us army cc it0458 introduction to imagery analysis

8/20/2019 Us Army Cc It0458 Introduction to Imagery Analysis

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SUBCOURSE EDITION

IT 0458 A

US ARMY INTELLIGENCE CENTER INTRODUCTION TO IMAGERY

ANALYSIS


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INTRODUCTION TO IMAGERY ANALYSIS

Subcourse Number IT 0458

EDITION A

US Army Inte!"ence Center#ort $u%c&uc%' A( 85)*+,)000

8 Cre-!t $ours

E-!t!on D%te. December *//

SU1COURSE O2ER2IE3

T&!s subcourse !s -es!"ne- to te%c& you t&e comos!t!on o m!!t%ry !nte!"ence 6MI7or"%n!%t!ons %n- t&e!r unct!ons %n- b%s!c !m%"ery %n%ys!s roce-ures' tec&n!9ues'%n- reorts use- by !m%"ery %n%ysts 6IAs7:

T&ere %re no rere9u!s!tes or t&!s subcourse:

T&!s subcourse reects t&e -octr!ne ;&!c& ;%s current %t t&e t!me t&e subcourse ;%s

re%re-:

TERMINAL LEARNING O1


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TA1LE O# CONTENTS

SECTION @AGE

Subcourse O>er>!e; !

LESSON *. 1ASIC IMAGERY ANALYSIS *

@%rt A. Im%"ery An%ys!s 1%cB"roun- @%rt 1. Im%"ery An%ys!s Dut!es %n- Tec&n!9ues +@%rt C. MI 1r!"%-e 6Cors7 Or"%n!%t!on *4@%rt D. US Army Reconn%!ss%nce A!rcr%t %n- T&e!r */

C%%b!!t!es@%rt E. USA# Reconn%!ss%nce A!rcr%t %n- T&e!r +

C%%b!!t!es@%rt #. Inr%re- Im%"ery @%rt G. S!-e,LooB!n" A!rborne R%-%r /@%rt $. Con>ent!on% @&oto"r%&y +@%rt I. @%nn!n" %n- Re9uest!n" Aer!% 4/

Reconn%!ss%nce %n- Sur>e!%nce

@r%ct!ce E?erc!se )0

Ans;er =ey %n- #ee-b%cB )

LESSON . IMAGERY ANALYSIS @ROCEDURES )+

@%rt A. Or!ent%t!on %n- @ott!n" )4@%rt 1. M!!t%ry I-ent!!c%t!on #%ctors )@%rt C. @&oto"r%mmetry @%rt D. Mos%!cs' @&otom%s' %n- @%nor%m!cs 80

@r%ct!ce E?erc!se 8Ans;er =ey %n- #ee-b%cB 8)

LESSON +. MILITARY IDENTI#ICATION 8/

@%rt A. M!!t%ry Act!>!ty /0@%rt 1. Im%"ery An%ys!s Reorts ***

@r%ct!ce E?erc!se *+5Ans;er =ey %n- #ee-b%cB *+8

IT 0458 ii


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SECTION @AGE

A@@ENDI A. GLOSSARY A,*A@@ENDI 1. ACRONYMS 1,*

iii IT 0458


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LESSON *

1ASIC IMAGERY ANALYSIS

Cr!t!c% T%sBs. +0*,++8,*800+0*,++8,80

O2ER2IE3

TAS= DESCRI@TION.

In t&!s esson you ;! e%rn &o; to ut!!e !m%"ery %n%ys!s r!nc!es %n-tec&n!9ues' !-ent!y %er!% reconn%!ss%nce %n- sur>e!%nce 6RS7 c%%b!!t!es %n-!m!t%t!ons' %n- -escr!be t&e b%s!c re9u!rements or m!ss!on %nn!n" %n- re9uest!n":

LEARNING O1en e?tr%cts rom #M *,)' #M +4,*0' #M +4,5' %n- TC+4,55:

STANDARDS. De!ne b%s!c -ut!es %n- tec&n!9ues or b%s!c MI or"%n!%t!ons ;!t& IAersonne' t&e c%%b!!t!es o U:S: Army %n- U:S: A!r #orce 6USA#7reconn%!ss%nce %!rcr%t' %n- t&e -!erent tyes o !m%"ery %n IA ;!use. !nr%re- 6IR7' s!-e,ooB!n" %!rborne r%-%r 6SLAR7' %n-con>ent!on% &oto"r%&y: #urt&ermore' you ;! -e!ne b%s!cre9u!rements or %nn!n" %n- re9uest!n" %er!% RS IA3 #M *,)' #M+4,*0' #M +4,5' %n- TC +4,55:

RE#ERENCES. T&e m%ter!% cont%!ne- !n t&!s esson ;%s -er!>e- rom t&e oo;!n"ub!c%t!ons.

#M *,):#M +4,*0:#M +4,5:TC +4,55:

NOTE. Re%ce t&e oo;!n" %"es ;!t& %tt%c&e- "ossy &oto %"es or better>!e;!n". /' *+' 8' +' +5' +8 t&rou"& 4*' 4+' 45' 4)' /4' %n- *08: @&oto%"es 458,* t&rou"& 458,*+ %re ment!one- t&rou"&out t&e te?t: T&e encose-&otos %re or your con>en!ence %n- better un-erst%n-!n" o m%ter!%co>ere-:

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INTRODUCTION

To-%y' !m%"ery !nte!"ence 6IMINT7 !s &!"&y -e>eoe- %n- %n !nte"r% %rt ot&e !nte!"ence eort: $o;e>er' t&e e%ry be"!nn!n"s "%>e !tte or no &!nt o t&eotent!% o IMINT: IAs &%>e come % on" ;%y %n- t&e!r -ut!es >%ry ;!t& t&e!r-!>erse ob %ss!"nments: IAs must Bno; t&e str%te"y %n- e9u!ment o t&e enemy'so>e robems' %n- re%c& % re!%be u-"ment by us!n" b%s!c !m%"ery %n%ys!stec&n!9ues:

@ART A. IMAGERY ANALYSIS 1AC=GROUND

*: Dur!n" t&e e%ry -%ys o t&e C!>! 3%r se>er% %eron%uts ;!t& t&e!r "%s,!e-b%oons ;ere emoye- by t&e Un!on Army: T&e!r m!ss!on ;%s to &o>er %bo>e t&e Un!on!nes %n- reort Cone-er%te %ct!>!t!es: @roessor T&%--eus Lo;e -e>!se- % met&o- or!""!n" % tee"r%& !ne to t&e b%oon' en%b!n" &!m to sen- % ste%-y stre%m o!nte!"ence b%cB to e%rt&boun- %ssoc!%tes:

: @roessor Lo;eFs e?ose- os!t!on -!- oer %n !n>!t!n" t%r"et to t&es&%rs&oot!n" Cone-er%te s9u!rre &unters turne- so-!er: T&e m!nn!e b%s %n-%rt!ery s&es m%y &%>e been t&e -ec!-!n" %ctor t&%t c%use- t&e roessor to%->%nce t&e !-e% o t%B!n" !ctures rom % b%oon ;&!c& cou- be stu-!e- !n %n%tmos&ere ree o suc& etty %nnoy%nces: T&e Army e?er!mente- ;!t& t&e !-e% o

%er!% &oto"r%&y' but t&%t !-e%' %s ;e %s t&e 1%oon Cors' ;%s et u !n t&e%!r: It ;%s not unt! 3or- 3%r I t&%t %er!% &oto"r%&y ;%s %-ote- or ;!-esre%-m!!t%ry use:

+: A!rcr%t ;ere !rst use- m!!t%r!y or >!su% reconn%!ss%nce -ur!n" 3or- 3%r I:It ;%s oun- t&%t % !ot' muc& !Be t&e C!>! 3%r %eron%ut' ;%s subect to numerous-!str%ct!ons o ;&!c& t&e most !mort%nt ;%s Bee!n" t&e %!rcr%t %ot: T&e !otFsnotes' ! %ny' ;ere %t to be !ncomete %n- o !m!te- >%ue: T&e ob>!ous %->%nt%"eo &oto"r%&s ;%s soon reco"n!e-' %n- t&e c%mer% bec%me t&e %>!%torFs eye %n-memory:

4: Dur!n" t&e re%t!>ey e%ceu er!o- bet;een */*8 %n- */4*' t&e m!!t%ry%!c%t!on o %er!% &oto"r%&y ;%s ne"ecte- !n % oer%t!ons e?cet m%!n": In

t&e e%ry st%"es o 3or- 3%r II' t&e !mort%nce o %er!% &oto"r%&y ;%s %"%!nre%!e-' %n- >!"orous eorts ;ere %unc&e- to ro>!-e &oto"r%&!c e9u!ment %n--e>eo roer !nterret%t!on tec&n!9ues: As % resut' IMINT ;%s ro>e- >%u%bet!me %n- t!me %"%!n !n 3or- 3%r II: One cors G est!m%te- t&%t /0 ercent o t&e!nte!"ence on enemy -eenses %n- %t e%st 50 ercent o our tot% !nte!"ence ;ererece!>e- rom %er!% &oto"r%&y:

5: In 3or- 3%r II' &oto !nterret%t!on ersonne ;ere %tt%c&e- to % ec&eons'rom -!>!s!on to t&e%ter' %n- ;ere controe- by t&e m!!t%ry !nte!"ence ser>!ce&e%-9u%rters o t&e t&e%ter %rmy ;&ere t&ey ;ere emoye-: @&oto !nterret%t!onro>e- so successu -ur!n" 3or- 3%r II

IT 0458 2


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t&%t %ter t&e ;%r &oto !nterret%t!on ersonne ;ere m%-e or"%n!c to -!>!s!on'cors' %n- !e- %rm!es' Bno;n to-%y %s ec&eons %bo>e cors 6EAC7:

): =ore% reresente- t&e !rst comb%t %re% !n ;&!c& &oto !nterret%t!on ersonne;ere or"%n!c to m%or un!ts' but !t ;%s -!sco>ere- t&e or"%n!c concet -!- not;orB: In m%ny c%ses' &oto !nterreters 6@Is7 ;ere not ut!!e- !n t&e sec!%ty or;&!c& t&ey ;ere tr%!ne-: As % resut o t&!s esson' !m%"e !nterret%t!on 6**7ersonne bec%me or"%n!c to t&e MI b%tt%!on o t&e !e- %rmy: T&e MI b%tt%!on

ro>!-e- M com%n!es to cors %n- -!>!s!on: T&e MI com%ny !ncu-e- %n II %toon:

: T&e ost,2!etn%m er% brou"&t more reor"%n!%t!on t&%t %ecte- !m%"e!nterret%t!on: T&e comb%t eectron!c ;%r%re %n- !nte!"ence 6CE3I7 concet-r%st!c%y c&%n"e- t&e oc%t!on o t&e !m%"e !nterreter 6II7: T&e !e- %rmy !s noon"er % comm%n- ec&eon' un!t -es!"n%t!ons &%>e c&%n"e-' stren"t& &%s beenrestructure-' %n- m!ss!ons re-es!"ne-: T&e term &oto !nterreter bec%me obsoete;&en t&e bus!ness o !nterret%t!n" !m%"ery be"%n to !n>o>e not ony bu!t,!nc%mer%s us!n" b%cB %n- ;&!te !m' but %!rborne r%-%r' IR' %n- c%mou%"e -etect!onsensors %s ;e: A more comre&ens!>e term ;%s nee-e- to -escr!be t&e tec&n!c%e?ert!se t&ese -e>!ces %n- met&o-s re9u!re-' t&us t&e ne; -es!"n%t!on o !m%"ery%n%ys!s e>o>e-' %n- t&e II bec%me t&e IA:

NOTE. Reer to Aen-!? 1 or % comete !st o terms %n- -e!n!t!ons use- !n %er!%

reconn%!ss%nce:

@ART 1. IMAGERY ANALYSIS DUTIES AND TEC$NIHUES

*: IAs %re !m%"ery %n%ysts tr%!ne- !n t&e tec&n!9ues o e?tr%ct!n" !norm%t!on rom!m%"ery ro-uce- by %!rborne sensors: T&ey must Bno; t&e !nte!"ence re9u!rementso t&e comm%n- to 9u!cBy !-ent!y' oc%te' %n- reort !norm%t!on obt%!ne- rom t&e!m%"ery: IAs %re "ener%y emoye- %s % "rou: T&ey %re norm%y oc%te- ;&eret&ey c%n &%>e !mme-!%te %ccess to !m rocess!n" %c!!t!es ;&!c& ser>e t&e >%r!ousun!ts emoy!n" %!rborne sensors: T&!s %ssures t&e %>%!%b!!ty o %-e9u%te !m%"eryor %n%ys!s' t&e e!m!n%t!on o %-m!n!str%t!>e e%- t!me !n tr%nsm!tt!n" !m%"ery'%n- t&e econom!c% use o rocess!n" e9u!ment:

: T&e resons!b!!t!es o IA ersonne %re s!m!%r %t % t%ct!c% e>es &o;e>er't&e em&%s!s on cert%!n -ut!es ;! >%ry %ccor-!n" to t&e t%ct!c% s!tu%t!on %n- t&eec&eon to ;&!c& %ss!"ne-: IA ersonne %t -!>!s!on' cors' %n- EAC e>es %reresons!be or.

%: An%y!n" %n- reort!n" enemy oens!>e %n- -eens!>e os!t!on: In t&!sc%te"ory %re os!t!ons or %rt!ery' mort%r' %n- %utom%t!c ;e%on em%cements'm!ne!e-s' b%rbe- ;!re ent%n"ements' %n- stron"o!nts: T&e reorts s&ou- !ncu-esuc& >!su% %!-s %s o>er%ys %n- o>err!nte- m%s:

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b: Loc%t!n" %n- stu-y!n" enemy suy !nst%%t!ons %n- !nes o commun!c%t!on6%rt!cu%ry to or;%r- %re%s7' !ncu-!n" ront,!ne suy -ums' re%r %re% suy-eots' r%!&e%-s' m%!n suy routes' %n- c!>!!%n %ct!>!ty re%te- to m!!t%ryoer%t!ons suc& %s ou%t!on concentr%t!ons' !n-ustr!% ro-uct!on %c!!t!es' %n-tr%!c net;orBs:

c: Loc%t!n" enemy >e&!ces %n- ersonne concentr%t!ons:

-: Con!rm!n" or reut!n" !nte!"ence !norm%t!on obt%!ne- rom ot&er sources:Ot&er sources ;ou- !ncu-e or-er o b%tte 6O17 ersonne' !nterro"%t!onersonne' tec&n!c% !nte!"ence te%ms' %n- co>ert sources: IAs e>%u%te t&!s!norm%t!on %"%!nst t&e!r most recent co>er%"e %n- con!rm or -eny !ts %ccur%cy: Its&ou- be note- t&%t cert%!n tyes o !norm%t!on c%nnot be con!rme- or -en!e- rom!m%"ery %one: #or e?%me' %n IA m%y be %be to reort % cert%!n %re% cont%!ns %nenemy orce o re"!ment% s!e' but t&e IA ;ou- not be %be to !-ent!y !t by n%meor number rom !m%"ery %one:

e: E>%u%t!n" seecte- t%r"ets or "roun- %n- %!r ;e%ons %s ;e %s "u!-e-m!ss!es %n- sec!% ;e%ons o % nuce%r n%ture: It !s &ere ;&ere suc& ;e%onsreerre- to %s m%ss -estruct!on ;e%ons %re cons!-ere-: It must be Bet !n m!n-t&%t IAs -o not seect t%r"ets or -estruct!on' but merey ro>!-e -et%!e- reortsuon ;&!c& e>%u%t!ons %re m%-e %s to su!t%b!!ty or sec!% ;e%ons:

: @re%r!n" ost str!Be or -%m%"e %ssessment reorts: Reorts on t&e e?tent o-%m%"e c%use- by r!en-y %!r or "roun- !re %re %n !mort%nt %rt o t&e IAFscontr!but!on to t&e o>er% !nte!"ence eort:

": Construct!n" mos%!cs %n- %nor%m%s: A mos%!c ro>!-es %n u-%te- >ert!c% >!e;%n- % %nor%m% ro>!-es %n ob!9ue >!e; o %n %re%: Mos%!cs %n- %nor%m%s %re!mort%nt to comm%n-ers or br!e!n" %n- %nn!n" uroses: Obser>ers !n- %nor%m%s>%u%be or sott!n" %n- -es!"n%t!n" t%r"ets:

&: @ott!n" t&e !m%"ery rece!>e- %n- m%!nt%!n!n" % sort!e ot %n- % m%sterco>er tr%ce: T&e sort!e ot !s use- to -eterm!ne t&e !n-!>!-u% sort!e r!ntsnee-e- to co>er t&e %re%: T&e m%ster co>er tr%ce cont%!ns t&e m% oc%t!ons o %

sort!es t&%t &%>e come to t&e un!t: I % un!t !s to urn!s& % mos%!c o % sec!!c%re%' t&e m%ster co>er tr%ce ;! be use- to oc%te t&e sort!e co>er!n" t&e %re% !n9uest!on: T&e m%ster co>er tr%ce re>ents -u!c%t!on o eort by !ustr%t!n"%re%s %re%-y co>ere- by !m%"ery:

!: @re%r!n" t%r"et o-ers:

: U-%t!n" m%s rom current !m%"ery %n- re%r!n" m% suements rom&oto"r%&y:

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B: Ass!st!n" t&e coect!on m%n%"ement %n- -!ssem!n%t!on 6CMD7 m!ss!on m%n%"er !n%nn!n" %er!% RS m!ss!ons:

: @ro>!-!n" oer%t!ons secur!ty 6O@SEC7 suort to t&e comm%n-er:

NOTE. #ormery' IAs ;ere use- !n re%r!n" terr%!n %n%ys!s stu-!es &o;e>er' ;!t&t&e %ct!>%t!on o terr%!n %n%ys!s -et%c&ments %t -!>!s!on' cors' %n- EAC'tr%!ne- terr%!n %n%ysts %re no; erorm!n" t&!s t%sB:

+: =no;e-"e ;! !ncre%se t&e eect!>eness o %n IA: It !s !ncre%se- by t&ee?er!ence %n- t&e %mount o b%cB"roun- Bno;e-"e ;&!c& t&e so-!er ossesses %boutt&e enemy %n- t&e %re% o !nterest: T&e IAFs t!me %n- eort %re %so moreeect!>ey e?en-e- ;&en m%-e %;%re o e?%cty ;&%t !norm%t!on !s re9ueste- or-es!re-: T&e IAFs eect!>eness !s en&%nce- ;&en t&e oo;!n" !s %>%!%be.

%: Are% stu-!es' ot&er b%cB"roun- m%ter!%' %n- seecte- !nte!"ence reorts t&%t-e% ;!t& t&e enemy %n- t&e %re% o !nterest:

b: Oer%t!ons or-ers' comm%n-erFs r!or!ty !nte!"ence re9u!rements 6@IR7 %n-!norm%t!on re9u!rements t&%t !-ent!y !nte!"ence nee-s %n- t&e %re% o !nterest:

c: =no;e-"e o t&e c%%b!!t!es %n- !m!t%t!ons o t&e suort!n" %!rcr%t %n-

sensors' %n- t&e %n%ys!s e9u!ment %>%!%be:

-: =no;e-"e o current enemy t%ct!cs' e9u!ment' %n- O1:

e: @r!or !m%"ery co>er%"e o t&e %re% o !nterest or com%r%t!>e %n%ys!s:

: Inte!"ence !norm%t!on rece!>e- rom ot&er sources t&%t ;! %ss!st !ncon!rm!n" or -eny!n" &!s e>%u%t!ons:

4: @&ys!c% 9u%!!c%t!ons: An IA must ossess norm% or correct%be >!s!on %n->!su% %cu!ty or' !n ot&er ;or-s' t&e %b!!ty to see !m%"es ce%ry %n- to -etect-!erences !n %r%%? t&e >!su% -!s%cement o obects 6stereo>!s!on7: Uness!m%"es %re seen s&%ry' t&e IA c%nnot !-ent!y t&em correcty:

%: Obser>%t!on %n- An%ys!s: T&e IA must &%>e t&e %b!!ty to see %n- reco"n!eobects ;&!c& %e%r on !m%"ery: #or e?%me' you see t;o obects on % stereo%!r6t;o o>er%!n" &otos7 %n-' us!n" your o;er o obser>%t!on' reco"n!e %n- !-ent!yt&e obects %s t;o bu!-!n"s: On coser e?%m!n%t!on o t&e %re% !mme-!%teysurroun-!n" t&e !rst bu!-!n"' you -!sco>er obects ;&!c& you !-ent!y %s s!-es's;!n"s' %n- teeter,totters: Ater your %n%ys!s' you concu-e t&e bu!-!n" !n9uest!on !s %n eement%ry sc&oo: T&e secon- bu!-!n" !s !-ent!!e- %s

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% c&urc& %ter % stu-y o !ts s&%-o; m%rBs t&e %ct !t &%s % &!"& con!c% to;er ;!t&% cross on to: 1ec%use t&!s bu!-!n" !s % c&urc&' t&e ro;s o sm% ;&!te obectsbe&!n- !t m%y !n-!c%te % cemetery: T&e !n-!>!-u% ;&o obser>es ;!t&out %n%y!n"'%n- !-ent!!es t&e obects ony %s bu!-!n"s' !s % &oto re%-er:

b: @%t!ence !s -e!ne- %s &%>!n" t&e en-ur%nce %n- erse>er%nce to st%y ;!t& %robem %n- br!n" !t to % successu concus!on: T&e rocess o m%B!n" % -et%!e-%n%ys!s o !m%"ery &%s been !Bene- to t&%t o ;orB!n" % !"s%; ue !n t&%t e%c&

ne; !ece o !norm%t!on contr!butes some sm% b!t to t&e o>er% !cture: T&es!m!e c%n be en%r"e- uon by st%t!n" t&e IA' !Be t&e !n-!>!-u% utt!n" t&e !"s%;ue to"et&er' m%y be re9u!re- to e?erc!se "re%t %t!ence !n t&e course o so>!n"t&e ue: In some c%ses t&e IA !s re9u!re- to &%>e %t!ence to st!cB ;!t& t&erobem % !tte on"er !n t&e &oe o -!sco>er!n" %--!t!on% useu !norm%t!on: Inot&er c%ses t&e IA must -o % reet!t!>e ob ;&!c& m%y oer !tte c&%en"e:@%t!ence re9u!re- o %n IA m%y be e?resse- %s erse>erence !n correct roce-ures ort&e ob e>en t&ou"& % ess e!c!ent ;%y m!"&t be %ster:

c: e or -ummy os!t!onJ T&rou"& %n%ys!s %n-comut%t!ons t&e IA concu-es !t !s % &e%>y %rt!ery os!t!on' but Bno;!n"' rom t&ee?!st!n" t%ct!c% s!tu%t!on %n- erson% Bno;e-"e o enemy t%ct!cs' t&%t t&e %re%-oes not en- !tse to t&e %cement o &e%>y %rt!ery: C%n !t be % c&%n"e !n t&e-octr!ne o t&e oos!t!onJ C%n !t be % ne; tye os!t!onJ T&ese %n- ot&er 9uest!onsmust be %ns;ere- to m%Be t&e %n%ys!s comete: T&e IA must u-"e &o; met!cuous %n-e?tens!>e t&e %n%ys!s must be: Ut!m%tey' t&e IAFs reort !s -e%!n" ;!t& eoeFs!>es: T&e IA c%nnot %or- to reort ess s!"n!!c%nt !norm%t!on t&%n ;&%t !sseen' nor c%n %ny -oubt be et %s to t&e -e"ree o cert%!nty ;!t& ;&!c& t&e IA !sreort!n":

5: T&e IA sees un-er t&e stereoscoe % m!n!%ture t&ree,-!mens!on% !us!on ;&!c&becomes s!"n!!c%nt %s t&e resut o t&e tr%!n!n"' e?er!ence' !mme-!%te en>!ronment'

or er&%s some rem%rBs &e%r- yester-%y !n t&e CMD sect!on: To m%Be sense o ;&%tt&e IA sees' t&e oos!t!onFs t%ct!cs must be stu-!e- to e%rn t&e c&%r%cter!st!cs%n- emoyment o t&e enemyFs ;e%ons: To -o t&!s eect!>ey %n- to Bee t&e!norm%t!on t%ct!c%y current' t&e IA must rece!>e !nte!"ence !norm%t!on romot&er !nte!"ence %ct!>!t!es ot&er;!se' t&e IA c%n urn!s& ony mec&%n!c% !m%"eryre%-!n"' not !m%"ery %n%ys!s: T&e IA must "r%s t&e "ener% !nte!"ence !cture%n- %y !t to t&e so-!erFs %rt!cu%r robem:

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): Stereo>!s!on @r!nc!e: 1ec%use most !-ent!!c%t!on !s erorme-stereosco!c%y' stereosco!c %cu!ty !s % re9u!rement o >!rtu%y % IAs:Stereosco!c %cu!ty !s t&e %b!!ty o t&e IA to -etect -!erences !n %r%%?6%b!!ty to see obects t&ree,-!mens!on%y7 by ot!c% me%ns: 3e c%n -etect-!erences !n %r%%? or' ! you reer' see t&ree,-!mens!on%y' bec%use o t&e-!st%nce bet;een our eyes 6!nteru!%ry -!st%nce7: 3&en ;e ooB %t %n obect' ;e%re %ctu%y see!n" % s!"&ty -!erent >!e; ;!t& e%c& eye: To -emonstr%te' ooB%cross t&e room or out o t&e ;!n-o;: Loc%te %n obect *0 to 5 eet %;%y: LooB %t

t&e obect ;!t& your r!"&t eye cose-' t&en ooB %t !t ;!t& t&e et eye cose-:3&en you r%!-y cose one eye %n- t&en t&e ot&er' t&e obects seem to mo>e: T&e t;o-!erent >!e;s o t&e obect obt%!ne- by ooB!n" %t !t ;!t& bot& eyes en%be you tosee !t !n t&ree !nste%- o t;o -!mens!ons: A erson ;&o !s b!n- !n one eye c%nnot!-ent!y -!mens!on ;!t& % stereoscoe: 2!e;!n" !m%"ery !n t&ree !nste%- o t;o-!mens!ons en%bes t&e IA to reco"n!e %n- -eterm!ne t&e &e!"&t o %n obect morere%-!y:

: Stereo>!s!on !s t&e t&ree,-!mens!on% eect %c&!e>e- by us!n" !nto one !m%"et;o s!"&ty -!erent >!e;s o t&e s%me obect: To obt%!n t;o >!e;s o t&e s%meobect' % stereo%!r !s use-: Reer to #!"ures *,* %n- *,:

8: Stereo%!rs %re t;o &otos m%-e !n success!on %t t&e re-eterm!ne- !nter>%s%on" %n %!rcr%tFs !"&t !ne: T&e !nter>% bet;een e?osures -een-s uon t&e

tye o c%mer% use- %n- t&e %t!tu-e %n- see- o t&e %!rcr%t: T&e !nter>% !scontroe- %utom%t!c%y by % t!m!n" mec&%n!sm ;!t&!n t&e c%mer% c%e- %n!nter>%ometer: T&e !nter>%ometer !s norm%y set so e%c& e?osure o>er%s )0ercent o t&e rece-!n" &oto: )0 ercent o>er% !s -es!r%be %n- ;! ensure %ort!ons o t&e "roun- co>ere- by t&e sort!e 6e?cet ort!ons o t&e !rst %n- %st&otos7 c%n be >!e;e- stereosco!c%y:

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#!"ure *,*: Stereo>!s!on:

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#!"ure *,: Stereo @%!r:

/: O>er% %n- s!-e%: O>er% m%Bes stereo>!s!on oss!be ;!t& &otos !n % s!n"e!"&t !ne' ;&!c& !s norm%y o;n %t )0K o>er%: S!-e% !s use- to ensurecomete co>er%"e ;!t& &otos rom -!erent !"&t !nes ;&!c& o>er%: To obt%!ns!-e% stereo>!s!on t&e &otos must be %ro?!m%tey t&e s%me sc%e % s!-e% o+0K !s -es!r%be: #!"ure *,+ -emonstr%tes s!-e% %n- o>er% &otos: @&otos A %n-1 %re % stereo %!r rom one !"&t !ne o o>er%!n" &otos &otos C %n- D %re %stereo %!r rom %not&er !"&t !ne o>er%s 6s!-e%s7 t&e !rst !"&t str!: Aour &otos o>er% e%c& ot&er %s !ustr%te-: T&ese &otos c%n ro>!-e stereo>!s!on!n s!? ;%ys.

%: Aon" t&e !"&t !ne on @&otos A %n- 1 or C %n- D:

b: 3!t& @&otos A %n- C' or 1 %n- D' us!n" s!-e% bet;een !"&t !nes:

c: 3!t& @&otos A %n- D' or 1 %n- C' by us!n" t&e o>er%!n" corners o t&ese&otos:

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#!"ure *,+: S!-e% %n- O>er%:

*0: Accur%cy %n- Re!%b!!ty: T&e !n-!>!-u% IA !s t&e !nB bet;een %n !mort%nt!nte!"ence source %n- % !nte!"ence consumers: IA reorts must be t!mey't&orou"&' conc!se' %n- %ccur%te: Accur%te reort!n" me%ns more t&%n ;r!t!n"!-ent!!c%t!ons %n- concus!ons: It ent%!s resent!n" t&e !norm%t!on so t&e re%-er;! ce%ry un-erst%n- !t %n- %ccet !t %s re!%be: C%reu c&o!ce o %n"u%"e !s%rt!cu%ry !mort%nt: In some c%ses t&e IA c%nnot be cometey cert%!n o t&e%ccur%cy o t&e resuts: T&!s m%y be bec%use o sm%,sc%e !m%"ery 6;&!c& co>ers %

%r"e %re%7' % "% !n Bno;e-"e %n- e?er!ence' or t&e %cB o %-e9u%te !norm%t!onto uy suort % concus!on: In t&ese c%ses t&e IA must be sure t&e reorts %renot m!se%-!n": As % rue o t&umb' % "oo- IA,,

%: N%mes t&e obect on t&e !m%"ery:

b: Descr!bes t&e obect:

c: Remembers t&e obectFs %e%r%nce or %ter use:

**: Un-er ot!mum con-!t!ons' !m%"ery %n%ys!s c%n ro-uce &!"&y %ccur%te %n--et%!e- !norm%t!on on %most % to!cs o m!!t%ry !nterest: T&e re!%b!!ty o!m%"ery %n%ys!s !s controe- by t&ree m%!n %ctors. t&e 9u%!ty o t&e !m%"ery ;!t&;&!c& t&e IA ;orBs' t&e %mount o t!me %o;e- or %n%ys!s' %n- t&e IAFs %b!!ty:

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*: Gener% =no;e-"e: T&e IA must -e>ote some t!me to stu-y to m%!nt%!n or !mro>ero!c!ency: T&e stu-y cons!sts o t;o tyes.

%: Gener% b%cB"roun- !norm%t!on re%t!n" to t&e m!!t%ry' o!t!c%' "eo"r%&!c'%n- econom!c s!tu%t!on !n t&e %re% o roecte- m!!t%ry e9u!ment:

b: Sec!!c !norm%t!on on !m%"ery %n%ys!s -e>eoments' !ncu-!n" e9u!ment:

*+: Reerences: To be most eect!>e t&e IA s&ou- &%>e % su!t%be ;orB!n" %ce'roer e9u!ment' %-e9u%te stor%"e s%ce' %ccess to !nte!"ence !norm%t!on rom %sources' %n- su!t%be reerence m%ter!%: Reerence m%ter!% -eser>es sec!%ment!on %n IA c%nnot ment%y c%t%o" % nee-e- !norm%t!on: T&e IA must &%>e%ccess to t%r"et o-ers' !m%"ery !nterret%t!on Beys' reco"n!t!on m%nu%' m%s' c!ty%ns' !n-ustr!% o; c&%rts' %n- >%r!ous tyes o !nte!"ence reorts:

*4: Oer%t!n" @roce-ures: T&rou"& te%m;orB o o!cers %n- en!ste- ersonnetr%!ne- %s IAs' !norm%t!on !s ro-uce- by IA un!ts %n- centers or !nte!"ence%"enc!es !n t&e most r%!- %n- re!%be m%nner oss!be: T&ereore' un!ts %n-centers s&ou- %-ot % st%n-!n" oer%t!n" roce-ure 6SO@7 ;&!c& !s uy un-erstoo-by % members: Once %-ote-' tr%!n!n" s&ou- !ncre%se e!c!ency by %ctu%yro>!n" t&e roce-ure ;!t& r%ct!c% !m%"ery %n%ys!s e?erc!ses: I %ny c&%n"es mustbe m%-e !n t&e roce-ures' t&e ent!re un!t s&ou- be !norme-: In %ctu% oer%t!ons'

c!rcumst%nces m%y re9u!re % -!erent SO@:

*5: $!story: T&e unct!ons %n- c%%b!!t!es o IAs &%>e been stu-!e- !n-!>!-u%y%n- coect!>ey: T&e em&%s!s &%s been to !mress you ;!t& t&e >%ue o t&e IA to %comm%n-er: LooB %t se>er% &!stor!c% e?%mes o &oto !nterret%t!on%ccom!s&ments:

%: In */4* Gre%t 1r!t%!n ;%s !n -%n"er o st%r>!n" bec%use A-m!r% Doen!tFs U,bo%ts ;ere -ec!m%t!n" At%nt!c con>oys %t %n %%rm!n" r%te: U,bo%ts oer%t!n" romne; b%ses %on" t&e #renc& co%st &%- % s&ort run to t&e Nort& At%nt!c ;&ere t&eys%u"&tere- t&e so; A!e- con>oys: St: N%%!re ;%s one o t&e most !mort%nt ot&ese U,bo%t b%ses: T&e 1r!t!s& %nne- % comm%n-o r%!- to -estroy t&e ortFs%c!!t!es: An o- %-m!r%ty c&%rt ;%s t&e ony !norm%t!on %>%!%be' %n- %n u,to,

-%te mo-e o St: N%%!re ;%s nee-e-: T&e Roy% A!r #orce e; se>er% &otoreconn%!ss%nce m!ss!ons: @Is !nterrete- t&e &otos %n- bu!t % mo-e s&o;!n" t&eoc%t!on o ne; bu!-!n"s' re!norce- concrete U,bo%t ens' %n- t&e -eens!>e -e>!ces-es!"ne- to m%Be % 1r!t!s& %tt%cB costy: T&e %ss%ut orces stu-!e- t&e mo-e %n-%m!!%r!e- t&emse>es ;!t& t&e -!erent %ro%c&es to be use- or -%y or n!"&t%tt%cB: About s!?

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mont&s %ter t&e !rst &oto"r%&!c sort!e ;%s o;n' t&e comm%n-os %unc&e- %successu r%!- on St: N%%!re: T&e %ccur%cy o t&e mo-e constructe- by @Is rom%er!% reconn%!ss%nce &otos %!-e- !n met!cuous %nn!n" %n- tr%!n!n" necess%ry orsuccess !n t&!s oer%t!on:

b: T&e !rst e>!-ence t&e Germ%ns ;ere us!n" r%-%r c%me rom %er!% &oto"r%&s ot&e C% -e % $%"ue @en!nsu% !n #r%nce: T&e @Is re%-!n" &otos o % sort!e o enemy-eenses on t&e @en!nsu% not!ce- %n o--,s&%e- obect: 1y stu-y!n" t&e obect on

t;o o>er%!n" &otos' t&ey not!ce- t&e s&%e o t&e obect ;%s s!"&ty -!erenton e%c& &oto t&ereore' t&ey concu-e- !t must be mo>!n": T&e @Is c&ecBe- re>!ousco>er o t&e %re% %n- oun- no tr%ce o t&e !nst%%t!on: At !rst t&e @Is susecte-t&ey &%- oun- % ne; tye o %nt!%!rcr%t %rt!ery 6AAA7 os!t!on' but coser stu-yo t&e surroun-!n" %re% s&o;e- % %cB o tr%cB %ct!>!ty ;&!c& norm%y !s oun-%roun- suc& % s!te: Sec!% o;,%t!tu-e ob!9ues o t&e obect ;ere re9ueste-: S!?-%ys %ter t&e @Is stu-y!n" t&e ob!9ues !-ent!!e- t&e obect %s % r%-%r!nst%%t!on' "!>!n" t&e !rst os!t!>e roo o t&e Germ%n use o r%-%r:

c: One o t&e m%or contr!but!ons o A!e- @Is -ur!n" t&e ;%r !n Euroe ;%s t&e!-ent!!c%t!on o Germ%n rocBet s!tes: T&e e?er!ment% 2s ;ere !rst oc%te- on@eenemun-e Is%n-: L%ter' oer%t!on% s!tes ;ere oc%te- by @Is' en%b!n" t&e A!e-%!r orces to %tt%cB t&e s!tes' re>ent!n" some rom e>er becom!n" oer%t!on% orcr!!n" ot&ers' %n- m%ter!%y re-uc!n" t&e eect!>eness o t&e Germ%n rocBet

%tt%cBs:

-: Dur!n" t&e course o t&e ;%r' t&e %!e- @Is urn!s&e- str%te"!c bomb!n"!nte!"ence %n- oststr!Be %n%yses: T&ey !nterrete- co%st %n- %nt!%!rcr%ttr%!c%b!!ty %n%ys!s %n- erorme- t%ct!c% !nterret%t!ons or comb%t un!ts:

e: 3or- 3%r II en-e- !n */45' but !>e ye%rs %ter %not&er con!ct be"%n !n=ore%: T&e US entere- t&e !"&t!n"' %n- @Is ;ere %"%!n c%e- uon to ro>!-e t&e!rser>!ces: T&e @Is urn!s&e- % %r"e ercent%"e o our !nte!"ence !n =ore%: A @Imust be %m!!%r ;!t& n%t!>e customs o t&e %re% o concern: In t&e e%ry -%ys ot&e =ore% con!ct' some @Is ;ere con>!nce- e>ery Nort& =ore%n so-!er c%rr!e- &!so;n ort%be %nt!%!rcr%t "un: T&!s be!e ;%s occ%s!one- by % %cB o Bno;e-"e ot&e oc% custom o us!n" c!rcu%r bur!% moun-s ;!t& oes: 3&%t t&e @Is t&ou"&t

;ere %utom%t!c ;e%on os!t!ons ;ere %ctu%y =ore%n "r%>es: #!"ure *,4 !s %ne?%me o or!ent% "r%>es 6*47 ;!t&!n % trenc& system:

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#!"ure *,4: Gr%>es 3!t&!n % Trenc& System:

: S!nce t&e en- o t&e =ore%n con!ct @Is &%>e been e?ose- to more mo-ern%er!% &oto"r%&y %n- st%rte- to !nterret !m%"es on IR %n- r%-%r !m%"ery !n%--!t!on to t&e con>ent!on% %er!% &oto"r%&y: T&e n%me &oto !nterreter ;%sconsecut!>ey c&%n"e- to !m%"e !nterreter %n- recenty to !m%"ery %n%yst s!ncet&e IA %n%yes !m%"ery' t&us be!n" more e?e-!ent !n re%r!n" !m%"ery reortsut!!!n" !mme-!%te resuts -er!>e- rom %er!% RS m!ss!ons ;&!c& en%bes t&e G tos%t!sy t&e comm%n-erFs @IR more r%!-y:

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@ART C. MI 1RIGADE 6COR@S7 ORGANI(ATION

*: T&e MI br!"%-e 6Cors7: T%bes o or"%n!%t!on %n- e9u!ment 6TOE7 suort %cors structure- ;!t& t;o %n- t;o,t&!r-s o % -!>!s!on: T&e cors G, e?erc!sescontro o t&e MI br!"%-e: Norm%y' MI br!"%-e %ssets ro>!-e "ener% suort tot&e cors %s % ;&oe: 3&en re9u!re-' contro !s -ecentr%!e- %n- %ssets ro>!-e-!rect suort to subor-!n%te cors un!ts: T&e MI br!"%-e cons!sts o % &e%-9u%rters%n- &e%-9u%rters -et%c&ment 6$$D7 %n- our b%tt%!ons 6see #!"ure *,57: As %n IA you

;! be concerne- ;!t& t&e MI b%tt%!on oer%t!ons %n- t&e MI b%tt%!on %er!%e?o!t%t!on 6AE7:

#!"ure *,5: MI 1r!"%-e 6Cors7:

: T&e $$D !s or"%n!e- to ro>!-e comm%n- %n- contro o %ss!"ne- or %tt%c&e-un!ts' to !ncu-e sec!%!e- !nte!"ence' eectron!c ;%r%re 6E37' %n- O@SECsuort %tt%c&ments: It ro>!-es t&e st% %nn!n"' m%n%"ement' %n- coor-!n%t!onnecess%ry or t&e emoyment o MI br!"%-e resources:

+: T&e MI b%tt%!on 6oer%t!ons7 &%s % &e%-9u%rters' &e%-9u%rters %n- ser>!ce 6$$S7com%ny %n oer%t!ons 6O@S7 com%ny %n- % commun!c%t!on 6COMM7 com%ny 6#!"ure *,)7:

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#!"ure *,): MI 1%tt%!on Oer%t!ons:

%: T&e oer%t!ons com%ny !s or"%n!e- ;!t& % com%ny &e%-9u%rters %n- oursuort eements: T&e com%ny &e%-9u%rters !ncu-es ersonne %n- e9u!ment orcomm%n- %n- contro %n- %-m!n!str%t!>e suort o t&e com%ny 6see #!"ure *,7:

b: T&e cors t%ct!c% oer%t!on center 6CTOC7 suort eement suorts t&e G %n-G+: It !s st%e- ;!t& !nte!"ence' E3' %n- O@SEC suort ersonne to ro>!-e t&ecors ;!t& !nte!"ence %n- E3 m%n%"ement %n- %,source ro-uct!on sect!on 6AS@S7%n- CMD:

c: T&e tec&n!c% contro %n- %n%ys!s eement 6TCAE7 mer"es ;!t& t&e M br!"%-e S+sect!on to orm t&e MI br!"%-e oer%t!ons center: Un-er t&e -!rect!on o t&e S+' t&ebr!"%-e oer%t!ons center %ns' m%n%"es' %n- ro>!-es tec&n!c% contro %n- t%sB!n"o br!"%-e %ssets: It rocesses !ntercete- s!"n%s !nte!"ence 6SIGINT7 %n- E3

-%t% to ro-uce SIGINT:

-: T&e sens!t!>e com%rtmente- !norm%t!on %c!!ty 6SCI#7 secur!ty s9u%- ro>!-es4,&our &ys!c% secur!ty or u to t&ree SCI#Fs: T&!s s9u%- cons!sts o m!!t%ryo!ce ersonne: E%c& SCI# secur!ty te%m ;! ro>!-e 4,&our &ys!c% secur!ty %n-one entry contro o!nt or !ts %c!!ty: M!n!mum &ys!c% secur!ty re9u!rements or!e- SCI# %re sec!!e- !n DIAM 50,' c&%ter :

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#!"ure *,: Oer%t!ons Com%ny:

e: 1%tte!e- -ecet!on eement 61DE7 !s resons!be or %u"ment!n" t&e t&e%ter-ecet!on obect!>e: It ensures t&%t -!>!s!on e>e b%tte!e- -ecet!on !s%!c%be ;&en re9u!re- %n- ro>!-es -ecet!on %nn!n" suort: T&e 1DE suortst&e e?ecut!on o cors -ecet!on oer%t!ons: It c%n e?ecute !m!te- -ecet!on e>ents;!t& or"%n!c resources: T&e cors 1DE !s cooc%te- ;!t& %n- oer%tes un-er t&est% suer>!s!on o t&e CTOC G+:

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: T&e $$S com%ny ro>!-es comm%n- %n- contro or %ss!"ne- %n- %tt%c&e-b%tt%!on resources: It ro>!-es o"!st!c% suort or t&e b%tt%!on:

": T&e commun!c%t!ons 6COMM7 com%ny ro>!-es conso!-%te- commun!c%t!on'commun!c%t!ons,eectron!cscommun!c%t!ons secur!ty 6C,ECOMSEC7 or"%n!%t!on%m%!nten%nce' %n- COMSEC o"!st!c% suort or t&e MI br!"%-e:

4: MI b%tt%!on 6AE7: T&e cors comm%n-erFs m!ss!on !s to !"&t t&e b%tte %s one

e?ten-e- !nte"r%te- oer%t!on: To -o so' t&e comm%n-er must see t&e b%tte!e- !n,-et& %n- be %;%re o ;&%t t&e enemy !s -o!n"' ;&ere t&ey %re' %n- ;&%t t&ey !nten-to -o: T&e MI b%tt%!on 6AE7 ro>!-es t&e cors comm%n-er ;!t& &!s or"%n!c -eeooB t&rou"& %er!% reconn%!ss%nce' sur>e!%nce' SIGINT coect!on' %n%ys!s' %n-reort!n": T&e MI b%tt%!on 6AE7 !s or"%n!e- %s s&o;n !n #!"ure *,8:

#!"ure *,8: MI 1%tt%!on 6AE7:

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%: T&e $$S com%ny ro>!-es comm%n- %n- contro or %ss!"ne- %n- %tt%c&e-b%tt%!on resources: It ro>!-es o"!st!c% suort or t&e b%tt%!on:

b: T&e %>!%t!on com%ny 6eectron!c ;%r%re76E37 ro>!-es %!rborne SIGINTcoect!on' %n%ys!s' rocess!n"' %n- reort!n":

c: T&e %>!%t!on com%ny 6%er!% sur>e!%nce76AS7 ro>!-es sur>e!%nce %n-reconn%!ss%nce suort to t&e cors: T&e com%ny %ns %n- con-ucts %er!% RS o

routes' ones' %re%s' co%st!nes' %n- bor-ers us!n" SLAR %n- &oto"r%&!c %n- >!su%me%ns: Comb%t !norm%t!on %n- IMINT %re reorte- to t&e suorte- un!t %n- to t&eCTOC: A com%ny %ssets' e?cet or t&e -%t% term!n% sect!on' norm%y oer%te %tt&e cors uy !nstrument% %!r!e-: T&e %>!%t!on com%ny 6AS7 !s or"%n!e- %ss&o;n !n #!"ure *,/:

#!"ure *,/: A>!%t!on Com%ny 6AS7:

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5: MI b%tt%!on 6t%ct!c% e?o!t%t!on76Cors7: T&e t%ct!c% e?o!t%t!on b%tt%!on!s or"%n!e- ;!t& our com%n!es: It &%s % $$S com%ny' % counter!nte!"ence 6CI7!nterro"%t!on com%ny' %n E3 com%ny' %n- t&e on",r%n"e sur>e!%nce com%ny 6LRSC7:

): In -!>!s!on s!e un!ts IAs %re %rt o t&e Gs CMD sect!on t&%t ;orB !n t&e-!>!s!on t%ct!c% oer%t!on center suort eement 6DTOCSE7: T&e CMD m!ss!onm%n%"er o t&e CMD sect!on mon!tors t&e current %n- %nne- -eoyment o RS %ssets%n- m%!nt%!ns t&e current st%tus o RS resource %>%!%be to t&e -!>!s!on: T&e CMD

m!ss!on m%n%"er !s t&e !nter%ce bet;een t&e %ns sect!on o t&e G+' t&e %!r !%!sono!cer' -!>!s!on %>!%t!on %n- t&e !re suort eement or RS %nn!n"' re9uest!n"'%n- t%sB!n":

: In %n %!rborne -!>!s!on t&ere !s %n !m%"ery %n%ys!s sect!on !n t&e &e%-9u%rters'&e%-9u%rters %n- oer%t!on com%ny o t&e MI b%tt%!on: T&!s sect!on &%s % t;o o-m!ss!on:

%: To %n%ye !m%"ery to !-ent!y su!t%be -ro%n-!n" ones or %!rborneoer%t!ons:

b: To ro>!-e !m!te- !m%"ery %n%ys!s suort or cont!n"ency %nn!n" %n-oer%t!ons:

@ART D. US ARMY RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRA#T AND T$EIR CA@A1ILITIES

*: $e!coters %re use- e?tens!>ey or >!su% reconn%!ss%nce:

: O2,*D Mo&%;B: T&e O2,*D Mo&%;B %!rcr%t 6#!"ure *,*07 !s use- by t&e Army toerorm RS m!ss!ons: T&e Mo&%;B !s %n %rmy sur>e!%nce %!rcr%t c%%be o!nte!"ence coect!on t&rou"& SLAR' IR' eectron!c' %n- &oto"r%&!c systems' %s;e %s >!su% reconn%!ss%nce:

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#!"ure *,*0: O2,*D Mo&%;B:

%: C&%r%cter!st!cs:

6*7 Norm% cru!se see-. *0 Bnots true %!r see- 6TAS7:

67 Ser>!ce ce!!n". 5'000 eet 6t7:

6+7 Norm% m!ss!on -ur%t!on. t&ree &ours:

647 Cre;. @!ot %n- %er!% !nte!"ence sec!%!st:

657 Commun!c%t!on. $!"& re9uency 6$#7' >ery &!"& re9uency 62$#7' utr%,&!"&re9uency 6U$#7' re9uency mo-u%te- 6#M7 secure >o!ce r%-!o' %n- !-ent!!c%t!onr!en- or oe 6I##7 r%-%r tr%nson-er:

6)7 Deenses. A!rcr%t sur>!>%b!!ty e9u!ment 6ASE7:

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b: A->%nt%"es:

6*7 Hu!cBer resons!>eness to t&e comm%n-erFs nee-s:

67 So;er y!n" see-s:

6+7 T&e %b!!ty to oer%te rom s&ort' sem!,!mro>e- run;%ys:

647 T&e %b!!ty to oer%te !n ro?!m!ty to t&e suorte- orces:

657 Ne%r %,;e%t&er c%%b!!ty:

c: D!s%->%nt%"es:

6*7 S&ort oer%t!on% r%n"e:

67 2uner%b!!ty to enemy %!r -eense:

6+7 L!m!te- >%r!ety o c%mer% systems:

647 Not c%%be o y!n" !n se>ere ;e%t&er:

+: Unm%nne- %!rborne >e&!ces 6UA27 &%>e been or"%n!e- ;!t&!n t&e Army !nto t&reeunct!on% c%te"or!es 6#!"ure *,**7:

%: T%r"et %c9u!s!t!on -es!"n%t!on %n- %er!% reconn%!ss%nce system 6TADARS7:

b: Gener% urose 6!nte!"ence %n- eectron!c ;%r%re 6IE37 UA2:

c: E?en-%bes:

#!"ure *,**: UA2s:

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4: T%r"et %c9u!s!t!on -es!"n%t!on %n- %er!% reconn%!ss%nce system 6TADARS7 r!m%ryunct!on !s t%r"et %c9u!s!t!on %n- %tt%cB: A secon-%ry unct!on !s reconn%!ss%nce%n- sur>e!%nce' -een-!n" uon t&e comm%n-erFs r!or!t!es: T&e AHUILA UA2 ro"r%m!s !n t&e TADARS c%te"ory: T&e AHUILA &%s t&e c%%b!!ty o %ser,-es!"n%t!n"cr!t!c% t%r"ets' bot& mo>!n" %n- st%t!on%ry' or %tt%cB by %ser,"u!-e- ;e%ons:T&ese ;e%ons %re %unc&e- by % >%r!ety o st%n-o systems: At&ou"& conso!-%te-%t cors' t&e AHUILA norm%y suorts % -!>!s!on: It cont%!ns sect!ons ;&!c& ;!be %oc%te- to e%c& br!"%-e o % suorte- -!>!s!on: T&e Bey to % successu UA2

m!ss!on !es !n %nn!n" %n- coor-!n%t!on:

5: T&e unct!on o t&e "ener% urose c%te"ory !s reconn%!ss%nce %n- sur>e!%nce:T&e Army ro"r%m suort!n" t&!s c%te"ory !s t&e IE3 UA2: T&e IE3 UA2 !s %n EAC %n-cors,e>e system:

%: T&e IE3 UA2 c%n,,

6*7 See -ee:

67 @ro>!-e suer!or IMINT %n- mut!sensor suort to EAC re9u!rements %n- tot&e cors %n- !ts subor-!n%te un!ts:

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6+7 @ro>!-e t!mey !nter%ce to -ee,t%r"et!n" eements >!% t&e o!ntsur>e!%nce t%r"et %tt%cB r%-%r system 6o>!n" -ecet!on' resuy' %n-sec!%!e- reconn%!ss%nce:

@ART E. USA# RECONNAISSANCE AIRCRA#T AND T$EIR CA@A1ILITIES

*: R#,4C @&%ntom !s t&e r!m%ry A!r #orce t%ct!c% reconn%!ss%nce %!rcr%t: RC,4Cm!ss!ons %re %oc%te- to EAC %n- cors: It uses con>ent!on% &oto"r%&y 6ob!9ue'>ert!c%' %nor%m!c7' IR' r%-%r %n- >!su% reconn%!ss%nce 6#!"ure *,*7:

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#!"ure *,*: R#,4C:

%: C&%r%cter!st!cs:

6*7 @r!m%ry USA# reconn%!ss%nce %!rcr%t:

67 M%?!mum %t!tu-e. )0'000 t us:

6+7 Suerson!c 6M%c& :) us7:

647 Lon",r%n"e 6'000 n%ut!c% m!es 6nm7 us7:

657 Commun!c%t!ons. $#' U$#' %n- % tr%nson-er:

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b: A->%nt%"es:

6*7 Ab!!ty to &oto"r%& %r"e %re%s:

67 Mut!e sensor c%%b!!ty:

6+7 $!"& %t!tu-e %n- o; %t!tu-e reconn%!ss%nce c%%b!!t!es:

647 Dee enetr%t!on !nto enemy terr!tory:

657 Lo; >uner%b!!ty to "roun- !re:

6)7 A,;e%t&er' -%y %n- n!"&t oer%t!ons:

67 Cre;. !ot %n- n%>!"%tor:

c: D!s%->%nt%"es:

6*7 $!"& see-s too %st or -et%!e- >!su% obser>%t!on:

67 Re9u!re !mro>e- %!r!e-s:

6+7 Resonse t!me !s so;er t&%n ;!t& or"%n!c %!rcr%t:

: @A2E TAC= ANA2G,) !s % !ne o s!"&t 6LOS7' or;%r-,ooB!n" !nr%re-reconn%!ss%nce sensor: It &%s % %ser r%n"er-es!"n%tor %n- !s currenty use- on R#,4C' #,4E' %n- #,***# %!rcr%t:

%: C&%r%cter!st!cs o t&e @A2E TAC= %re,,

6*7 C%n be use- -%y or n!"&t:

67 $%s !m!te- %->erse ;e%t&er c%%b!!t!es:

6+7 $%s % use%"e,mounte- o-:

647 $%s cocB!t contros %n- -!s%ys oer%te- by t&e reconn%!ss%nce systemsoer%tor 6RSO7:

657 Ao;s t&e cre; to %ctu%y see t&e t%r"et %t n!"&t:

6)7 @ro>!-es %ccur%te t%r"et oc%t!ons %n- !-ent!!c%t!on:

67 Incoror%tes % %ser r%n"er-es!"n%tor to ro>!-e %ccur%te system u-%tes%n- to ser>e %s % t%r"et -es!"n%tor or %ser,"u!-e- mun!t!ons:

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b: @A2E TAC= &%s t;o b%s!c oer%t!n" mo-es. se%rc& %n- tr%cB: T&e se%rc& mo-e !suse- to oc%te t&e t%r"et: T&e tr%cB mo-e !s use- to %ccur%tey tr%cB t%r"ets %ter%c9u!s!t!on:

+: T&e U,R !s % &!"&,%t!tu-e reconn%!ss%nce %!rcr%t: It &%s bot& %n IMINT %n- %SIGINT c%%b!!ty: C&%r%cter!st!cs o t&e U,R %re,,

%: M!ss!on see-. 400 Bnots:

b: R%n"e. more t&%n +'000 nm:

c: Oer%t!on% ce!!n". %bo>e 0'000 t:

4: T&e TR,* !s % &!"&,%t!tu-e t%ct!c% reconn%!ss%nce %!rcr%t:

%: T&e TR,*,,

6*7 Is !tte- ;!t& % synt&et!c %erture r%-%r 6SAR7 to ro>!-e b%tte!e-reconn%!ss%nce !norm%t!on or t%ct!c% comm%n-ers:

67 @ro>!-es ne%r re% t!me 6NRT7 !norm%t!on %n- % -%te !nB to % "roun-term!n%:

6+7 Norm%y suorts EAC' but t&e !m%"ery m%y be %>%!%be or e?o!t%t!on %tcors e>e:

b: C&%r%cter!st!cs o t&e TR,* %re t&e s%me %s or t&e U,R:

c: Im%"ery rom t&e TR,* !s -o;n!nBe- to % TR,* "roun- st%t!on: T&!s st%t!onrece!>es !m%"ery !n NRT %n- seects' orm%ts' %n- tr%nsers !m%"e &!"&,-ens!ty t%e:T&e t%e !s tr%nserre- >!% % cour!er system to t&e !m%"ery rocess!n" %n--!ssem!n%t!on system 6I@DS7 oc%te- %t cors %n- EAC:

#!"ure *,*+: TR,*:

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@ART #. IN#RARED IMAGERY

*: Gener%: IR &oto"r%&y uses % sec!% b%cB %n- ;&!te !m r!m%r!y sens!t!>eto bue,>!oet %n- IR r%-!%t!on: It !s use- m%!ny to suement %nc&rom%t!c co>er:Det%!s re"!ster !n >%ry!n" s&%-es o "rey' s!m!%r to %nc&rom%t!c !m' but resuts%re -!erent: T&e tones resut rom t&e -e"ree o IR seect!>ey o -!erentm%ter!%s' %n- not rom t&e!r coor:

: T&e c&%r%cter!st!cs o IR &oto"r%&y %re. >e"et%t!on %e%rs >ery !"&t' sBy %n-;%ter s&o; u b%cB' concrete %n- "r%>e ro%-s %e%r >ery !"&t' %n- %s&%t %e%rs-%rB:

%: 2e"et%t!on: A !>e >e"et%t!on e?cet con!erous %e%rs >ery !"&t !n tonebec%use o t&e &!"& IR seect!>!ty o t&e c&oro&y !n t&e e%>es: De%- >e"et%t!onre"!sters %s >ery -%rB "rey: T&!s c&%r%cter!st!c oten erm!ts t&e -etect!on oc%mou%"e ;&en %!nt or cut >e"et%t!on !s use-: Cut >e"et%t!on "r%-u%y oses !tsIR reect%nce unt! !n%y %e%rs b%cB on t&e !m%"e:

b: $%e enetr%t!on: T&e obects !n t&e b%cB"roun- on % &!"& ob!9ue &oto"r%&%re obscure- by &%e' e>en on % ce%r -%y: T&!s !s c%use- by m!nute %rt!ces o-ust %n- ;%ter >%or t&%t sc%tter most ;%>een"t&s o >!s!be !"&t: $%e -oes not%ect IR r%-!%t!on to %ny e?tent' %n- by us!n" IR !m "oo- enetr%t!on o

b%cB"roun- &%e !s oten oss!be:

c: Terr%!n %n%ys!s: 1y %bsorb!n" most o t&e IR r%ys' ;%ter re"!sters %s b%cB:T&!s %!-s t&e IA !n oc%t!n" stre%ms' s&ore!nes' %n- s;%my or m%rs&y %re%s: Dur!n"3or- 3%r II' %!rborne troos ;ere -roe- !nto oo-e- "r%ss%n-s t&%t cou- &%>ebeen -etecte- beore&%n- ! IR &oto"r%&y &%s been %>%!%be:

-: N!"&t reconn%!ss%nce: IR !m !s %rt!cu%ry useu !n n!"&t reconn%!ss%ncebec%use % %r"e %rt o t&e !"&t !s resent rom t&e IR ort!on o t&eeectrom%"net!c sectrum: $o;e>er' t&e o; e?osure !n-e? o t&!s !m re9u!res t&%tn!"&t &oto"r%&y be o;n %t muc& o;er %t!tu-es to ensure %-e9u%te r%-!%t!on:Subcourse IT 0)54' An%ye Inr%re- Im%"ery' !s %>%!%be or %--!t!on% !norm%t!on:

+: ANAAS,4 6Army,,O2,*D IR System7:

%: A->%nt%"es:

6*7 T&e system !s cometey %ss!>e %n- c%nnot be %mme-:

67 M%y -etect &ot or co- t%r"ets:

6+7 C%n be use- -%y or n!"&t:

647 Re9u!res no !um!n%t!on or n!"&t oer%t!ons:

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NOTE. #!"ure *,*4 ;%s om!tte- 6no on"er re9u!re-7

#!"ure *,*5: IR Im%"ery 6O2,*D7:

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657 Ao;s !n,!"&t re%-out:

b: D!s%->%nt%"es:

6*7 Dense >e"et%t!on' r%!n' sno;' &%!' smoBe' -ust' or o" ;! &!n-er 9u%!tyo t&e !m%"ery 6but not &!n-er -etect!on7:

67 T&e %!rcr%t must %ss -!recty o>er t&e t%r"et m%B!n" !t more >uner%be to

enemy %!r -eense ;e%ons:

6+7 T&e system &%s no -%t%,!nB c%%b!!ty:

647 T&!s system !s oun- ony !n NG un!ts:

c: #!"ure *,*5 !s %n e?%me o IR !m%"ery t&e O2,*D Mo&%;B ro-uces:

4: ANAAS,*8 6USA#,,R#,4C7 IR system:

%: A->%nt%"es:

6*7 *0,-e"ree >ert!c% !e- o >!e;:

67 Cometey %ss!>e system:

6+7 Recor-s !m%"e- terr%!n on % cont!nuous !m str!:

b: D!s%->%nt%"es:

6*7 Lo; %t!tu-e system:

67 No cocB!t -!s%y:

6+7 No -%t% tr%nsm!ss!on c%%b!!ty:

647 System !s use- by N%t!on% Gu%r- %n- Reser>es ony:

5: ANAAD,5 6R#,4C7 !s % ne; USA# !nr%re- system t&%t re%ces t&e ANAAS,*8: M%nyc&%r%cter!st!cs ;! rem%!n t&e s%me &o;e>er' most o t&e ANAAD,5 !s c%ss!!e-:

@ART G. SIDE,LOO=ING AIR1ORNE RADAR

*: SLAR !s %n %ct!>e sensor t&%t sen-s out r%-%r uses %n- recor-s t&e returns:R%-%r ;%>es must be t%Ben !nto cons!-er%t!on ;&en %nn!n" m!ss!ons or SLAR: $e%>yo!%"e %n- terr%!n e%tures suc& %s mount%!ns %n- %r"e &!s c%nnot be enetr%te-by r%-%r ;%>es so b%nB %re%s c%e- r%-%r s&%-o; %re ro-uce-: T&ereore' !"&t!nes must be %nne- to ro>!-e m%?!mum co>er%"e: T&e out"o!n" r%-%r ;%>es c%n be-etecte- by t&e oos!t!on %n- eectron!c counterme%sures 6ECM7 m%y be use- to e!t&er%m t&e sensor or -e"r%-e t&e 9u%!ty o t&e returns: T&e m%or %->%nt%"e to

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SLAR !s !ts st%n-o c%%b!!ty: It -oes not re9u!re t&e %!rcr%t to y o>er t&et%r"et %re% so enemy terr!tory nee- not be entere- to "%t&er !nte!"ence:

: T&e ANU@D, SLAR !s % r%-%r comonent system o t&e O2,*D Mo&%;B: It cons!stso t&e ANA@S,/4# r%-%r sur>e!%nce set %n- t&e -!"!t% -%t% !nB: T&e ANA@S,/4#-etect!on set &%s t;o c&%nnes to -!erent!%te bet;een mo>!n" t%r"et !n-!c%tors6MTIs7 %n- !?e- t%r"et !n-!c%tors 6#TIs7: One c&%nne s&o;n % terr%!n e%tures%n- t&e ot&er c&%nne s&o;s MTIs ;!t& % s!"&t s&o;!n" o t&e terr%!n: T&e ANA@S,

/4# !s use- m%!ny ;!t& MTIs or sur>e!%nce: T&e #TIs %re oten use- or terr%!nstu-!es: T&e st%n-,o c%%b!!ty on t&e ANA@S,/4# !s %-ust%be: T&e r%-%r &%s %m%?!mum r%n"e o *00 B!ometers 6Bm7 on e!t&er s!-e o t&e %!rcr%t us!n" bot&%ntenn%s s!mut%neousy: T&e system &%s r%n"e -e%y sett!n"s !n !ncrements o *0 Bm:

#urt&ermore' t&ere %re t&ree r%n"e sett!n"s o 5' 50' %n- *00 Bm: T&e r%n"e -e%ysett!n"s be"!n %t 0 %n- %->%nce to )0: T&ere !s % -e%- one -!recty bene%t& t&e%!rcr%t correson-!n" to t&e %bo>e "roun- e>e 6AGL7 %t!tu-e: I t&e %!rcr%t !sy!n" %t *0'000 t AGL' t&e !rst 5'000 t er %ntenn% use- !s % -e%- one: I bot&%ntenn%s %re be!n" use- !t ;ou- be *0'000 t: T&e %!rcr%t must y %t o; %t!tu-e%n- m%!nt%!n % str%!"&t %n- e>e !"&t %t& or 9u%!ty !m%"ery: #!"ure *,*) s&o;st&e eect o r%n"e -e%y seect!on or t&e ANA@S,/4#: Reer to Subcourse IT 0)5+'An%ye S!-e,LooB!n" A!rborne R%-%r Im%"ery' or %--!t!on% !norm%t!on:

#!"ure *,*): M%!n" -!%"r%m ,, ANA@S,/4#:

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NOTE. T&e use o t&e r%n"e -e%y sett!n" ;! c&%n"e t&e -!st%nce >%ue o t&e r%n"em%rBs: 3&en % r%n"e -e%y o ero !s use-' e%c& r%n"e m%rB ;! e9u% %-!st%nce o 0 Bm: 1ut ;&en % r%n"e -e%y o *0 or more !s seecte-' t&e >%ueo t&e r%n"e m%rBs ;! be c&%n"e- by t&e >%ue o t&e -e%y seecte-: In#!"ure *,*) !s % -!%"r%m m%!n" ;&!c& s&o;s &o; t&e r%n"e -e%y %ects t&er%n"e m%rBs resente- on t&e !m%"ery:

%: A->%nt%"es:

6*7 $%s ne%r %,;e%t&er c%%b!!t!es:

67 T&e system m%y be -%t%,!nBe- to % "roun- term!n%:

6+7 Cont!nuous ;!-e,%re% sur>e!%nce:

647 Re-uce- t&re%t rom %!r -eense %rt!ery bec%use o st%n-o c%%b!!t!es:

657 T&e !m rocesse- !n !"&t %n- >!e;e- by t&e oer%tor: It !s re%-y or!mme-!%te re%-out uon %n-!n":

6)7 R%!- -!ssem!n%t!on o !norm%t!on t&rou"& "roun- -%t% term!n%s %n-oer%tor !n,!"&t reorts:

b: D!s%->%nt%"es:

6*7 SLAR r%-!%t!on !s e%s!y -etecte- by enemy E3 eements:

67 C%nnot -!st!n"u!s& r!en- or oe on t&e !m%"ery:

6+7 C%nnot !-ent!y t%r"ets' ony mo>ement:

c: R%n"e sett!n": 5' 50' or *00 Bm to e!t&er s!-e or bot& s!-es: R%n"e sett!n"c%nnot e?cee- *00 Bm:

-: R%n"e -e%y sett!n" 6c%nnot e?cee- *00,Bm r%n"e sett!n"7. 0' *0' 0' +0' 40'

50' or )0 Bm:

e: #!"ure *,* !s % SLAR &oto"r%& t%Ben rom t&e O2,*D:

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#!"ure *,*: S!-e,LooB!n" A!rborne R%-%r Im%"ery 6ANA@S,/4#7:

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+: T&e ANU@D,8 SAR system !s % r%-%r comonent system o t&e R#,4C us!n" t&eANA@D,*0 r%-%r sur>e!%nce set !t !s % ;!-e,%re%' %,;e%t&er' -%y %n- n!"&tsur>e!%nce system:

%: SLAR c%n be o;n !n t;o b%s!c ro!es.

6*7 As % st%n-,o bor-er,sur>e!%nce coector:

67 As % o;,%t!tu-e enetr%tor ;&ere !norm%t!on on &!"& >%ue t%r"ets 6$2Ts7c%nnot be coecte- ;!t& con>ent!on% sensors bec%use o ;e%t&er' -%rBness' orT&re%t:

b: T&e U@D,8 system &%s e!"&t mo-es o oer%t!on 6#!"ure *,*87: SLAR !m%"eryt%Ben rom t&e U@D,8 system !s s&o;n !n #!"ure *,*/:

6*7 A mo-es oer%te on e!t&er s!-e o t&e %!rcr%t: Mo-es ' +' %n- 4 %re MTI%n- &!"& resout!on: T&e rem%!n!n" mo-es %re &!"& resout!on ony:

67 T&e ;!-eb%n- SLAR -%t% !nB e9u!ment !s !m!te- to LOS rom t&e %!rcr%t tot&e "roun- rece!>!n" %ntenn%: T&e m%?!mum -%t% !nB r%n"e oss!be or t&e R#,4 !s!ustr%te- !n T%be *,*:

T%be *,*: M%?!mum D%t%,!nB R%n"e:

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#!"ure *,*8: ANU@D,8 6ANA@D,*07 SLAR R%n"e:

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#!"ure *,*/: S!-e,LooB!n" A!rborne R%-%r Im%"ery 6ANA@D,*07:

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4: T&e o!nt sur>e!%nce t%r"et %tt%cB r%-%r system 6!n" t%r"ets %n- to -etect %n- oc%te st%t!on%ry t%r"ets !nsuort o b%tte m%n%"ement %n- t%r"et!n": Mut!mo-e r%-%r -%t% 6suc& %s MTI' #TI'%n- SAR7 %re tr%nsm!tte- rom t&e sensor %torm !n NRT to Army "roun- st%t!onmo-ues 6GSMs7 oc%te- %t cors %n- -!>!s!on:

%: T&e m%or comonents o


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@ART $. CON2ENTIONAL @$OTOGRA@$Y

*: T&e m%or %->%nt%"e to con>ent!on% &oto"r%&y !s see!n" t&e t%r"et %re% %s !t%ctu%y !s: True s!e %n- s&%e c%n be seen ;&!c& !s >%u%be or !-ent!y!n"e9u!ment %n- !-ent!y!n" r!en- or oe: T&e &oto ;! s&o; t&e IA %ny ne; ro%-s orbu!-!n"s' %n- so on' not s&o;n on t&e m%: Unortun%tey' &oto"r%&y -een-s on"oo- ;e%t&er: R%!n' sno;' &e%>y cou-s' %n- -%rBness -ee%t t&e system: T&e-!erent tyes o con>ent!on% &oto"r%&y %re !ste- beo;.

: 2ert!c%: T&e c%mer% %?!s !s eren-!cu%r to t&e e%rt&Fs sur%ce "!>!n" % >!e;-!recty beo;: To t&e no>!ce IA t&!s >!e; seems unn%tur% %t !rst: 2ert!c%%er!% &oto"r%&y !s e?ceent or %re% %n- !no!nt co>er%"e: It !s t&e e%s!est&oto"r%& to obt%!n stereo>!s!on ;!t& %n- !-e% or m%B!n" %st' %ccur%teme%surements: T&e sc%e !s ne%ry un!orm t&rou"&out: S!nce t&e %!rcr%t must y-!recty o>er t&e t%r"et %re%' !t &%s % &!"& >uner%b!!ty to AAA !re:

%: =A,)A 6Army,,O2,*D7: T&e O2,*D Mo&%;B &%s t&e c%%b!!ty o us!n" b%cB %n-;&!te' coor' IR' %n- c%mou%"e -etect!on !m tyes !n % 4:5,by 4:5,!nc& orm%t6#!"ure *,07: A * +4,' +,' ),' %n- *,!nc& oc% en"t& ens cone c%n be mounte-6not !n,!"&t7: A %s&er system c%n be mounte- or n!"&t reconn%!ss%nce:

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#!"ure *,0: 2ert!c% Im%"ery 6O2,*D7:

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b: =S,=S,8 6USA#,,R#,4C7 !s t&e USA#Fs >ert!c% r%m!n" c%mer% ;!t& &!"& oro; %t!tu-e c%%b!!ty: Lens cones c%n be e!t&er +' )' *' or *8 !nc&es: It &%s %&oto%s& c%%b!!ty or n!"&t &oto"r%&y %s ;e: #!m !s !n % 4:5, by 4:5,!nc&orm%t 6#!"ure *,*7:

#!"ure *,*: 2ert!c% Im%"ery 6R#,4C7:

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+: Ob!9ue: T&e c%mer% &oto"r%&s or;%r- o t&e %!rcr%t to obt%!n or;%r-ob!9ue' to t&e et or et ob!9ue' %n- to t&e r!"&t or r!"&t ob!9ue &otos:T&!s "!>es t&e %!rcr%t % s!"&t %->%nt%"e o st%n-!n" o rom t&e t%r"et some;&%t:1ec%use t&e >!e; !s %n"e-' !t resents % more n%tur% >!e;: S!nce t&e sensor c%nnotsee t&rou"& obstruct!ons suc& %s %r"e &!s or !nto "u!es' or e>en !nto &e%>yst%n-s o trees' % t%r"et m%y be &!--en rom >!e;: It !s oss!be to m%Beme%surements rom ob!9ue &oto"r%&y' but !t !s more -!!cut %n- t!me consum!n"t&%n rom >ert!c% &oto"r%&y: Stereo>!s!on !s >ery -!!cut to obt%!n %n- c%nnot

be obt%!ne- rom t&e ent!re r%me:

%: =A,)A 6Army,,O2,*D7: T&!s !s t&e s%me c%mer% use- or >ert!c% e?osure: T&ec%mer% c%n be %ce- %t % *5 or +0 -e"ree ob!9ue' et or r!"&t: T&!s ob!9ueos!t!on c%nnot be use- %t n!"&t 6#!"ure *,7:

#!"ure *,: *5 De"ree 6Lo;7 Ob!9ue Im%"ery 6O2,ID7:

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b: =S,=S,8 6USA#,,R#,4C7 !s t&e s%me c%mer% use- or >ert!c% e?osure:$o;e>er' t&e +,!nc& ens cone !s usu%y use- ;&en t&e c%mer% !s !n t&e or;%r-'r!"&t' or et ob!9ue con!"ur%t!on: T&ese c%mer% os!t!ons &%>e % 5,' *5,' or +0,-e"rees -eress!on %n"e 6#!"ure *,+7:

#!"ure *,+: #or;%r- Ob!9ue Im%"ery 6R#,4C7:

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4: @%nor%m!c c%mer% s;ees rom s!-e to s!-e %n- comb!nes >ert!c%' et' %n- r!"&tob!9ue !m%"es !nto one r%me: T&!s !s e?ceent or route reconn%!ss%nce %n-co>er!n" %r"e %re%s o terr%!n: @%nor%m!c &oto"r%&y &%s t&e %->%nt%"e o >ert!c%ony ;!t&!n t&e center o t&e r%me: T&e -!s%->%nt%"e o t&e sensor !s t&%tstereo>!s!on %n- me%surements %re -!!cut to obt%!n:

%: =A,)0C 6Army,,O2,*D7 c%mer% ro>!-es &or!on,to,&or!on reconn%!ss%nce&oto"r%&s %n- !s -es!"ne- sec!!c%y or &!"&,see-' o;,%t!tu-e reconn%!ss%nce:

It m%y be mounte- >ert!c%y 6bey7 or !n t&e or;%r- ob!9ue 6nose7 os!t!on: It&%s % sc%n %n"e o *80 -e"rees ;!t& % r%me s!e o '5 by /:4 !nc&es ;!t& b%cB%n- ;&!te !m 6#!"ure *,47:

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#!"ure *,4: #or;%r- @%nor%m!c Im%"ery 6O2,ID76croe-,o7:

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b: =A,5)A/*1 6USA#,,RC,4C7 c%mer%s %re use- by t&e USA# or t&e!r %nor%m!cre9u!rements: T&ese systems must be use- -ur!n" -%y!"&t &ours: A !m !s 4:5 by*0:5 !nc&es 6#!"ure *,57: T&e =A,5)A !s % o;,%t!tu-e %nor%m!c c%mer% us!n" % +,!nc& oc% en"t&: It &%s % *80 -e"ree !e- o >!e;: T&e =A,/*1 &%s % )0, or /+,-e"ree !e- o >!e;:

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#!"ure *,5 Lo; @%nor%m!c Im%"e 6R#,4C7:

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5: N!"&t &oto"r%&y 6#!"ure *,)7 !um!n%t!on' tec&n!9ues' %n- emoymentre9u!rements %re -escr!be- beo;:

#!"ure *,): N!"&t @&oto"r%&y:

%: Ium!n%t!on: At&ou"& e?tremey &!"&,see- %nc&rom%t!c emus!ons &%>e been-e>eoe- t&%t erm!t &oto"r%&y -ur!n" sem!-%rBness' ;!t&out %rt!!c!%!um!n%t!on none %re %-e9u%te or use rom %n %er!% %torm %t n!"&t: T&e t;o!um!n%t!n" tec&n!9ues %re %s& c%rtr!-"es %t o; %t!tu-e %n- %s& bombs %t &!"&%t!tu-es:

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6*7 Lo; At!tu-e: 3&en t&e -es!re- sc%e %n- c%mer% e9u!ment %>%!%be re9u!re&oto"r%&y rom %n %t!tu-e o 8'500 eet or ess' % o;,%t!tu-e !um!n%t!n"system !s use- cons!st!n" o %s& c%rtr!-"es' %n eector mec&%n!sm' %n- % su!t%becontro eement: T&e st%n-%r- n!"&t %er!% reconn%!ss%nce c%mer% !s t&e =+CA,*';&!c& &%s % *,!nc& ens %n- %n !m%"e mot!on comens%t!n" m%"%!ne: Uon !r!n" %roun-' t&e eector %utom%t!c%y %ces %not&er c%rtr!-"e !nto os!t!on: T&e%s&!n" comonent o t&e eector roun- !"n!tes %ter % re-eterm!ne- -e%y:

67 $!"& At!tu-e: T&ere %re &ys!c% !m!t%t!ons %s to m%?!mum c%rtr!-"e s!et&%t !s r%ct!c% %n- t&e m%?!mum %t!tu-e %t ;&!c& s%t!s%ctory "roun- !um!n%t!onc%n be ro-uce-: Ium!n%t!on %bo>e 8'500 eet must be urn!s&e- by %s& bombs t&%t%re ree%se- rom t&e bomb b%y -ur!n" t&e &oto run: T&e st%n-%r- %s& bombs c%n!um!n%te %n %re% )0 t!mes "re%ter t&%n %n !um!n%t!n" c%rtr!-"e: T&e ue !s setto e?o-e t&e %s& bomb %t %bout t&ree,tent&s o t&e %t!tu-e o t&e %!rcr%t' uto 5'000 eet: In bot& systems % &otoeectr!c ce !s %ct!>%te- by t&e %s& o!"&t to %ect s&utter %ct!on:

b: Tec&n!9ues: T&e c&o!ce bet;een &!"&,%t!tu-e or o;,%t!tu-e n!"&t &oto"r%&y-een-s on t&e tye' s!e' %n- oc%t!on o t&e t%r"et: Ty!c% o;,%t!tu-e t%r"ets%re !no!nt t%r"ets suc& %s br!-"es' -%ms' suy -ums' %n- %ctor!es: T&e s!e ot&e t%r"et !s %n !mort%nt cons!-er%t!on: L%r"e %re%s suc& %s m%rs&%!n" y%r-s'&%rbors' %n- %!r!e-s oten c%nnot be co>ere- by % s!n"e &otostr! or stereo%!r

%n- ;! c% or &!"&,%t!tu-e co>er%"e:

6*7 Lo;,At!tu-e Co>er%"e: T&e most !mort%nt cons!-er%t!ons !n y!n" % o;,%t!tu-e m!ss!on %re n%>!"%t!on %n- t%r"et !-ent!!c%t!on: A re!n!t!% o!nt !sseecte- %s % reerence o!nt to be"!n t&e et -o;n rom %t!tu-e: T&!s o!nt mustbe %t t&e %ror!%te -!st%nce rom t&e !n!t!% o!nt to en%be st%b!!%t!on o t&e%!rcr%t %t t%r"et %t!tu-e %n- %!rsee-: C%rtr!-"e eect!on must be"!n %t % o!ntt&%t ;! ensure comete &oto"r%&!c co>er%"e o t&e t%r"et:

67 $!"&,At!tu-e Co>er%"e: St%n-%r- bomb!n" roce-ures %re ;!t& mo-!!c%t!ons:T&e %!rcr%t must be o>er t&e t%r"et ;&en !um!n%t!on re%c&es % e%B: T&e %s&bomb must be ust outs!-e t&e !e- o >!s!on o t&e c%mer% %n- %t t&e correct &e!"&tor roer !um!n%t!on:

c: Emoyment: T&e nee- or n!"&t &oto"r%&y !s "o>erne- by se>er% %ctors:T&e enemy ;!t&out %!r suer!or!ty ;! m%Be m%?!mum use o -%rBness to mo>e troos%n- su!es %n- re%!r -%m%"e- ro%-s' br!-"es' %n- !nst%%t!ons: N!"&t &otoreconn%!ss%nce ro>!-es % me%sure o

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s%ety %n- surr!se: A s!n"e %!r%ne m%y e>%-e t&e r%-%r -eense net %n- obt%!nco>er%"e on t&e !rst %ss o>er t&e t%r"et: I t&e oos!t!on &%s %!r suer!or!ty'&oto m!ss!ons ;! st%n- % better c&%nce o success ! o;n %t n!"&t' r%t&er t&%n-ur!n" -%y!"&t &ours:

-: A->%nt%"es: N!"&t &oto"r%&y ro>!-es !norm%t!on on t&e mo>ement os&!!n"' troos' suy tr%!ns' %n- con>oys: Guns %n- !nst%%t!ons c%mou%"e- !nt&e -%yt!me %re re9uenty unco>ere- %t n!"&t: R%!- str!Be %ssessment o n!"&t

bomb!n" m!ss!ons !s oss!be t&rou"& n!"&t &oto"r%&y:

e: D!s%->%nt%"es: 1ec%use ony one &oto c%n be t%Ben by t&e !"&t o e%c&c%rtr!-"e or bomb' co>er%"e !s !m!te- by t&e number o !um!n%nts t&%t c%n bec%rr!e-' r%t&er t&%n by t&e number o e?osures er ro o !m: Imroer eect!ono t&e !um!n%nt ;! !m%!r &oto"r%&!c 9u%!ty: A bomb e?o-e- too cose to t&ee-"e o t&e !cture m%y c%use reect!ons ;!t&!n t&e ens system: 3&en t&e burst !stoo o;' t&e !m !s o>ere?ose-: @oor resout!on %n- -!erences !n s&%-o; en"t&%n- -!rect!on oten m%Be !t -!!cut to ot %n- %n%ye n!"&t &otos: S!nce t&e%s& "!>es t&e oc%t!on o t&e %!rcr%t' !t becomes >ery >uner%be to AAA !re:

): Coor @&oto"r%&y: T&ere %re t;o tyes o coor !m. st%n-%r- coor %n-c%mou%"e -etect!on: At&ou"& %nc&rom%t!c !m %o;s % ;!-er %t!tu-e o e?osureerror t&%n ot&er !ms' !ts !n%b!!ty to resent coors %s ot&er t&%n >%r!ous s&%-es

o "rey !m!ts t&e IA !n &!s stu-y o !n-ustr!% %c!!t!es: 3&en correcty e?ose-%n- rocesse-' coor !m !s %n %!- to t&e IA:

%: A->%nt%"es o coor !m:

6*7 T&e coors o !n-ustr!% smoBe %n- -ust %re "oo- !n-!c%tors o t&e!rc&em!c% content: E?%mes o t&!s %re t&e !"&t yeo; su&ur st%!n on t&e rooso some c&em!c% %nts' %n- t&e re- errous o?!-e smoBe t&%t stee m! smoBest%cBsem!t:

67 Coor !m &%s "oo- ;%ter,enetr%t!>e %b!!ty %n- !s >ery useu !n t&ereco"n!t!on o un-er;%ter obects %n- !n -eterm!n%t!on o ;%ter -et&s:

b: D!s%->%nt%"es o coor !m: Coor !m &%s % o; e?osure !n-e? t&%t !m!ts!ts use to ot!mum !"&t con-!t!ons %n- %ccur%te !ter correct!ons: T&e *4 stes !ncoor rocess!n" %n- t&e cr!t!c% t!me %ctors !n>o>e- "re%ty !ncre%se t&e c&%nceso "ett!n" oor coors or r!nts t&%t %re e!t&er too -%rB or too !"&t to be us%be:Anot&er -!s%->%nt%"e !s t&%t o>er% rocess!n" t!me or coor !m !s m%ny t!mes"re%ter t&%n or %nc&rom%t!c: #!n%y' coor !m costs muc& more t&%n b%cB %n-;&!te !m:

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c: C%mou%"e -etect!on !m resembes norm% coor !m !n t&%t !t &%s t&reeemus!ons: $o;e>er' one emus!!e- %yer !s %rt!cu%ry sens!t!>e to t&e IR;%>een"t& reecte- by c&oro&y: Obects cont%!n!n" c&oro&y ;! re"!ster %sre- %n- re--!s&,bro;n on c%mou%"e -etect!on !m' but ot&er obects %e%r %s bue'yeo;' b%cB' or "reen: Obects c%mou%"e- ;!t& "%rn!s& nets %n- ot&er tyes o%rt!!c!% m%ter!%s ;! s&o; u !n br!"&t coors' %s com%re- ;!t& !>e >e"et%t!ont&%t s&o;s u %s re- or re--!s&,bro;n: Dur!n" t&e %te % %n- ;!nter mont&s -e%->e"et%t!on %e%rs yeo;,"reen on c%mou%"e !m' s!m!%r to t&e coors o

c%mou%"e m%ter!%: T&ereore' norm% coor &oto"r%&y !s more eect!>e -ur!n"t&!s t!me o ye%r:

@ART I. @LANNING AND REHUESTING AERIAL RECONNAISSANCE AND SUR2EILLANCE

*: T&e %nn!n" o %er!% RS !s erorme- by t&e GS: $o;e>er' % Bno;e-"e ot&e roce-ures %n- %ctors !n>o>e- ;! &e you ! !t s&ou- e>er become necess%ryor you to re9uest reconn%!ss%nce:

: Resons!b!!ty: At -!>!s!on %n- %bo>e' t&e G &%s st% resons!b!!ty or%nn!n" %n- coor-!n%t!n" %er!% reconn%!ss%nce %n- sur>e!%nce 6RS7 m!ss!ons: Atb%tt%!on %n- br!"%-e' t&e S &%s t&!s resons!b!!ty: At cors %n- -!>!s!on'rout!ne st% suer>!s!on o t&e %er!% RS eort !s -ee"%te- to t&e CMDcoect!on m%n%"er: At b%tt%!on %n- br!"%-e' t&e S !s t&e RS m%n%"er: E?cet!ons

to t&!s %re se%r%te %rmore-' !n%ntry' %n- mec&%n!e- br!"%-es ;&!c& &%>e S %!rersonne %ss!"ne-: T&e CMD m!ss!on m%n%"er %t -!>!s!on %n- cors Bees t&e G%->!se- o t&e %>%!%b!!ty' st%tus' c%%b!!t!es' %n- !m!t%t!ons o %er!%sur>e!%nce %ssets: T&!s re9u!res % t&orou"& Bno;e-"e o t&e >%r!%be eects o;e%t&er' !"&t' >!s!b!!ty' rec!!t%t!on' &%e' %n- ot&er n%tur% &enomen% t&%t!nuence sensor seect!on %n- %!rcr%t oer%t!ons: T&e m!ss!on m%n%"er %ttemts toe!m!n%te or re-uce -u!c%t!on o eort by %scert%!n!n" ;&et&er %>%!%be&oto"r%&y u!s t&e re9u!rements' %n- by comb!n!n" t;o or more re9uests !nto onem!ss!on ;&en oss!be: T&e CMD coect!on m%n%"er !s resons!be or %nn!n" %n-!nte"r%t!on o %er!% RS !nto t&e coect!on eort:

+: T&e cors G %!r -eterm!nes ;&%t or"%n!c %ssets %re %>%!%be to suort %re%nne- RS re9uest %n- %ss!"ns !t to t&e %er!% e?o!t%t!on b%tt%!on or

or;%r-s !t to EAC or !ncoror%t!on !nto t&e Army comonent comm%n-erFsreconn%!ss%nce re9u!rements: Imme-!%te RS re9uests %re subm!tte- t&rou"& t&e A!r#orce re9uest net %n- %re %ro>e--!s%ro>e- by cors G %!rCMD m!ss!on m%n%"er';&o %re cooc%te- ;!t& t&e %!r suort oer%t!ons center o t&e A!r #orce: See ACC@subcourse IT 0))* or more -et%!e- !norm%t!on:

4: Seect!on: T&ere %re our %ctors t&e G A!rCMD m!ss!on m%n%"er cons!-ers !nseect!n" %re%s or &oto"r%&!c reconn%!ss%nce.

%: Current %n- %nne- oer%t!ons o t&e un!t:

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b: @re>!ousy %n- resenty %ct!>e %re%s:

c: Are%s ren-ere- susect t&rou"& !norm%t!on obt%!ne- rom ot&er !nte!"encesources:

-: Re9uests rom subor-!n%te %n- ot&er un!ts:

5: 1es!-es t&ese "ener% %ctors' t&e CMD m!ss!on m%n%"er must cons!-er %ctors o

% more sec!!c %n- tec&n!c% n%ture !n %nn!n" reconn%!ss%nce:

%: @&oto sc%e: To obt%!n >%r!ous tyes o !norm%t!on rom %er!%reconn%!ss%nce' -!erent sc%es o !m%"ery %re re9u!re-: #or e?%me' to oc%te!re contro r%-%r' % sc%e o %ro?!m%tey *.'000 !s re9u!re-' but to m%Be %tec&n!c% %n%ys!s o !t' % sc%e o %ro?!m%tey *.400 !s nee-e-: T%ct!c%%n%ys!s o % &e%-9u%rters re9u!res &oto"r%&y ;!t& % sc%e o *.'000 to *.+'000:

b: @ro-uct!on C%%b!!t!es: T&e c%%b!!t!es o rocess!n"' rero-uc!n"'%n%y!n"' %n- -!str!but!n" must %so be cons!-ere-: T&ese c%%b!!t!es ;! >%ryrom t!me to t!me' -een-!n" uon t&e e9u!ment %n- ersonne %>%!%be: T&eo>ero%-!n" o %ny o t&ese ;! re-uce t&e eect!>eness o t&e o>er% eort:

c: Loc%t!on: Are%s -ee !n enemy terr!tory ;! rob%by re9u!re nonor"%n!c

%!rcr%t: $!s!-e !nst%%t!ons %n- ot&er un!9ue !nst%%t!ons ;! rob%byre9u!re ob!9ue &oto"r%&y or -et%!e- %n%ys!s:

-: C%%b!!t!es o A!rcr%t %n- E9u!ment: T&e c%%b!!t!es o t&e %!rcr%ty!n" t&e m!ss!on must be cons!-ere- ;&en -eterm!n!n" t&e sc%e o t&e &oto"r%&yto be obt%!ne- or t&e "roun- to be co>ere-: At t&e resent t!me' t&e c%%b!!t!es oor"%n!c %!rcr%t %n- c%mer%s -o not erm!t y!n" %t &!"& %t!tu-es: Or"%n!c Army%>!%t!on -oes not resenty !ncu-e &!"&,erorm%nce %!rcr%t: T&e number oe?osures nee-e- to co>er % "!>en %re% %t % "!>en sc%e m!"&t %so be ro&!b!t!>e:

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): Once you &%>e %nne- your %er!% RS m!ss!on you nee- to subm!t t&e re9uest:T&ere %re se>er% -!erent RS re9uest orms use- by U:S: orces some o t&ose %re.T&e %!r reconn%!ss%nce re9uestt%sB mess%"e' t&e o!nt t%ct!c% sur>e!%nce re9uest6e !tems to seect'!n-!c%te %n be&!n- or enc!rce 1EST SUITA1LE: or 1EST @OSSI1LE:

647 L!ne N: MA@ RE#ERENCES: 1e sec!!c %n- comete re9u!re- -%t%:

657 L!ne O: TARGET LOCATION AND DESCRI@TION: To e%>e t&e rec!!ent o t&ere9uest !n no -oubt %s to t&e re9u!rements' !t !s necess%ry to ro>!-e % br!e-escr!t!on o t&e t%r"et' !ts n%me' %n- b%s!c encycoe-!% 61E7 number' %n- t&ee?%ct oc%t!on o t&e t%r"et %re%: In-!c%te t&e tye coor-!n%tes use- 6UTM or GEO7%n- st%te t&e %ctu% coor-!n%tes' or e?%me' *)N1*+45)' or % !no!nt or %re%co>er' use t&e to mostto et coor-!n%te !rst %n- -escr!be t&e rem%!n!n"coor-!n%tes cocB;!se or ob!9ue &otos' st%te t&e ne%r

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boun-%ry o t&e %re% to be &oto"r%&e- %n- t&e -!rect!on rom ;&!c& t&e &otoss&ou- be t%Ben: #or t&e t%r"et -escr!t!on' "!>e !ts n%me' %n- b%s!c encycoe-!%number ! Bno;n:

6)7 L!ne @: O1e !nstruct!ons or !norm%t!on notro>!-e- ese;&ere !n t&e re9uest t&%t ;! %!- !n t&e %nn!n" %n- %ccom!s&ment ot&e m!ss!on: T&!s !ncu-es contro %rr%n"ements' commun!c%t!ons' secur!ty!nstruct!ons' -et%!s o o;n orces' or ot&er ert!nent entr!es: T&!s !ne c%n beuse- to !n-!c%te ! %n IN#LIG$TRE@ !s re9u!re-:

6*7 L!ne 2: TAS=ING AND MISSION DATA: T&!s !ne !s comete- by t&e t%sB!n"%"ency: It !ncu-es -et%!s re"%r-!n" t&e un!t' number o %!rcr%t' %n- m!ss!on%r%meters: T&e m!ss!on number or t&e t%sB !s t&e re9uestorFs re9uest number'%bbre>!%te- ! necess%ry:

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#!"ure *,: A!r Reconn%!ss%nce Re9uestT%sB Mess%"e:

53 IT 0458


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b: %ent o %n I@IRSU@IR: Det%!e- !nstruct!ons or us!n"t&!s orm %re !n DA @%m 5,:

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#!"ure *,8:


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#!"ure *,8:


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c: T&e AIRREHRECON >o!ce tem%te !s use- to re9uest re%nne- %n- !mme-!%te%er!% reconn%!ss%nce suort m!ss!ons: T&!s mess%"e !s tr%nsm!tte- by >o!ce ony'us!n" st%n-%r- r%-!o roce-ures: #!"ure *,/ -e!cts % s%me AIRREHRECON >o!cetem%te: Det%!e- !nstruct!on or us!n" t&!s orm %re !n DA @%m 5,:

#!"ure *,/: AIRREHRECON:

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#!"ure *,/: AIRREHRECON 6Concu-e-7:

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-: T&e NATO !m%"ery re9uest s&ou- be use- ;&en !m%"ery o NATO e9u!ment !sre9u!re-: An e?%me o t&e NATO !m%"ery re9uest orm !s s&o;n !n #!"ure *,+0: T&ere9uest s&ou- be sent to t&e member n%t!on %--ressee !ste- !n STANAG +)4 or %!rst%n-%r-!%t!on %"reement *0*/:

#!"ure *,+0: NATO Im%"ery Re9uest:

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LESSON *

@RACTICE EERCISE

T&e oo;!n" !tems ;! test your "r%s o t&e m%ter!% co>ere- !n t&!s esson:T&ere !s ony one correct %ns;er to e%c& !tem: 3&en you &%>e comete- t&e e?erc!se'c&ecB your %ns;ers ;!t& t&e %ns;er Bey t&%t oo;s: I you %ns;er %ny !tem!ncorrecty' stu-y %"%!n t&%t %rt o t&e esson ;&!c& cont%!ns t&e ort!on !n>o>e-:

*: 3&!c& o t&e b%s!c tyes o &otos &%s % sc%e ne%ry un!orm t&rou"&outJ

A: @%nor%m!c:

1: Inr%re-:

C: 2ert!c%:

D: Ob!9ue:

: 3&!c& !m%"!n" system &%s e!"&t mo-es o oer%t!onJ

A: =A,5)A:

1: =A,)0C:

C: ANU@D,:

D: ANU@D,8:

+: 3&!c& MI un!ts &%>e %n or"%n!c IA sect!onJ

A: Oer%t!ons com%ny %n- %>!%t!on com%ny 6AS7:

1: $$S com%ny %n- %>!%t!on com%ny 6E37:

C: TCAE %n- TAC@:

D: DTOC %n- CTOC:

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4: An IA must &%>e common sense' o;ers o obser>%t!on %n- %n%ys!s' re%son!n"%b!!ty' %n- "oo- u-"ment to %rr!>e %t t&e roer %n%ys!s: T&e most essent!%re9u!rement or %n IA !s t&e %b!!ty to %c&!e>e stereo>!s!on' or >!e;!n" !n.

A: T;o -!mens!ons:

1: T&ree -!mens!ons:

C: #our -!mens!ons:

D: One -!mens!ons:

5: 3&%t tye o &oto co>er%"e ;! be o %!- to comm%n-ers or br!e!n" %n-%nn!n" urosesJ

A: @ortr%!ts:

1: T%r"et o-ers:

C: M% e?tr%cts:

D: Mos%!cs:

): 3&%t must be -escr!be- on !ne M o %n %!r reconn%!ss%nce re9uestt%sB mess%"eJ

A: De!>ery A--ress:

1: Re9uest number:

C: M% reerences:

D: Tye o sensor %n- tec&n!9ue re9ueste-:

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LESSON *

@RACTICE EERCISE

ANS3ER =EY AND #EED1AC=

Item Correct Ans;er %n- #ee-b%cB

*: C: 2ert!c% &otos %re t%Ben eren-!cu%r to t&e "roun- so t&e sc%e !sne%ry un!orm t&rou"&out 6%"e +' %r% 7:

: D: T&e ANU@D,8 SAR system &%s e!"&t oer%t!n" mo-es 6%"e ++' %r% +b7:

+: A: T&e oer%t!ons com%ny o t&e MI b%tt%!on 6O@S7 %n- t&e %>!%t!oncom%ny 6AS7 &%>e %n or"%n!c IA sect!on 6%"es *)*8' !"s *,*,/7:

4: 1: Stereo>!s!on or t&e %b!!ty to see obects t&ree -!mens!on%y on!m !s % re9u!rement or % IAs 6%"e ' %r%s 5)7:

5: D: Mos%!c "!>es t&e comm%n-er %n u-%te- >ert!c% >!e; o %n %re% 6%"e4' %r% "7:

): D: You must -escr!be tye o sensor %n- tec&n!9ue !n !ne M %"e 5*'%r% )%6+7 :

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LESSON

IMAGERY ANALYSIS @ROCEDURES

Cr!t!c% T%sBs. +0*,++8,*+04+0*,++8,*)0/+0*,++8,*800+0*,++8,+0*

O2ER2IE3

TAS= DESCRI@TION.

In t&!s esson you ;! e%rn to -eterm!ne !ne%r>ert!c% -!st%nces on >ert!c%%er!% !m%"ery' re%re % ot o %er!% !m%"ery' ut!!e !m%"ery %n%ys!s r!nc!es%n- tec&n!9ues %n- erorm 9u%!ty contro on %er!% !m%"ery %n%ys!s ro-ucts:

LEARNING O1ert!c% -!st%nces on >ert!c% %er!% !m%"ery' re%re % oto %er!% !m%"ery' ut!!e !m%"ery %n%ys!s r!nc!es %n- tec&n!9ues'

%n- erorm 9u%!ty contro on %er!% !m%"ery %n%ys!s ro-ucts IA3 #M*,)' %n- USAICS SuR )005/:

CONDITIONS. You ;! be "!>en e?tr%cts rom t&e #M *,)' %n- USAICS SuR )005/:

STANDARDS. Determ!ne !ne%r>ert!c% -!st%nces on >ert!c% %er!% !m%"ery're%re % ot o %er!% !m%"ery' ut!!e !m%"ery %n%ys!s r!nc!es%n- tec&n!9ues' %n- erorm 9u%!ty contro on %er!% !m%"ery %n%ys!sro-ucts IA3 #M *,)' %n- USAICS SuR )005/:

RE#ERENCE. T&e m%ter!% cont%!ne- !n t&!s esson ;%s -er!>e- rom t&e oo;!n"ub!c%t!ons.

#M *,):USAICS SuR )005/:

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INTRODUCTION

2%r!ous roce-ures %re use- by t&e IA !n !nterret!n" %n- %n%y!n" %er!% !m%"erym!ss!ons: T&ese roce-ures !ncu-e but %re not !m!te- to or!ent%t!on %n- ott!n"'m!!t%ry !-ent!!c%t!on' &oto"r%mmetry' mos%!cs' &otom%s' %n- %nor%m!cs:

@ART A. ORIENTATION AND @LOTTING

*: To obt%!n m%?!mum use rom !norm%t!on "%t&ere- rom %er!% &otos' you must be%be to oc%te on % m% t&e %re% co>ere- by t&e &otos: A erecty %n%ye-&oto"r%& !s o !tte >%ue uness t&e %re% co>ere- c%n be oc%te- ;!t& resect toBno;n terr%!n e%tures: #or e?%me' you &%>e % &oto s&o;!n" % %r"e concentr%t!ono t&e enemyFs %rmore- >e&!ces %on" % ro%-: T&e s!"n!!c%nce o t&!s concentr%t!on;ou- be re%-!y %%rent to you' but ;!t&out Bno;!n" t&e e?%ct "roun- oc%t!on ot&e >e&!ces t&e !norm%t!on ;ou- be o -oubtu >%ue: You must be %be to or!ent%n- ot >ert!c%' ob!9ue' %n- %nor%m!c %er!% &oto"r%&y:

: 2ert!c% @&oto"r%&y: T&e oo;!n" "u!-%nce ;! s&o; you &o; to or!ent %>ert!c% %!r &oto ;!t& % m%:

%: #!rst -eterm!ne nort& on t&e &oto"r%& by one o t&e oo;!n" met&o-s.

6*7 Met&o- *. Occ%s!on%y t&ere ;! be % nort& %rro; !n e!t&er t&e m%r"!n or!n t&e t!t!n" -%t% on t&e &oto t&!s %rro; ;! o!nt to m%"net!c nort&:

67 Met&o- . I % nort& %rro; !s not resent on t&e &oto' nort& c%n be-eterm!ne- by us!n" t&e Fs&%-o; tec&n!9ue: On &otos t%Ben !n t&e nort&ern&em!s&ere s&%-o;s ;! o!nt "ener%y nort&:

b: As soon %s you &%>e -eterm!ne- nort& on t&e &oto' or!ent t&e &oto so nort& ont&e &oto co!nc!-es ;!t& nort& on t&e m%:

6*7 Seect rom!nent n%tur% or m%nm%-e e%tures on t&e &oto ;&!c& %e%r ont&e m%: @rom!nent &!s' stre%ms' r%!ro%-s' or ro%- net;orBs ;! usu%y u!t&!s re9u!rement: Loc%te t&ese s%me e%tures on t&e m%:

67 Determ!ne t&e %re% t&e &oto co>ers on t&e m% by com%r!n" -et%!s %on"t&e e-"es o t&e &oto ;!t& t&e s%me -et%!s on t&e m%:

c: Loc%te obects%re%s o !nterest on t&e m% by us!n" t&e m% o #ort $u%c&uc%%n- @&oto 458,+ 6!n b%cB o your subcourse booBet7: Us!n" % !ece o o>er%y %er'oo; t&e stes out!ne- beo; %n- oc%te t&e o!nts on t&e m%: D!sre"%r-%nnot%t!ons on t&e &oto:

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NOTE. 3&en ott!n" &oto"r%&y' ;&et&er % sort!e ot' % m%ster co>er tr%ce' or!n-!>!-u% &otos' you s&ou- %;%ys ot on o>er%y %er %n- NOT on t&e m%:

6*7 Ste *. Loc%te t&e %re% o t&e m% co>ere- on &oto 458,+: I you %cet&e t!t!n" -%t% o @&oto 458,+ to your uer r!"&t' you ;! seet&e s&%-o;s o!nt "ener%y nort& t&ereore' you &%>e t&e &otoor!ente- nort&:

67 Ste . E?%m!ne t&e &oto: 1y e?%m!n!n" &oto 458,+ you c%n see !t co>ers% %rt o #ort $u%c&uc%: =ee t&e t!t!n" -%t% !n t&e uer r!"&tcorner %n- obser>e t&e I,s&%e- bu!-!n" !n t&e et center o t&e&oto 6%nnot%t!on A7: In t&e uer center o t&e &oto !s %n o--U,s&%e- bu!-!n" 6%nnot%t!on 17: T&ere %re t&ree m%or ro%-s !nt&e &oto' % cur>e- ro%- on t&e et s!-e' % str%!"&t ro%- %on"t&e bottom o t&e &oto' %n- % S,cur>e- ro%- on t&e r!"&t s!-e ot&e &oto:

6+7 Ste +. E?%m!ne t&e m%: As you e?%m!ne t&e m%' ooB or %n %re% ;!t&%r"e bu!-!n"s %n- oen s%ce %roun- t&em: Ater you &%>e oun-t&e bu!-!n"s -escr!be- !n ste use your o>er%y %er %n-re%re your ot' %s oo;s.

@%ce % !ece o o>er%y %er o>er t&e %re% o !nterest on your m% %n- t%e !t-o;n: LooB or t&e L,s&%e- bu!-!n" 6%nnot%t!on 57 %t t&e r!"&t to o your &oto%n- on t&e m% %n- %ce % t!cB m%rB on your o>er%y %er to co!nc!-e ;!t& t&e booto t&e L: Loc%te t&e rect%n"u%r bu!-!n" 6%nnot%t!on C7 on t&e r!"&t s!-e o t&e&oto %n- t&e m% %"%!n' %ce % t!cB m%rB on t&e o>er%y %er to co!nc!-e ;!t& %o!nt s!"&ty urt&er t&%n t&e r!"&t s!-e o t&e bu!-!n": Ne?t' oc%te t&e set o-ue? bu!-!n"s9u%rters 6%nnot%t!on D7 on t&e r!"&t bottom o t&e &oto %n- t&em% %ce % t!cB m%rB on t&e o>er%y %er to co!nc!-e ;!t& t&e outer -ue?bu!-!n" on t&e &oto %n- t&e m%: T&e ro%- !ntersect!on %t t&e et o t&e m% !sno; % tr%!c c!rce on t&e &oto 6%nnot%t!on 87 %"%!n' %ce % t!cB m%rB on youro>er%y %er to co!nc!-e ;!t& t&e et o t&e tr%!c c!rce o t&e &oto %n- t&ero%- !ntersect!on o t&e m%: At t&e to center o t&e &oto !s % ro%- unct!on6%nnot%t!on E7 ;&!c& !s %so on your m% %ce % t!cB m%rB on your o>er%y %er to

co!nc!-e ;!t& % o!nt s!"&ty urt&er t&%n t&e ro%- unct!on: #!n%y' connect t&et!cB m%rBs by -r%;!n" % !ne t&rou"& t&em' so t&e o>er% ot ooBs !Be %n %;B;%r-s9u%re 6#!"ure ,*7:

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NOTE. Ater e?%m!n!n" bot& t&e m% %n- &oto 458,+ you ;! see t&%t t&ere %re-!erences bet;een t&em: T&e !norm%t!on on t&e m% !s -%te- */0 or ro%-s%n- */+ or ot&er !norm%t!on: @&oto 458,+ ;%s t%Ben !n */8/ %n- you ;! seet&%t some bu!-!n"s &%>e -!s%e%re- %n- ne; ones &%>e been bu!t !n %cesurt&ermore some ro%-s &%>e been c&%n"e- or -!s%e%re-:

#!"ure ,*: @ot o @&oto 458,+:

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-: =ee your ot' %s you ;! use !t !n r%ct!ce e?erc!ses: #or %--!t!on%r%ct!ce' use Subcourse IT 0)4)' @ott!n" 2ert!c% Aer!% @&otos %n- M%ster Co>erTr%ce:

+: Ob!9ue @&oto"r%&y: To ot %n ob!9ue &oto"r%& on % m%' t&e oo;!n" stes%re erorme-.

%: Ste *. Or!ent t&e &oto to t&e m%:

b: Ste . Seect t;o obects or o!nts on e%c& m%r"!n o t&e &oto ;&!c& %so%e%r on t&e m%: T&e o!nts you seect m%y not necess%ry be e?%cty on t&e m%r"!no t&e &oto: In t&!s c%se' !t ;! be necess%ry to !ntero%te >!su%y rom t&oseo!nts to ot t&e e-"e o t&e &oto:

c: Ste +. I-ent!y t&ese obects or o!nts on t&e m% %n- m%rB t&e!r oc%t!onson %n o>er%y:

-: Ste 4. Dr%; % str%!"&t !ne t&rou"& t&e et&%n- %!r o o!nts: T&!s !nereresents t&e et e-"e o t&e %re% co>ere- by t&e &oto:

e: Ste 5. Dr%; t&e !ne reresent!n" t&e bottom e-"e o t&e &oto: Dr%; t&e to!ne reresent!n" t&e to e-"e o t&e &oto: No !ne !s -r%;n %cross t&e to o %

&!"& ob!9ue:

: Ste ). T%Be out t&e #ort $u%c&uc% M% %n- @&oto 458,: A"%!n' us!n" %not&ers&eet o o>er%y %er' try to ot t&e &oto:

4: =ee your ot' %s you ;! use !t !n t&e r%ct!ce e?erc!ses: A"%!n' !"nore t&e%nnot%t!ons on t&e &oto: #or %--!t!on% r%ct!ce' use TEC Lesson 4,+0*,)0,A'@re%re % @ot o %n Ob!9ue @&oto M!ss!on:

5: @%nor%m!c @&oto"r%&y: @ott!n" %nor%m!c &oto"r%&y !s % comb!n%t!on o>ert!c% %n- ob!9ue met&o-s: T&e center ort!on o % %nor%m!c &oto !s >ert!c%%n- to;%r- t&e s!-es t&e !m%"ery %ns out %s !n %n ob!9ue: #or more sec!!c%nor%m!c ott!n"' see TEC Lesson 4,+0*,)0+,A' @re%re % @ot o % @%nor%m!c

Aer!% @&oto M!ss!on:

@ART 1. MILITARY IDENTI#ICATION #ACTORS

*: T&ere %re !>e b%s!c %ctors' t&e !>e Ss' ;&!c& %!- !n !-ent!!c%t!on o obectson %er!% &otos: Reer to t&e %ror!%te %ctor !n #!"ure , %s t&ey %re be!n"-!scusse-: #urt&ermore' "ener% c&%r%cter!st!cs s&ou- %ss!st you !n -eterm!n!n"m!!t%ry obects:

67 IT 0458


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#!"ure ,: M!!t%ry I-ent!!c%t!on #%ctors:

: T&e #!>e Ss

%: S!e: T&e t&ree b%cB s9u%res %t t&e to o #!"ure , reresent bu!-!n"s:I t&e t;o %r"e bu!-!n"s %re &omes' !t s&ou- be ob>!ous rom t&e s!e o t&e ot&ers9u%re t&%t !t reresents some ot&er tye o bu!-!n"' rob%by % "%r%"e:

b: S&%e: T&e !"ure on t&e et' bec%use o !ts cross!Be s&%e' cou- be %bu!-!n" ;!t& our ;!n"s' or oss!by % c&urc&: T&e c!rcu%r,s&%e- !tem on t&e

r!"&t cou- be ;%ter t%nB or % s!o:

c: S&%-o;: T&e obect on t&e et !s % c&urc&' %n- t&e obect on t&e r!"&t !s %;%ter t%nB:

-: S&%-e: T&e term s&%-e %s %!e- to "rey or tone !s c%use- by t&e %mount o!"&t reecte- rom %n obect: LooB %t t&e se%r%te- s9u%res oos!te s&%-e !n#!"ure ,: T&e center obect

IT 0458 68


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reects ony %rt o t&e !"&t s&!n!n" on !t t&ereore' !t !s % me-!um s&%-e: T&erect%n"e on t&e r!"&t %bsorbs %most % !"&t s&!n!n" on !t t&ereore' !t !s %-%rB "rey or b%cB: T&e rect%n"e on t&e et reects % t&e !"&t conse9uenty'!t !s % !"&t s&%-e: T&e on" obect on t&e r!"&t cou- be % "reen&ouse: T&e "%ssroo reects t&e !"&t s&!n!n" on !t: T&e -%rB roo o t&e o!ce %bsorbs t&e!"&t:

e: Surroun-!n"s: O t&e !>e %ctors o !-ent!!c%t!on' surroun-!n"s %re rob%by

t&e most !mort%nt to m!!t%ry !-ent!!c%t!on: To m%Be use o surroun-!n"s uy'you must be %m!!%r ;!t& t&e enemyFs ;e%ons %n- e9u!ment' &!s or"%n!%t!on %n-t%ct!cs' %n- t&e too"r%&!c %n- "eo"r%&!c %sects o t&e %re% o !nterest: T&e%st !tems !n #!"ure , %re "rous o bu!-!n"s: T&ese bu!-!n" "rous %re s!m!%r'but !n -!erent surroun-!n"s t&ey %re !-ent!!e- -!erenty: Surroun-e- bycut!>%te- !e-s' t&e "rou on t&e et becom

us army cc it0458 introduction to imagery analysis

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