considered “not properly functioning”.

Off-Channel Habitat

Although portions of the site, e.g., the eastern slough, offer extensive off-channel areas, the

lower reaches of Horsetail Creek are single thread channels with no off-channel habitats.

Although the stream overtops its banks during flood events, the meander and highway reaches

are relatively channelized, have cohesive bank materials, and off-channel habitats such as ponds

and oxbows do not exist. For these reasons, the site is considered “functioning at risk” in terms

of off-channel habitat.

Refugia

Aquatic habitat complexity within the proposed project site is low due primarily to the extremely

low LWD densities, lack of overhanging vegetation, and uniformity of constructed channels (the

highway reach and lower portion of the eastern slough). Additionally, within the action area, the

narrow riparian zones and abundance of invasive species limit buffering and the potential for

LWD recruitment. The site is considered “not properly functioning” for refugia.


Channel Condition and Dynamics

Width/Depth Ratio

Width to depth ratios in the highway reach and in portions of the eastern slough exceed NMFS’

criteria of 12. Therefore, the site is considered “functioning at risk” for width/depth ratio.


Due to the abundance of invasive species and the resulting lack of native riparian vegetation,

streambank conditions in portions of Horsetail and Oneonta Creeks are eroding. Though the

extent of erosion was not quantified, it is likely that less than 80% of their streambanks are

stable. Therefore, the site is considered “not properly functioning” for streambank condition.


The project site consists of historic Columbia River floodplain and is still backwatered

seasonally by the Columbia River. Despite this, floodplain connectivity has been greatly reduced

from historic conditions. Though the site remains connected to the Columbia River at one

location, it used to be connected at multiple locations (Appendix B, Figure 1). The construction

of I-84 limited the site’s function as off-channel habitat and eliminated its function as side-

channel habitat. Additionally, Horsetail Creek’s floodplain connectivity was reduced by its

diversion through the highway reach – an oversized channel that is disconnected from its

floodplain. For these reasons, the site is considered “not properly functioning” for floodplain

connectivity.

Flow/Hydrology

Change in Peak/Base Flows

No gauging data are available to accurately categorize the Change in Peak/Base Flow indicator;

however, aerial photographs of the Oneonta Creek, Horsetail Creek, and eastern slough

watersheds indicate that they are almost completely undisturbed upstream of their UPRR/historic

highway crossings. Flows in the winter and spring are typically high volume, high velocity,

especially during heavy rainfall events, occasional snowmelt, or mid-winter snowmelt with rain.

Flow volume and velocity decrease in late spring to early summer with a lack of precipitation.

The site is considered to be “properly functioning” for changes in peak/base flows.

Increase in Drainage Network

As noted above, the Oneonta Creek, Horsetail Creek, and eastern slough watersheds are almost

completely undisturbed upstream of their UPRR/historic highway crossings. Therefore the

watersheds that drain to the project site have seen virtually no increase in their drainage networks

from road development. Although two roads and a railroad exist adjacent to the project site, it is

considered to be “properly functioning” for increase in drainage network.

Watershed Conditions

Road Density and Location

I-84 forms the northern border of the site, while the historic Columbia River Highway forms the

southern border. Due to the proximity of these roads, the action area has a road density of greater


than three miles/sq. mile and is therefore considered “not properly functioning” for road

density and location.

Disturbance History

Due to the project site’s location within the CRGNSA, which has strict land use regulations,

future threats from development are limited. Additionally, less than 15% of Horsetail and

Oneonta Creek’s watersheds are developed. However, the site was heavily disturbed from the

construction of I-84, the historic Columbia River Highway, and the railroad. The site has also

been cleared of native vegetation, which is not re-establishing due to the dominance of invasive

species. For these reasons, the project site is considered “not properly functioning” for

disturbance history.

Riparian Reserves

Prior to settlement, the project site was surveyed by the Government Land Office in 1859 and

1906 (Christy 2010). The site was noted to be a forested wetland dominated by large willows,

ash (up to 20” diameter) and cottonwoods (up to 50” diameter); however, a significant portion of

the site was cleared for grazing. While the site has a mature canopy of native species, the

understory is dominated by reed canary grass and evergreen and Himalayan blackberry. These

species largely prevent native shrub and herbaceous communities from becoming established and

limit LWD recruitment. For these reasons, the project site is considered “not properly

functioning” for riparian reserves.

4.3 Pacific Eulachon

As described in Section 3.7, except for brief spawning runs to their natal streams, eulachon spend

the majority of their lives in the ocean. Spawning grounds are typically in the lower reaches of

larger snowmelt-fed rivers (Hay and McCarter 2000) and preferred temperatures for spawning

are between 4°and 10°C (WDFW and ODFW 2001). Spawning occurs in medium to large rivers

over sand or coarse gravel substrates. Suitable habitat for eulachon exists in the action area

(mainstem Columbia River) but not in the project site. Due to the variety of impacts that have

occurred in the mainstem of the lower Columbia River, e.g., channelization, removal of LWD,

flow regulation, and elevated temperatures, eulachon habitat present within the action area is

considered “not properly functioning”.


Northern spotted owls require old growth forest habitat, large trees with deformities, large snags,

moderate to high canopy closure, and a large accumulation of fallen trees and woody debris. Not

only is the project site’s riparian forest fragmented, but its condition is degraded and therefore

does not contain these features. However, as described in Section 3.8, the portion of the action

area located to the south of the project site contains “suitable” and “highly suitable” Northern

spotted owl habitat (USFWS 2012). Therefore, the southern portion of the action area is

considered “properly functioning” for Northern spotted owl habitat. The remainder of the

action area and the entirety of the project site is considered “not properly functioning”.


5. Proposed Action (Project Description)

The following section outlines components of the proposed action that will occur within each

project reach. Project reaches are identified on Sheet 9 in Appendix A. Project designs,

including maps showing project reaches, access routes, work area isolation, etc. are included as

Appendix A. Appendix A also includes a detailed sequencing plan.

In-water construction activities would take approximately 5-8 weeks to complete and are

anticipated to occur during the 2012 in-water work window (July 15-August 31, with an

extension requested to September 15), although construction may also occur during the same

timeframe in 2013. Reforestation would take approximately 5-10 years to complete; and would

occur during winter.

All construction activities (including fish salvage and work area isolation) would occur in

coordination with appropriate regulatory agencies and in strict compliance with all applicable

federal, state, and local permits. All access routes would occur via established access paths (see

Appendix A, sheet 3) as well as disturbed areas within the project site. Five temporary stream

crossings will be required (detailed on Appendix A, sheet 7). Staging areas for material storage

will occur within upland locations. Heavy equipment necessary for construction activities likely

will include excavators, skidders, dump trucks, bulldozers, chainsaws, and a helicopter.


The proposed alternative for modifying the inlet of the I-84 culvert is to remove the majority of

the inlet weir (and associated concrete apron) and replace it with a constructed riffle effective at

controlling flows (Appendix A, Sheets 14 and 15). The streambed immediately upstream of the

constructed riffle also would be regraded to concentrate flow into the low flow barrel.

Approximately 50 CY of permanent fill (boulders) would be imported to construct the riffle.

Gravel and cobble removed during streambed grading (~100CY) would be embedded within the

imported boulders such that the constructed riffle does not migrate during high flow events.

To improve passage through the culvert, the baffles in the western culvert would be replaced

with those that meet current fish passage criteria (details regarding these baffles are provided in

Appendix A, sheets 14 and 15). All existing baffles would be disposed of off-site. No baffles can

be placed in the other four culverts due to ODOT hydraulic restrictions.

The area of disturbance for this action is less than 0.1 acres. Equipment used in this reach likely

would include a backhoe and bobcat. Dump trucks would deliver materials to the site. The work

area would be isolated during construction. See Appendix A for additional detail re: construction

sequencing, BMPs, access routes, etc. All disturbed areas would be seeded and mulched

immediately upon completion of this restoration action. There will be no adverse hydrologic or

hydraulic effects of this action, a requirement for ODOT approval.


Proposed restoration actions in this sub-reach include adding up to 200 pieces of LWD (with and

without rootwads) and low-intensity modification of stream planform and x-sectional profile to

create a more diverse channel (the existing channel was constructed and is very uniform) (see

Appendix A, sheet 10 for details). The LWD would be anchored primarily by trenching/burying

it in streambanks, although limited cabling (primarily subsurface) may be required.


Approximately 1,500 CY of native wetland/streambank substrate would be excavated during

regrading of the stream channel, breaching of the upland berm to the south of the channel, and

removal of the small man-made berm separating the historic outlet. Up to 1,000 CY of that

material would be used to permanently fill the gravel pond (see description provided under

Gravel Pond Reach).

One temporary crossing would be located in this reach, which would use approximately 30

pieces of LWD for the crossing structure. These logs would be used for habitat features once the

crossing is removed. Two isolation structures (coffer dams) also would be located in this reach.

The area of disturbance for this action is 1.9 acres. To reduce impacts to sensitive areas, LWD

would be moved to placement locations primarily by helicopter. Other machinery (e.g.,

excavators) necessary for LWD construction activities would be able to access construction areas

in this reach from the western staging area. The work area would be isolated, i.e., dewatered,

during construction. See Appendix A for additional detail re: construction sequencing, BMPs,

access routes, etc. All disturbed areas would be seeded and mulched immediately upon

completion of this restoration action.


Proposed restoration actions in this sub-reach include adding up to 90 pieces of LWD (with and

without rootwads) (see Appendix A, sheet 11 for details). LWD would be anchored primarily by

trenching/burying it in streambanks, although limited cabling may be required.

One temporary crossing would be located in this reach, which would use approximately 30

pieces of LWD for the crossing structure. Another crossing (requiring approximately 30 logs)

would be located just upstream of this reach at the utility easement crossing. All 60 logs would

be used for habitat features once the crossings are removed.

The total area of disturbance for this action is 1.4 acres. To reduce impacts to sensitive areas,

LWD would be moved to placement locations primarily by helicopter. Other machinery (e.g.,

excavators) necessary for LWD construction activities would be able to access construction areas

in this reach from the western staging area. Based on previous experience at the Mirror Lake

Restoration Project (Rooster Rock State Park), which has similar habitats, soils, and project

actions, less impact would occur if we construct this action “in the wet” vs. attempt to dewater

the project area. See Appendix A for additional detail re: construction sequencing, BMPs, access

routes, etc. All disturbed areas would be seeded and mulched immediately upon completion of

this restoration action.

Project Reach: Eastern Slough

Proposed restoration actions in this sub-reach include the following (see Appendix A, sheets 12

and 16 for details):

1. adding up to 470 pieces of LWD (with and without rootwads);

2. within the diverted/constructed portion of the channel (the lower 200 yards), low-

intensity modification of slough planform and x-sectional profile such that its geometry

resembles that of natural (i.e., reference) portions of the slough located upstream; and,

3. removal of the berm that separates the slough’s historic outlet channel.


Within the western portion of the slough (where approximately 235 logs would be placed), LWD

would be anchored primarily by trenching/burying it in streambanks, although limited cabling

may be required. The eastern portion of the slough is not accessible by overland equipment

therefore placement of the remaining 235 logs would occur only by helicopter. No

trenching/excavating would occur; however, LWD may be tethered/cabled to adjacent trees.

Approximately 2,300 CY of native stream and bank substrate would be removed from wetlands

during regrading of the lower 200 yards of the slough (including removal of the man-made berm

separating the slough’s historic outlet channel). The majority of this material (up to 2,000 CY)

would be removed and used to fill the gravel pond (see description below). No temporary

crossings would be located in this reach, but two coffer dams would be used to isolate the work

area.


LWD would be moved to placement locations primarily by helicopter. The lower 200 yards of

the slough would be isolated/dewatered during construction; however, based on previous

experience at the Mirror Lake Restoration Project (Rooster Rock State Park), which has similar

habitats, soils, and project actions, less impact occurs during LWD placement if construction

occurs “in the wet” vs. attempting to dewater the project area. Therefore, portions of the slough

in which only LWD placement will occur will not be dewatered. See Appendix A for additional

detail re: construction sequencing, BMPs, access routes, etc. All disturbed areas would be

seeded and mulched immediately upon completion of this restoration action.

Project Reach: Oneonta Creek/Gravel Pond

Proposed restoration actions in this reach include the following (see Appendix A, sheet 13 for

details):

1. reconstructing Oneonta Creek’s alluvial fan to eliminate the diversion of Oneonta Creek

into the gravel pond;

2. filling the gravel pond (2.3-acres; average depth = 6.0ft) to create an emergent wetland;

3. connecting the newly constructed wetland to Horsetail Creek’s highway reach by

breaching the berm separating the two; and,

4. placing up to 250 pieces of LWD in Oneonta Creek and the newly constructed wetland.

Oneonta Creek’s alluvial fan would be reconstructed primarily using material salvaged on-site;

however, approximately 900 CY of gravel and cobble (12” minus, D50 of 3” to 4”) would be

imported. This material, which is being donated by ODOT, comes from other Gorge streams

(primarily Multnomah and Tumult Creeks) where routine dredging must occur to maintain I-84

culverts. An additional 100 CY of boulders (purchased from a quarry) will be imported to

provide a coarse veneer for the alluvial fan. The remainder of the fan (surface area = 1.1 acres;

volume = ~10,500 CY of fill above existing pond water surface elevation) would be constructed

with fill salvaged from the Highway Reach, Eastern Slough, and the wetland and berm located to

the north of the pond. The gravel pond would be filled with material from the same sources.

Fill from the wetland would be obtained by lowering its elevation by an average of

approximately 2-2.5 feet. This would create elevations in this invasives dominated wetland that

match those of adjacent wetland areas that have native species communities, theoretically

improving the future condition of its vegetation community. It also would result in a seasonally


inundated wetland that will provide productive over-wintering and rearing habitat for local and

up-river stocks.

Fill from the upland berm would be generated by excavating a breach to connect the newly

constructed wetland to Horsetail Creek’s highway reach. The intent of this breach is to enhance

fish access to the wetland area, per concerns expressed by ODFW and others re: losing the

Oneonta Creek surface connection to this off-channel area.

One crossing and one coffer dam would be located in this reach. The crossing of Oneonta is the

project’s primary crossing and would be in place for the duration of in-water work. It would be

constructed with imported fill (cobble sized material sourced by ODOT from local streams),

which would be incorporated into the alluvial fan when the crossing is decommissioned. This

structure also will serve as the upstream dewatering feature.


LWD would be moved to placement locations primarily by helicopter. See Appendix A for

additional detail re: construction sequencing, BMPs, access routes, etc. All disturbed areas would

be seeded and mulched immediately upon completion of this restoration action.

Project Reach: Site Wide Riparian Areas

Restoration actions include treating invasive communities and planting native species to re-

establish woody and herbaceous vegetation throughout the site. Invasive species would be

removed through weed whacking and herbicide application; however, this portion of the project

is covered via a previous consultation (see Appendix D; also NMFS Biological Opinion

reference #2007/01524) and therefore is not included in the proposed action. A variety of native

species would be planted throughout the site depending on specific reach conditions and target

plant communities. See Appendix A, sheets 20-25 for details re: the site planting plan.


6. Analysis of Effects

This section documents the possible effects of the proposed action on species inhabiting the

project site. The ‘effects of the proposed action’ includes the direct and indirect effects of the

proposed action on listed species and critical habitat, as well as the effects of other related

activities, that when combined with the proposed action, will impact the environmental baseline.

The goal of the proposed action is the improvement of fish and wildlife habitat through

restoration of native habitats that have been degraded or lost not only at the site, but throughout

the ecoregion. The degradation and loss of these habitats is the primary cause of the decline of

native species. Consequently, restoration activities have been developed in conjunction with state

and federal agencies to provide the greatest sustainable long-term benefit to the habitats that

support sensitive species, while minimizing the potential for short-term impacts. Due to the

aggressive nature of invasive species, their dominance on the site, and their impact on sensitive

species habitat, not engaging in the proposed suite of activities is expected to result in a

significant reduction of habitat quality over time. Consequently, the long-term benefits of the

proposed restoration activities are expected to outweigh any short-term impacts that may be

realized. These short-term impacts may include, but are not limited to, operation of machinery

within sensitive areas, temporary increases in sediment and chemical pollutants, disturbances to

native plant communities, temporary dewatering of localized stream reaches, and direct handling

of fish during salvage/relocation activities. Conservation measures (best management practices)

detailed in Section 7 will be implemented during construction activities to minimize and avoid

direct and indirect impacts to listed species and their habitats.

6.1 Impacts to Environmental Baseline (Salmonids and Bull Trout)

The effects analysis for salmonids, bull trout, and Pacific eulachon was conducted according to

“Making Endangered Species Act Determinations of Effect for Individual or Grouped Actions at

the Watershed Scale” (NMFS 1996). To summarize, effects of the proposed project will have

temporary, localized impacts to the environmental baseline, but will result in a long term

increase in environmental baseline conditions for native species, including federally listed

salmonids. Detailed effects are outlined below and are summarized in Table 2 (Section 4).

Water Quality

Temperature

In-stream water temperatures within the project site will decrease as a result of the proposed

action, which includes site-wide reforestation and elimination of the Oneonta Creek diversion.

For these reasons, the proposed action will “restore” temperatures both in the immediate future

(through elimination of the diversion) and over the long-term (as riparian planting mature and

begin to provide shade).

Sediment/Turbidity

BMPs such as working within the ODFW prescribed in-water work window and isolation of the

active work areas from flowing streams will be implemented during construction to limit

sediment transport adjacent to and within waterways and wetlands. Also, no new impervious


surfaces will be added to the area; therefore, an increase in sediment transport from stormwater

runoff is not anticipated. Over the long-term, the proposed project will decrease sediment inputs

by improving streambank stability and re-establishing native vegetation.

Despite implementation of erosion control measures, temporary increases in sediment transport

may occur during project activities. Sedimentation may indirectly affect downstream rearing

habitat for salmonids. Siltation and turbidity can adversely affect fish at every stage of their life

cycle, e.g., suspended sediment can physically abrade and mechanically disrupt respiratory

structures (i.e., gills). Turbidity also affects the foraging behavior of juvenile and adult salmonids

by reducing the distance they normally need to locate drifting prey (Spence et al. 1996). No

impacts to spawning adults, redds, or incubating eggs are anticipated, because, very little

spawning habitat is located downstream of proposed project activities and spawning or

incubation will not occur during project implementation.

Juvenile salmon have been shown to avoid areas of unacceptably high turbidity (Servizi 1988),

although they may seek out areas of moderate turbidity (10 to 80º NTU), presumably as cover

against predation (Cyrus and Blaber 1987a, 1987b). Additionally, due to low flows anticipated

during project construction, any sediment suspended by project activities likely will settle out

quickly, and any turbidity plumes that exit the project site will be immediately dispersed by the

higher flows of the Columbia River. Finally, salmonids in the project site will be relocated from

downstream of all work areas, except for the during construction in the eastern slough, where a

turbidity curtain will be used if any sediment plumes are created during LWD installation.

For these reasons, it is unlikely that any short-term, localized turbidity plumes generated by the

proposed action would have significant effects on salmonids that may be present in the project

site or downstream in the action area. Consequently, over the long-term, the proposed action will

help “maintain” sediment/turbidity, although localized and temporary impacts, which are

anticipated to be insignificant, may occur in the short term,.

Chemical Contamination/Nutrients

The proposed action requires the use of heavy construction equipment. A risk of direct and

indirect contamination from leaks, drips, and spills is associated with all construction activities

involving the use of machinery. Fuel and lubricants, if spilled in a water body or adjacent

riparian areas, can injure or kill aquatic organisms. Some products may contain polycyclic

aromatic hydrocarbons, which at high levels can be toxic to salmonids.

Following appropriate minimization and conservation measures, detailed in Section 7, will limit

the potential for contaminants to enter water bodies. These measures include conducting work

below OHW only during the in-water work window, isolating active work areas, and following

appropriate vehicle staging and use guidelines. These measures will minimize or eliminate

chemical contamination of the site, and any effects likely would be insignificant and short in

duration. Therefore, the proposed action will “maintain” baseline conditions for chemical

contamination/nutrients.


Habitat Access

Physical Barriers

The proposed action includes modifying the I-84 culvert to improve fish passage to the site using

methods/designs approved by NMFS and ODFW fish passage engineers. Therefore, the

proposed action will “restore” fish passage to the site to the greatest extent practical.

Habitat Elements

Substrate

Bank stability within the project site will be improved through revegetation with native species.

Although revegetation should reduce sediment inputs over time, therefore resulting in less silt

depositing within stream substrate, the effect is likely to be insignificant. Furthermore, low

stream gradients will continue to result in high levels of silt and sand. Therefore, the proposed

action will “maintain” substrate conditions over time.

Large Woody Debris

The proposed action includes placing up to 1,000 pieces of LWD within the project site’s 1.5

miles of stream and slough habitat. This density would bring the site to within NMFS criteria,

and the long-term effects of this activity, e.g., increased habitat complexity, improved stream

morphology, and increased macroinvertebrate food production, will be beneficial. Additionally,

native plantings will eventually reestablish native forests, which will provide long-term LWD

recruitment. For these reasons, the proposed action will “restore” LWD conditions in both the

short- and long-term.

Pool Frequency and Quality

As previously described, the proposed action includes placing up to 1,000 pieces of LWD within

the project site. LWD will increase habitat diversity by creating pools and backwater areas and

providing structural cover. Revegetation will help reestablish native forests, which will provide

long-term LWD recruitment, and thus the creation, maintenance, and enhancement of additional

pools. Revegetation will also reduce stream temperatures over time and decrease sediment

loading to surface waters on site. The combination of these activities will increase the frequency

and quality of pools, therefore, the proposed action will “restore” this metric in both the short-

and long-term.

Off-Channel Habitat and Refugia

As previously described, the proposed action includes placing LWD as well as revegetation of

riparian areas across the site. LWD will increase habitat complexity, promote channel diversity,

and increase floodplain interaction/connectivity, while revegetation will provide a long-term

source for LWD recruitment. Although the proposed action will not affect hydrologic

connectivity between the site and the Columbia River, it will improve fish access to its

floodplain and also will improve off-channel habitat and refugia within the site. For these

reasons, the proposed action will “restore” off-channel habitat and refugia over the short- and

long-term.


Channel Condition and Dynamics

Width/Depth Ratio

Placing LWD in similar habitats, e.g., the Mirror Lake site at Rooster Rock State Park, has

proven effective at scouring pools. Therefore LWD placement at the project site is anticipated to

have a positive effect on the width/depth ratio of Horsetail and Oneonta Creeks and the eastern

slough, therefore helping to “restore” this metric.


In portions of the project site, streambanks are unstable and eroding due to invasive species that

prevent recruitment of native species and historic clearing of native riparian forests.

Revegetation will help increase bank stability by establishing healthy root structures. Therefore,

the proposed action will help “restore” streambank condition over the long-term.


The proposed action includes removing two berms that disconnect Horsetail Creek and the

eastern slough’s historic outlet channels from adjacent stream reaches. This action will increase

connectivity to approximately 1 acre of historic channels and floodplain within the project site.

The proposed action also includes placing up to 1,000 pieces of LWD, which will increase

channel roughness and promote interaction with the floodplain. Although the proposed action

will not affect hydrologic connectivity between the site and the Columbia River, it will help

“restore” floodplain connectivity within the project site.

Flow/Hydrology

Change in Peak/Base Flows

The proposed action will not alter watershed conditions. Therefore, the proposed action will

“maintain” peak/base flow baseline conditions at the project site.

Increase in Drainage Network

The proposed action will not result in the addition of any new permanent roads at the project site.

Therefore, the proposed action will “maintain” drainage network baseline conditions.

Watershed Conditions

Road Density and Location

The proposed action will not result in the addition of any new permanent roads at the project site.

All temporary access routes will be fully restored prior to project completion. Therefore, the

proposed action will “maintain” road density and location baseline conditions.


Disturbance History

The proposed action will have no impact on the disturbance history of the site. Therefore, the

proposed action will “maintain” disturbance history baseline conditions.

Riparian Reserves

As previously described, site-wide revegetation with native species will occur under the

proposed action. Over time, revegetation will lead to a mature native riparian system that

provides LWD recruitment and shade for the site’s waterbodies. Therefore, the proposed action

will “restore” riparian reserves in the long-term.

6.2 Impacts to Pacific Eulachon

As detailed earlier in this document, though Pacific eulachon may be found in the mainstem of

the Columbia River, it is unlikely they use the project site, particularly during the project’s in-

water work window. Any effects from the proposed action should be similar to those for other

aquatic species, and over time, the cumulative effects from the proposed action will help

“restore” habitat conditions. See below for the proposed action’s effects on habitat elements

referenced in Section 6.2.

Temperature – “maintain” (The proposed action will decrease temperatures in Horsetail Creek

but will have a negligible effect on temperatures in the mainstem Columbia River.)

Sediment/Turbidity – “maintain” (The proposed action will have a negligible effect on mainstem

Columbia River turbidity levels.)

Chemical Contaminants/Nutrients – “maintain” (The proposed action will have a negligible

effect on mainstem Columbia River contaminant and nutrient levels.)

Physical Barriers – “maintain” (Because eulachon likely do not use the project site, the proposed

action will maintain fish passage conditions for eulachon.)

Substrate - “maintain” (The proposed action will have a negligible effect on mainstem Columbia

River substrate.)

Large Woody Debris – “maintain” (Though the proposed action will increase the amount of

LWD within the project site, it will have no effect on mainstem Columbia River LWD levels.)

Pool Frequency and Quality – “maintain” (Though the project will increase pool frequency and

quality within the project site, it will have no effect on this metric in the mainstem Columbia

River.)

Off-Channel Habitat and Refugia – “maintain” (Though the project will improve off-channel

habitat at the project site, because eulachon likely do not use the site, it will have no effect on

this metric for eulachon habitat.)

Width/Depth Ratio – “maintain” (Though the project will improve the width/depth ratio of the

streams within the project site, it will have no effect on this metric in the mainstem Columbia

River.)

Streambank Condition – “maintain” (Though the project will improve streambank conditions

within the project site, it will have no effect on the banks of the Columbia River.)


Floodplain Connectivity – “maintain” (Though the project will improve floodplain connectivity

within the project site, it will have no effect on the floodplain connectivity between the site and

the Columbia River.)

Change in Peak/Base Flows – “maintain” (The project will have no effect on flows in the

mainstem Columbia River.)

Increase in Drainage Network – “maintain” (The project will have no effect on the site’s

drainage network.”

Road Density and Location – “maintain” (The project will not result in any new roads.)

Disturbance History – “maintain” (The project will have no effect on the site’s disturbance

history.)

Riparian Reserves – “maintain” (Though the project will improve riparian reserves within the

project site, it will have no effect on the Columbia River’s riparian reserves.)

6.3 Impacts to Northern Spotted Owl

As previously described, suitable habitat for Northern spotted owl is not present within the

project site; however, 166 acres of “suitable” and 99 acres of “highly suitable” habitat are found

within the portion of the action area located to the south of the project site (Figure 2). The action

area is defined using a 0.25 mile buffer from the project site, the “disruption distance” for Type I

helicopters identified by Thraikill (2007). Thraikill (2007) defines disruption distance as “the

distance within which the negative effects to listed species from noise (sound and concussion),

human intrusion or mechanical movement associated with a proposed activity would be expected

to exceed the levels of discountable or insignificant, or might cause the incidental taking of a

listed animal”.

Though Northern spotted owl may be found in the action area throughout the year, their breeding

period is from March 1 to September 30, with the critical breeding period from March 1 through

July 15. The proposed action includes the use of one Type I helicopter for up to two days per

year to transport LWD from staging areas to installation sites, as well as the use of chainsaws

within the project site. Although background noise levels in the action area already are elevated

by I-84 and the UPRR, helicopter and chainsaw use will increase noise levels within the action

area. Helicopter use would occur for a maximum of two days after July 15th

. Chainsaw use could

occur throughout the in-water work window (July 15 – September 15).

Helicopter activities will not begin until after July 15 and will therefore be underway only in the

latter, non-critical portion of the breeding season. Because helicopter activities will occur during

the latter part of the breeding season, adult and juvenile spotted owls will be less dependent on

nest sites. Though noise from helicopters or other construction activities could disturb spotted

owls, if adults were flushed, juveniles would be able to follow the adults or avoid the disturbance

themselves (USFWS 2012). Additionally, helicopters will not fly directly over potential habitat,

but rather along established transportation corridors, i.e., I-84, the historic highway, and UPRR.

Because the level of background noise at the site is already high due, it is possible that any

spotted owls in the vicinity of the project site are accustomed to elevated noise levels.

Because helicopter use will occur for no more than two days per year after the critical breeding

period has ended and because high levels of ambient noise exist in the action area, it is

anticipated that effects from helicopter use will be insignificant. Thraikill (2007) defines the non-


critical breeding season disruption distance for chainsaws and heavy equipment as 0ft, therefore

effects from use of chainsaws, excavators, and other equipment will be discountable or

insignificant.

No other effects to Northern spotted owl are anticipated to occur as a result of the proposed

action.

6.4 Interdependent, Interrelated, and Cumulative Effects

Interdependent actions are defined as actions with no independent utility apart from the proposed

action. Interrelated actions include actions that are part of a larger action and depend on the

larger action for justification. The proposed action does not include interdependent or

interrelated effects.

Cumulative effects are defined as the effects of future state, local, or private activities that are

reasonably certain to occur in the project watershed. Cumulative effects include impacts from

other related activities that when combined with the proposed action, may affect the

environmental baseline. High levels of commercial and industrial use, as well as recreation

activities within the mid to lower Columbia River are anticipated to continue and possibly

increase as population growth continues in the region. The influence of these activities cannot be

quantified in this document. There are no other specifically known activities occurring in, or near

the project site, at any time during the implementation of the proposed action. Therefore, there

should be no adverse cumulative effects from the proposed action.

6.5 Additional Impacts to Environmental Baseline Resulting from Anticipated

Extension of the In-Water Work Window

ODFW’s standard in-water work window for Oneonta and Horsetail Creeks and the eastern

slough is from July 15th

to August 31st; however, for the construction of all in-water work

activities at the project site, the USFS requests an extension to September 15th

. An extension of

the work window will not increase the nature, magnitude, or intensity of any activities included

in the proposed action, therefore sediment delivery, noise levels, and other potential direct and

indirect effects are not anticipated to increase. Additionally, the duration of activities will not be

affected, only the timing of their implementation. Consequently, additional effects resulting from

the extension would be limited to adjustments in construction timing.

The presence of federally listed salmonids is outlined by month in Table 1. The only species for

which spawning may be impacted by the extended in-water work window is Chinook salmon;

however, as stated previously, Chinook are not known to spawn in Oneonta and Horsetail

Creeks, therefore adult Chinook salmon are not anticipated to be present. Although it is unlikely

that adult coho salmon would return to the site prior to September 15, in order to minimize the

likelihood of impacting any adults that do return early, construction activities will begin at the

western end of the site and move east as work progresses (see sequencing on sheets 4-6,

Appendix A).Therefore, the only activity likely to occur after August 31st is LWD placement in

the eastern slough where water temperatures are higher and no spawning habitat exists.

An extension of the work window will not result in additional noise impacts to Northern spotted

owl, as the timing of helicopter or chainsaw operation will not be affected.

For the aforementioned reasons, adjusting the ODFW in-water work window by 15 days after the

standard window is anticipated to “maintain” all effects outlined previously.


7. Conservation Measures (Best Management Practices)

The conservation measures and best management practices (BMPs) included below will be used

during all construction activities at the Horsetail Creek Floodplain Restoration Project. These

BMPs will limit impacts to listed species and their critical habitat. These BMPs address

herbicide use, in-water work, erosion control, noise reduction, fish handling, and spill

prevention.

7.1 Herbicide BMPs

As detailed in Section 4, the USFS has consulted with NMFS and USFWS re: the effects of

herbicide application to ESA-listed fish and wildlife (NMFS Biological Opinion reference

#2007/01524). Therefore, herbicide application proposed as part of the Horsetail Creek

Floodplain Restoration Project is not included in the proposed action outlined in this document.

The Horsetail Creek Floodplain Restoration Project will adhere to all conservation measures

(i.e., project design criteria) outlined in the 2007 consultation, which are outlined in pages 37-45

of the USFS’ 2008 Record of Decision: Site-Specific Invasive Plant Treatments for Mt. Hood

Nation Forest and Columbia River Gorge National Scenic Area in Oregon, including Forest Plan

Amendment #16 (included as Appendix D).

7.2 In-Water Work

The following in-water work BMPs will be implemented.

1) All work within the wetted channel will be completed during periods of time listed in the

Oregon Guidelines for Timing of In-water Work to Protect Fish and Wildlife Resources

(typically July 15-August 31 for the project site, but extended to September 15).

2) Work areas within the wetted channel will be completely isolated from the active stream

whenever a fish is reasonably certain to be present, or if the work area is 300 feet or less

upstream from spawning habitats, except for large wood restoration actions. The site’s

work area isolation and sequencing plan is provided on design drawings (Appendix A).

Stream flows anticipated to occur during isolation will range from 1 to 7 cfs.

3) Fish screens that meet NMFS fish screen criteria will be installed on any pump used to

dewater the isolation areas. An Estuary Partnership biologist will be on-site to oversee all

work area isolation efforts.

4) No machinery will be operated within any actively flowing water bodies.

5) After completion of the project, permanent stabilization methods (to address alterations

of the stream bank during project work) may include seeding and mulching and/or

bioengineered slope stabilization.

6) If used, rock will be placed individually and not end dumped. Placement will occur in the

dry as much as possible. Rock placed within the bank or streambed will be clean of soil

and other pit-run type sediments.

7) An oil absorbing, floating containment boom shall be available on-site during all phases

of in-water and/or bank work.


8) Turbidity increase shall be limited to 10 percent above background levels as observed

100 feet (30 meters) below the project.

7.3 Fish Handling

Where required, experienced biologists will perform a fish salvage operation for all work

isolation areas. The following dewatering and fish handling BMPs will be implemented

throughout the duration of the project.

1) Salvage methods will be chosen based on site-specific conditions and may include such

techniques as electrofishing, seining, or dip netting (the latter two methods will be

employed to the greatest extent possible prior to electrofishing). All fish salvage work

(including salvage during pumping and isolation) will occur under the supervision of an

Estuary Partnership biologist experienced with fish salvage for construction projects.

2) Electrofishing – If electrofishing will be used to capture fish for salvage,

NMFS’electrofishing guidelines will be followed.

3) Capture and release – Any fish trapped within the isolated work area will be released as

quickly as possible at a safe release site located upstream of the work area

4) Fish passage – fish passage will be provided to the greatest extent practical for juvenile

fish present in the action area during construction.

7.4 Sediment/Erosion Control

The following sediment and erosion control BMPs will be implemented throughout the duration

of the project.

1) An erosion control plan (Appendix A, sheet 8) will be prepared and carried out,

commensurate with the scope of the action, that includes the following information: (a)

The name, phone number, an address of the person responsible for accomplishing the

plan; (b) best management practices to confine vegetation and soil disturbance to the

minimum area, and minimum length of time, as necessary to complete the action, and

otherwise prevent or minimize erosion associated with the action; and (c) steps to cease

work under high flows, except for efforts to avoid or minimize resource damage.

2) Temporary erosion controls will be in place before any significant alteration of the action

site is allowed (see sequencing as outlined in Appendix A, sheets 3-8).

3) Temporary access roads will not be built on steep slopes, where grade, soil, or other

features suggest a likelihood of excessive erosion or failure; will use existing ways

whenever possible; and will minimize soil disturbance and compaction within 150 feet of

a stream, waterbody, or wetland. All temporary access roads will be obliterated when the

action is completed, the soil will be stabilized and the site will be revegetated. Temporary

roads in wet or flooded areas will be restored by the end of the applicable in-water work

period.

4) Heavy equipment will be limited to that with the least adverse effects on the environment

(e.g., minimally sized, rubber tired, etc.).


5) To the extent feasible, heavy equipment will work from the top of the bank, unless work

from another location would result in less habitat disturbance.

6) Monitoring of erosion and sediment control measures will take place weekly and during

major storm events (during active construction periods only).

7) Any excess material will be removed from channels after operations are completed.

8) All material stockpiles will be covered during rain events.

7.5 Spill Prevention

The following spill prevention BMPs will be implemented throughout the duration of the project.

1) Pollution control plan – A pollution control plan will be prepared and carried out,

commensurate with the scope of the action, that includes the following information: (a)

best management practices to confine, remove, and dispose of construction waste,

including every type of debris, discharge water, concrete, cement, grout, washout facility,

welding slag, petroleum product, or other hazardous materials generated, used, or stored

on-site; (b) procedures to contain and control a spill of any hazardous material generated,

used or stored on-site, including notification of proper authorities; and (c) steps to cease

work under high flows, except for efforts to avoid or minimize resource damage

2) Vehicle staging and use – All vehicles and other heavy equipment will (a) be stored,

fueled, and maintained in a vehicle staging area placed 100 feet or more from any stream,

waterbody or wetland; (b) inspected daily for fluid leaks before leaving the vehicle

staging area for operation within 50 feet of any stream, waterbody or wetland; (c) steam

cleaned before operation below ordinary high water, and often as necessary during

operation to remain grease free.

3) If equipment leaks occur during in-water work, the maintenance project manager will see

that the equipment is immediately removed from within the stream and/or wetland to a

location where pollutants can’t enter any waterway. The equipment will not be allowed

within the stream and/or wetland until all leaks have been corrected and the equipment

cleaned. Upland areas where the leaking equipment is stored also will be

cleaned/remediated prior to project completion.

4) Stationary power equipment – Generators, cranes, and any other stationary equipment

operated within 150 feet of any stream, waterbody or wetland, will be maintained as

necessary to prevent leaks and spills from entering the water.

7.6 Noise Reduction

The following noise reduction BMPs will be implemented throughout the duration of the project.

1) Sound control devices – All equipment shall have sound control devices no less effective

than those provided on the original equipment. All mufflers or similar noise abatement

devices will be in good working order. No equipment shall have unmuffled exhaust.

2) Equipment will not be allowed to idle unused for more than 15 minutes.

3) Helicopter use.

a. Any helicopter use will be limited to less than ten hours per day.


b. Helicopter use is not anticipated to exceed one day per year (two days will be the

maximum allowed per year).

c. Helicopter use will not begin until after July 15th

(the last day of the critical

nesting period for northern spotted owl).

7.7 Temporary Work Access

1) Temporary work access areas will be limited to those areas identified on sheet 3

(Appendix A).

2) Temporary work access will be limited to essential vehicles and personnel to minimize

ground disturbance and soil erosion.

3) Should damage to temporary access routes occur (in the form of ruts, etc.), they will be

regarded to their original contours, seeded, and mulched prior to project completion.

4) Five temporary stream crossings will be required during construction (see Appendix A,

sheets 3 through 7). All crossings will include a culvert into which streamflow will be

focused. All but one of these crossings (Oneonta Creek) would be constructed using

LWD as fill. This LWD will be removed from the crossing once it is no longer needed

and installed to form habitat structures. The Oneonta Creek crossing will be the most

heavily used, will be in place for the longest duration, and will also serve as that reach’s

dewatering structure. Therefore, it likely will require temporary fill with imported rock

and sand bags (see sheet 7 for details). All crossings will be in place for the minimal

amount of time, the number of equipment crossings using them will be minimized, and

the surrounding area will be restored (per specifications outlined above) upon project

completion. Fish salvage (per specifications outlined above) will occur prior to

installation of the Oneonta Creek crossing and as appropriate for other crossings.


8. Take Analysis

This section addresses the potential impacts of the proposed action to ESA-listed species that

may be present within the project site and action area. The ESA defines take as “to harass, harm,

pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, trap, capture, collect or attempt to engage in any such conduct.”

“Harm” is further defined to include significant habitat modification or degradation that results

in death or injury to listed species by significantly impairing behavioral patterns (i.e., breeding,

feeding, shelter).

Note that consultation with NMFS and USFWS has occurred regarding the effect of herbicide

application to ESA-listed species that occur in the action area (USFS 2008; also NMFS

Biological Opinion reference #2007/01524). That consultation covers any take that would occur

as a result of herbicide application at the Horsetail Creek Floodplain Restoration Project site.

Consequently, those activities are not considered in this document’s proposed action or take

analysis.

8.1 Lower Columbia River Chinook Salmon, Coho Salmon, and Steelhead Trout

As a result of proposed in-water construction activities, short-term changes in suspended

sediments, turbidity, and passage are anticipated to occur. These changes will occur during

periods when the fewest number of ESA-listed or Essential Fish Habitat species are expected to

be present in the area and when these species are anticipated to be least sensitive to disturbance.

Additionally, conservation measures, described in section 7 of this document, are intended to

minimize the effect of these activities. Conservation measures focus on isolating the work area,

controlling erosion, removing all fish prior to construction, etc. Despite these measures, minor

changes in movement patterns, temporary reductions in water quality, and short-term behavior

alterations may occur.

During fish removal and work area isolation, steelhead trout, Chinook salmon, and coho salmon

will be briefly captured, handled, and transported. Table 4 presents the number of individuals by

species anticipated to be impacted by the proposed action (Table 3 outlines associated area

calculations). The estimates for coho salmon are based on 75% of ODFW’s fully seeded density

estimate for rearing habitat of one fish per square meter. Estimates for steelhead are lower (50%

of coho density estimates) because juvenile steelhead prefer faster moving, cooler water that

likely will be provided primarily upstream of in-water construction areas. Estimates for Chinook

are lower still (10% of coho density estimates), because they do not spawn on-site and therefore

are unlikely to use the site other than for off-channel rearing. All species listed in Table 4 will be

from Lower Columbia River ESUs because other ESUs out-migrating in the Columbia River

during the in-water work window will not be able to access the site due to physical barriers at the

I-84 culvert. For the same reasons, bull trout also are extremely unlikely to be present in the

project site during construction. Eulachon will not be present within the project site during

construction.

Mortality rates are estimated to be 10% of fish handled. This is due primarily to warm water

temperatures, temporary increases in turbidity, seining, electrofishing, and handling.

Other activities included within the proposed action are anticipated to have insignificant or

discountable effects on listed salmonids due to strict adherence to the conservation measures


outlined in Section 7. A proposed extension to the ODFW in-water work window also is

anticipated to have insignificant or discountable effects on listed salmonids.

Table 3. Area Calculations

Length/Area to be Dewatered English (metric)

Length of stream with suitable thermal regime 0.3 miles (480m)

Average width of stream channel 20ft (6.1m)

Approximate area of pond with suitable thermal regime

Total area of suitable habitat to be dewatered

0.3 acres (1,221m2)

1.03 acres (4,150m2)

Table 4. Anticipated Impact to LCR Chinook, coho, and steelhead and CR bull trout

Species Anticipated to be Handled Anticipated Mortality

Chinook Salmon 5310

0

31

Coho Salmon 3,100 310

Steelhead Trout 1,550 155


Construction activities include the use of heavy equipment, chainsaws, and helicopters. Because

no suitable Northern spotted owl habitat exists at the project site, construction activities within

the project site will not directly affect Northern spotted owl. However, helicopter flight,

operation of chainsaws, and operation of other construction equipment will occur within ¼-mile

of “suitable” and “highly suitable” Northern spotted owl habitat (Figure 2) and therefore have the

potential to cause indirect effects.

Because helicopter use will occur for no more than two days per year after the critical breeding

period has ended, because high levels of ambient noise exist in the action area, and because the

helicopter will fly only along establish transportation corridors, it is anticipated that effects from

helicopter use will be insignificant. Additionally, during this period, adult and juvenile spotted

owls will be less dependent on nest sites; though noise from helicopters or other construction

activities could disturb spotted owls, if adults were flushed, juveniles would be able to follow the

adults or avoid the disturbance themselves (USFWS 2012).

Thraikill (2007) defines the non-critical breeding season disruption distance for chainsaws and

heavy equipment as 0ft, therefore effects from chainsaw use will be discountable or insignificant.

No other effects to Northern spotted owl are anticipated to occur as a result of the proposed

action.


9. Determination of Effect

Guidelines for determining the effects from an action state that a determination of “may affect,

not likely to adversely affect” is “the appropriate conclusion when the effects on the species or

critical habitat are expected to be beneficial, discountable, or insignificant. Beneficial effects

have “contemporaneous positive effects without any adverse effects to the species or habitat.”

Insignificant effects relate to the size of the impact and should never reach the scale where take

occurs while discountable effects are those extremely unlikely to occur. A determination of

“may affect, likely to adversely affect” is “the appropriate conclusion if any adverse effect to

listed species or critical habitat may occur as a direct or indirect result of the proposed action or

its interrelated or interdependent actions.” A determination of “no effect” is only appropriate “if

the proposed action will literally have no effect whatsoever on the species and/or critical habitat,

not a small effect or an effect that is unlikely to occur.”

The following federally listed species may be found at, or near, the project site:

Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha):

o Upper Columbia River Spring-run ESU – federally endangered

o Snake River Spring/Summer-run ESU – federally threatened

o Snake River Fall-run ESU – federally threatened


Steelhead trout (O. mykiss)

o Upper Columbia River DPS – federally threatened

o Snake River Basin DPS – federally threatened

o Middle Columbia River DPS – federally threatened

o Lower Columbia River DPS – federally threatened

Coho salmon (O. kisutch)


Sockeye salmon (O. nerka)

o Snake River ESU – federally endangered

Chum salmon (O. keta)

o Columbia River ESU – federally threatened

Bull trout (Salvelinus confluentus) – federally threatened

Pacific eulachon (Thaleichthys pacificus)

o Southern DPS – federally threatened

Northern spotted owl - (Strix occidentalis caurina) – federally threatened

A summary of the effects determinations is found in the Table 5.

9.1 Effects to Species and Critical Habitat – LCR Chinook, Steelhead and Coho

After evaluating the proposed actions and their potential effects, the USFS concludes that habitat

restoration activities proposed for the Horsetail Creek Floodplain Restoration Project may cause

short-term adverse effects to the federally listed LCR Chinook Salmon ESU, LCR Steelhead

DPS, and LCR Coho Salmon ESU, as well as designated critical habitat for the LCR Chinook

Salmon ESU and LCR Steelhead DPS. Though the proposed action will benefit these species in

the medium- to long-term, i.e., beginning immediately after construction, construction activities


likely will have short-term adverse impacts (both direct and indirect). Consequently, the USFS

concludes that the appropriate effects determination for these three species, as well as designated

critical habitat for LCR Chinook Salmon ESU and LCR Steelhead DPS, is may affect, likely to

adversely affect. The conservation measures implemented during the proposed action will

minimize the intensity and duration of any project-related effects.

Because of this finding of effect, the USFS requests formal consultation with NMFS in

accordance with Section 7 of the ESA.

The effect determination of may affect, likely to adversely affect also would apply to LCR

Coho Salmon ESU critical habitat should it be designated within the action area prior to

completion of the proposed action (critical habitat for this species is currently under

development).

Because of this finding, the USFS requests formal conference with NMFS in accordance

with Section 7 of the ESA.

9.2 Effects to Species and Critical Habitat – Chum salmon, Up-river ESUs, Pacific

Eulachon

The following species are highly unlikely to be found within the project site during construction

of in-water activities, and critical habitat is not designated within the project site. However,

critical habitat for these species is located in the action area (the mainstem Columbia River), and

individuals may be found in the mainstem Columbia River during construction. For these

reasons, the USFS concludes that habitat restoration activities proposed for this project will have

insignificant and/or discountable effects on these species and their critical habitat.

Columbia River Chum Salmon ESU

Upper Columbia River Spring-run Chinook Salmon USE

Snake River Spring/Summer-run Chinook Salmon

Snake River Fall-run Chinook Salmon ESU

Upper Columbia River Steelhead ESU

Snake River Steelhead ESU

Middle Columbia River Steelhead ESU

Snake River Sockeye Salmon ESU

Pacific eulachon

Therefore, the USFS concludes that the appropriate effect determination for these species and

their critical habitat is may affect, not likely to adversely affect. The conservation measures

implemented during the proposed action will minimize the intensity and duration of any project-

related effects.

9.3 Effects to Species and Critical Habitat – Bull trout and Northern spotted owl

Bull trout and Northern spotted owl are highly unlikely to be found within the project site during

construction of in-water activities, and critical habitat is not designated within the project site.

However, critical habitat for these species is located in the action area (the mainstem Columbia

River for bull trout and forested habitat within ½-mile of the southern project boundary for

Northern spotted owl), and individuals may be found in their respective action areas during


construction. For these reasons, the USFS concludes that habitat restoration activities proposed

for this project will have insignificant and/or discountable effects on these species and bull trout

critical habitat. The proposed action will have no effect on Northern spotted owl critical habitat.

The USFS concludes that the appropriate effect determination for Northern spotted owl is may

affect, not likely to adversely affect and no effect for Northern spotted owl critical habitat. The

USFS concludes that the appropriate effect determination for bull trout and their critical habitat

is may affect, not likely to adversely affect.

Because of this finding of effect, the USFS requests informal consultation with USFWS in

accordance with Section 7 of the ESA.

Table 5. Summary of Effects Determinations

Species ESA Status Effects to Species Effects to Critical

Habitat


Chinook Salmon ESU

Threatened Likely to adversely

affect

Likely to adversely

affect


Spring-run Chinook

Salmon ESU


adversely affect


affect

Snake River

Spring/Summer-run

Chinook Salmon ESU


adversely affect


affect

Snake River Fall-run

Chinook Salmon ESU


adversely affect


affect


Steelhead DPS


affect

Likely to adversely

affect


Steelhead DPS


adversely affect


affect

Snake River Steelhead

DPS


adversely affect


affect

Middle Columbia River

Steelhead DPS


adversely affect


affect


Coho Salmon ESU


affect

Not applicable (Likely

to adversely affect

should critical habitat

be designated)

Columbia River Chum

Salmon ESU


adversely affect


affect

Snake River Sockeye

Salmon ESU


adversely affect


affect

Pacific Eulachon Threatened Not likely to

adversely affect


affect

Bull Trout Threatened Not likely to

adversely affect


affect

Northern Spotted Owl Threatened Not likely to

adversely affect

No effect


10. Essential Fish Habitat

Public Law 104-267, the Sustainable Fisheries Act of 1996, amended the Magnuson-Stevens

Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) to establish new requirements for Essential

Fish Habitat (EFH) descriptions in Federal fishery management plans and to require Federal

agencies to consult with NMFS on activities that may adversely affect EFH. EFH means those

waters and substrate necessary to fish for spawning, breeding, feeding, or growth to maturity.

The Pacific Fisheries Management Council (PFMC) has recommended an EFH designation for

the Pacific salmon fishery that would include those waters and substrate necessary to ensure the

production needed to support a long-term sustainable fishery (i.e., properly functioning habitat

conditions necessary for the long-term survival of the species through the full range of

environmental variation) (PFMC 1999).

The Magnuson-Stevens Act requires consultation for all actions that may adversely affect EFH,

and it does not distinguish between actions in EFH and actions outside EFH. Any reasonable

attempt to encourage the conservation of EFH must take into account actions that occur outside

EFH, such as upstream and upslope activities that may have an adverse effect on EFH.

Therefore, EFH consultation with NMFS is required by federal agencies undertaking, permitting,

or funding activities that may adversely affect EFH, regardless of its location.

The consultation requirements of section 305(b) of the Magnuson-Stevens Act (16 U.S.C.

1855(b)) provide that:

Federal agencies must consult with NMFS on all actions, or proposed actions, authorized,

funded, or undertaken by the agency, that may adversely affect EFH.

NMFS will provide conservation recommendations for any federal or state activity that

may adversely affect EFH.

Federal agencies will, within 30 days after receiving conservation recommendations from

NMFS, provide a detailed response in writing to NMFS regarding the conservation

recommendations. The response will include a description of measures proposed by the

agency for avoiding, mitigating, or offsetting the impact of the activity on EFH. In the

case of a response that is inconsistent with the conservation recommendations of NMFS,

the federal agency will explain its reasons for not following the recommendations.

Identification of Essential Fish Habitat

Salmonid EFH includes all streams, lakes, ponds, wetlands, and other water bodies currently or

historically accessible to salmon in Washington, Oregon, Idaho, and California, except above the

impassable barriers identified by PFMC (PFMC 1999). Salmonid EFH excludes areas upstream

of longstanding naturally impassable barriers (i.e., natural waterfalls in existence for several

hundred years). In the estuarine and marine areas, proposed designated salmon EFH extends

from the nearshore and tidal submerged environments within state territorial waters out to the

full extent of the exclusive economic zone (EEZ), 370.4 kilometers (230.2 miles) offshore of

Washington, Oregon, and California north of Point Conception (PFMC, 1999).

During the lifetime of the proposed project, coho and Chinook salmon will be within the project

area and action area, therefore the portions of Horsetail Creek, Oneonta Creek, the eastern

slough, and the Columbia River affected by the proposed project constitute EFH. Table 6

identifies by species the life stages that are found in these waterbodies.


Table 6. Species of Salmonids and Possible Life Stages with Designated Essential Fish Habitat

near the action area.

Life Stage

Species Spawning/Egg

Juvenile

Rearing

Migration

(Adult/Juvenile)

Fresh/Salt Water

Acclimatization

Coho Salmon X X X

Chinook Salmon X X

Identification of Essential Fish Habitat

Although the Horsetail Creek Floodplain Restoration Project will provide medium- and long-

term beneficial impacts for fish and wildlife species, in the short-term, the proposed project

“may affect, is likely to adversely affect” juvenile salmonid rearing and migration habitat,

adult salmonid holding and migration habitat, surface and groundwater flow interactions, and

water quality for Chinook salmon and coho salmon during a short time period. Although

conservation measures and other considerations outlined in this BA will avoid, minimize, or

otherwise offset potential adverse effects to EFH in the proposed action area, negative effects

will likely be realized in the short-term.


11. References

Bisson, P.A., and R.E. Bilby, 1982. Avoidance of Suspended Sediment by Juvenile Coho

Salmon. North American Journal of Fisheries Management, 4:371-374.

Christy, J.A. 2010. Interpretation of General Land Office land survey notes for Horsetail Creek

bottomland, Columbia River Gorge, Multnomah County, Oregon.

Cyrus, D.P., and S.J.M. Blaber, 1987a. The Influence of Turbidity on Juvenile Marine Fishes in

Estuaries. Part 1: Field Studies at Lake St. Lucia on the Southeastern Coast of Africa.

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 109:53-70.

Cyrus, D.P., and S.J.M. Blaber, 1987b. The Influence of Turbidity on Juvenile Marine Fishes in

Estuaries. Part 2: Laboratory Studies, Comparisons with Field Data and Conclusions. Journal

of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology, 109:71-91.

Gustafson, R.G., M.J. Ford, D. Teel, and J.S. Drake. 2010. Status review of eulachon

(Thaleichthys pacificus) in Washington, Oregon, and California. U.S. Dept. Commerce,

NOAA Tech. Memo. NMFS-NWFSC-105, 360 p.

Hay, D. E., and McCarter, P. B. 2000. Status of the eulachon Thaleichthys pacificus in Canada.

Department of Fisheries and Oceans Canada, Canadian Stock Assessment Secretariat,

Research Document 2000-145. Ottawa, Ontario.

Inter-Fluve, Inc and Lower Columbia River Estuary Partnership 2010. Horsetail Creek Site

Habitat Enhancement Feasibility and Alternatives Analysis Study Report.

Jones, K. L., K. E. Marcoe, C. A. Simenstad, M. F. Ramirez, J. L. Burke, J. E. O’Connor, T. D.

Counihan, I. R. Waite, A. B. Borde, S. A. Zimmerman, N. K. Sather, R. M. Thom, J. L.

Morace, L. L. Johnson, P.M. Chittaro, K. H. Macneale, O. P. Olson, S. Y. Sol, D. J. Teal,

G.M. Ylitalo, and L. K. Johnson. 2008. Lower Columbia River Ecosystem Monitoring

Project Annual Report for Year 5 (September 2007 to August 2008). Prepared by the

Lower Columbia River Estuary Partnership for the Bonneville Power Administration.

National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS). 1996. Making Endangered Species Act

Determinations of Effect for Individual or Grouped Actions at the Watershed Scale.

Environmental and Technical Services Division, Habitat Conservation Branch.

ODEQ. 2003. OAR 340-041-0028. Summary of Oregon’s 2003 Temperature Criteria. Available

at: http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/wqrules/Div041/OAR340Div041.pdf.

Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife (ODFW). 2009. Unpublished Spawning Survey Data

Provided by Matt Weeber on December 10, 2009.

Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC). 1999. Amendment 14 to the Pacific Coast

http://www.deq.state.or.us/wq/wqrules/Div041/OAR340Div041.pdf


Salmon Plan. Appendix A: Description and Identification of Essential Fish Habitat,

Adverse Impacts and Recommended Conservation Measures for Salmon (August 1999).

PFMC, Portland, Oregon.

Servizi, J.A., 1988. Sublethal Effects of Dredged Sediments on Juvenile Salmon. C.A.

Simenstad, editor. Effects of Dredging on Anadromous Pacific Coast Fishes. University

of Washington, Seattle.

Sol, Sean Y., O. Paul Olson, Kate H. Macneale, Paul Chittaro, and Lyndal. L. Johnson. 2008.

Summary of Results of the Fish Monitoring Component of the Lower Columbia River

Effectiveness Monitoring Project 2007-2008.







Spence, B.C., G.A. Lomnicky, R.M. Hughes, and R.P. Novitzki, 1996. An ecosystem approach

to salmonid conservation. TR-4501-96-6057. ManTech Environmental Research Services

Corp. Corvallis, Oregon.

StreamNet. 2012. Pacific Northwest Interactive Mapper. Accessed in January 2012.

www.streamnet.org.

Thraikill, Jim. 2007. Noise Harassment and Potential Effects to Northern Spotted Owl. Draft

Guidance for Oregon Fish and Wildlife Office. 27pp.

United States Department of Agriculture Soil Conservation Service (USDA). 1983. Soil Survey

of Multnomah County, Oregon.

United States Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS). 2012. Action Area for Northern spotted owl.

Provided by Kathy Roberts on January 19, 2012.

USFS (United States Department of Agriculture, United States Forest Service). 2008. Record of

Decision and Finding of Non-Significant Forest Plan Amendment for the Site-Specific

Invasive Plant Treatments for Mt. Hood National Forest and Columbia River Gorge

National Scenic Area in Oregon, including Forest Plan Amendment #16.

Washington Department of Fish and Wildlife (WDFW) and Oregon Department of Fish

and Wildlife (ODFW). 2001. Washington and Oregon eulachon management plan.

Whitman, R.P., T.P. Quinn, and E.L. Brannon, 1982. Influence of Suspended Volcanic Ash on

Homing Behavior of Adult Chinook Salmon. Transactions of the American Fisheries

Society, 111:63-69.

http://www.streamnet.org/


NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE BIOLOGICAL OPINION

UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF COMMERCE National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration NATIONAL MARINE FISHERIES SERVICE Northwest Region 7600 Sand Point Way N.E., Bldg. 1 Seattle, WA 98115

Refer to NMFS No.: 2007/07790 February 22, 2008 Mr. Lawrence Evans U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District P.O. Box 2946 Portland, Oregon 97208-2946 Mr. Robert Willis U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District ATTN: Mr. Kim Larson P.O. Box 2946 Portland, Oregon 97208-2946 Re: Endangered Species Act Section 7 Formal and Informal Programmatic Opinion and

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act Essential Fish Habitat Consultation for Revisions to Standard Local Operating Procedures for Endangered Species to Administer Stream Restoration and Fish Passage Improvement Actions Authorized or Carried Out by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in Oregon (SLOPES IV Restoration).

Dear Mr. Evans and Mr. Willis: The enclosed document contains a formal and informal programmatic opinion (Opinion) prepared by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) pursuant to section 7(a)(2) of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) on the effects of implementing a proposed revision to the standard local operating procedures used by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (Corps), to authorize or carry out stream restoration activities and fish passage improvement actions in Oregon (SLOPES IV Restoration). This action is in accordance with the Corps’ regulatory and civil works authorities under section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899, section 404 of the Clean Water Act of 1972, and sections 1135, 206, and 536 of the Water Resources Development Acts of 1986, 1996, and 2000, respectively. Actions covered in this Opinion are modified from those analyzed in the biological opinion issued on November, 2004, as summarized in the consultation history section of the Opinion. In this Opinion, NMFS concludes that the proposed action is not likely to adversely affect southern green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris); critical habitat has not yet been proposed for this species. Moreover, the proposed action is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of the Lower Columbia River (LCR) Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), Upper Willamette River (UWR) spring-run Chinook salmon, Upper Columbia River (UCR) spring-run Chinook salmon, Snake River (SR) spring/summer run Chinook salmon, SR fall-run Chinook salmon, Columbia

River chum salmon (O. keta), LCR coho salmon (O. kisutch), Oregon Coast coho salmon, Southern Oregon/Northern California coho salmon, SR sockeye salmon (O. nerka), LCR steelhead (O. mykiss), UWR steelhead, Middle Columbia River steelhead, UCR steelhead, or Snake River Basin steelhead, and is not likely to result in the destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat designated for each of the above listed species, with the exception of LCR coho salmon, for which critical habitat has not yet been proposed. As required by section 7 of the ESA, this Opinion includes reasonable and prudent measures with terms and conditions that are necessary to minimize the impact of incidental take associated with this action. The action agency and applicant, if any, must comply with these terms and conditions for exemption from the prohibition against taking in section 7(o) to apply. This document also presents the results of our consultation on the proposal=s effect on essential fish habitats (EFH) pursuant to section 305(b) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA), and includes four conservation recommendations to avoid, minimize, or otherwise offset likely adverse effects to EFH. Section 305(b)(4)(B) of the MSA requires Federal agencies to provide a detailed written response to NMFS within 30 days after receiving these recommendations. If the response is inconsistent with the recommendations, the action agency must explain why the recommendations will not be followed, including the justification for any disagreements over the effects of the action and the recommendations. In response to increased oversight of overall EFH program effectiveness by the Office of Management and Budget, NMFS established a quarterly reporting requirement to determine how many conservation recommendations are provided as part of each EFH consultation and how many are adopted by the action agency. Therefore, we request that in your statutory reply to the EFH portion of this consultation, you clearly identify the number of conservation recommendations accepted. If you have any questions regarding this consultation, please contact Marc Liverman at 503-231-2336 or Ben Meyer at 503-230-5425, of my staff in the Oregon State Habitat Office.

Sincerely,

D. Robert Lohn Regional Administrator

cc: Federal Highways Administration Natural Resources Conservation Service U.S. Environmental Protection Agency

U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Oregon Department of Environmental Quality Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife Oregon Department of Parks and Recreation Oregon Department of State Lands Oregon Department of Transportation Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board

Endangered Species Act - Section 7 Formal and Informal

Programmatic Opinion

&

Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act

Essential Fish Habitat Consultation Revisions to Standard Local Operating Procedures for Endangered Species to Administer Stream

Restoration and Fish Passage Improvement Activities Authorized or Carried Out by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in the Oregon (SLOPES IV Restoration)

Agency: U.S. Army Corps of Engineers,

Portland District, Operations and Regulatory Branches Consultation Conducted By: National Marine Fisheries Service, Northwest Region Date Issued: February 22, 2008 Issued by: ________________

D. Robert Lohn Regional Administrator

Refer to: 2007/07790

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TABLE OF CONTENTS INTRODUCTION .......................................................................................................................... 1

Background and Consultation History................................................................................ 1 Proposed Action.................................................................................................................. 4 Proposed Design Criteria .................................................................................................... 6 Types of Actions ............................................................................................................... 11 Action Area....................................................................................................................... 14

ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT.................................................................................................. 15

Status of the Species and Critical Habitats ........................................................... 16 Environmental Baseline for the Action Area........................................................ 41 Effects of the Action ............................................................................................. 42 Cumulative Effects................................................................................................ 50 Conclusion ............................................................................................................ 52 Reinitiation of Consultation.................................................................................. 54

Incidental Take Statement ................................................................................................ 54 Amount or Extent of Take .................................................................................... 54 Reasonable and Prudent Measures ....................................................................... 56 Terms and Conditions ........................................................................................... 56

MAGNUSON-STEVENS FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT ACT .......... 57

EFH Conservation Recommendations.............................................................................. 58 Statutory Response Requirement...................................................................................... 59 Supplemental Consultation ............................................................................................... 59

DATA QUALITY ACT DOCUMENTATION AND PRE-DISSEMINATION REVIEW......... 59 LITERATURE CITED ................................................................................................................. 61 Appendix A:E-mail Guidelines & SLOPES IV-Restoration Action Notification Form.............. 71 Appendix B:SLOPES IV Programmatic-Restoration Action Completion Form ......................... 75 Appendix C:SLOPES IV Programmatic – Restoration Salvage Reporting Form........................ 76

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INTRODUCTION This document contains a formal and informal programmatic opinion (Opinion) and incidental take statement prepared in accordance with section 7(b) of the Endangered Species Act (ESA) of 1973, as amended (16 U.S.C. 1531, et seq.), and implementing regulations at 50 CFR 402. The National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) also completed an essential fish habitat (EFH) consultation, prepared in accordance with section 305(b)(2) of the Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act (MSA) (16 U.S.C. 1801, et seq.) and implementing regulations at 50 CFR 600. The docket file for this consultation is available at the Oregon State Habitat Office in Portland, Oregon. Background and Consultation History The U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, Portland District (Corps), propose to revise the AStandard Local Operating Procedures for Endangered Species@ (SLOPES). “SLOPES” refers to the process and criteria that the Corps uses to guide the administration of activities regulated under section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 (RHA) and section 404 of the Clean Water Act of 1972 (CWA), or carried out by the Corps as part of civil works programs authorized by sections 1135, 206, and 536 of the Water Resources Development Acts of 1986, 1996, and 2000, respectively (WRDA), in areas occupied by ESA-listed salmon and steelhead or their designated critical habitats. Section 10 of the RHA requires authorization from the Secretary of the Army for the creation of any structure, excavation, or fill within the limits defined for navigable waters of the United States, if the structure or work will affect the course, location, or condition of the waterbody. The law applies to any dredging or disposal of dredged material, excavation, filling, channelization, or any other modification of a navigable water of the United States, and applies to all structures, from the smallest floating dock to the largest commercial undertaking. It further includes, without limitation, any wharf, dolphin, weir, boom, breakwater, jetty, groin, bank stabilization, mooring structures (such as pilings), aerial or subaqueous power transmission lines, intake or outfall pipes, permanently moored floating vessel, tunnel, artificial canal, boat ramp, aids to navigation, and any other permanent or semi-permanent obstacle or obstruction. Section 404 of the CWA requires authorization from the Secretary of the Army, acting through the Corps, for the discharge of dredged or fill material into all waters of the United States, including adjacent wetlands. Discharges of fill material generally include, without limitation, any placement of fill that is necessary for construction of any type of structure, development, property protection, reclamation, or other work involving the discharge of fill or dredged material. A Corps permit is required whether the work is permanent or temporary. Examples of temporary discharges included dewatering of dredged material before final disposal, and temporary fills for access roadways, cofferdams, storage, and work areas. Section 1135 of WRDA authorizes the Corps to modify the structure or operation of a Corps project to restore or improve environmental quality and ecosystem functions impaired by that project, provided that the modification does not conflict with the authorized project purposes. Section 206 of WRDA expands this authority to cover construction of projects for the restoration

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and protection of aquatic ecosystems unrelated to an existing Corps facility. Section 536 of WRDA authorizes studies and ecosystem restoration actions in the Lower Columbia River and Tillamook Bay. The Corps has environmental restoration programs in place, in Oregon, that are authorized by these authorities and are intended to restore habitat for ESA-listed salmon and steelhead. Nearly all anadromous fish-bearing streams within the Corps’ jurisdiction are occupied by ESA-listed salmon and steelhead and designated as EFH for Chinook salmon and coho salmon. Individual ESA and EFH consultation for permits within these streams results in a substantial workload for both the Corps and NMFS, often with little additional benefit to the species. Many of these activities are minor and repetitive in nature, and consultation on them has resulted in the imposition of similar conditions for regulatory approval. Since March 21, 2001, the Portland District has used SLOPES, as described in a series of programmatic biological opinions,1 to guide its review of individual permit requests under section 10 of the RHA and section 404 of the CWA, including requests for authorization of activities under the Corp’s nationwide permit 27 (NWP-27 “Aquatic Habitat Restoration, Establishment, and Enhancement”). “Habitat restoration activity” is defined by NMFS to mean an activity that has the sole objective of restoring natural aquatic or riparian conditions or processes (50 CFR 222.102). In 2003, the use of SLOPES was expanded to include the Portland District’s restoration actions under WRDA. The Corps uses SLOPES to evaluate applications for stream and wetland restoration actions that are within the range of ESA-listed salmon and steelhead. Applications for actions that the Corps finds to be within the range of effects considered in the most recent SLOPES biological opinion are issued a permit with corresponding conditions; applications that are not found to be within this range of effects are submitted to NMFS for additional, site-specific ESA and EFH consultation. Under SLOPES, the Corps is required to provide an annual monitoring report. The report is intended to be a summary of action data and a description of program participation, the quality of supporting analyses, monitoring information, compensatory mitigation provided by applicants, and recommendations to improve the effectiveness of the program. Between 2001 and 2006, the

1 Programmatic Biological Opinion B 15 Categories of Activities Requiring Department of the Army Permits. (refer to:OSB2001-0016) (March 21, 2001); Programmatic Biological Opinion and Magnuson-Stevens Act Essential Fish Habitat Consultation for Standard Local Operating Procedures for Endangered Species (SLOPES) for Certain Activities Requiring Department of Army Permits in Oregon and the North Shore of the Columbia River (refer to OHB2001-0016-PEC) (June 14, 2002); Letter from D. Robert Lohn, NOAA Fisheries, to Lawrence Evans and Thomas Mueller, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (August 14, 2002) (Amending Terms and Conditions for SLOPES, issued June 14, 2002); Programmatic Biological Opinion and Magnuson-Stevens Act Essential Fish Habitat Consultation for Standard Local Operating Procedures for Endangered Species (SLOPES II) for Certain Regulatory and Operations Activities Carried Out by the Department of Army Permits in Oregon and the North Shore of the Columbia River (refer to: 2003/00850) (July 8, 2003); Programmatic Biological Opinion and Conference Opinion and Magnuson-Stevens Fishery Conservation and Management Act Essential Fish Habitat Consultation for Revised Standard Local Operating Procedures for Endangered Species (SLOPES III) to Administer Certain Activities Authorized or Carried Out by the Department of the Army in the State of Oregon and on the North Shore of the Columbia River (refer to: 2004/01043) (November 30, 2004).

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Corps used SLOPES to issue 106 permits for stream and wetland restoration, mostly in the Willamette/Lower Columbia and coastal areas (Table 1). Table 1. Number of stream and wetland restoration permits issued by the Corps using

SLOPES, by geographic area and year (n=118).2

Geographic Area 2001 N=0

2002 n=8

2003 n=23

2004 n=41

2005 n=18

2006 n=28

Willamette/Lower Columbia n=53 0 6 12 17 11 13

Interior Columbia n=7 0 1 0 6 1 2

Oregon Coast n=21 0 1 6 6 2 7

Southern Oregon/Northern California Coasts n=25 0 0 5 12 4 6

By design, SLOPES provides a focus for discussion between NMFS, the Corps, and applicants regarding ways to reduce or remove the adverse effects of regulated actions on ESA-listed salmon and steelhead, designated critical habitat, and EFH. The delivery of technical assistance for administration of individual actions under SLOPES, interagency training in the use of SLOPES, the SLOPES annual review process, and many individual consultations which are beyond the range of actions authorized by SLOPES, have all been informed by previous SLOPES opinions, and thus helped to ensure that SLOPES will continue to be adaptive, accountable, and credible as a conservation and regulatory tool. Over the years, the Federal Highway Administration, Natural Resources Conservation Service, Oregon Department of Environmental Quality, Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Oregon Department of Transportation, Oregon Division of State Lands, Oregon Marine Board, Oregon Watershed Enhancement Board, Oregon Public Ports Association, the City of Portland, various port authorities, and others with a substantial and recurrent stake in the Corps= regulatory program have each made major contributions to the development of SLOPES.3 In some cases, requests by those action agencies for a separate programmatic consultation have been collected into SLOPES. This was possible because the Corps consented to act as the lead agency for consultation, and the SLOPES Opinion already encompassed analyses of effects of those actions and corresponding measures to minimize take, or could be easily expanded to do so

2 In January, 2006, NMFS announced that the Oregon Coast coho salmon did not warrant listing under the ESA (71 FR 3033; Jan. 19, 2006). Nonetheless, much of this area is still designated as EFH for coho and Chinook salmon. Thus, pursuant to EFH conservation recommendations from NMFS, the Corps continues to apply SLOPES-type conditions to permits for actions within this area that otherwise meet requirements of the SLOPES opinion. On October 9, 2007, the Oregon District Court issued an order in the case of Trout Unlimited, et al. v. Lohn, No. CV-06-1493-ST (D. Or. July 13, 2007) that reversed NMFS’ decision and restored the status of OC coho salmon as proposed for listing as threatened. 3 See e.g., Letter from Lawrence C. Evans, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, to Michael Crouse, NMFS, (December 26, 2002) (requesting programmatic consultation for maintenance and restoration activities conducted by port authorities and commercial/industrial organizations); NMFS (2003).

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(e.g., activities related to geological drilling and surveying; maintenance of boat docks, commercial marinas, ports, and roads; regulatory streamlining; stream and wetland restoration). This helped to ensure that SLOPES is based on the highest quality scientific information and strong, collaborative partnerships, and will continue to yield the highest degree of conservation effectiveness and regulatory efficiency. In this way, NMFS and the Corps have examined the shared characteristics of many regulatory actions with similar effects and identified those types of actions for which short-term environmental effects are likely to be low intensity, repetitive, and predictable, and for which long-term effects are likely to contribute to the recovery of listed species. These individual actions also have similar requirements for regulatory approval and, beyond confirmation that each action meets applicable constraints on design and the use of conservation practices, would not reward additional analysis or deliberation with further conservation benefits. NMFS and the Corps have used this information in SLOPES to set clear expectations and achieve consistent outcomes that, with other important regulatory initiatives, have significantly reduced conflict over listed species and regulatory actions, thus improving public relations and creating new opportunities for further advances in listed species conservation. The broad scope of the Corps= regulatory program, the rapid pace at which interested parties have gained and shared practical experience using SLOPES, and the need to assure adequate oversight in light of evolving ESA policies often require the Corps to adjust the actions authorized by SLOPES. Moreover, many requests by the Corps and various applicants for assistance regarding the use of SLOPES for actions related to stream and wetland restoration, streambank stabilization, transportation, and over and in-water structures, led NMFS to conclude that SLOPES can be better managed if these categories are addressed in separate opinions. This will allow these consultation documents to be more focused on specific consultation needs, rather than dependent on reissuance of the entire opinion in its present form. Accordingly, on December 5, 2007, the Corps requested reinitiation of SLOPES for actions related to stream and wetland restoration to reflect the ongoing process of SLOPES management, and new information regarding the status of listed species and critical habitats. Future SLOPES opinions will address actions related to roads and bridges, over and in-water structures, bank stabilization, and miscellaneous waterway alterations that, until now, have been combined in a single opinion. Proposed Action For this consultation, the proposed action is a revision of SLOPES that the Corps uses to guide the permitting of stream restoration and fish passage activities regulated under section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 and section 404 of the Clean Water Act, including NWP27, or that are carried out by the Corps as part of civil works programs authorized by sections 206, 536, and 1135 of the Water Resources Development Act. Use of the revised SLOPES will ensure that the Corp’s regulatory oversight of these habitat restoration actions will continue to meet requirements of the ESA and MSA with procedures that are simpler to use, more efficient, and more accountable for all parties.

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The Corps is proposing to use SLOPES IV Restoration to authorize nine categories of action related to stream restoration and fish passage, specifically: 1. Boulder Placement to increase habitat diversity and complexity, improve flow

heterogeneity, provide substrate for aquatic vertebrates, moderate flow disturbances, and provide refuge for fish during high flows by placing large boulders in stream beds where similar natural rock has been removed.

2. Fish Passage Restoration to improve fish passage by installing or improving step weirs,

fish ladders, or lamprey ramps at an existing facility, or replacing or improving culverts. 3. Spawning Gravel Restoration to improve spawning substrate by compensating for an

identified loss of a natural gravel supply. 4. Large Wood Restoration to increase coarse sediment storage, habitat diversity and

complexity, retain gravel for spawning habitat, improve flow heterogeneity, provide long-term nutrient storage and substrate for aquatic macroinvertebrates, moderate flow disturbances, increase retention of leaf litter, and provide refuge for fish during high flows by placing large wood in areas where natural wood accumulations have been removed.

5. Off- and Side-Channel Habitat Restoration to reconnect stream channels with

floodplains, increase habitat diversity and complexity, improve flow heterogeneity, provide long-term nutrient storage and substrate for aquatic macroinvertebrates, moderate flow disturbances, increase retention of leaf litter, and provide refuge for fish during high flows by restoring or modifying hydrologic and other essential habitat features of historical river floodplain swales, abandoned side channels, and floodplain channels.

6. Piling Removal to improve water quality by eliminating chronic sources of toxic

contamination. 7. Set-back Existing Berms, Dikes, and Levees to reconnect stream channels with

floodplains, increase habitat diversity and complexity, moderate flow disturbances, and provide refuge for fish during high flows by increasing the distance that existing berms, dikes or levees are set back from active streams or wetlands.

8. Streambank Restoration to restore eroding streambanks by (a) bank shaping and

installation of coir logs or other soil reinforcements as necessary to support riparian vegetation; (b) planting or installing large wood, trees, shrubs, and herbaceous cover as necessary to restore ecological function in riparian and floodplain habitats; or (c) a combination of the above methods.

9. Water Control Structure Removal to reconnect stream corridors, reestablish wetlands,

improve fish passage, and restore more natural channel and flow conditions, by removing earthen embankments, subsurface drainage features, spillway systems, tide gates,

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outfalls, pipes, instream flow redirection structures (e.g., drop structure, gabion, groin), or similar devices used to control, discharge, or maintain water levels.

Proposed Design Criteria The Corps proposed to apply the following design criteria, in relevant part, to every action authorized under this opinion. Measures described under “Administration” apply to the Corps as it manages the SLOPES IV Restoration program. Measures described under “General Construction” apply, in relevant part, to each action that involves a construction component. Measures described under “Types of Action” apply, in relevant part, to each of the actions as described. The Corps will ensure that all other measures apply to each party that is given authorization for, or carries out, an action under SLOPES IV Restoration.

Administration 1. Species presence. The Corps will confirm that each action authorized or carried out

under this Opinion is within the present or historic range of an ESA-listed salmon or steelhead (fish), or designated critical habitat.

2. Corps review. The Corps will individually review and approve each action to ensure that

all adverse effects to fish and their designated critical habitats are within the range of effects considered in this Opinion.

3. NMFS review. The Corps will ensure that each action that involves (a) diversion of

surface water using gravity or by pumping at a rate that exceeds 3 cubic feet per second (cfs); (b) a step weir, fish ladder, or culvert replacement for fish passage restoration; (c) off- and side-channel habitat restoration; (d) set-back of an existing berm, dike or levee; or (e) removal of a water control structure, will also be individually reviewed and approved by NMFS as consistent with this Opinion before that action is authorized. Actions to place boulders, large wood, spawning gravel, or restore streambanks, or to remove pilings, do not require NMFS prior review and approval.

4. Electronic notification. The Corps will initiate NMFS’ review by submitting the

SLOPES IV programmatic implementation form (Appendix A) to NMFS with sufficient detail about the action design and construction to ensure the proposed action is consistent with all provisions of this Opinion. For off- and side-channel habitat restoration actions, set-back of an existing berm, dike or levee; or removal of a water control structure; the notification must include the results of a site assessment for contaminants to identify the type, quantity, and extent of any potential contamination. NMFS will notify the Corps within 30 calendar days if the action is approved or disqualified. The Corps will use the NMFS Public Consultation Tracking System-Consultation Initiation and Reporting System (CIRS) to submit this form when the online system becomes available. Until CIRS is available, submit forms to NMFS by email at this address: [email protected].

5. Site assessment for contaminants. Any action involving off- and side-channel habitat restoration or set-back of an existing berm, dike or levee must include the results of a site

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assessment with the following elements to identify the type, quantity, and extent of any potential contamination: (a) A review of readily available records, such as former site use, building plans, records of any prior contamination events; (b) a site visit to observe the areas used for various industrial processes and the condition of the property; (c) interviews with knowledgeable people, such as site owners, operators, and occupants; neighbors; local government officials; and (d) a report that includes an assessment of the likelihood that contaminants are present at the site.

6. Action completion: regulatory actions. The Corps will require each applicant to submit

an action completion report (Appendix B) to NMFS within 60-days of completing all work below ordinary high water (OHW) with the following information: (a) The Corps contact person and the Corps permit number; (b) the action name; (c) the type of activity; (d) the location of the action site by latitude and longitude (including degrees, minutes, and seconds), and 6th field hydrologic unit code (HUC); (e) start and end dates for the completion of in-water work; (f) photos of habitat conditions before, during, and after action completion; (g) any dates work ceased due to high flows; (h) evidence of compliance with fish screen criteria, as defined below, for any pump used; (i) a summary of the results of pollution and erosion control inspections, including any erosion control failure, contaminant release, and correction effort; (j) the number, type, and diameter of any pilings removed or broken during removal; (k) a description of any riparian area cleared within 150 feet of OWH; (l) the linear feet of bank alteration; (m) a description of site restoration; and (n) a completed fish salvage reporting form from Appendix C for any action that requires fish salvage. The Corps will use CIRS to submit this report when the online system becomes available. Until CIRS is available, the Corps will submit reports to NMFS by email at this address: [email protected].

7. Action completion: civil works actions. The Corps will submit an action completion

report (Appendix B) to NMFS within 60-days of completing all work below ordinary high water (OHW) with the following information: (a) The Corps contact person; (b) the action name; (c) the type of activity; (d) the location of the action site by latitude and longitude (including degrees, minutes, and seconds), and 6th field HUC; (e) start and end dates for the completion of in-water work; (f) photos of habitat conditions before, during, and after action completion; (g) any dates work ceased due to high flows; (h) evidence of compliance with fish screen criteria, as defined below, for any pump used; (i) a summary of the results of pollution and erosion control inspections, including any erosion control failure, contaminant release, and correction effort; (j) the number, type, and diameter of any pilings removed or broken during removal; (k) a description of any riparian area cleared within 150 feet of OWH; (l) the linear feet of bank alteration; (m) a description of site restoration; and (n) a completed fish salvage reporting form from Appendix C for any action that requires fish salvage. The Corps will use CIRS to submit this report when the online system becomes available. Until CIRS is available, the Corps will submit reports to NMFS by email at this address: [email protected].

8. Permit conditions. The Corps will include each applicable design criterion as an

enforceable condition of every permit issued under this Opinion.

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9. WRDA action specifications. The Corps will include each applicable design criterion as a final action specification of every WRDA civil works action carried out under this Opinion.

10. Site access. The Corps will retain the right of reasonable access to the site of actions

authorized using this Opinion to monitor the use and effectiveness permit conditions. 11. Salvage notice. The Corps will include the following notice as part of each permit issued

using this Opinion and, for actions completed by the Corps, provide the notice in writing to the action supervisor.

If a sick, injured or dead specimen of a threatened or endangered species is found, the finder must notify NMFS’ Office of Law Enforcement at 503-231-6240 or 206-526-6133. The finder must take care in handling of sick or injured specimens to ensure effective treatment, and in handling dead specimens to preserve biological material in the best possible condition for later analysis of cause of death. The finder also has the responsibility to carry out instructions provided by the Office of Law Enforcement to ensure that evidence intrinsic to the specimen is not disturbed unnecessarily.

12. Annual program report. The Corps’ Regulatory and Civil Works Branches will each

submit a monitoring report to NMFS by February 15 each year that describes the Corps’ efforts to carry out this Opinion. The report will include an assessment of overall program activity, a map showing the location and type of each action authorized and carried out under this Opinion, and any other data or analyses the Corps deems necessary or helpful to assess habitat trends as a result of actions authorized under this Opinion. The Corps will use CIRS to submit this report when the online system becomes available. Until CIRS is available, the Corps will submit reports to NMFS by email at this address: [email protected].

13. Annual coordination meeting. The Corps’ Regulatory and Civil Works Branches will

each attend an annual coordination meeting with NMFS by March 31 each year to discuss the annual monitoring report and any actions that will improve conservation under this Opinion, or make the program more efficient or more accountable.

14. Reinitiation. If the Corps chooses to continue programmatic coverage under this

Opinion, it will reinitiate consultation within 5 years of the date of issuance.

General Construction 15. Flagging sensitive areas. The action area will be flagged to identify sensitive resource

areas, such as areas below ordinary high water and wetlands. 16. Temporary erosion controls. Temporary erosion controls will be in place before any

significant alteration of the action site is allowed.

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17. Temporary access roads. Temporary access roads will not be built on steep slopes, where grade, soil, or other features suggest a likelihood of excessive erosion or failure; will use existing ways whenever possible; and will minimize soil disturbance and compaction within 150 feet of a stream, waterbody, or wetland. All temporary access roads will be obliterated when the action is completed, the soil will be stabilized and the site will be revegetated. Temporary roads in wet or flooded areas will be restored by the end of the applicable in-water work period.

18. Fish passage. Fish passage must be provided for any adult or juvenile fish present in the

action area during construction, unless passage did not exist before construction. After construction, adult and juvenile passage that meets NMFS fish passage criteria must be provided for the life of the action (NMFS 2008, or most recent version).

19. In-water work period. All work within the wetted channel will be completed during

periods of time listed in the Oregon Guidelines for Timing of In-water Work to Protect Fish and Wildlife Resources (ODFW 2000, or the most recent version), except that the winter work window is not approved for actions in the Willamette River below Willamette Falls. The timing guidelines are available from the Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Wildlife Division, Salem, Oregon. Hydraulic and topographic measurements as part of a restoration action, and large wood restoration, may be completed at any time, provided that the affected area is not occupied by adult fish congregating for spawning or an area where redds are occupied by eggs or pre-emergent alevins.

20. Work area isolation. A work area within the wetted channel will be completely isolated

from the active stream whenever a fish is reasonably certain to be present, or if the work area is 300 feet or less upstream from spawning habitats, except for boulder and large wood restoration actions. When work area isolation is required, a work area isolation plan will be prepared and carried out, commensurate with the scope of the action, that includes the following information: (a) The name, phone number, an address of the person responsible for accomplishing each component of the plan; (b) an estimate of stream flows likely to occur during isolation; (c) a plan view of all isolation elements and fish release areas; (d) a list of equipment and materials necessary to complete the plan, including a fish screen that meets NMFS fish screen criteria (NMFS 1996) for any pump used to dewater the isolation area; (e) and the sequence and schedule of dewatering and rewatering activities.

21. Capture and release. Any fish that may be trapped within the isolated work area will be

captured and released using a trap, seine, electrofishing, or other methods as prudent to minimize the risk of injury, then released at a safe release site. Capture and release will be supervised by a fishery biologist experienced with work area isolation and competent to ensure the safe handling of all fish.

22. Electrofishing. If electrofishing will be used to capture fish for salvage, NMFS’

electrofishing guidelines will be followed (NMFS 2000). Those guidelines are available from the NMFS Northwest Region, Protected Resources Division, Portland, Oregon.

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23. Construction water. Surface water may be diverted to meet construction needs only if

developed sources are unavailable or inadequate, and diversions will not exceed 10% of the available flow rate.

24. Fish screens. NMFS must review and approve fish screens for surface water that is

diverted by gravity or by pumping at a rate that exceeds 3 cfs. All other diversions must have a fish screen that meets the following specifications: (a) An automated cleaning device with a minimum effective surface area of 2.5 square feet per cfs, and a nominal maximum approach velocity of 0.4 feet per second (fps), or no automated cleaning device, a minimum effective surface area of 1 square foot per cfs, and a nominal maximum approach rate of 0.2 fps; and (b) a round or square screen mesh that is no larger than 2.38 mm (0.094”) in the narrow dimension, or any other shape that is no larger than 1.75 mm (0.069”) in the narrow dimension. Each fish screen must be installed, operated, and maintained according to NMFS= fish screen criteria (NMFS 2008, or most recent version).

25. Erosion and pollution control plan. A erosion and pollution control plan will be prepared

and carried out, commensurate with the scope of the action, that includes the following information: (a) The name, phone number, an address of the person responsible for accomplishing the plan; (b) best management practices to confine vegetation and soil disturbance to the minimum area, and minimum length of time, as necessary to complete the action, and otherwise prevent or minimize erosion associated with the action; (c) best management practices to confine, remove, and dispose of construction waste, including every type of debris, discharge water, concrete, cement, grout, washout facility, welding slag, petroleum product, or other hazardous materials generated, used, or stored on-site; (d) procedures to contain and control a spill of any hazardous material generated, used or stored on-site, including notification of proper authorities; and (e) steps to cease work under high flows, except for efforts to avoid or minimize resource damage.

26. Choice of equipment. Heavy equipment will be limited to that with the least adverse

effects on the environment (e.g., minimally-sized, rubber-tired). 27. Vehicle staging and use. All vehicles and other heavy equipment will (a) be stored,

fueled, and maintained in a vehicle staging area placed 150 feet or more from any stream, waterbody or wetland; (b) inspected daily for fluid leaks before leaving the vehicle staging area for operation within 50 feet of any stream, waterbody or wetland; (c) steam cleaned before operation below ordinary high water, and often as necessary during operation to remain grease free.

28. Stationary power equipment. Generators, cranes, and any other stationary equipment

operated within 150 feet of any stream, waterbody or wetland, will be maintained as necessary to prevent leaks and spills from entering the water.

29. Work from top of bank. To the extent feasible, heavy equipment will work from the top

of the bank, unless work from another location would result in less habitat disturbance.

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30. Site restoration. Any large wood, native vegetation, topsoil, and native channel material

displaced by construction will be stockpiled for use during site restoration. When construction is finished, all streambanks, soils, and vegetation will be cleaned up and restored as necessary to renew ecosystem processes that form and maintain productive fish habitats. Fencing will be installed as necessary to prevent access to revegetated sites by livestock or unauthorized persons.

Types of Actions

Boulder Placement4

31. Site selection. Boulder placement will be limited to stream reaches with the following

features: (a) an intact, well-vegetated riparian area, including trees and shrubs where those species would naturally occur, or that are part of riparian area restoration action; and (b) a stream bed that consists predominantly of coarse gravel or larger sediments.

32. Installation. Boulders will be installed as follows: (a) The cross-sectional area of

boulders may not exceed 25% of the cross-sectional area of the low flow channel, or be installed to shift the stream flow to a single flow pattern in the middle or to the side of the stream; (b) boulders will be machine-placed (no end dumping allowed); and (c) permanent anchoring, including rebar or cabling, may not be used. Fish Passage Restoration

33. Step weir, fish ladder, and culvert replacement approval. The Corps will not issue a

permit to install or improve a step weir or fish ladder, or to replace or improve a culvert, until the action has been reviewed and approved by NMFS for consistency with NMFS fish passage criteria (NMFS 2008, or most recent version). Fish passage actions that would not require prior approval must still complete a post-action report.

Large Wood Restoration5

34. Large wood condition. Stabilizing or key pieces of large wood that will be relied on to

provide streambank stability or redirect flows must be intact, hard, and undecayed to partly decaying, and should have untrimmed root wads to provide functional refugia habitat for fish. Use of decayed or fragmented wood found lying on the ground or partially sunken in the ground is not acceptable. Off- and Side-Channel Habitat Restoration6

4 For additional information on design and methods for boulder placement, see “boulder clusters” in WDFW et al. (2004). 5 For additional information on selection of large wood for restoration actions, see stream slope and width dimensions and minimum large wood piece diameters described in Figure 1 in ODF and ODFW (1995, or the most recent version), and for anchoring and placement, see WDFW and Inter-Fluve (2006).

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35. Off- and side-channel habitat approval. The Corps will not issue a permit for off- or side-

channel habitat restoration until the action has been reviewed and approved by NMFS.

Piling Removal 36. Pile removal. The following steps will be used to minimize creosote release, sediment

disturbance, and total suspended solids: (a) Install a floating surface boom to capture floating surface debris; (b) keep all equipment (e.g., bucket, steel cable, vibratory hammer) out of the water, grip piles above the waterline, and complete all work during low water and low current conditions; (c) dislodge the piling with a vibratory hammer, whenever feasible--never intentionally break a pile by twisting or bending; (d) slowly lift the pile from the sediment and through the water column; (e) place the pile in a containment basin on a barge deck, pier, or shoreline without attempting to clean or remove any adhering sediment (a containment basin for the removed piles and any adhering sediment may be constructed of durable plastic sheeting with sidewalls supported by hay bales or another support structure to contain all sediment, and return flow may be directed back to the waterway); (f) fill the holes left by each piling with clean, native sediments; and (g) dispose of all removed piles, floating surface debris, any sediment spilled on work surfaces, and all containment supplies at a permitted upland disposal site.

37. Broken piles. (a) If a pile breaks above the surface of uncontaminated sediment, or less

than 2 feet below the surface, make every attempt short of excavation to remove it entirely. If the pile cannot be removed without excavation, saw the stump off at least 3 feet below the surface of the sediment. (b) If a pile breaks above contaminated sediment, saw the stump off at the sediment line; if a pile breaks within contaminated sediment, make no further effort to remove it and cover the hole with a cap of clean substrate appropriate for the site. (c) If dredging is likely in the area of piling removal, use a global positioning device (GPS) to note the location of all broken piles for future use in site debris characterization. Set-back Existing Berm, Dike, and Levee7

38. Set-back existing berm, dike, and levee approval. The Corps will not issue a permit for

set-back of existing berms, dikes or levees until the action has been reviewed and approved by NMFS.

Spawning Gravel Restoration8

6 For additional information on methods and design considerations for off- and side-channel habitat restoration, see “side channel/off-channel habitat restoration” in WDFW et al. (2004). 7 For additional information on methods and design considerations for levee removal and modification, see “levee removal and modification” in WDFW et al. (2004). 8 For additional information on gravel restoration methods and design, see “salmonid spawning gravel cleaning and placement” in WDFW et al. (2004).

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39. Gravel placement. Gravel augmentation is limited to areas where the natural supply has

been eliminated or significantly reduced through anthropogenic means. 40. Gravel source. Gravel to be placed in streams must be obtained from an upland source

outside of the channel and riparian area (gravel from any instream source is prohibited), sized such that 50% of the gradation becomes mobile at the dominant discharge event, rounded and uncrushed (less than 25% fractured face), and washed before instream placement.

Streambank Restoration9

41. Streambank shaping. Without changing the location of the bank toe, restore damaged

streambanks to a natural slope, pattern, and profile suitable for establishment of permanent woody vegetation.

42. Soil reinforcement. Complete all soil reinforcement earthwork and excavation in the dry.

Use soil layers or lifts that are strengthened with biodegradable fabrics and penetrable by plant roots.

43. Large Wood. Include large wood in each streambank restoration action to the maximum

extent feasible. Large wood must be intact, hard, and undecayed to partly decaying, and should have untrimmed root wads to provide functional refugia habitat for fish. Use of decayed or fragmented wood found lying on the ground or partially sunken in the ground is not acceptable. Wood that is already within the stream or suspended over the stream may be repositioned to allow for greater interaction with the stream.

44. Use of Rock in Streambank Restoration. Rock may not be used for streambank

restoration, except as ballast to stabilize large wood. 45. Planting or installing vegetation. Use a diverse assemblage of species native to the action

area or region, including trees, shrubs, and herbaceous species. Do not use noxious or invasive species.

46. Fertilizer. Do not apply surface fertilizer within 50 feet of any stream channel. 47. Fencing. Install fencing as necessary to prevent access to revegetated sites by livestock

or unauthorized persons.

Water Control Structure Removal

9 For additional information on methods and design for bank shaping; installation of coir logs and soil reinforcements; anchoring and placement of large wood; woody plantings; and herbaceous cover, see WDFW and Inter-Fluve (2006), and “riparian restoration and management” in WDFW et al. (2004).

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48. The Corps will not issue a permit for removal of any water control structure (including an earthen embankment, subsurface drainage feature, spillway system, tide gate, and an instream flow redirection structure, such as a drop structure, gabion, groin) that is used to control, discharge, or maintain water levels, until the action has been reviewed and approved by NMFS.

The NMFS relied on the foregoing description of the proposed action, including all proposed design criteria, to complete this consultation. However, unforeseen occurrences or changed circumstances encountered while carrying out the proposed action may require a significant change in the proposed design, construction methods, or other on-the-ground practices. These changes may, in turn, result in effects of the action which exceed the amount or extent of taking specified in the incidental take statement or otherwise affect listed species or designated critical habitat in ways not previously considered. Therefore, the action agency or other cooperating party must keep NMFS informed of any such changes to ensure that conclusions drawn during consultation remain valid. Action Area “Action area” means all areas to be affected directly or indirectly by the Federal action and not merely the immediate area involved in the action (50 CFR 402.02). For this consultation, the overall action area consists of the combined action areas for each action to be authorized or carried out under this Opinion within the range of ESA-listed salmon or steelhead, designated critical habitat, or designated EFH in Oregon. This includes all upland, riparian and aquatic areas affected by site preparation, construction, and site restoration design criteria at each action site. Individual action areas also include riparian areas, banks, and the stream channel in area extending no more than 300 feet upstream and 300 feet downstream from the action footprint, where aquatic habitat conditions will be temporarily degraded until site restoration is complete. All actions authorized by this Opinion will occur within the jurisdiction of the Portland District in Oregon. The Corps concluded that the proposed action was “likely to adversely affect” Lower Columbia River (LCR) Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), Upper Willamette River spring-run (UWR) Chinook salmon, Upper Columbia River (UCR) spring-run Chinook salmon, Snake River (SR) spring/summer run Chinook salmon, SR fall-run Chinook salmon, Columbia River (CR) chum salmon (O. keta), LCR coho salmon (O. kisutch), Oregon Coast (OC) coho salmon, Southern Oregon/Northern California (SONCC) coho salmon, SR sockeye salmon (O. nerka), LCR steelhead (O. mykiss), UWR steelhead, Middle Columbia River (MCR) steelhead, UCR steelhead, Snake River Basin (SRB) steelhead, and southern green sturgeon (Table 2).

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Table 2. Federal Register notices for final rules that list threatened and endangered species, designate critical habitats, or apply protective regulations to listed species considered in this consultation. Listing status: ‘T’ means listed as threatened under the ESA; ‘E’ means listed as endangered; “P” means proposed for listing or designation.

Species Listing Status Critical Habitat Protective Regulations Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Lower Columbia River T 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 9/02/05; 70 FR 52630 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 Upper Willamette River spring-run T 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 9/02/05; 70 FR 52630 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 Upper Columbia River spring-run E 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 9/02/05; 70 FR 52630 ESA section 9 applies Snake River spring/summer run T 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 10/25/99; 64 FR 57399 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 Snake River fall-run T 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 12/28/93; 58 FR 68543 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 Chum salmon (O. keta) Columbia River T 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 9/02/05; 70 FR 52630 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 Coho salmon (O. kisutch) Lower Columbia River T 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 Not applicable 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 Oregon Coast T 2/11/08; 73 FR 7816 2/11/08; 73 FR 7816 2/11/08; 73 FR 7816 Southern Oregon / Northern California

Coasts T 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 5/5/99; 64 FR 24049 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160

Sockeye salmon (O. nerka) Snake River E 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 12/28/93; 58 FR 68543 ESA section 9 applies Steelhead (O. mykiss) Lower Columbia River T 1/05/06; 71 FR 834 9/02/05; 70 FR 52630 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 Upper Willamette River T 1/05/06; 71 FR 834 9/02/05; 70 FR 52630 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 Middle Columbia River T 1/05/06; 71 FR 834 9/02/05; 70 FR 52630 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 Upper Columbia River E 1/05/06; 71 FR 834* 9/02/05; 70 FR 52630 ESA section 9 applies Snake River Basin T 1/05/06; 71 FR 834 9/02/05; 70 FR 52630 6/28/05; 70 FR 37160 Green sturgeon (Acipenser medirostris) Southern T 4/07/06; 71 FR 17757 Not applicable Not applicable * UCR steelhead was initially listed as an endangered species (6/18/97; 62 FR 43937), status upgraded to threatened (1/5/06; 71 FR 834), then reinstated as endangered status per a decision in U.S. District Court on June 13, 2007 (Trout Unlimited et al. v. Lohn, No. CV06-0483-JCC).

The Opinion also addresses effects to critical habitat designated for LCR Chinook salmon, UWR spring-run Chinook salmon, UCR spring-run Chinook salmon, SR spring/summer run Chinook salmon, SR fall-run Chinook salmon, CR chum salmon, OC coho salmon, SONCC coho salmon, SR sockeye salmon, LCR steelhead, UWR steelhead, MCR steelhead, UCR steelhead and SRB steelhead. Critical habitat has not been proposed or designated for LCR coho salmon, or for southern green sturgeon. The overall action area is also designated as EFH for Pacific Coast groundfish (PFMC 2005), coastal pelagic species (PFMC 1998), and Pacific Coast salmon (PFMC 1999), or is in an area where environmental effects of the proposed action may adversely affect designated EFH for those species.

ENDANGERED SPECIES ACT Section 7(a)(2) of the ESA requires Federal agencies to consult with NMFS to ensure that their actions are not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of endangered or threatened species, or adversely modify or destroy their designated critical habitat. The biological opinion

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(Opinion) that follows records the results of the interagency consultation for this proposed action. An incidental take statement (ITS) is provided after the Opinion that specifies the impact of any taking of threatened or endangered species that will be incidental to the proposed action, reasonable and prudent measures that NMFS considers necessary and appropriate to minimize such impact, and nondiscretionary terms and conditions (including, but not limited to, reporting requirements) that must be complied with by the Federal agency and applicant (if any) to carry out the reasonable and prudent measures. Biological Opinion To complete the jeopardy analysis presented in this Opinion, NMFS reviews the status of each listed species of Pacific salmon and steelhead10 considered in this consultation, the environmental baseline in the action area, the effects of the action, and cumulative effects (50 CFR 402.14(g)). From this analysis, NMFS determines whether effects of the action were likely, in view of existing risks, to appreciably reduce the likelihood of both the survival and recovery of the affected listed species. For the critical habitat adverse modification analysis, NMFS considers the status of the entire designated area of the critical habitat considered in this consultation, the environmental baseline in the action area, the likely effects of the action on the function and conservation role of the affected critical habitat, and cumulative effects. NMFS uses this assessment to determine whether, with implementation of the proposed action, critical habitat would remain functional, or retain the current ability for the primary constituent elements (PCEs) to become functionally established, to serve the intended conservation role for the species.11

Status of the Species and Critical Habitats The summaries that follow describe the status of ESA-listed salmon and steelhead, and their designated critical habitats, that occur within the geographic area of the Corps’ regulatory jurisdiction, and that are likely to be adversely affected by a permit the Corps may issue under this Opinion within the next 5 years for a stream restoration or fish passage improvement action. A summary that describes the status of ESA-listed southern green sturgeon is also included. Information presented in these summaries is based on information presented in a large body of scientific publications and reports, and is the basis for the analyses we present in the Effects of the Action section of this Opinion. More detailed information on the status and trends of these listed resources, and their biology and ecology, can be found in the listing regulations and critical habitat designations published in the Federal Register (Table 2) and in many publications available from the NMFS Northwest Region, Protected Resources Division, Portland, Oregon. 10 An “evolutionarily significant unit” (ESU) of Pacific salmon (Waples 1991), a “distinct population segment” (DPS) of steelhead (71 FR 834; January 5, 2006), and a DPS of sturgeon are all “species” as defined in Section 3 of the ESA. 11 Memorandum from William T. Hogarth to Regional Administrators, Office of Protected Resources, NMFS (November 7, 2005) (Application of the “Destruction or Adverse Modification” Standard Under Section 7(a)(2) of the Endangered Species Act).

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The status of species and critical habitat sections below are organized by recovery domains to better integrate recovery planning information that NMFS is developing on the conservation status of the species and critical habitats considered in this consultation. Recovery domains are the geographically-based areas that NMFS is using to prepare multi-species recovery plans. Southern green sturgeon are under the jurisdiction of NMFS' Southwest Region which has not yet convened a recovery team for this species. The four recovery domains relevant to this consultation and the ESA-listed salmon and steelhead species that reproduce in each domain are shown in Table 3. For this consultation, populations that reproduce in Oregon are also identified as one indication of the importance of the action area to the recovery of these species. However, all populations spawning within the Columbia Basin use the Columbia River mainstem and estuary to complete part of their life history. Table 3. Recovery planning domains identified by NMFS and their ESA-listed salmon and

steelhead species.

Recovery Domain Species LCR Chinook salmon UWR Chinook salmon CR chum salmon LCR coho salmon LCR steelhead

Willamette-Lower Columbia

UWR steelhead UCR spring-run Chinook salmon SR spring/summer Chinook salmon SR fall-run Chinook salmon SR sockeye salmon UCR steelhead MCR steelhead

Interior Columbia

SRB steelhead Oregon Coast OC coho salmon

Southern Oregon Northern California Coasts SONCC coho salmon For each recovery domain, a technical review team (TRT) appointed by NMFS has developed, or is developing, criteria necessary to identify independent salmon populations within each species, recommend viability criteria for that species, and analyze factors that limit species survival. The definition of a population used by each TRT is set forth in the “viable salmonid population” (VSP) document prepared by NMFS for use in conservation assessments of Pacific salmon and steelhead (McElhany et al. 2000). The boundaries of each population are defined using a combination of genetic information, geography, life-history traits, morphological traits, and population dynamics that indicate the extent of reproductive isolation among spawning groups. Understanding population size and spatial extent is critical for the viability analyses, and a necessary step in recovery planning and conservation assessments for any species. If a species consists of multiple populations, the overall viability of that species is a function of the VSP attributes of its constituent populations. Until a viability analysis of a species is completed, the

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VSP guidelines recommend that all populations should be managed to retain the potential to achieve viable status to ensure a rapid start along the road to recovery, and that no significant parts of the species are lost before the full recovery plan is implemented (McElhany et al. 2000). The status of critical habitat was based primarily on a watershed-level analysis of conservation value that focused on the presence of listed ESA-listed salmon and steelhead and the biological and physical features (i.e., the PCEs) that are essential to their conservation. This analysis for the 2005 designations was completed by Critical Habitat Analytical Review Teams (CHARTs) that focused on large geographical areas corresponding approximately to recovery domains (NOAA Fisheries 2005). Each watershed was ranked using a conservation value attributed to the quantity of stream habitat with PCEs, the present condition of those PCEs, the likelihood of achieving PCE potential (either naturally or through active restoration), support for rare or important genetic or life history characteristics, support for abundant populations, and support for spawning and rearing populations. In some cases, our understanding of these interim conservation values has been further refined by the work of TRTs and other recovery planning efforts that have better explained the habitat attributes, ecological interactions, and population characteristics important to each species. Status of the Species. Natural variations in freshwater and marine environments have substantial effects on the abundance of salmon and steelhead populations. Of the various natural phenomena that affect most populations of salmon and steelhead, changes in ocean productivity are generally considered the most important. Salmon and steelhead are exposed to high rates of natural predation, particularly during freshwater rearing and migration stages. Ocean predation probably contributes to significant natural mortality, although the levels of predation are largely unknown. In general, salmon and steelhead are eaten by pelagic fishes, birds, and marine mammals. Over the past few decades, the size and distribution of the salmon and steelhead populations considered in this Opinion, like the other salmon and steelhead that NMFS has listed, generally have declined because of natural phenomena and human activity, including the operation of hydropower systems, over-harvest, hatcheries, and habitat degradation. Enlarged populations of terns, seals, and sea lions in the Pacific Northwest have reduced the survival of some Pacific salmon and steelhead populations. It is likely that climate change will play an increasingly important role in determining the abundance of salmon and steelhead by exacerbating long-term problems related to temperature, stream flow, habitat access, predation, and marine productivity (CIG 2004, Scheuerell and Williams 2005, Zabel et al. 2006, ISAB 2007). Willamette and Lower Columbia (WLC) Recovery Domain. Species in the WLC Recovery Domain include LCR Chinook, UWR Chinook, CR chum, LCR coho, LCR steelhead, and UWR steelhead. The WLC-TRT identified 107 demographically independent populations of those species (Table 4), including 47 populations that spawn within Oregon. These populations were further aggregated into strata, groupings above the population level that are connected by some degree of migration, based on ecological subregions. All 107 populations use parts of the mainstem of the Columbia River and the Columbia River estuary that flow through Oregon for migration, rearing, and smoltification.

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The WLC-TRT recommended viability criteria that follow the VSP framework and described biological or physical performance conditions that, when met, indicate a population or species has a 5% or less risk of extinction over a 100 year period (McElhany et al. 2006, see also, NRC 1995). McElhany et al. (2007) applied those criteria to populations in Oregon and found that the combined extinction risk is very high for LCR Chinook, UWR Chinook salmon, CR chum salmon, LCR coho salmon, and moderate for LCR steelhead and UWR steelhead, although the status of those species with populations in Washington is still under assessment. Table 4. Demographically-independent populations in the WLC Recovery Domain and

spawning populations in Oregon.

Species Populations In WLC

Spawning Populations In Oregon

LCR Chinook salmon 32 12 UWR Chinook salmon 7 7 CR chum salmon 17 8 LCR coho salmon 24 9 LCR steelhead 23 6 UWR steelhead 4 5

LCR Chinook salmon. This species includes all naturally-spawned populations of Chinook salmon in the Columbia River and its tributaries from its mouth at the Pacific Ocean upstream to a transitional point between Washington and Oregon east of the Hood River and the White Salmon River; the Willamette River to Willamette Falls, Oregon, exclusive of spring-run Chinook salmon in the Clackamas River; and progeny of seventeen artificial propagation programs. The WLC-TRT identified 32 historical populations of LCR Chinook salmon – seven in the coastal subregion, six in the Columbia Gorge, and nine in the western Cascades. Twelve of those populations occur within the action area (Table 5) and only Sandy River late fall Chinook is considered “viable” (McElhany et al. 2007). The major factors limiting recovery of LCR Chinook salmon include altered channel morphology, loss of habitat diversity, excessive sediment, high water temperature, reduced access to spawning/rearing habitat, and harvest impacts (NMFS 2006). UWR Chinook salmon. The species includes all naturally spawned populations of spring-run Chinook salmon in the Clackamas River and in the Willamette River, and its tributaries, above Willamette Falls, Oregon, and progeny of seven artificial propagation programs. All seven historical populations of UWR Chinook salmon identified by the WLC-TRT occur within the action area and are contained within a single ecological subregion, the western Cascade Range (Table 6); only the Clackamas population is characterized as “viable” (McElhany et al. 2007). The major factors limiting recovery of UWR Chinook salmon identified by NMFS include lost/degraded floodplain connectivity and lowland stream habitat, degraded water quality, high water temperature, reduced streamflow, and reduced access to spawning/rearing habitat (NMFS 2006).

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Table 5. LCR Chinook salmon populations spawning in Oregon. Overall viability risk: “extinct or very high” means greater than 60% chance of extinction within 100 years; “relatively high” means 60 to 25% risk of extinction in 100 years; “moderate” means 25 to 5% risk of extinction in 100 years, “low or negligible” means 5 to 1% risk of extinction in 100 years, “very low” means less than 1% chance of extinction in 100 years, and NA means not available. A low or negligible risk of extinction is considered “viable.”

Stratum

Ecological Subregion Run Timing

Spawning Population In Oregon

(Watershed)

Overall Viability

Risk

Young Bay Very High Big Creek Very High Clatskanie Relatively High Coast Range Fall

Scappoose Very High Spring Hood Very High

Early fall (“tule”) Upper Gorge Very High Hood Very High Columbia Gorge

Fall Lower Gorge Very High Spring Sandy Moderate

Clackamas Very High Early fall (“tule”) Sandy Very High West Cascade Range

Late fall (“bright”) Sandy Low

Table 6. UWR Chinook salmon populations. Overall viability risk: “extinct or very high” means greater than 60% chance of extinction within 100 years; “relatively high” means 60 to 25% risk of extinction in 100 years; “moderate” means 25 to 5% risk of extinction in 100 years, “low or negligible” means 5 to 1% risk of extinction in 100 years; “very low” means less than 1% chance of extinction in 100 years, and NA means not available. A low or negligible risk of extinction is considered “viable.”

Stratum



(Watershed)

Overall Viability

Risk

Clackamas Low Mollala Relatively High North Santiam Very high South Santiam Very high Calapooia Very high McKenzie Moderate

West Cascade Range Spring

Middle Fork Willamette Very high CR chum salmon. This species includes all naturally-spawned populations of chum salmon in the Columbia River and its tributaries in Washington and Oregon, and progeny

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of three artificial propagation programs. The WLC-TRT identified 17 historical populations of CR chum salmon and aggregated these into four strata (Myers et al. 2006). Unlike other species in the WLC Recovery Domain, CR chum salmon spawning aggregations were identified in the mainstem Columbia River. These aggregations generally were included in the population associated with the nearest river basin. Three strata and eight historical populations of CR chum salmon occur within the action area (Table 7); of these, none are “viable” (McElhany et al. 2007). The major factors limiting recovery of CR chum salmon include altered channel morphology, loss of habitat diversity, excessive sediment, reduced streamflow, harassment of spawners, and harvest impacts (NMFS 2006). Table 7. CR chum salmon populations spawning in Oregon. Overall viability risk:

“extinct or very high” means greater than 60% chance of extinction within 100 years; “relatively high” means 60 to 25% risk of extinction in 100 years; “moderate” means 25 to 5% risk of extinction in 100 years, “low or negligible” means 5 to 1% risk of extinction in 100 years; “very low” means less than 1% chance of extinction in 100 years, and NA means not available. A low or negligible risk of extinction is considered “viable.”

Stratum


Spawning Population In

Oregon (Watershed)

Overall Viability

Risk

Young’s Bay Very high

Big Creek Very high Clatskanie Very high

Coast Range Fall

Scappoose Very high Lower Gorge Very high

Columbia Gorge Fall Upper Gorge Very high Clackamas Very high West Cascade Range Fall Sandy Very high

LCR coho salmon. This species includes all naturally-spawned populations of coho salmon in the Columbia River and its tributaries in Washington and Oregon, from the mouth of the Columbia up to and including the Big White Salmon and Hood Rivers; in the Willamette River to Willamette Falls, Oregon; and progeny of 25 artificial propagation programs. The WLC-TRT identified 24 historical populations of LCR coho salmon and divided these into two strata based on major run timing: early and late (Myers et al. 2006). Three strata and nine historical populations of LCR coho salmon occur within the action area (Table 8). Of these nine populations, Clackamas River is the only population characterized as “viable” (McElhany et al. 2007). The major factors limiting recovery of LCR coho salmon include degraded floodplain connectivity and channel structure and complexity, loss of riparian areas and large wood recruitment, degraded stream substrate, loss of stream flow, reduced water quality, and impaired passage (NMFS 2007). In general, late coho salmon spawn in smaller rivers or the lower reaches of larger rivers from mid-November to January, coincident with the onset of rain-induced freshets in the fall or early

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winter. Spawning typically takes place within a few days to a few weeks of freshwater entry. Late-run fish also tend to undertake oceanic migrations to the north of the Columbia River, extending as far as northern British Columbia and southeast Alaska. As a result, late coho salmon are known as “Type N” coho. Alternatively, early coho salmon spawn in the upper reaches of larger rivers in the lower Columbia River and in most rivers inland of the Cascade Crest. During their oceanic migration, early coho salmon tend to migrate to the south of the Columbia River and are known as “Type S” coho salmon. They may migrate as far south as the waters off northern California. While the ecological significance of run timing in coho salmon is fairly well understood, it is not clear how important ocean migratory pattern is to overall diversity and the relative historical abundance of Type N and Type S life histories largely is unknown. Table 8. LCR coho salmon populations spawning in Oregon. Overall viability risk:

“extinct or very high” means greater than 60% chance of extinction within 100 years; “relatively high” means 60 to 25% risk of extinction in 100 years; “moderate” means 25 to 5% risk of extinction in 100 years, “low or negligible” means 5 to 1% risk of extinction in 100 years; “very low” means less than 1% chance of extinction in 100 years, and NA means not available. A low or negligible risk of extinction is considered “viable.”

Stratum

Ecological Subregion

Run Type


(Watershed)

Overall Viability

Risk

Young’s Bay Very High Big Creek Very High Clatskanie River Relatively High Coast Range N

Scappoose River Relatively High Lower Gorge Very High Upper Gorge NA Columbia

Gorge N and S Hood River Very high Clackamas River Low West Cascade

Range S Sandy River Relatively High LCR steelhead. The species includes all naturally-spawned steelhead populations below natural and manmade impassable barriers in streams and tributaries to the Columbia River between and including the Cowlitz and Wind Rivers, Washington; in the Willamette and Hood Rivers, Oregon; and progeny of ten artificial propagation programs; but excluding all steelhead from the upper Willamette River Basin above Willamette Falls, Oregon, and from the Little and Big White Salmon Rivers, Washington. The WLC-TRT identified 23 historical populations of LCR steelhead (Myers et al. 2006). Within these populations, the winter-run timing is more common in the west Cascade subregion, while farther east summer steelhead are found almost exclusively.

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Summer steelhead return to freshwater long before spawning. Winter steelhead, in contrast, return from the ocean much closer to maturity and spawn within a few weeks. Summer steelhead spawning areas in the lower Columbia River are found above waterfalls and other features that create seasonal barriers to migration. Where no temporal barriers exist, the winter-run life history dominates. Three strata and six historical populations of LCR steelhead occur within the action area (Table 9). Of the populations in Oregon, only Clackamas is “viable” (McElhany et al. 2007). The major factors limiting recovery of LCR steelhead include altered channel morphology, lost/degraded floodplain connectivity and lowland stream habitat, excessive sediment, high water temperature, reduced streamflow, and reduced access to spawning/rearing habitat (NMFS 2006). Table 9. LCR steelhead populations spawning in Oregon. Overall viability risk: “extinct

or very high” means greater than 60% chance of extinction within 100 years; “relatively high” means 60 to 25% risk of extinction in 100 years; “moderate” means 25 to 5% risk of extinction in 100 years, “low or negligible” means 5 to 1% risk of extinction in 100 years; “very low” means less than 1% chance of extinction in 100 years, and NA means not available. A low or negligible risk of extinction is considered “viable.”

Stratum


Population Spawning In

Oregon (Watershed)

Overall Viability

Risk

Summer Hood River Very High Lower Gorge Relatively High Upper Gorge Moderate Columbia Gorge Winter Hood River Moderate Clackamas Low

West Cascade Range Winter Sandy Relatively High UWR steelhead. This species includes all naturally-spawned steelhead populations below natural and manmade impassable barriers in the Willamette River, Oregon, and its tributaries upstream from Willamette Falls to the Calapooia River. The WLC-TRT identified four historical populations of UWR steelhead, all with winter run timing and all within Oregon (Myers et al. 2006). Only winter steelhead historically existed in this area, because flow conditions over Willamette Falls allowed only late winter steelhead to ascend the falls, until a fish ladder was constructed in the early 1900s and summer steelhead were introduced. Summer steelhead have become established in the McKenzie River where historically no steelhead existed, although these fish were not considered in the identification of historical populations. UWR steelhead currently are found in many tributaries that drain the west side of the upper Willamette River basin. Analysis of historical observations, hatchery records, and genetic analysis strongly suggested that many of these spawning aggregations are the result of recent introductions and do not represent a historical population. Nevertheless, the WLC-TRT recognized that these tributaries may provide juvenile rearing habitat or may be temporarily (for one or more generations) colonized during periods of high abundance.

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One stratum and five historical populations of UWR steelhead occur within the action area (Table 10), although the west-side tributaries population was included only because it is important to the species as a whole, and not because it is independent. Of these five populations, none are “viable” (McElhany et al. 2007). The major factors limiting recovery of UWR steelhead include lost/degraded floodplain connectivity and lowland stream habitat, degraded water quality, high water temperature, reduced streamflow, and reduced access to spawning/rearing habitat (NMFS 2006). Table 10. UWR steelhead populations. Overall viability risk: “extinct or very high” means

greater than 60% chance of extinction within 100 years; “relatively high” means 60 to 25% risk of extinction in 100 years; “moderate” means 25 to 5% risk of extinction in 100 years, “low or negligible” means 5 to 1% risk of extinction in 100 years; “very low” means less than 1% chance of extinction in 100 years, and NA means not available. A low or negligible risk of extinction is considered “viable.”

Stratum

Ecological Subregion Run Type

Population Spawning In Oregon

(Watershed)

Overall Viability

Risk

Molalla Moderate North Santiam Moderate South Santiam Moderate Calapooia Moderate

West Cascade Range Winter

West-side Tributaries Moderate Interior Columbia (IC) Recovery Domain. Species in the IC Recovery Domain include UCR spring-run Chinook salmon, SR spring/summer run Chinook salmon, SR fall-run Chinook salmon, SR sockeye salmon, UCR steelhead, MCR steelhead, and SRB steelhead. The IC-TRT identified 82 demographically-independent populations of those species based on genetic, geographic (hydrographic), and habitat characteristics (Table 11). In some cases, the IC-TRT further aggregated populations into “major groupings” based on dispersal distance and rate, and drainage structure, primarily the location and distribution of large tributaries (IC-TRT 2003). Of the 82 populations identified, 24 have all or part of their spawning range in Oregon, and all 82 use the lower mainstem of the Snake River, the mainstem of the Columbia River, and the Columbia River estuary, or part thereof, in Oregon for migration, rearing, and smoltification.

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Table 11. Demographically-independent populations in the IC Recovery Domain and spawning populations in Oregon.

Species Populations In IC

Spawning Populations In Oregon

UCR spring-run Chinook salmon 3 0 SR spring/summer Chinook salmon 31 7 SR fall-run Chinook salmon 1 1 SR sockeye salmon 1 0 UCR steelhead 4 0 MCR steelhead 17 10 SRB steelhead 25 6

The IC-TRT also recommended viability criteria that follow the VSP framework (McElhany et al. 2006) and described biological or physical performance conditions that, when met, indicate a population or species has a 5% or less risk of extinction over a 100-year period (IC-TRT 2007, see also, NRC 1995). As of this writing, the IC-TRT has applied the viability criteria to 68 populations, although it has only completed a draft assessment for 55 populations (see IC-TRT - Current Status Assessments, as of April 21, 2006, available from NMFS Northwest Region, Protected Resources Division, Portland, Oregon). Of those assessments, the only population that the TRT found to be viable was the North Fork John Day population of MCR steelhead. The strength of this population is due to a combination of high abundance and productivity, and good spatial structure and diversity, although the genetic effects of the large number of out-of-species strays and of natural spawners that are hatchery strays are still significant long-term concerns. UCR spring-run Chinook salmon. This species includes all naturally-spawned populations of Chinook salmon in all river reaches accessible to Chinook salmon in Columbia River tributaries upstream of the Rock Island Dam and downstream of Chief Joseph Dam in Washington (excluding the Okanogan River), the Columbia River from a straight line connecting the west end of the Clatsop jetty (south jetty, Oregon side) and the west end of the Peacock jetty (north jetty, Washington side) upstream to Chief Joseph Dam in Washington, as well as progeny of six artificial propagation programs. The IC-TRT identified four independent populations of UCR spring-run Chinook salmon in the upriver tributaries of Wenatchee, Entiat, Methow, and Okanogan (extirpated), but no major groups due to the relatively small geographic area affected (IC-TRT 2003, McLure et al. 2005). Although none of these populations spawn in Oregon, they all use the Columbia River mainstem and estuary so all adult and juvenile individuals of this species must pass through part of the action area. The IC-TRT considered that this species, as a whole, is at high risk of extinction because all extant populations are at high risk (IC-TRT - Current Status Assessments, as of April 21, 2006, available from NMFS Northwest Region, Protected Resources Division, Portland, Oregon). The major factors limiting recovery of UWR spring-run Chinook salmon include altered channel morphology and flood plain, riparian degradation and loss of in-river large wood, reduced streamflow, impaired passage, hydropower system mortality, and harvest impacts (NMFS 2006). SR spring/summer run Chinook salmon. This species includes all naturally-spawned populations of spring/summer run Chinook salmon in the mainstem Snake River and

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the Tucannon River, Grande Ronde River, Imnaha River, and Salmon River subbasins; and progeny of fifteen artificial propagation programs. The IC-TRT identified 31 historical populations of SR spring/summer run Chinook salmon, and aggregated these into major population groups (IC-TRT 2003, McLure et al. 2005). This species includes those fish that spawn in the Snake River drainage and its major tributaries, including the Grande Ronde River and the Salmon River, and that complete their adult, upstream migration past Bonneville Dam between March and July. Of the 31 historical populations of SR spring/summer run Chinook salmon identified by the IC-TRT, seven occur entirely or partly within Oregon (Table 12). Each of these populations are part of the Grande Ronde and Imnaha River major group, and all face a high risk of extinction (IC-TRT - Current Status Assessments, as of April 21, 2006, available from NMFS Northwest Region, Protected Resources Division, Portland, Oregon). The major factors limiting recovery of SR spring/summer run Chinook salmon include altered channel morphology and flood plain, excessive sediment, degraded water quality, reduced streamflow, and hydropower system mortality (NMFS 2006). Table 12. SR spring/summer run Chinook salmon populations in Oregon. Overall viability

risk: “high” means greater than 25% risk of extinction in 100 years; “moderate” means 5 to 25% risk of extinction with 100 years; “low” means 1 to 5% risk of extinction in 100 years; and “very low” means less than 1% risk of extinction in 100 years.

Viability Assessment

Major Group Spawning

Populations In Oregon (Watershed)

Abundance Productivity

Risk

Spatial Diversity

Risk

Overall Viability

Risk Wenaha River High Moderate High Wallowa-Lostine River High Moderate High Minam River High Moderate High Catherine Creek High Moderate High Upper Grande Ronde High High High Imnaha River mainstem High Moderate High

Grande Ronde And

Imnaha Rivers

Big Sheep Creek High Moderate High SR fall-run Chinook salmon. This species includes all naturally-spawned populations of fall-run Chinook salmon in the mainstem Snake River below Hells Canyon Dam, and in the Tucannon River, Grande Ronde River, Imnaha River, Salmon River, and Clearwater River, and progeny of four artificial propagation programs. The IC-TRT identified three populations of this species, although only the lower mainstem population exists at present, and it spawns in the lower main stem of the Clearwater, Imnaha, Grande Ronde, Salmon and Tucannon Rivers (IC-TRT 2003, McLure et al. 2005). Unlike the other listed Chinook species in this recovery domain, most SR fall-run Chinook have a subyearling, ocean-type life history in which juveniles outmigrate the next summer, rather than rearing in freshwater for 13 to 14 months before outmigration. Adults return to the Snake River basin in September and October and

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spawn shortly thereafter. The lower mainstem population spawns in the Columbia River mainstem, in part adjacent to Oregon. All adult and juvenile individuals of this species must pass through part of the action area. The IC-TRT has not completed a viability assessment of this species. The major factors limiting recovery of SR fall-run Chinook salmon include reduced spawning/rearing habitat, degraded water quality, hydropower system mortality, and harvest impacts (NMFS 2006). SR sockeye salmon. This species includes all anadromous and residual sockeye salmon from the Snake River basin, Idaho, and artificially-propagated sockeye salmon from the Redfish Lake captive propagation program. The IC-TRT identified historical sockeye production in at least five Stanley Basin lakes and in lake systems associated with Snake River tributaries currently cut off to anadromous access (e.g., Wallowa and Payette Lakes), although current returns of SR sockeye are extremely low and limited to Redfish Lake (IC-TRT 2007). SR sockeye salmon do not spawn in Oregon, but all adult and juvenile individuals of this species must pass through part of the action area. The major factors limiting recovery of SR sockeye salmon include altered channel morphology and flood plain, reduced streamflow, impaired passage, and hydropower system mortality (NMFS 2006). MCR steelhead. This species includes all naturally-spawned steelhead populations below natural and artificial impassable barriers in streams from above the Wind River, Washington, and the Hood River, Oregon (exclusive), upstream to, and including, the Yakima River, Washington, excluding steelhead from the Snake River basin; and progeny of seven artificial propagation programs. The IC-TRT identified 20 historical populations of MCR steelhead in major groups (IC-TRT 2003, Mc Lure et al. 2005). Ten populations of MCR steelhead occur in Oregon, divided among three major groups (Table 13). Of the 20 historical populations of MCR steelhead identified by the IC-TRT, only the North Fork John Day population currently meets viability criteria, and none of the major groups or the species are considered viable (IC-TRT - Current Status Assessments, as of April 21, 2006, available from NMFS Northwest Region, Protected Resources Division, Portland, Oregon). The major factors limiting recovery of MCR steelhead include altered channel morphology and flood plain, excessive sediment, degraded water quality, reduced streamflow, impaired passage, and hydropower system mortality (NMFS 2006).

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Table 13. MCR steelhead populations in Oregon. The Walla Walla population also occurs partly in Washington.

Major Group Population (Watershed)

Fifteenmile Creek Deschutes Eastside Tributaries Cascade East Slope Tributaries Deschutes Westside Tributaries Lower Mainstem John Day River North Fork John Day River Middle Fork John Day River South Fork John Day River

John Day River

Upper Mainstem John Day River Umatilla River Walla Walla and Umatilla Rivers Walla Walla River

UCR steelhead. This species includes all naturally-spawned steelhead populations below natural and manmade impassable barriers in streams in the Columbia River Basin upstream from the Yakima River, Washington, to the U.S.-Canada border, and progeny of six artificial propagation programs. Four independent populations of UCR steelhead were identified by the IC-TRT in the same upriver tributaries as for the previous species (i.e., Wenatchee, Entiat, Methow, and Okanogan) and, similarly, no major population groupings were identified due to the relatively small geographic area involved (IC-TRT 2003, McLure et al. 2005). None of these populations spawn in Oregon, although all adult and juvenile individuals of this species must pass through part of the action area. The IC-TRT has not completed a viability assessment of this species, although all extant populations are considered to be at high risk of extinction (IC-TRT - Current Status Assessments, as of April 21, 2006, available from NMFS Northwest Region, Protected Resources Division, Portland, Oregon). The major factors limiting recovery of UCR steelhead include altered channel morphology and flood plain, riparian degradation and loss of in-river large wood, excessive sediment, degraded water quality, reduced streamflow, hydropower system mortality, harvest impacts, and hatchery impacts (NMFS 2006). SRB steelhead. This species includes all naturally-spawned steelhead populations below natural and manmade impassable barriers in streams in the Snake River Basin of southeast Washington, northeast Oregon, and Idaho, and progeny of six artificial propagation programs. These fish are genetically differentiated from other interior Columbia steelhead populations and spawn at higher altitudes (up to 6,500 feet) after longer migrations (more than 900 miles). The IC-TRT identified 24 populations in five major groups (IC-TRT 2003, Mc Lure et al. 2005). Of those, six populations divided among three major groups spawn in Oregon (Table 14). The IC-TRT has not completed a viability assessment of this species. The major factors limiting recovery of SRB steelhead include altered channel morphology and flood plain, excessive sediment, degraded water quality, reduced streamflow, hydropower system mortality, harvest impacts, and hatchery impacts (NMFS 2006).

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Table 14. SRB steelhead populations in Oregon.

Major Group Population (Watershed)

Lower Grande Ronde Joseph Creek Wallowa River Grande Ronde

Upper Grande Ronde Imnaha River Imnaha River

Hells Canyon Tributaries Hells Canyon Tributaries Oregon Coast (OC) Salmon Recovery Domain. The OC recovery domain includes one species, the OC coho salmon, and covers Oregon coastal streams south of the Columbia River and north of Cape Blanco. Streams and rivers in this area drain west into the Pacific Ocean, and vary in length from less than a mile to more than 210 miles in length. All, with the exception of the largest, the Umpqua River, drain from the crest of the Coast Range. The Umpqua transects the Coast Range and drains from the Cascade Mountains. The OC recovery domain covers cities along the coast and inland, including Tillamook, Lincoln City, Newport, Florence, Coos Bay and Roseburg, and has substantial amounts of private forest and agricultural lands. It also includes portions of the Siuslaw and Umpqua National Forests, lands managed by the U.S. Bureau of Land Management, and the Tillamook and Elliott State Forests. OC coho salmon. This species includes all naturally-spawned populations of coho salmon in Oregon coastal streams south of the Columbia River and north of Cape Blanco, and progeny of five artificial propagation programs. The OC-TRT identified 56 historical populations, grouped into five major “biogeographic strata,” based on consideration of historical distribution, geographic isolation, dispersal rates, genetic data, life history information, population dynamics, and environmental and ecological diversity (Table 15) (Lawson et al. 2007). The OC-TRT concluded that, if recent past conditions continue into the future, OC coho salmon are moderately likely to persist over a 100-year period without artificial support, and have a low to moderate likelihood of being able to sustain their genetic legacy and long-term adaptive potential for the foreseeable future (Wainwright et al. 2007). The major factors limiting recovery of OC coho salmon include altered stream morphology, reduced habitat complexity, loss of overwintering habitat, excessive sediment, high water temperature, and variation in ocean conditions (NMFS 2006).

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Table 15. OC coho salmon populations in Oregon. Population type “D” means dependent; “FI” means functionally independent; and “PI” means potentially independent.

Stratum Population Type Stratum Population Type

Necanicum PI Alsea FI Ecola D Big (Alsea) D Arch Cape D Vingie D Short Sands D Yachats D Nehalem FI Cummins D Spring D Bob D Watseco D Tenmile D Tillamook FI Rock D Netarts D Big (Siuslaw) D Rover D China D Sand D Cape D Nestucca FI Berry D

North Coast

Neskowin D

Mid-Coast (cont.)

Sutton D Salmon PI Siuslaw FI Devils D Siltcoos PI Siletz FI Tahkenitch PI Schoolhouse D

Lakes

Tenmile PI Fogarty D Lower Umpqua FI Depoe D Middle Umpqua FI Rocky D North Umpqua FI Spencer D

Umpqua

South Umpqua FI Wade D Threemile D Coal D Coos FI Moolack D Coquille FI Big (Yaquina) D Johnson D Yaquina FI Twomile D Theil D Floras PI

Mid-Coast

Beaver PI

Mid-South Coast

Sixes PI

Southern Oregon and Northern California Coasts (SONCC) Recovery Domain. The SONCC recovery domain includes one ESA-listed species: the SONCC coho salmon. The SONCC recovery domain extends from Cape Blanco, Oregon, to Punta Gorda, California. This area includes many small-to-moderate-sized coastal basins, where high quality habitat occurs in the lower reaches of each basin, and three large basins (Rogue, Klamath and Eel) where high quality habitat is in the lower reaches, little habitat is provided by the middle reaches, and the largest amount of habitat is in the upper reaches of the subbasins. SONCC coho salmon. This species includes all naturally-spawned populations of coho salmon in coastal streams between Cape Blanco, Oregon, and Punta Gorda, California; and progeny of three artificial propagation programs. The SONCC-TRT identified 50 populations that were historically present based on consideration of historical distribution, geographic isolation, dispersal rates, genetic data, life history information, population dynamics, and environmental and ecological diversity (Williams et al. 2006). In some cases, the SONCC-TRT also identified groups of populations referred to as “diversity strata” largely based on the geographical arrangement of the populations and basin-scale environmental and ecological

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characteristics. Of those populations, 13 strata and 17 populations occur within the action area (Table 16). The SONCC-TRT has not yet developed viability criteria for use in setting recovery goals. The major factors limiting recovery of SONCC coho salmon include loss of channel complexity, loss of estuarine and floodplain habitat, loss of riparian habitat, loss of in-river wood, excessive sediment, degraded water quality, high water temperature, reduced streamflow, unscreened water diversions, and structures blocking fish passage (NMFS 2006). Table 16. SONCC coho salmon populations in Oregon. Populations that also occur partly

in California are marked with an asterisk. Population type “D” means dependent; “E” means ephemeral; “FI” means functionally independent; and “PI” means potentially independent.

Population

River Basin Subbasin Population

Type Elk River FI Mill Creek D Hubbard Creek E Brush Creek D Mussel Creek D Euchre Creek E

Lower Rogue River PI Illinois River* FI Mid Rogue/Applegate* FI

Rogue River *

Upper Rogue River FI Hunter Creek D Pistol River D Chetco River FI Winchuck River PI Smith River * FI

Middle Klamath River PI Klamath River * Upper Klamath River FI

Southern green sturgeon. The southern green sturgeon was recently listed as threatened under the ESA (Table 2). This species includes all naturally-spawned populations of green sturgeon that occur south of the Eel River in Humboldt County, California. The principal factor for the decline of southern green sturgeon is the reduction of its spawning area to a single known population limited to a small portion of the Sacramento River. Unless spawning, green sturgeon are broadly distributed in nearshore marine areas from Mexico to the Bering Sea and are commonly observed in bays, estuaries, and sometimes the deep riverine mainstem in lower elevation reaches of non-natal rivers along the west coast of North America. The principal threat to southern green sturgeon is the reduction of available spawning habitats due to the construction of barriers along the Sacramento and Feather Rivers. Other threats are insufficient flow rates, increased water temperatures, water diversion, nonnative species, poaching, pesticide and heavy metal contamination, and local fishing. The viability of this species is still under assessment. Status of the Critical Habitats. The NMFS designated critical habitat for all species considered in this opinion, except LCR coho salmon and southern green sturgeon, for which

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critical habitat has not been proposed or designated (Table 2). To assist in the designation of critical habitat in 2005, NMFS convened Critical Habitat Analytical Review Teams, or “CHARTs,” organized by major geographic areas that roughly correspond to salmon recovery planning domain (NOAA Fisheries 2005). Each CHART consisted of Federal biologists and habitat specialists from NMFS, the Fish and Wildlife Service, the Forest Service, and the Bureau of Land Management, with demonstrated expertise regarding salmon and steelhead habitat and related protective efforts within that domain. Each CHART assessed biological information pertaining to areas under consideration for designation as critical habitat to identify the areas occupied by listed salmon and steelhead, determine whether those areas contained PCEs essential for the conservation of those species, and whether unoccupied areas existed within the historical range of the listed salmon and steelhead that may also be essential for conservation. The CHART then scored each habitat area based on the quantity and quality of the physical and biological features; rated each habitat area as having a ‘‘high,’’ ‘‘medium,’’ or ‘‘low’’ conservation value; and identified management actions that could affect habitat for salmon and steelhead. CHART reports are available from NMFS Northwest Region, Protected Resources Division, Portland, Oregon. The ESA gives the Secretary of Commerce discretion to exclude areas from designation if he determines that the benefits of exclusion outweigh the benefits of designation. Considering economic factors and information from CHARTs, NMFS partially or completely excluded the following types of areas from the 2005 critical habitat designations: 1. Military areas. All military areas were excluded because of the current national priority

on military readiness, and in recognition of conservation activities covered by military integrated natural resource management plans.

2. Tribal lands. Native American lands were excluded because of the unique trust

relationship between tribes and the federal government, the federal emphasis on respect for tribal sovereignty and self governance, and the importance of tribal participation in numerous activities aimed at conserving salmon.

3. Areas With Habitat Conservation Plans. Some lands covered by habitat conservation

plans were excluded because NMFS had evidence that exclusion would benefit our relationship with the landowner, the protections secured through these plans outweigh the protections that are likely through critical habitat designation, and exclusion of these lands may provide an incentive for other landowners to seek similar voluntary conservation plans.

4. Areas With Economic Impacts. Areas where the conservation benefit to the species

would be relatively low compared to the economic impacts. In designating these critical habitats, NMFS organized information at scale of the watershed or 5th field HUC because it corresponds to the spatial distribution and site fidelity of salmon and steelhead populations (WDF et al. 1992, McElhany et al. 2000). For earlier critical habitat designations for Snake River salmon and SONCC coho salmon, similar information was not

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available at the watershed scale, so NMFS used the scale of the subbasin or 4th field HUC to organize critical habitat information. The NMFS reviews the status of designated critical habitat affected by the proposed action by examining the condition and trends of primary constituent elements (PCEs) throughout the designated area. PCEs consist of the physical and biological features identified as essential to the conservation of the listed species in the documents that designate critical habitat (Tables 17 and 18). Table 17. PCEs of critical habitats designated for ESA-listed salmon and steelhead species

considered in the Opinion (except SR spring/summer run Chinook salmon, SR fall-run Chinook salmon, and SR sockeye salmon), and corresponding species life history events.

Primary Constituent Elements

Site Type

Site Attribute

Species Life History

Event

Freshwater spawning Substrate Water quality Water quantity

Adult spawning Embryo incubation Alevin development

Freshwater rearing Floodplain connectivity Forage Natural cover Water quality Water quantity

Fry emergence Fry/parr growth and development

Freshwater migration Free of artificial obstructions Natural cover Water quality Water quantity

Adult sexual maturation Adult upstream migration, holding Kelt (steelhead) seaward migration Fry/parr seaward migration

Estuarine areas Forage Free of obstruction Natural cover Salinity Water quality Water quantity

Adult sexual maturation Adult “reverse smoltification” Adult upstream migration, holding Kelt (steelhead) seaward migration Fry/parr seaward migration Fry/parr smoltification Smolt growth and development Smolt seaward migration

Nearshore marine areas Forage Free of obstruction Natural cover Water quantity Water quality

Adult sexual maturation Smolt/adult transition

Offshore marine areas Forage Water quality

Adult growth and development

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Table 18. PCEs of critical habitats designated for SR spring/summer run Chinook salmon, SR fall-run Chinook salmon, SR sockeye salmon, SONCC coho salmon, and corresponding species life history events.

Primary Constituent Elements

Site

Site Attribute

Species Life History

Event

Spawning and juvenile rearing areas

Access (sockeye) Cover/shelter Food (juvenile rearing) Riparian vegetation Space (Chinook and coho) Spawning gravel Water quality Water temperature (sockeye) Water quantity

Adult spawning Embryo incubation Alevin development Fry emergence Fry/parr growth and development Fry/parr smoltification Smolt growth and development

Juvenile migration corridors

Cover/shelter Food Riparian vegetation Safe passage Space Substrate Water quality Water quantity Water temperature Water velocity

Fry/parr seaward migration Smolt growth and development Smolt seaward migration

Areas for growth and development to adulthood

Ocean areas – not identified

Adult growth and development Adult sexual maturation Fry/parr smoltification Smolt/adult transition

Adult migration corridors Cover/shelter Riparian vegetation Safe passage Space Substrate Water quality Water quantity Water temperature Water velocity

Adult sexual maturation Adult “reverse smoltification” Adult upstream migration Kelt (steelhead) seaward migration

Willamette and Lower Columbia River Recovery Domain. Critical habitat was designated in the WLC Recovery Domain for UWR spring-run Chinook salmon, LCR Chinook salmon, LCR steelhead, UWR steelhead, and CR chum salmon. In addition to the Willamette and Columbia River mainstems, important tributaries on the Oregon side of the WLC include Youngs Bay, Big Creek, Clatskanie River, and Scappose River in the Oregon Coast subbasin; Hood River in the Gorge; and the Sandy, Clackamas, Mollala, North and South Santiam, Calapooia, McKenzie, and Middle Fork Willamette Rivers in the West Cascades subbasin.

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The Willamette River, once a highly braided river system, has been dramatically simplified through channelization, dredging, and other activities that have reduced rearing habitat by as much as 75%. In addition, the construction of 37 dams in the basin blocked access to more than 435 miles of stream and river spawning habitat. The dams alter the temperature regime of the Willamette River and its tributaries, affecting the timing and development of naturally-spawned eggs and fry. Agriculture, urbanization, and gravel mining on the valley floor and timber harvesting in the Cascade and Coast Ranges contribute to increased erosion and sediment loads throughout the basin. The mainstem Willamette River has been channelized and stripped of large wood. Development began to encroach on the riparian forest beginning in the 1870s (Sedell and Froggatt 1984). Gregory et al. (2002a) calculated that the total mainstem Willamette River channel area decreased from 41,000 to 23,000 acres between 1895 and 1995. They noted that the lower reach, from the mouth of the river to Newberg (RM 50), is confined within a basaltic trench, and that due to this geomorphic constraint, less channel area has been lost than in upstream areas. The middle reach from Newberg to Albany (RM 50 to RM 120) incurred losses of 12% primary channel area, 16% side channels, 33% alcoves, and 9% islands. Even greater changes occurred in the upper reach, from Albany to Eugene (RM 187). There, approximately 40% of both channel length and channel area were lost, along with 21% of the primary channel, 41% of side channels, 74% of alcoves, and 80% of island areas. The banks of the Willamette River have more than 96 miles of revetments; approximately half were constructed by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers. Generally, the revetments were placed in the vicinity of roads or on the outside bank of river bends, so that while only 26% of the total length is revetted, 65% of the meander bends are revetted (Gregory et al. 2002c). The majority of dynamic sections have been armored, reducing adjustments in channel bed and sediment storage by the river, and thereby diminishing both the complexity and productivity of aquatic habitats (Gregory et al. 2002b). Riparian forests have diminished considerably in the lower reaches of the Willamette River (Gregory et al. 2002d). Sedell and Frogatt (1984) noted that agriculture and cutting of streamside trees were major agents of change for riparian vegetation, along with snagging of large wood in the channel. The reduced shoreline, fewer and smaller snags, and reduced riparian forest comprise large functional losses to the river, reducing structural features, organic inputs from litter fall, entrained allochthonous materials, and flood flow filtering capacity. Extensive changes began before the major dams were built, with navigational and agricultural demands dominating the early use of the river. The once expansive forests of the Willamette River floodplain provided valuable nutrients and organic matter during flood pulses, food sources for macroinvertebrates, and slow-water refugia for fish during flood events. These forests also cooled river temperatures as the river flowed through its many channels. Gregory et al. (2002d) described the changes in riparian vegetation in river reaches from the mouth to Newberg, from Newberg to Albany, and from Albany to Eugene. They noted that the riparian forests were formerly a mosaic of brush, marsh, and ash tree openings maintained by annual flood inundation. Below the City of Newberg, the most noticeable change was that conifers were almost eliminated. Above Newberg, the formerly hardwood-dominated riparian

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forests along with mixed forest made up less than half of the riparian vegetation by 1990, while agriculture dominated. This conversion represents a loss of recruitment potential for large wood, which functions as a component of channel complexity, much as the morphology of the streambed does, to reduce velocity and provide habitat for macroinvertebrates that support the prey base for salmon and steelhead. Declining extent and quality of riparian forests have also reduced rearing and refugia habitat provided by large wood, shading by riparian vegetation which can cool water temperatures, and the availability of leaf litter and the macroinvertebrates that feed on it. Hyporheic flow in the Willamette River has been examined through discharge measurements and was found to be significant in some areas, particularly those with gravel deposits (Fernald et al. 2001). The loss of channel complexity and meandering that fosters creations of gravel deposits decreases the potential for hyporheic flows, as does gravel mining. Hyporheic flow processes water and affects its quality on reemerging into the main channel, stabilizing variations in physical and chemical water characteristics. Hyporheic exchange was found to be significant in the National Water-Quality Assessment of the Willamette Basin (Wentz et al. 1998). In the transient storage zone, hyporheic flow is important for ecological functions, some aspects of water quality (such as temperature and dissolved oxygen), and some benthic invertebrate life stages. Alcove habitat, limited by channelization, combines low hydraulic stress and high food availability with the potential for hyporheic flows across the steep hydraulic gradients in the gravel separating them from the main channel (Fernald et al. 2001). On the mainstem of the Columbia River, hydropower projects, including the Federal Columbia River Hydropower System (FCRPS), have significantly degraded salmon and steelhead habitats (Bottom et al. 2005, Fresh et al. 2005, NMFS 2005a, NOAA Fisheries 2006). The series of dams and reservoirs that make up the FCRPS block an estimated 12 million cubic yards of debris and sediment that would otherwise naturally flow down the Columbia and replenish shorelines along the Washington and Oregon coasts. Industrial harbor and port development are also significant influences on the lower Willamette and lower Columbia Rivers (Bottom et al. 2005, Fresh et al. 2005, NMFS 2005a, NOAA Fisheries 2006). Since 1878, 100 miles of river channel within the mainstem Columbia River, its estuary, and Oregon=s Willamette River have been dredged as a navigation channel by the Army Corps of Engineers. Originally dredged to a 20-foot minimum depth, the Federal navigation channel of the Lower Columbia River is now maintained at a depth of 43 feet and a width of 600 feet. The lower Columbia River supports five ports on the Washington State side: Kalama, Longview, Skamania County, Woodland, and Vancouver. These ports primarily focus on the transport of timber and agricultural commodities. In addition to loss of riparian habitat, and disruption of benthic habitat due to dredging, high levels of several sediment chemicals, such as arsenic and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), have been identified in Lower Columbia River watersheds in the vicinity of the ports and associated industrial activities. The most extensive urban development in the lower Columbia River subbasin occurs in the Portland/Vancouver area. Outside of this major urban area, the majority of residences and businesses rely on septic systems. Common water quality issues with urban development and residential septic systems include higher water temperatures, lowered dissolved oxygen,

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increased fecal coliform bacteria, and increased chemicals associated with pesticides and urban runoff. The Columbia River estuary has lost a significant amount of tidal marsh and tidal swamp habitat that are critical to juvenile salmon and steelhead, particularly small or ocean-type species (Bottom et al. 2005, Fresh et al. 2005, NMFS 2005a, NOAA Fisheries 2006). Edges of marsh areas provide sheltered habitats for juvenile salmon and steelhead where food, in the form of amphipods or other small invertebrates which feed on marsh detritus, is plentiful, and larger predatory fish can be avoided. Historically, floodwaters of the Columbia River inundated the margins and floodplains along the estuary, allowing juvenile salmon and steelhead access to a wide expanse of low-velocity marshland and tidal channel habitats. In general, the riverbanks were gently sloping, with riparian and wetland vegetation at the higher elevations of the river floodplain becoming habitat for salmon and steelhead during flooding river discharges or flood tides. Sherwood et al. (1990) estimated that the Columbia River estuary lost 20,000 acres of tidal swamps, 10,000 acres of tidal marshes, and 3,000 acres of tidal flats between 1870 and 1970. This study further estimated an 80% reduction in emergent vegetation production and a 15% decline in benthic algal production. Habitat and food-web changes within the estuary, and other factors affecting salmon population structure and life histories, have altered the estuary’s capacity to support juvenile salmon (Bottom et al. 2005, Fresh et al. 2005, NMFS 2005a, NOAA Fisheries 2006). Diking and filling activities that decrease the tidal prism and eliminate emergent and forested wetlands and floodplain habitats have likely reduced the estuary’s salmon-rearing capacity. Moreover, water and sediment in the lower Columbia River and its tributaries have levels of toxic contaminants that are harmful to fish and wildlife (LCREP 2007). Contaminants of concern include dioxins and furans, heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) and organochlorine pesticides such as DDT. Simplification of the population structure and life-history diversity of salmon possibly is yet another important factor affecting juvenile salmon viability. Restoration of estuarine habitats, particularly diked emergent and forested wetlands, reduction of avian predation by terns, and flow manipulations to restore historical flow patterns might significantly enhance the estuary’s productive capacity for salmon, although historical changes in population structure and salmon life histories may prevent salmon from making full use of the productive capacity of estuarine habitats, even in their presently altered state. Interior Columbia Recovery Domain. Critical habitat has been designated in the IC Recovery Domain, which includes the Snake River Basin, for SR spring/summer Chinook salmon, SR fall-run Chinook salmon, UCR spring-run Chinook salmon, SR sockeye salmon, MCR steelhead, UCR steelhead, and SRB steelhead. Major tributaries in the Oregon portion of the IC Recovery Domain include the Deschutes, John Day, Umatilla, Walla Walla, Grande Ronde, and Imnaha Rivers. Habitat quality in tributary streams in the IC Recovery Domain varies from excellent in wilderness and roadless areas to poor in areas subject to heavy agricultural and urban development (Wissmar et al. 1994, Carmichael 2006). Critical habitat throughout the IC recovery domain has been degraded by intense agriculture, alteration of stream morphology (i.e., channel modifications and diking), riparian vegetation disturbance, wetland draining and

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conversion, livestock grazing, dredging, road construction and maintenance, timber harvest, mining, and urbanization. Reduced summer stream flows, impaired water quality, and reduction of habitat complexity are common problems for critical habitat in developed areas. Migratory habitat quality in this area has been severely affected by the development and operation of the FCRPS dams and reservoirs in the mainstem Columbia River, Bureau of Reclamation tributary projects, and privately owned dams in the Snake and Upper Columbia River basins. For example, construction of Hells Canyon Dam eliminated access to several likely production areas in Oregon and Idaho including the Burnt, Powder, Weiser, Payette, Malheur, Owyhee, and Boise river basins (Good et al. 2005), and Grande Coulee and Chief Joseph Dams completely block anadromous fish passage on the upper mainstem Columbia River. Hydroelectric development modified natural flow regimes, resulting in higher water temperatures, changes in fish community structure leading to increased rates of piscivorous and avian predation on juvenile salmon and steelhead, and delayed migration for both adult and juveniles. Physical features of dams such as turbines also kill migrating fish. In-river survival is inversely related to the number of hydropower projects encountered by emigrating juveniles. Similarly, development and operation of extensive irrigation systems and dams for water withdrawal and storage in tributaries have drastically altered hydrological cycles. A series of large regulating dams on the middle and upper Deschutes River affect flow and block access to upstream habitat, and have extirpated one or more populations from the Cascades Eastern Slope major population (IC-TRT 2003). Pelton Round Butte Dam blocked 32 miles of MCR steelhead habitat in the mainstem Deschutes below Big Falls and removed the historically-important tributaries of the Metolius River and Squaw Creek from production. Similarly, Condit Dam on the White Salmon River extirpated another population from the Cascades Eastern Slope major group. In the Umatilla subbasin, the Bureau of Reclamation developed the Umatilla Project beginning in 1906. The project blocked access to more than 108 miles of historically highly productive tributary habitat for MCR steelhead in upper McKay Creek with construction of the McKay Dam and Reservoir in 1927. A flood control and irrigation dam on Willow Creek was built near RM 5, completely blocking MCR steelhead access to productive habitat upstream in this subbasin. Construction of Lewiston Dam, completed in 1927, eliminated access for Snake River basin steelhead and salmon to a major portion of the Clearwater basin. Continued operation and maintenance of large water reclamation systems such as the Umatilla Basin and Yakima Projects have significantly reduced flows and degraded water quality and physical habitat in these rivers. Many stream reaches designated as critical habitat in the IC Recovery Domain are over-allocated under state water law, with more allocated water rights than existing streamflow conditions can support. Irrigated agriculture is common throughout this region and withdrawal of water increases summer stream temperatures, blocks fish migration, strands fish, and alters sediment transport (Spence et al. 1996). Reduced tributary stream flow has been identified as a major limiting factor for all listed salmon and steelhead species in this area except SR fall-run Chinook salmon (NMFS 2005). Summer stream temperature is the primary water quality problem, with many stream reaches designated as critical habitat listed on the Clean Water Act’s section 303(d) list for water

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temperature. Many areas that were historically suitable rearing and spawning habitat are now unsuitable due to high summer stream temperatures. Removal of riparian vegetation, alteration of natural stream morphology, and withdrawal of water for agricultural or municipal use all contribute to elevated stream temperatures. Contaminants such as insecticides and herbicides from agricultural runoff and heavy metals from mine waste are common in some areas of critical habitat.

Oregon Coast (OC) Coho Salmon Recovery Domain. In this recovery domain, critical habitat has been designated for OC coho salmon. Many large and small rivers supporting significant populations of coho salmon flow through this domain, including the Nehalem, Nestucca, Siletz, Yaquina, Alsea, Siuslaw, Umpqua, Coos, and Coquille. The historical disturbance regime in the central Oregon Coast Range was dominated by a mixture of high and low-severity fires, with a natural rotation of approximately 271 years. Old-growth forest coverage in the Oregon Coast Range varied from 25-75% during the past 3000 years, with a mean of 47%, and never fell below 5% (Wimberly et al. 2000). Currently the Coast Range has approximately 5% old-growth, almost all of it on Federal lands. The dominant disturbance now is timber harvesting on a cycle of 30-100 years, with fires suppressed. The State of Oregon (2005) completed an assessment of habitat conditions in the range of OC coho in 2005. Oregon’s assessment mapped how streams with high intrinsic potential (HIP) for coho salmon rearing are distributed by land ownership categories. Agricultural lands and private industrial forests have by far the highest percentage of land ownership in high HIP areas and along all coho stream miles. Federal lands have only about 20% of coho stream miles and 10% of HIP stream reaches. Because of this distribution, activities in lowland agricultural areas are particularly important to the conservation of Oregon coastal coho. The coho assessment concluded that at the scale of the entire domain, pools are generally abundant, although slow-water and off-channel habitat (which are important refugia for coho during high winter flows) are limited in the majority of streams when compared to reference streams in minimally-disturbed areas. Amounts of large wood in streams are low in all four ODFW monitoring areas and land-use types relative to reference conditions. Amounts of fine sediment are high in three of the four monitoring areas, and were comparable to reference conditions only on public lands. Approximately 62-91% of tidal wetland acres (depending on estimation procedures) have been lost for functionally and potentially independent populations of coho. As part of the coastal coho assessment, the Oregon Department of Environmental Quality (ODEQ) analyzed the status and trends of water quality in the range of OC coho using the Oregon water quality index, which is based on a combination of temperature, dissolved oxygen, biological oxygen demand, pH, total solids, nitrogen, total phosphates, and bacteria. Using the index at the species scale, 42% of monitored sites had excellent to good water quality, and 29% show poor to very poor water quality. Within the four monitoring areas, the North Coast had the best overall conditions (6 sites in excellent or good condition out of 9 sites), and the Mid-South coast had the poorest conditions (no excellent condition sites, and only 2 out of 8 sites in good condition). For the 10-year period monitored between 1992 and 2002, no sites showed a

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declining trend in water quality. The area with the most improving trends was the North Coast, where 66% of the sites (six out of nine) had a significant improvement in index scores. The Umpqua River basin, with one out of 9 sites (11%) showing an improving trend, had the lowest number of improving sites.

Southern Oregon and Northern California Coasts (SONCC) Coho Salmon Recovery Domains. Critical habitat in this recovery domain has been designated for SONCC coho salmon. Many large and small rivers supporting significant populations of coho salmon flow through the this area, including the Elk, Rogue, Chetco, Smith and Klamath. The following summary of critical habitat information in the Elk, Rogue, and Chetco Rivers is also applicable to habitat characteristics and limiting factors in other basins in this area. The Elk River flows through Curry County, drains approximately 92 square miles (or 58,678 acres) (Maguire 2001). Major tributaries of the Elk River include the North Fork, South Fork, Blackberry Creek, Panther Creek, Butler Creek, and Bald Mountain Creek. The upper portion of the Elk River basin is characterized by steeply sloped forested areas with narrow valleys and tributary streams that have steep to very steep gradients. Grazing, rural residential development and other agricultural uses are the dominant land uses in the lower portion of the basin (Maguire 2001). Over half of the Elk River basin is in the Grassy Knob wilderness area. Historical logging, mining, and road building have degraded stream and riparian habitats in the Elk River basin. Limiting factors identified for salmon and steelhead production in this basin include sparse riparian cover, especially in the lower reaches, excessive fine sediment, high water temperatures, and noxious weed invasions (Maguire 2001). The Rogue River drains approximately 5,160 square miles within Curry, Jackson and Josephine counties in southwest Oregon. The mainstem is about 200 miles long and traverses the coastal mountain range into the Cascades. The Rogue River estuary has been modified from its historical condition. Jetties were built by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1960, which stabilized and deepened the mouth of the river. A dike that extends from the south shore near Highway 101 to the south jetty was completed in 1973. This dike created a backwater for the large shallow area that existed here, which has been developed into a boat basin and marina, eliminating most of the tidal marsh. The quantity of estuary habitat is naturally limited in the Rogue River. The Rogue River has a drainage area of 5,160 square miles, but the estuary at 1,880 acres is one of the smallest in Oregon. Between 1960 and 1972, approximately 13 acres of intertidal and 14 acres of subtidal land were filled in to build the boat basin dike, the marina, north shore riprap and the other north shore developments (Hicks 2005). Jetties constructed in 1960 to stabilize the mouth of the river and prevent shoaling have altered the Rogue River, which historically formed a sill during summer months (Hicks 2005). The Lower Rogue Watershed Council’s watershed analysis (Hicks 2005) lists factors limiting fish production in tributaries to Lower Rogue River watershed. The list includes water temperatures, low stream flows, riparian forest conditions, fish passage and over-wintering habitat. Limiting factors identified for the Upper Rogue River Basin include fish passage

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barriers, high water temperatures, insufficient water quantity, lack of large wood, low habitat complexity, and excessive fine sediment (RBCC 2006). The Chetco River is in the southwest corner of Oregon, almost entirely within Curry County, with a drainage of approximately 352 square miles. The Chetco River mainstem is about 56 miles long, and the upper 28 miles are within the Kalmiopsis Wilderness Area. Elevations in the watershed range from sea level to approximately 5,098 feet. The upper portion of the basin is characterized by steep, sloping forested areas with narrow valleys and tributary streams that have moderately steep to very steep gradient. The lowest 11 miles of the river are bordered by private land in rural/residential, forestry, and urban land uses. The Chetco River estuary has been significantly modified from its historical condition. Jetties were erected by the U.S. Army Corps of Engineers in 1957, which stabilized and deepened the mouth of the river. These jetties have greatly altered the mouth of the Chetco River and how the estuary functions as habitat for salmon migrating to the ocean. A boat basin and marina were built in the late 1950s and eliminated most of the functional tidal marsh. The structures eliminated shallow water habitats and vegetation in favor of banks stabilized with riprap. Since then, nearly all remaining streambank in the estuary has been stabilized with riprap. The South Coast Watershed Council’s watershed analysis (Maguire 2001) states the factors limiting fish production in the Chetco River appear to be high water temperature caused by lack of shade, especially in tributaries, high rates of sedimentation due to roads, poor over-wintering habitat due to a lack of large wood in tributaries and the mainstem, and poor quality estuary habitat (Maguire 2001).

Environmental Baseline for the Action Area Because the action area for this programmatic consultation includes the combined action areas of restoration actions for which an exact location within the Corps jurisdiction is not yet known, it was not possible to precisely define the current condition of fish or critical habitats in the action area, the factors responsible for that condition, or the conservation role of those specific areas. Therefore, to complete the jeopardy and destruction or adverse modification of critical habitat analyses in this consultation, NMFS made the following assumptions regarding the environmental baseline in each area that will eventually be chosen to support an action: (1) The purpose of the proposed action is to authorize or carry out stream restoration and fish passage improvements for the benefit of listed species; (2) each individual action area will be occupied by one or more listed species; (3) the biological requirements of individual fish in those areas are not being fully met because aquatic habitat functions, including functions related to habitat factors limiting the recovery of the species in each area, are impaired; and (4) active restoration at each site is likely to improve the factors limiting recovery of salmon and steelhead in that area. As described above in the Status of the Species and Critical Habitats section, factors that limit the recovery of salmon and steelhead vary with the overall condition of aquatic habitats on private, state, and Federal lands. Many stream habitats and riparian areas have been degraded by the effects of land and water use, including road construction, forestry, agriculture, mining, urbanization, and water development. Each of these economic activities has contributed to a myriad of interrelated factors for the decline of salmon and steelhead. Among the most

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important of these are changes in channel morphology, loss spawning substrates, loss of instream roughness, loss of estuarine rearing habitats, loss of wetlands, loss and degradation of riparian areas, water quality degradation (e.g., temperature, sediment, dissolved oxygen, contaminants), blocked passage, elimination of habitats, direct take, and loss of core refugia areas. The environmental baseline also includes the anticipated impacts of all Federal actions in the action area that have already undergone formal consultation. For example, from 2001 through 2006, the Corps authorized 118 restoration actions in Oregon under the SLOPES consultation, and more than 800 other actions related to transportation features, over and in-water structures, and bank stabilization. The Corps, Bonneville Power Administration, and Bureau of Reclamation have also consulted on large water management actions, such as operation of the Federal Columbia River Power System, the Umatilla Basin Project, and the Deschutes Project. The U.S. Forest Service and U.S. Bureau of Land Management consult on Federal land management throughout Oregon, including restoration actions, timber harvest, livestock grazing, and special use permits. Each of these actions was designed to avoid or minimize effects on listed salmon, steelhead, and their habitats. It is very likely that a few action areas for some of these previously consulted upon actions will overlap with action areas for restoration actions covered under this new iteration of the SLOPES consultation. Impacts to the environmental baseline from these previous actions vary from short-term adverse effects to long-term beneficial effects.

Effects of the Action Under the administrative portion of this action, the Corps will evaluate each individual action to ensure that the following conditions are true: (a) The requirements of this Opinion are only applied where ESA-listed salmon or steelhead, their designated critical habitats, or both, are present; (b) the anticipated range of effects is within the range considered in this Opinion; (c) the action is carried out consistent with the proposed design criteria; and (d) action and program level monitoring and reporting requirements are met. Although that process will not, by itself, affect a listed species or critical habitat, it determines which factors must be considered to analyze the effects of each individual action that will be authorized or completed under this Opinion. Construction of each action will begin after the Corps’ approval. The discussion of the direct physical and chemical effects of this part of the action on the environment will vary depending on the type of restoration or fish passage action being performed, but will all be based on a common set of effects related to construction. Actions involving fish passage restoration, off- or side channel reconstruction, set-back of an existing berm, dike or levee, or removal of a water control structure are likely to have all of the following effects; actions that only involve placement of boulders, gravel or wood will only have a subset of those effects, or will express those effects to a lesser degree. Construction will have direct physical and chemical effects on the environment that commonly begin with pre-construction activity, such as surveying, minor vegetation clearing, placement of stakes and flagging guides. This requires movement of personnel and sometimes machines over

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the action area. The next stage, site preparation, may require development of access roads, construction staging areas, and materials storage areas that affect more of the action area. If additional earthwork is necessary to clear, excavate, fill, or shape the site, more vegetation and topsoil may be removed, deeper soil layers exposed, and operations extended into the active channel. The final stage of construction is site restoration. This stage consists of any action necessary to undo disturbance caused by the action, may include replacement of large wood, native vegetation, topsoil, and native channel material displaced by construction, and otherwise restoring ecosystem processes that form and maintain productive fish habitats. Vegetation, soil and channel disturbance caused by construction can disrupt the vegetative and fluvial processes at an action site that create and maintain habitat function, such as delivery of large wood, particulate organic matter, and shade to a riparian area and stream; development of root strength for slope and bank stability; and sediment filtering and nutrient absorption from runoff (Darnell 1976, Spence et al. 1996). Although the size of areas likely to be adversely affected by actions proposed to be authorized or carried out under this Opinion are small, and those effects are likely to be short-term (weeks or months), even small denuded areas will lose organic matter and dissolved minerals, such as nitrates and phosphates. The microclimate at each action site where vegetation is removed is likely to become drier and warmer, with a corresponding increase in wind speed, and soil and water temperature. Water tables and spring flow in the immediate area may be temporarily reduced. Loose soil will temporarily accumulate in the construction area. In dry weather, this soil can be dispersed as dust and, in wet weather, loose soil is transported to streams by erosion and runoff, particularly in steep areas. Erosion and runoff increase the supply of sediment to lowland drainage areas and eventually to aquatic habitats, where they increase total suspended solids and sedimentation. During and after wet weather, increased runoff can suspend and transport more sediment to receiving waters. This increases total suspended solids and, in some cases, stream fertility. Increased runoff also increases the frequency and duration of high stream flows and wetland inundation in construction areas. Higher stream flows increase stream energy that can scour stream bottoms and transport greater sediment loads farther downstream that would otherwise occur. Sediments in the water column reduce light penetration, and can increase water temperature and modify water chemistry. Redeposited sediments can fill pools, reduce the width to depth ration of streams, and change the distribution of pools, riffles, and glides. Increased fine sediments in substrate also can reduce survival of eggs and fry, reducing spawning success of salmon and steelhead. During dry weather, the physical effects of increased runoff appear as reduced ground water storage, lowered stream flows, and lowered wetland water levels. The combination of erosion and mineral loss can reduce soil quality and site fertility in upland and riparian areas. Concurrent in-water work can compact or dislodge channel sediments, thus increasing total suspended solids and allowing currents to transport sediment downstream where it is eventually redeposited. Continued operations when the construction site is inundated can significantly increase the likelihood of severe erosion and contamination. Use of heavy equipment for vegetation removal and earthwork compacts soils, thus reducing soil permeability and infiltration. Use of heavy equipment also creates a risk that accidental spills of fuel, lubricants, hydraulic fluid, coolants, and other contaminants may occur. Petroleum-based

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contaminants, such as fuel, oil, and some hydraulic fluids, contain polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), which can be acutely toxic to salmonid fish and other aquatic organisms at high levels of exposure and can cause sublethal adverse effects on aquatic organisms at lower concentrations (Heintz et al. 1999, 2000, Incardona et al. 2004, 2005, 2006). Discharge of construction water used for vehicle washing, concrete washout, pumping for work area isolation, and other purposes can carry sediments and a variety of contaminants to riparian areas and streams. Some of these adverse effects will abate almost immediately, such as increased total suspended solids caused by boulder or large wood restoration. Others will be long-term conditions that may decline quickly but persist at some level for weeks, months, or years, until riparian and floodplain vegetation are fully reestablished. Failure to complete site restoration, or to prevent disturbance of newly restored areas by livestock or unauthorized persons will delay or prevent recovery of processes that form and maintain productive fish habitats. The direct physical and chemical effects of post-construction site restoration to be included as parts of the proposed actions are essentially the reverse of the construction activities that go before it. Bare earth will be protected by various methods, including seeding, planting woody shrubs and trees, and mulching. This will immediately dissipate erosive energy associated with precipitation and increase soil infiltration. It also will accelerate vegetative succession necessary to restore the delivery of large wood to the riparian area and stream, root strength necessary for slope and bank stability, leaf and other particulate organic matter input, sediment filtering and nutrient absorption from runoff, and shade. Microclimate will become cooler and moister, and wind speed will decrease. Whether recovery occurs over weeks or years, the disturbance frequency, considered as the number of restoration actions per unit of time, at any given site is likely to be extremely low, as is the intensity of the disturbance as a function of the quantity and quality of overall habitat conditions present within an action area. The indirect effects, or effectiveness, of fish restoration actions, in general, have not been well documented, in part because they often concentrate on instream habitat without addressing the processes that led to the loss of the habitat (see Fox 1992, Zedler 1996, Simenstad and Thom 1996, Cederholm et al. 1997, and Roper et al. 1997). Nonetheless, the careful, interagency process used by the Corps to develop the proposed action ensures that it is reasonably certain to lead to some degree of ecological recovery within each action area, including the establishment or restoration of environmental conditions associated with functional habitat and high conservation value. As described in the proposed action section, the indirect effects of placing boulders and large wood for restoration purposed in areas where these natural features have been reduced or removed are likely to include increased habitat diversity and complexity, greater flow heterogeneity, increased coarse sediment storage, gravel retention for spawning habitat, more long-term nutrient storage and more substrate for aquatic vertebrates, moderation of flow disturbances, and refugia for fish during high flow events (Negeshi and Richardson 2003, Roni et al. 2006a, 2006b, WDFW 2004, WDFW and Inter-Fluve 2006). The indirect effects of gravel placement are likely to compensate for an identified loss of the natural gravel supply, thus increasing the quantity and quality of spawning habitat (WDFW 2004).

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Off- and side-channel habitat restoration to reconnect stream channels with historical river floodplain swales, abandoned side channels, and floodplain channels, setting back existing berms, dikes and levees, and water control structure removal are likely to have similar but significantly greater positive indirect effects on habitat diversity and complexity by affecting a larger habitat area (WDFW 2004). Fish passage restoration using a step weir is likely to result in development of a backwater upstream of the weir, with reduced velocities and greater depths at a variety of flows, accelerated flow through the weir, and deposition of sediment immediately downstream of the weir (“tailouts”) (WDFW and Inter-Fluve 2006). Adding a fish ladder to an existing facility, or improving a culvert for fish passage, is likely to decrease stream gradient in at least a portion of the reach, which will reduce stream energy and may cause aggradation due to sedimentation and provide access to previously blocked habitat (WDFW and Inter-Fluve 2006). The indirect effects of piling removal are likely to include reduction of resting and areas for piscivorous birds, and of hiding habitat for aquatic predators such as smallmouth bass. The time necessary for recovery of functional habitat attributes following disturbance will vary by attribute. Recovery mechanisms such as soil stability, sediment filtering and nutrient absorption, and vegetation succession may recover quickly (months to years) after completion of the proposed action. Recovery of functions related to large wood and microclimate may require decades or longer. Functions related to shading of the riparian area and stream, root strength for bank stabilization, and organic matter input may require intermediate lengths of time. The rate and extent of functional recovery is also controlled in part by watershed context. Most proposed actions will occur in areas where productive habitat functions and recovery mechanisms were absent or degraded before construction took place. These sites are only likely to be functionally restored if the pre-construction environment retains the ecological potential to function properly, as evidenced by the residual productivity of riparian soils and channel conditions with balanced scour and fill processes. The prospect for ecological recovery will be further limited by ecological and social factors at the watershed and landscape scales, or site capacity. Thus, ecological recovery of an action site surrounded by intensive land use and severe upstream disturbance is likely to be less successful than the recovery of a site surrounded by wildlands where the headwaters are protected. To some extent, the proposed actions will help to compensate for low residual ecological potential and accelerate recovery. However, they are unlikely to fully overcome severe site constraints imposed by low site capacity.

Effects on Listed Species. Just as completion of each action is likely to have a similar set of effects on the environment because they are all based on the same set of underlying construction actions, each salmon and steelhead species is likely to respond to those effects in a similar way because of underlying similarities in their biology. Some species will only show some of these effects, or will express those effects to a lesser or greater degree. Much less is known about the biology of southern green sturgeon than is known about salmon and steelhead. However, because the distribution of southern green sturgeon in Oregon is limited to nearshore marine areas, bays, estuaries, and the deep, low elevation, riverine mainstem of coastal rivers, it is likely that very few southern green sturgeon are likely to occur in close proximity to any of the

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proposed actions. The direct effects of the construction on these listed species will include interactions between fish and construction personnel and their supplies and equipment, but are primarily the result of physical and chemical changes in the environment caused by that construction. The effects of the proposed actions are also reasonably certain to result in some degree of ecological recovery within each action area. In general, construction has direct adverse effects on individual fish when interactions occur between fish and construction personnel, when equipment is operated instream where it can injure fish mechanically or block habitat access, when construction waste or other pollutants enter the stream, and when fish are captured and removed from in-water work areas. The physical and chemical changes in the environment associated with construction, especially decreased water quality (e.g., total suspended solids, temperature, dissolved oxygen), are likely to affect a larger area than direct interactions between fish and construction personnel. Design criteria related to in-water work timing, sensitive area protection, fish passage, erosion and pollution control, choice of equipment, in-water use of equipment, and work area isolation have been proposed to avoid or reduce these adverse effects. Those measures will ensure that actions are not completed at sites occupied by adult fish congregating for spawning or where redds are occupied by eggs or pre-emergent alevins, defer construction until the fewest number of fish are present, and otherwise ensure that the adverse environmental consequences of construction are avoided or minimized. It is unlikely that individual adult or embryo salmon or steelhead will be adversely affected by the proposed action because all in-water construction activities are deferred until after spawning season has passed and fry emerge from gravel. Moreover, the degree of soil disturbance likely to occur under these actions is so small that significant sedimentation of spawning gravel is unlikely, although use of heavy equipment in-stream in spawning areas can disturb or compact gravel and other channel materials, thus making it harder for fish to excavate redds, and decreasing redd aeration (Cederholm et al. 1997). If, for some reason, an adult is migrating in an action area during any phase of construction, it is likely to be able to successfully avoid noise or other construction disturbances by moving laterally or stopping briefly during migration, although spawning itself would be delayed until construction was complete (Gregory 1988, Sigler 1988, Servizi and Martens 1991, Feist et al. 1996). To the extent that the proposed actions are successful at improving flow conditions and reducing sedimentation and other pollutants that affect intergravel conditions, future spawning and embryo survival in the action area will be enhanced. In-water construction activities are likely to occur when juvenile salmon and steelhead are present. Most direct, lethal effects of authorizing and carrying out the proposed actions are likely be caused by the isolation of in-water work area, even though lethal and sublethal effects would be greater without isolation. Any individual fish present in the work isolation area will be captured and released. Fish that are transferred to holding tanks can experience trauma if care is not taken in the transfer process, and fish can experience stress and injury from overcrowding in traps, if the traps are not emptied on a regular basis. The primary contributing factors to stress and death from handling are differences in water temperatures between the river and wherever the fish are held, dissolved oxygen conditions, the amount of time that fish are held out of the water, and physical trauma. Stress on salmon and steelhead increases rapidly from handling if

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the water temperature exceeds 64EF, or if dissolved oxygen is below saturation. Debris buildup at traps can also kill or injure fish if the traps are not monitored and cleared on a regular basis. Design criteria related to the capture and release of fish during work area isolation will avoid most of these consequences, and ensure that most of the resulting stress is short-lived (NMFS 2002). Rapid changes and extremes in environmental conditions caused by construction are likely to cause a physiological stress response that will change the behavior of salmon and steelhead (Moberg 2000, Shreck 2000). For example, reduced input of particulate organic matter to streams, the addition of fine sediment to channels, and mechanical disturbance of shallow-water habitats are likely to lead to under use of stream habitats, displacement from or avoidance of preferred rearing areas, or abandonment of preferred spawning grounds, which may increase losses to competition, disease, predation, or, for juvenile fish, reduce the ability to obtain food necessary for growth and maintenance (Newcombe and Jenson 1996, Sprague and Drury 1969, Moberg 2000). The ultimate effect of these changes in behavior, and on the distribution and productivity of salmon and steelhead, will vary with life stage, the duration and severity of the stressor, the frequency of stressful situations, the number and temporal separation between exposures, and the number of contemporaneous stressors experienced (Newcombe and Jenson 1996, Shreck 2000). Restoration actions that affect stream channel widths are also likely to impair local movements of juvenile fish for hours or days, and downstream migration maybe similarly impaired. Moreover, smaller fry are likely to be injured or killed due to in-water interactions with construction activities, including work area isolation, and due to the adverse consequences that displacement and impaired local movement will have on rearing activities, at each restoration site subject to those activities. Fish may compensate for, and adapt to, some of these perturbing situations so that they continue to perform necessary physiological and behavioral functions, although in a diminished capacity. However, fish that are subject to prolonged, combined, or repeated stress by the effects of the action combined with poor environmental baseline conditions will likely suffer a metabolic cost that will be sufficient to impair their rearing, migrating, feeding, and sheltering behaviors and thereby increase the likelihood of injury or death. In addition to the general effects of construction on listed species described above, each type of action will also have the following effects on individual fish. Restoration of boulders, gravel, and large wood, as well as restoration of specific off-channel, floodplain and wetland habitats will all provide habitat conditions that are likely to increase the productivity of rearing salmon and steelhead (WDFW 2004, Roni et al. 2006a, 2006b). Fish passage restoration will increase the quantity of spawning and rearing habitat accessible to affected species. Removal of pilings is likely to decrease predation on juvenile salmon and steelhead by reducing resting areas for piscivorous birds and cover for aquatic predators, and reducing long-term exposure to toxics. Population level responses to habitat alterations can be thought of as the integrated response of individual organisms to environmental change. Thus, instantaneous measures of population characteristics, such as population abundance, population spatial structure and population

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diversity, are the sum of individual characteristics within a particular area, while measures of population change, such as population growth rate, are measured as the productivity of individuals over the entire life cycle (McElhany et al. 2000). As discussed above, very few individual fish are likely to be injured or killed by any individual action authorized or completed under this Opinion. This number of fish adversely affected by the proposed action will be far too small to have a meaningful effect on abundance, distribution, productivity, or genetic diversity of any affected population. This is also true for very small populations of endangered species (i.e., UCR spring-run Chinook salmon, SR sockeye salmon, UCR steelhead) for which a combination of very low abundance, river-type ecology, and distribution within the action area that is limited to mainstem of the Columbia River and estuary make it unlikely that they will be injured or killed by the proposed action. At the species level, direct biological effects are synonymous with those at the population level or, more likely, are the integrated demographic response of one or more subpopulations (McElhany et al. 2000). Because the likely effects of any action authorized or completed under this Opinion will be too minor, localized and brief to affect the VSP characteristics of any salmon or steelhead population, they also will not have any effects at the species level. The effects of the SLOPES IV restoration action, as a whole, on species will be the combined effects of all of the individual actions completed under this Opinion. Combining the effects of many actions, does not change the nature of the individual effects caused by individual actions, but does require an analysis of the additive effects of multiple occurrences of the same type of effects at the individual fish, population, and species scales. If the adverse effects of one action are added to the effects of one or more additional actions in the same place and time, individual fish may experience a more significant adverse effect than if only one action was present. This would occur when the action area for two or more recovery actions overlap, i.e., are placed within 100 to 300 feet of each other and are constructed at approximately the same time. Monitoring information shows that up to 37 restoration actions per year have been completed under SLOPES, with no more than 17 being completed in a single recovery domain and sometimes far less. While those numbers are not increasing from year to year, it is reasonable to assume that interest and funding for restoration and fish passage may increase arithmetically, and that the number of actions authorized and completed each year under this Opinion may also. Even if the number of restoration actions statewide increases dramatically, it is very unlikely that two or more would occur within 100 to 300 feet of each other. Further, the strong emphasis on use of design criteria to minimize the short-term adverse effects of these actions, the small size of individual action areas, and the use of action designs that are likely to result in a long-term improvement in the function and conservation value of each action area will ensure that individual fish will not suffer greater adverse effects even if two or more action areas overlap. Moreover, the rapid onset of beneficial effects from these types of actions is likely to result in an environmental improvement for the population that is likely to improve the baseline for subsequent actions so that adverse effects are not likely to be additive at the population or watershed scale.

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Effects on Critical Habitat. Completion of each action is likely to have the following effects on the PCEs or habitat qualities essential to the conservation of each species. These effects will vary somewhat in degree between actions because of differences in the scope of construction at each, and in the current condition of PCEs and the factors responsible for those conditions. This assumption is based on the fact that all of the actions are based on the same set of underlying construction actions, and the PCEs and conservation needs identified for each species are also essentially the same. In general, ephemeral effects are likely to last for hours or days, short-term effects are likely to last for weeks, and long-term effects are likely to last for months, years or decades. Actions with more significant construction component are likely to adversely affect larger areas, and to take a longer time to recover, than actions based in restoration of a single habitat element. However, they are also likely to have correspondingly greater conservation benefits. 1. Freshwater spawning sites

a. Water quantity – Brief reduction in flow due to short-term construction needs, reduced riparian permeability, increased riparian runoff, and reduced late season flows; slight longer-term increase based on improved riparian function and floodplain connectivity.

b. Water quality – Short-term increase in total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen demand, and temperature due to riparian and channel disturbance; longer-term improvement due to improved riparian function and floodplain connectivity.

c. Substrate – Short-term reduction in quality due to increased compaction and sedimentation; long-term increase in quality due to gravel placement, and increased sediment storage from boulders and large wood.

2. Freshwater rearing sites a. Water quantity – as above. b. Floodplain connectivity – Short-term decrease due to increased compaction and

riparian disturbance; long-term improvement due to off- and side channel habitat restoration, set-back of existing berms, dikes, and levees, and removal of water control structures.

c. Water quality – as above. d. Forage – Short-term decrease due to riparian and channel disturbance, and water

quality impairments; long-term improvement due to improved habitat diversity and complexity, and improved riparian function and floodplain connectivity, and increased litter retention.

e. Natural cover – Short-term decrease due to riparian and channel disturbance; long-term increase due to improved habitat diversity and complexity, improved riparian function and floodplain connectivity, off- and side channel habitat restoration, and reduced sites for predator resting and hiding.

3. Freshwater migration corridors a. Free passage – Short-term decrease due to decreased water quality and in-water work

isolation; long-term increase due to improved water quantity and quality, habitat diversity and complexity, forage to support juvenile migration, and natural cover.

b. Water quantity – as above. c. Water quality – as above. d. Natural cover – as above.

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4. Estuarine areas a. Free passage – as above. b. Water quality – as above. c. Water quantity – as above. d. Salinity – no effect. e. Natural cover – as above. f. Forage – as above.

5. Nearshore marine areas a. Free passage – no effect. b. Water quality – no effect. c. Water quantity – no effect. d. Forage – no effect. e. Natural cover – no effect.

6. Offshore marine areas a. Water quality – no effect. b. Forage – no effect.

The intensity of these effects within the action area, in terms of the total condition and value of PCEs after each action is completed, and the severity of the effects, given the recovery rate for those same PCEs, is such that the function of PCEs and the conservation value of critical habitat are likely to be only impaired for a short time due to restoration actions authorized or completed under this Opinion. Similarly, the frequency of disturbance will be limited to a single event or, at most, a few events within a given watershed. As noted above, no more than 17 restoration actions in a single recovery domain have been completed using this Opinion in a single year. It is unlikely, but not impossible, that two or more actions per year would occur in a single 5th field watershed. However, given the mild intensity and severity of these effects, PCE conditions in each action area are likely to quickly return to, or exceed, pre-action levels. Thus, it is unlikely that several actions within the same watershed, or even within the same action area, would have an important adverse effect on the function of PCEs or the conservation value of critical habitat at the action area, watershed, or designation scales. As noted above, the indirect effects, or effectiveness, of fish restoration actions, in general, have not been well documented, in part because they often concentrate on instream habitat without addressing the processes that led to the loss of the habitat (see Fox 1992, Zedler 1996, Simenstad and Thom 1996, Cederholm et al. 1997, and Roper et al. 1997). Nevertheless, the proposed actions are reasonably certain to lead to some degree of ecological recovery within each action area, including the establishment or restoration of environmental conditions associated with functional habitat and high conservation value. Fish passage improvement actions, in particular, may have long-term beneficial effects at the watershed or designation-wide scale.

Cumulative Effects Between 2000 and 2006, the population of Oregon grew from 3.4 to 3.7 million, an increase of approximately 8%.12 The state is projected to grow at a similar rate for the next 5 years. Thus,

12 Source: Oregon QuickFacts, available from the Population Estimates Program, U.S. Bureau of the Census,

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NMFS assumes that future private and state actions will continue within the action areas, increasing as population density rises. The most common activities reasonably certain to occur in the action areas addressed by this consultation are agricultural activities, operation of non-Federal hydropower facilities, urban and suburban development, recreational activities, timber harvest, road construction and maintenance, and metals and gravel mining. Many of these activities are not subject to ESA consultation and would result in some adverse effects to salmon, steelhead, and their habitat. Some of the activities such as timber harvest and development are subject to regulation under state programs and the effects to fish and stream habitat are reduced to varying degrees under these programs. The adverse effects of these activities will result in negative effect on salmon and steelhead population abundance, productivity, and spatial structure and result in some degradation of the condition of critical habitat PCEs. Throughout Oregon, watershed councils, Native American Tribes, local municipalities, conservation groups, and others carry out restoration projects in support of salmon and steelhead recovery. Many of these actions will be covered by this consultation, or future individual consultations, in which cases their effects are not cumulative effects. Some of the private or state funded actions for which funding commitments and necessary approvals already exist will not undergo consultation and do result in beneficial cumulative effects. They address protection, restoration, or both, of existing or degraded fish habitat, instream flows, water quality, fish passage and access, and watershed or floodplain conditions that affect stream habitat. These beneficial effects will be similar to those described in the Effects on Listed Species section of this Opinion. These effects will result in small improvements to salmon and steelhead population abundance, productivity, and spatial structure and result in some improvement to the condition of critical habitat PCEs. When considered together, these cumulative effects are likely to have a small negative effect on salmon and steelhead population abundance, productivity, and spatial structure. Similarly, the condition of critical habitat PCEs will be slightly degraded by the cumulative effects.

Washington, D.C.

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Conclusion After reviewing the best available scientific and commercial information available regarding the current status of southern green sturgeon, the environmental baseline for the action area, the effects of the proposed action, and the cumulative effects, NMFS concludes that the proposed action is not likely to adversely affect southern green sturgeon. This conclusion is based on the following considerations. Southern green sturgeon occur in Oregon in nearshore marine areas, bays, estuaries, and the deep, low elevation, riverine mainstem of coastal rivers. NMFS has not completed a detailed viability assessment of southern green sturgeon but has determined that the primary threat facing this species is the reduction in the number and geographic distribution of spawning areas, which do not occur within the action area of this proposed action. Other identified threats related to the destruction, modification, or curtailment of green sturgeon habitats are also limited to the geographic range of green sturgeon outside the action area for this proposed action. Fisheries, including trophy poaching, are another significant threat to this species, but will not be affected by the proposed action. The only adverse effects of the proposed action on southern green sturgeon is likely to occur as a result of the proposed action is short-term degradation of water quality due to increased total suspended solids, dissolved oxygen demand, and temperature due to minor riparian and channel disturbance. Those effects are likely to be insignificant because the intensity will be very low and confined primarily to shallow water habitats not frequented by southern green sturgeon. This level of adverse effect is unlikely to ever rise to the level of take. The proposed action is unlikely to have any effect on nearshore marine areas, bays, or estuaries, where southern green sturgeon are most likely to occur in Oregon. After reviewing the best available scientific and commercial information available regarding the current status of the 15 species considered in this consultation (LCR Chinook salmon, UWR spring-run Chinook salmon, UCR spring-run Chinook salmon, SR spring/summer run Chinook salmon, SR fall-run Chinook salmon, CR chum salmon, LCR coho salmon, SONCC coho salmon, OC coho salmon, SR sockeye salmon, LCR steelhead, UWR steelhead, MCR steelhead, UCR steelhead, and SRB steelhead), the environmental baseline for the action area, the effects of the proposed action, and the cumulative effects, NMFS concludes that the proposed action is not likely to jeopardize the continued existence of these species, and is not likely to destroy or adversely modify their designated critical habitat. These conclusions are based on the following considerations. Of those species and populations for which viability has been assessed by a TRT, virtually all face a moderate to very high risk of extinction. Although NMFS considers changes in ocean productivity to be the most important natural phenomenon affecting the productivity of salmon and steelhead, NMFS identified many other factors associated with the freshwater phase of their life cycle that are also limiting the recovery of these species, such as elevated water temperatures, excessive sediment, reduced access to spawning and rearing areas, loss of habitat diversity, large wood, and channel stability, degraded floodplain structure and function, and reduced flow. NMFS also designated designation of critical habitat for all of these species, except LCR coho salmon. CHART teams determined that most designated critical habitat has a high conservation value, based largely on its restoration potential. Baseline conditions for these PCEs vary widely from poor to excellent.

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Although the programmatic nature of the action prevents a precise analysis of each action that eventually will be authorized or completed under this Opinion, each type of action will be carefully designed and constrained by comprehensive design criteria such that construction will cause only brief (days to weeks), localized, and minor exacerbation of factors limiting the viability of the listed species. Also, actions are likely to be widely distributed across all recovery domains in Oregon, so adverse effects will not be concentrated in time or space within the range of any listed species. In the long term, these restoration actions will contribute to a lessening of factors limiting the recovery of these species, particularly those factors related to reduced habitat diversity and large wood, degraded spawning habitat and floodplain connectivity, and fish passage, and improve the currently-degraded environmental baseline, particularly at the site scale. A very small number of individual fish, far too few to affect the abundance, productivity, distribution, or genetic diversity of any salmon or steelhead population, will be affected by the adverse effects of any single action permitted under the proposed action. Because the VSP characteristics at the population scale will not be affected, the likelihood of survival and recovery of the listed species will not be appreciably reduced by the proposed action. Similarly, the adverse effects of each action on PCEs are likely to be brief and mild, while the longer term effects are likely to contribute to lessening of the factors limiting the recovery of these species during the freshwater phase of their life cycle.

Conservation Recommendations Section 7 (a)(1) of the ESA directs Federal agencies to use their authorities to further the purposes of the ESA by carrying out conservation programs for the benefit of threatened and endangered species. The following conservation recommendations are discretionary measures that NMFS believes are consistent with this obligation and therefore should be carried out by the Corps: 1. The effectiveness of some types of stream restoration actions are not well documented,

partly because decisions about which restoration actions deserve support do not always address the underlying processes that led to habitat loss. NMFS recommends that the Corps encourage applicants to use species’ recovery plans to help ensure that their actions will address those underlying processes that limit fish recovery.

2. NMFS also recommends that the Corps evaluate whether the availability of regulatory

streamlining provided by this Opinion influences the design of restoration actions, or acts as an incentive that increases the likelihood that restoration actions will be completed.

Please notify NMFS if the Corps carries out these recommendations so that we will be kept informed of actions that minimize or avoid adverse effects and those that benefit the listed species or their designated critical habitats.

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Reinitiation of Consultation Reinitiation of formal consultation is required and shall be requested by the Federal agency or by the Service, where discretionary Federal involvement or control over the action has been retained or is authorized by law and (a) the amount or extent of taking specified in the Incidental Take Statement is exceeded, (b) new information reveals effects of the action that may affect listed species or critical habitat in a manner or to an extent not previously considered, (c) the identified action is subsequently modified in a manner that has an effect to the listed species or critical habitat that was not considered in the biological opinion; or (d) a new species is listed or critical habitat designated that may be affected by the identified action (50 CFR 402.16). If the Corps fails to provide specified monitoring information annually by February 15, NMFS will consider that a modification of the action that causes an effect on listed species not previously considered and causes the Incidental Take Statement of the Opinion to expire. This programmatic consultation expires five years from the date of issuance. New actions should not be authorized or carried out under this consultation after this date. To reinitiate consultation, contact the Oregon State Habitat Office of NMFS and refer to the NMFS Number assigned to this consultation. Incidental Take Statement Section 9 of the ESA and Federal regulation pursuant to section 4(d) of the ESA prohibit the take of endangered and threatened species, respectively, without a special exemption. “Take” is defined as to harass, harm, pursue, hunt, shoot, wound, kill, trap, capture or collect, or to attempt to engage in any such conduct. “Harm” is further defined by NMFS to include significant habitat modification or degradation that results in death or injury to listed species by significantly impairing essential behavioral patterns, including breeding, spawning, rearing, migrating, feeding or sheltering. “Harass” is defined by Fish and Wildlife Service as an intentional or negligent act or omission that creates the likelihood of injury to listed species by annoying it to such an extent as to significantly disrupt normal behavioral patterns which include, but are not limited to, breeding, feeding, or sheltering. “Incidental take” is defined as take that is incidental to, and not the purpose of, the carrying out of an otherwise lawful activity. Section 7(o)(2) provides that any incidental take that is in compliance with the reasonable and prudent measures and terms and conditions specified in a written take statement shall not be considered to be a prohibited taking of the species concerned.

Amount or Extent of Take Work necessary to complete actions authorized or carried out under this Opinion will take place beside and within active stream channels when individuals of the 15 species considered in this consultation are likely to be present. The habitat that will be affected is of variable quality and may be limited at the stream reach or watershed scale. Incidental take caused by the adverse effects of the proposed action will include (a) capture of juvenile fish, some of which will be injured or killed during work area isolation; and (b) harassment or harm of juvenile fish because increased water temperatures, increased total

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suspended solids, decreased forage, decreased cover, and decreased passage will reduce growth, increase disease, increase competition, increase predation, and inhibit movements necessary for rearing and migration. This take will occur within an area that extends not more than 300 feet upstream and 300 feet downstream from each action’s footprint for the duration of the construction period (commonly hours to days), although actions involving off- and side-channel habitat restoration; set-back of an existing berm, dike or levee; or removal of a water control structure may continue to release sediment intermittently for weeks, months, or years until riparian vegetation and floodplain vegetation are restored and a new topographic equilibrium is reached. Incidental take within that area that meets the terms and conditions of this incidental take statement will be exempt from the taking prohibition. The NMFS anticipates that no more than 900 juvenile individuals, per year, of the species considered in the consultation will be captured, injured, or killed as a result of work necessary to isolate in-water construction areas. Because these fish are from different species that are similar to each other in appearance and life history, and to unlisted species that occupy the same area, it is not possible to assign this take to individual species. This estimate is based on the following assumptions: (1) Up to a three-fold increase may occur in the maximum number of actions authorized or completed each year under the proposed action, due to an increased emphasis on completion of recovery actions as various salmon and steelhead recovery planning products are becoming available, for a total 90 actions per year; (2) approximately 10% of all actions will require isolation of the in-water work area, for a total of nine actions; (3) each action requiring in-water work area isolation is likely to capture fewer than 100 listed juvenile salmon and steelhead; for a total of 900 individuals, and (4) of the ESA-listed fish to be captured and handled in this way, less than 2% are likely to be injured or killed, including delayed mortality, a total of less than 18 fish, while the remainder are likely to survive with no long-term adverse effects. Nonetheless, an estimate of 5% lethal take, or 45 fish per year, will be used here to allow for variations in environment and work conditions during the capture and release operations. Capture and release of adult fish is not likely to occur as part of the proposed isolation of in-water work areas. Take caused by the habitat-related effects of this action cannot be accurately quantified as a number of fish because the distribution and abundance of fish that occur within an action area are affected by habitat quality, competition, predation, and the interaction of processes that influence genetic, population, and environmental characteristics. These biotic and environmental processes interact in ways that may be random or directional, and may operate across far broader temporal and spatial scales than are affected by the proposed action. Thus, the distribution and abundance of fish within the action area cannot be attributed entirely to habitat conditions, nor can NMFS precisely predict the number of fish that are reasonably certain to be injured or killed if their habitat is modified or degraded by the proposed action. In such circumstances, NMFS uses the causal link established between the activity and the likely changes in habitat conditions affecting the listed species to describe the extent of take as a numerical level of habitat disturbance.

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Here, the best available indicator for the extent of take is the total length of stream reach that will be modified during construction of actions authorized or carried out under the proposed action because that variable is directly proportional to harm and harassment attributable to this action. Because each action may modify up to 300 lineal feet of riparian and shallow-water habitat, and up to 90 actions per year are likely to occur, the extent of take for this action is 27,000 linear stream feet per year. In the accompanying biological opinion, NMFS determined that this level of incidental take is not likely to result in jeopardy to the listed species. The estimated number of fish to be captured and injured or killed during capture and handling operations conducted during work area isolation, i.e., 45 juveniles per year, and the length of stream reach, i.e., 27,000 linear stream feet per year, that that will be modified by the construction of all actions authorized or carried out under the proposed action are thresholds for reinitiating consultation. Exceeding any of these limits will trigger the reinitiation provisions of this Opinion.

Reasonable and Prudent Measures The following measures are necessary and appropriate to minimize the impact of incidental take of listed species from the proposed action. The Corps shall: 1. Minimize incidental take from administration of SLOPES IV Restoration by ensuring

that the proposed design criteria are used in all actions authorized or completed using this approach.

2. Ensure completion of a comprehensive monitoring and reporting program regarding all

actions authorized or completed using SLOPES IV Restoration.

Terms and Conditions The measures described below are non-discretionary, and must be undertaken by the Corps or, if an applicant is involved, must become binding conditions of any permit issued to the applicant, for the exemption in section 7(o)(2) to apply. The Corps has a continuing duty to regulate the activity covered by this incidental take statement. If the Corps (1) fails to assume and implement the terms and conditions or (2) fails to require an applicant to adhere to the terms and conditions of the incidental take statement through enforceable terms that are added to the permit or grant document, the protective coverage of section 7(o)(2) may lapse. To monitor the impact of incidental take, the Corps or applicant must report the progress of the action and its impact on the species to the Service as specified in the incidental take statement. 1. To implement reasonable and prudent measure #1 (proposed design criteria), the Corps

shall ensure that:

a. Every action authorized or completed under this Opinion will be administered by the Corps consistent with design criteria 1 through 14.

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b. For each action with a general construction element, the Corps will apply design criteria 15 through 30 as enforceable permit conditions or as final action specifications.

c. For specific types of actions, the Corps will apply design criteria 31 through 48 as appropriate, as enforceable conditions or as final action specifications.

2. To implement reasonable and prudent measure #2 (monitoring and reporting), the Corps

shall ensure that:

a. The Corps’ Regulatory and Civil Works Branches will each submit a monitoring report to NMFS by February 15 each year that describes the Corps efforts to carry out this Opinion. The report will include an assessment of overall program activity, a map showing the location and type of each action authorized and carried out under this Opinion, and any other data or analyses the Corps deems necessary or helpful to assess habitat trends as a result of actions authorized under this Opinion.

b. The Corps’ Regulatory and Civil Works Branches will each attend an annual coordination meeting with NMFS by March 31 each year to discuss the annual monitoring report and any actions that will improve conservation under this Opinion, or make the program more efficient or more accountable.

c. If the Corps chooses to continue programmatic coverage under this Opinion, it will reinitiate consultation within 5 years of the date of issuance.

d. Failure to provide timely reporting may constitute a modification of SLOPES that has an effect to listed species or critical habitat that was not considered in the biological opinion and thus may require reinitiation of this consultation.

MAGNUSON-STEVENS FISHERY CONSERVATION AND MANAGEMENT ACT The consultation requirement of section 305(b) of the MSA directs Federal agencies to consult with NMFS on all actions, or proposed actions that may adversely affect EFH. Adverse effects include the direct or indirect physical, chemical, or biological alterations of the waters or substrate and loss of, or injury to, benthic organisms, prey species and their habitat, and other ecosystem components, if such modifications reduce the quality or quantity of EFH. Adverse effects to EFH may result from actions occurring within EFH or outside EFH, and may include site-specific or EFH-wide impacts, including individual, cumulative, or synergistic consequences of actions (50 CFR 600.810). Section 305(b) also requires NMFS to recommend measures that may be taken by the action agency to conserve EFH. The Pacific Fishery Management Council (PFMC) designated EFH for groundfish (PFMC 2005), coastal pelagic species (PFMC 1998b), and Chinook salmon, coho salmon, and Puget Sound pink salmon (PFMC 1999). The proposed action and action area for this consultation are described in the Introduction to this document. The action area includes areas designated as EFH for various life-history stages of Chinook and coho salmon, groundfish, and coastal pelagic species. Based on information provided in the BA and the analysis of effects presented in the

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ESA portion of this document, NMFS concludes that proposed action will have the following adverse effects on EFH designated for those species: 1. Freshwater EFH quantity will be reduced due to short-term construction needs, reduced

riparian permeability, and increased riparian runoff, and a slight longer-term increase based on improved riparian function and floodplain connectivity.

2. Freshwater EFH quality will be reduced due to a short-term increase in turbidity,

dissolved oxygen demand, and temperature due to riparian and channel disturbance, and longer-term improvement due to improved riparian function and floodplain connectivity.

3. Tributary substrate will have a short-term reduction in quality due to increased

compaction and sedimentation, and a long-term increase due to gravel placement, increased sediment storage from boulders and large wood.

4. Floodplain connectivity will have a short-term decrease due to increased compaction and

riparian disturbance during construction, and a long-term improvement due to off- and side channel habitat restoration, set-back of existing berms, dikes, and levees, and removal of water control structures.

5. Forage will have a short-term decrease in availability due to riparian and channel

disturbance, and a long-term improvement due to improved habitat diversity and complexity, and improved riparian function and floodplain connectivity.

6. Natural cover will have short-term decrease due to riparian and channel disturbance, and

a long-term increase due to improved habitat diversity and complexity, improved riparian function and floodplain connectivity, off- and side channel habitat restoration.

7. Fish passage will be impaired in the short-term due to decreased water quality and in-

water work isolation, and improved over the long-term due to improved water quantity and quality, habitat diversity and complexity, forage, and natural cover.

EFH Conservation Recommendations The following two conservation recommendations are necessary to avoid, mitigate, or offset the impact of the proposed action on EFH. These conservation recommendations are a subset of the ESA terms and conditions: 1. The effectiveness of stream restoration actions is not well documented, partly because

decisions about which restoration actions deserve support do not always address the underlying processes that led to habitat loss. NMFS recommends that the Corps encourage applicants to use species’ recovery plans to help ensure that their actions will address those underlying processes that limit fish recovery.

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2. NMFS also recommends that the Corps evaluate whether the availability of regulatory streamlining provided by this Opinion influences the design of restoration actions, or acts as an incentive that increases the likelihood that restoration actions will be completed.

3. As appropriate to each action issued a regulatory permit under this Opinion, include the

design criteria for construction and types of actions (i.e., 15 through 48) as enforceable permit conditions, except 21 (fish capture and release) and 21 (electrofishing).

4. Include each applicable design criteria for construction and types of actions (i.e., 15

through 48) as a final action specification of every WRDA civil works action carried out under this Opinion, except 21 (fish capture and release), and 22 (electrofishing).

Statutory Response Requirement Federal agencies are required to provide a detailed written response to NMFS’ EFH conservation recommendations within 30 days of receipt of these recommendations [50 CFR 600.920(j) (1)]. The response must include a description of measures proposed to avoid, mitigate, or offset the adverse affects of the activity on EFH. If the response is inconsistent with the EFH conservation recommendations, the response must explain the reasons for not following the recommendations. The reasons must include the scientific justification for any disagreements over the anticipated effects of the proposed action and the measures needed to avoid, minimize, mitigate, or offset such effects. In response to increased oversight of overall EFH program effectiveness by the Office of Management and Budget, NMFS established a quarterly reporting requirement to determine how many conservation recommendations are provided as part of each EFH consultation and how many are adopted by the action agency. Therefore, we ask that in your statutory reply to the EFH portion of this consultation, you clearly identify the number of conservation recommendations accepted. Supplemental Consultation The Corps must reinitiate EFH consultation with NMFS if the proposed action is substantially revised in a way that may adversely affect EFH, or if new information becomes available that affects the basis for NMFS’ EFH conservation recommendations [50 CFR 600.920(k)].

DATA QUALITY ACT DOCUMENTATION AND PRE-DISSEMINATION REVIEW Section 515 of the Treasury and General Government Appropriations Act of 2001 (Public Law 106-554) (Data Quality Act) specifies three components contributing to the quality of a document. They are utility, integrity, and objectivity. This section of the Opinion addresses these Data Quality Act (DQA) components, documents compliance with the DQA, and certifies that this Opinion has undergone pre-dissemination review.

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Utility: Utility principally refers to ensuring that the information contained in this consultation is helpful, serviceable, and beneficial to the intended users. This ESA consultation concludes that the proposed revisions to Standard Local Operating Procedures for Endangered Species to administer stream restoration and fish passage improvement actions authorized or carried out by the Department of the Army in Oregon (SLOPES IV Restoration) will not jeopardize the affected listed species. Therefore, the Corps may authorize those actions in accordance with its authorities under section 10 of the Rivers and Harbors Act of 1899 and section 404 of the Clean Water Act or 1972, or carry out similar actions as part of the Corps’ civil works programs authorized by sections 1135, 206, and 536 of the Water Resources Development Acts of 1986, 1996, and 2000, respectively. The intended users are the Corps and applicants seeking permits from the Department of the Army for stream restoration and fish passage improvement. Individual copies were provided to the above-listed entities. This consultation will be posted on the NMFS Northwest Region website (http://www.nwr.noaa.gov). The format and naming adheres to conventional standards for style. Integrity: This consultation was completed on a computer system managed by NMFS in accordance with relevant information technology security policies and standards set out in Appendix III, ‘Security of Automated Information Resources,’ Office of Management and Budget Circular A-130; the Computer Security Act; and the Government Information Security Reform Act. Objectivity: Information Product Category: Natural Resource Plan. Standards: This consultation and supporting documents are clear, concise, complete, and unbiased; and were developed using commonly accepted scientific research methods. They adhere to published standards including the NMFS ESA Consultation Handbook, ESA Regulations, 50 CFR 402.01, et seq., and the MSA implementing regulations regarding EFH, 50 CFR 600.920(j). Best Available Information: This consultation and supporting documents use the best available information, as referenced in the Literature Cited section. The analyses in this Opinion/EFH consultation contain more background on information sources and quality. Referencing: All supporting materials, information, data and analyses are properly referenced, consistent with standard scientific referencing style. Review Process: This consultation was drafted by NMFS staff with training in ESA and MSA implementation, and reviewed in accordance with Northwest Region ESA quality control and assurance processes.

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LITERATURE CITED Beechie, T.J. and T.H. Sibley. 1997. Relationships between channel characteristics, woody

debris, and fish habitat in northwestern Washington streams. Transactions of the American Fisheries Society 26:217-229.

Bottom, D. L., C. A. Simenstad, J. Burke, A. M. Baptista, D. A. Jay, K. K. Jones, E. Casillas, M.

H. Schiewe. 2005. Salmon at river's end: The role of the estuary in the decline and recovery of Columbia River salmon. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-68, 246 p.

Carmichael, R.W. 2006. Draft recovery plan for Oregon’s middle Columbia River steelhead,

Progress Report. Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, Eastern Oregon University, La Grande, Oregon. January 17.

Cederholm, C.J., L.G. Dominguez and T.W. Bumstead. 1997. Rehabilitating stream channels

and fish habitat using large woody debris. Capter 8 in: Slaney, P.A. and Zaldokas, D. (editors). Fish Habitat Rehabilitation Procedures. Watershed Restoration Technical Circular No. 9. British Columbia Ministry of Environment, Lands and Parks, Vancouver, British Columbia.

CIG (Climate Impacts Group). 2004. Overview of climate change impacts n the U.S. Pacific

Northwest. Climate Impacts Group, University of Washington, Seattle. 13p. August 17. Darnell, R.M. 1976. Impacts of construction activities in wetlands of the United States. U.S.

Environmental Protection Agency, Ecological Research Series, Report No. EPA-600/3-76-045, U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Environmental Research Laboratory, Corvallis, Oregon.

Feist, B.E., J.J. Anderson, and R. Miyamoto. 1996. Potential impacts of pile driving on juvenile

pink (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) and chum (O. keta) salmon behavior and distribution. Report No. FRI-UW-9603. Fisheries Research Institute, School of Fisheries, University of Washington. Seattle, Washington.

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along the Willamette River, Oregon: Field measurements and model estimates. Water Resources Research 37(6):1681-1694.

Fox, W.W. Jr. 1992. Stemming the tide: Challenges for conserving the nation=s coastal fish

habitat. Pages 9-13 in R.H. Stroud, editor. Stemming the tide of coastal fish habitat loss. Proceedings of a Symposium on Conservation of Coastal Fish Habitat. National Coalition for Marine Conservation, Inc., Savannah Georgia.

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Fresh, K. L., E. Casillas, L. L. Johnson, D. L. Bottom. 2005. Role of the estuary in the recovery of Columbia River Basin salmon and steelhead: An evaluation of the effects of selected factors on salmonid population viability. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS-NWFSC-69, 105 p.

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ESUs of West Coast Salmon and Steelhead West Coast Salmon Biological Review Team. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-NWFSC-66, 598 p.

Gregory, R.S. 1988. Effects of Turbidity on benthic foraging and predation risk in juvenile

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Gregory, S., R. Wildman, L. Ashkenas, K. Wildman, and P. Haggerty. 2002a. Fish assemblages.

Pages 44-45 in D. Hulse, S. Gregory, and J. Baker, editors. Willamette River Basin Planning Atlas: Trajectories of Environmental and Ecological Change. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon.

Gregory, S., L. Ashkenas, D. Oetter, P. Minear, and K. Wildman. 2002b. Historical Willamette

River channel change. Pages 18-26 in D. Hulse, S. Gregory, and J. Baker, editors. Willamette River Basin Planning Atlas: Trajectories of Environmental and Ecological Change. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon.

Gregory, S., L. Ashkenas, D. Oetter, P. Minear, R. Wildman, P. Minear, S. Jett, and K. Wildman.

2002c. Revetments. Pages 32-33 in D. Hulse, S. Gregory, and J. Baker, editors. Willamette River Basin Planning Atlas: Trajectories of Environmental and Ecological Change. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon.

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VanSickle. 2002d. Riparian vegetation. Pages 40-43 in D. Hulse, S. Gregory, and J. Baker, editors. Willamette River Basin Planning Atlas: Trajectories of Environmental and Ecological Change. Oregon State University Press, Corvallis, Oregon.

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oil: Part II. Increased mortality of pink salmon (Oncorhynchus gorbuscha) embryos incubating downstream from weathered Exxon Valdez crude oil. Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 18:494-503.

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Hicks, D. 2005. Lower Rogue watershed assessment. South Coast Watershed Council, Gold Beach, Oregon.

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IC-TRT (Interior Columbia Basin Technical Recovery Team). 2007. Viability criteria for

application to Interior Columbia Basin salmonid ESUs – Review draft. 90 p. March. Incardona, J. P., Collier, T. K., and Scholz, N. L. 2004. Defects in cardiac function precede

morphological abnormalities in fish embryos exposed to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology 196:191-205.

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E. Nickelson, G. H. Reeves, H. A. Stout, T. C. Wainwright, L. A. Weitkamp. 2007. Identification of historical populations of coho salmon (Onchorynchus kisutch) in the Oregon Coast evolutionarily significant unit. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-NWFSC-79, 129 p.

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Maguire, M. 2001. Chetco River watershed assessment. South Coast Watershed Council, Gold

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McElhany, P., C. Busack, M. Chilcote, S. Kolmes, B. McIntosh, J. Myers, D. Rawding, A. Steel, C. Steward, D. Ward, T. Whitesel, and C. Willis. 2006. Revised viability criteria for salmon and steelhead in the Willamette and Lower Columbia Basins. Review Draft. Willamette/Lower Columbia Technical Recovery Team and Oregon Department of Fish and Wildlife, 178 p. April.

McElhany, P., M. Chilcote, J. Myers, and R. Beamesderfer. 2007. Viability status of Oregon

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Memorandum to NMFS NW Regional Office regarding updated population delineation in the interior Columbia Basin.

Moberg, G.P. 2000. Biological response to stress: Implications for animal welfare. Pages 1-21 in

G.P. Moberg and J.A. Mench, editors. The biology of animal stress – basic principles and implications for animal welfare. CABI Publishing, Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Myers, J. M., C. Busack, D. Rawding, A. R. Marshall, D. J. Teel, D. M. Van Doornik, M. T.

Maher. 2006. Historical population structure of Pacific salmonids in the Willamette River and lower Columbia River basins. U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum, NMFS-NWFSC-73, 311 p.

Negishi, J.N. and J.S. Richardson. 2003. Responses of organic matter and macroinvertebrates to

placements of boulder clusters in a small stream of southwestern British Columbia, Canada. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 60:247-258.

Newcombe, C.P. and J.O.T. Jensen. 1996. Channel suspended sediment and fisheries: A

synthesis for quantitative assessment of risk and impact. North American journal of Fisheries Management 16:693-727.

NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). 1996. Juvenile fish screen criteria for pump intakes.

National Marine Fisheries Service, Portland, Oregon. NMFS (National Marine Fisheries Service). 2000. Guidelines for Electrofishing Waters

Containing Salmonids Listed Under the Endangered Species Act. National Marine Fisheries Service, Portland, Oregon.

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Columbia River Chinook (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha), Columbia River chum (Oncorhynchus keta), and Lower Columbia River steelhead (Oncorhynchus mykiss)—within the Washington Lower Columbia Management Unit. National Marine Fisheries Service, Portland, Oregon. April 15..

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- 71 – SLOPES IV Restoration Appendix A

Appendix A: E-mail Guidelines & SLOPES IV-Restoration Action Notification Form


E-MAIL GUIDELINES FOR SLOPES IV PROGRAMMATIC The SLOPES IV programmatic e-mail box ([email protected]) is to be used for actions submitted to the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) by the Federal Action Agencies for formal consultation (50 CFR § 402.14) under SLOPES IV. The Federal Action Agency must ensure the final project is being submitted to avoid multiple submittals and withdrawals. In rare occurrences, a withdrawal may be necessary and unavoidable. In this situation, please specify in the e-mail subject line that the project is being withdrawn. There is no form for a withdrawal, simply state the reason for the withdrawal and submit to the e-mail box, following the email titling conventions. If a previously-withdrawn notification is resubmitted later, this resubmittal will be regarded as a new action notification. An automatic reply will be sent upon receipt, but no other communication will be sent from the programmatic e-mail box; this box is used for Incoming Only. All other pre-decisional communication should be conducted outside the use of the [email protected] e-mail. The Federal Action Agency will send only one project per e-mail submittal, and will attach all related documents. These documents must be in pdf format and will include the following: 1. Action Notification Form, the Action Completion Form, or the Salvage Report 2. Map(s) and project design drawings (if applicable); 3. Final project plan. In the subject line of the email (see below for requirements), clearly identify which SLOPES IV programmatic you are submitting under (Restoration, Bank Stabilization, Boat Docks, or Transportation), the specific submittal category (30-day approval, no approval, project completion, withdrawal, or salvage report), the Corps Permit Number, the Applicant Name, County, Waterway, and State E-mail Titling Conventions Use caution when entering the necessary information in the subject line. If these titling conventions are not used, the e-mail will not be accepted. Ensure that you clearly identify: 1. Which SLOPES IV programmatic you are submitting under (Restoration, Bank Stabilization, Boat

Docks, or Transportation.); 2. The specific submittal category (30-day approval, no approval, action completion, withdrawal, or

salvage report); 3. Corps Permit number; 4. Applicant Name (you may use last name only, or commonly used abbreviations); 5. County; 6. Waterway; and 7. State.


Examples:

SLOPES IV Programmatic_Specific Submittal Category, Corps Permit #, Applicant Name, County, Waterway, State

Action Notification

Restoration_No Approval, 200600999, Smith, Multnomah, Willamette, Oregon Restoration_30-day Approval, 200600999, Smith, Multnomah, Willamette, Oregon

Project Completion Banks_Completion, 200600999, Smith, Multnomah, Willamette, Oregon

Salvage Report Boat Docks_Salvage, 200600999, Smith, Multnomah, Willamette, Oregon

Withdrawal Transportation_Withdrawal, 200600999, Smith, Multnomah, Willamette, Oregon

Project Description Please provide enough information for NMFS to be able to determine the effects of the action and whether the project fits the SLOPES criteria. Attach additional sheets if necessary. The project description should include information such as (but not limited to):

o Proposed in-water work including timing and duration o Work area isolation and salvage plan including pumping, screening, electroshocking, fish handling,

etc. o Discussion of alternatives considered o Description of any proposed mitigation o Cross section to show depth of over and in-water structures.


SLOPES IV PROGRAMMATIC - RESTORATION ACTION NOTIFICATION FORM

Submit this completed action notification form with the following information to NMFS at [email protected]. The SLOPES IV Programmatic e-mail box is to be used for Incoming Only. Use the NMFS Public Consultation Tracking System-Consultation Initiation and Reporting System (CIRS) to submit this report when the online system becomes available. NMFS Review and Approval. Any action that involves (a) fish passage restoration; (b) off- and side-channel habitat restoration; (c) set-back of a berm, dike or levee; or (d) removal of a water control structure, must be individually reviewed and approved by NMFS as consistent with this Opinion before that action is authorized. NMFS will notify the Corps within 30 calendar days if the action is approved or disqualified. For actions that require NMFS approval, attach engineering designs and the results of a site assessment for contaminants to identify the type, quantity, and extent of any potential contamination. Actions to (e) place boulders, (f) restore large wood, (g) restore spawning gravel, (h) restore streambanks, or (g) remove pilings, do not require NMFS prior review and approval. Attach a copy of the erosion and pollution control plan, if required.

DATE OF REQUEST: NMFS Tracking #: 2007/07790

TYPE OF REQUEST: ACTION NOTIFICATION (NO APPROVAL)

ACTION NOTIFICATION (APPROVAL REQUIRED)

Statutory Authority: ESA ONLY EFH ONLY ESA & EFH INTEGRATED

Lead Action Agency: Corps of Engineers Action Agency Contact: Individual Corps Permit #:

Applicant: Individual DSL Permit #:

Action Title:

6th Field HUC & Name: Latitude & Longitude

(including degrees, minutes, and seconds)

Proposed Project: Start Date: End Date: Action Description:


Type of Action: Identify the type of action proposed. Actions Requiring No Approval from NMFS: Actions Requiring Approval from NMFS:

Boulder Placement Fish Passage Restoration Spawning Gravel Restoration Off- and Side-Channel Habitat Restoration Large Wood Restoration Set-back Berms, Dikes and Levees Piling Removal Water Control Structure Removal Streambank Restoration

NMFS Species/Critical Habitat Present in Action Area: Identify the species found in the action area: EFH Species:

Lower Columbia River Chinook Southern Oregon/Northern California coho Salmon, Chinook Upper Willamette River spring-run Chinook Snake River sockeye Salmon, coho Snake River spring/summer run Chinook Lower Columbia River steelhead Coastal Pelagics Snake River fall-run Chinook Upper Willamette River steelhead Groundfish Upper Columbia spring-run Chinook Middle Columbia River steelhead Columbia River chum Snake River Basin steelhead Lower Columbia River coho Upper Columbia River steelhead Oregon Coast coho salmon Green sturgeon

Terms and Conditions: Check the Terms and Conditions from the biological opinion that will be included as conditions on the permit issued for this proposed action. Please attach the appropriate plan(s) for this proposed action. Administrative Types of Actions

Electronic notification Site assessment for contaminants Action completion report Site access Salvage notice

Construction

Flagging sensitive areas Temporary erosion controls Temporary access roads Fish passage criteria In-water work period Work area isolation Capture and release Electrofishing Construction water Fish screen criteria Erosion/pollution control plan Choice of equipment Vehicle staging and use Stationary power equipment Work from top of bank Site restoration

Boulder Placement

Site selection Installation

Fish Passage Restoration

Needs NMFS Approval Large Wood Restoration

Large wood condition Off- and Side-Channel Habitat

Needs NMFS Approval Piling Removal

Pile removal Broken piles

Set-back Berm, Dike, and Levee

Needs NMFS Approval Spawning Gravel Restoration

Gravel placement Gravel source

Streambank Restoration

Streambank shaping Soil reinforcement Large Wood Use of Rock in Streambank Planting or installing

vegetation Fertilizer Fencing

Water Control Structure Removal

Needs NMFS Approval

- 75 – SLOPES IV Restoration Appendix B

Appendix B: SLOPES IV Programmatic-Restoration Action Completion Form

- 76 – SLOPES IV Restoration Appendix B

SLOPES IV PROGRAMMATIC - RESTORATION ACTION COMPLETION FORM

Within 60 days of completing all work below ordinary high water (OHW) as part of an action completed under the SLOPES IV Restoration programmatic opinion, submit the completed action completion form with the following information to NMFS at [email protected]. Use the NMFS Public Consultation Tracking System-Consultation Initiation and Reporting System (CIRS) to submit this report when the online system becomes available. Corps Permit #:

Action Agency Contact:

Action Title

Start and End Dates for the completion of in-water work:

Start:

End:

Any Dates work ceased due to high flows:

Include With This Form: 1. Photos of habitat conditions before, during, and after action completion 2. Evidence of compliance with fish screen criteria for any pump used 3. A summary of the results of pollution and erosion control inspections, including any erosion control

failure, contaminant release, and correction effort 4. Number, type, and diameter of any pilings removed or broken during removal 5. A description of any riparian area cleared within 150 feet of OHW 6. Linear feet of bank alteration 7. A description of site restoration 8. A completed Salvage Reporting Form from Appendix C for any action that requires fish salvage

- 76 – SLOPES IV Restoration Appendix C

Appendix C: SLOPES IV Programmatic – Restoration Salvage Reporting Form

- 77 – SLOPES IV Restoration Appendix C

SLOPES IV PROGRAMMATIC - RESTORATION SALVAGE REPORTING FORM

Within 10 days of completing a capture and release as part of an action completed under the SLOPES IV Restoration programmatic opinion. The applicant or, for Corps civil works actions, the Corps, must submit a complete a Salvage Reporting Form, or its equivalent, with the following information to NMFS at [email protected]. Use the NMFS Public Consultation Tracking System-Consultation Initiation and Reporting System (CIRS) to submit this report when the online system becomes available. Corps Permit #:

Action Agency Contact:

Action Title

Date of Fish Salvage Operation:

Supervisory Fish Biologist (name, address & telephone number):

Include With This Form: 1. A description of methods used to isolate the work area, remove fish, minimize adverse effects on fish,

and evaluate their effectiveness. 2. A description of the stream conditions before and following placement and removal of barriers. 3. A description of the number of fish handled, condition at release, number injured, and number killed by

species.

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