urup alaid kuril island geology bre macinnes ekarma brat chirpoev earth and space sciences
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Urup
Alaid
Kuril Island Geology
Bre MacInnes
Ekarma
Brat Chirpoev
Earth and Space Sciences
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~Seattle
Map by Adam Freeburg
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Outline
• Why study the Kurils?• General overview• Geologic history• Eruptive history and tephra• Seismicity and tsunamis• Terraces• Summary
• Locations of interestParamushir
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Why study the Kurils?
• Proportionally large coastal area• Fluctuating sediment supplies• Volcanic land-level change• Tectonic land-level change• Tsunamis• Large storms
Great potential for dramatic changes in coastal area and geometry!
Chirpoi
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General overview
• Climate: – 60-90 day/yr strong storms (wind blows >15
m/s)– 2-8 typhoons/yr (winds ~ 50m/s)– fog >180 days/yr– offshore ice ~75 days/yr (southern islands)– tide range 1.2-1.7 m (southern islands)
• wind forcing 1.5-2 m (max 6 m). [Bulgakov, 1996]
• Holocene Optimum: 5,000-6,000 BP[Korotky et al., 1995]
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visibleearth.nasa.gov
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General overview
Glacial extent during Last Glacial Maximum
Stevenson, 2001
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Geologic history
Onekotan
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Geologic history
Lesser Kurils•Cretaceous-Eocene
subduction of Kula plate
•Subaerial: Paleocene- Eocene and recent
Kimura and Tamaki, 1985
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Geologic history
Greater Kurils•Rotation of Okhotsk
plate in Oligocene and subduction of Pacific
•Emerged in Pliocene
Kimura and Tamaki, 1985
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Geologic history
Kuril “Plate”•Late Miocene
•Divides active ridge from trench in south
•Due to oblique subduction of Pacific
Kimura and Tamaki, 1985
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Eruptive History
Atlasova
Onekotan
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Eruptive History
Largest Eruptions
Tao-Rusyr9400 BP
Ushishir9400 BP
Lvinaya-Past7500 BP
Ishizuka, 2001; Braitseva et al., 1995
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Eruptive History
17901981 Aliad
185319862003
Chikurachki
1872 Shiashkotan
17781924 Raikoke
1946 Matua
1712 Chirpoi
1973 Tyatya
NASA’s Earth Observatory
Ishizuka, 2001
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~14
11
8
19
Tephra
Local, Japan and
China
Local
Local and Kamchatka
Ishizuka, 2001; Rajigaeva et al., 1998; Nakagawa et al., 2002
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Tephra 1943-1945 AD Usu (Hokkaido)
1856 AD Ko-c1 Komagatake (Hokkaido)
1739 AD Ta-a Tarumai (Hokkaido)
1694 AD Ko-c2 Komagatake (Hokkaido)
1400-1500 AD Ma-b Mashu (Hokkaido)
969 AD B-Tm Baitousan (China)
1700-1800 BP Ma-d Mashu (Hokkaido)
~2000 BP Eniwa (Hokkaido)
~2000 BP Ko-e Komagatake (Hokkaido)
~3000 BP Komagatake (Hokkaido)
3600-3800 BP Ma-e Mashu (Hokkaido)
~4200 BP Mendeleev
~6000 BP Ma-f Mashu (Hokkaido)
~7100 BP Golovnin
Kunashir
Nakagawa et al, 2002From Nakagawa et al, 2002 and Razjigaeva
et al, 1998
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Seismicity
Simushir
Paramushir
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Seismicity
neic.usgs.gov
> 3.0 since 1973
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Seismicity
neic.usgs.gov
Earthquakes > 6.5
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Seismicity
-2500
-2000
-1500
-1000
-500
0
500
1000
1500
2000
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
m (
ele
va
tio
n)
an
d e
q. c
ou
nt
Mean elevation
# EQ
S N
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IturupTotal Earthquakes
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
1S N
Seismicity
Bend
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1737 27 m Shumshu
1780 12 m10 m
UrupChirpoi, Simushir, Ketoi
1843
1853 Simushir
1918 6 m12 m
IturupUrup
1933 9 m Kharimkotan
1952 18 m15 m9 m8 m
ParamushirShumshuOnekotanShiashkotan
1958 3 m Kunashir, Iturup, Urup
1960 5 m “Kurils”
1963 (Oct 13th)
1.5 m4 m
2.5 m
KunashirIturup and UrupParamushir
1963 (Oct 20th)
8 m6-15 m
IturupUrup
1973 3 m
1975 2-5 m Kunashir
1983 3 m Kunashir
1994 6.5 m3 m
KunashirIturup
Tsunamis
From Novosibirsk and NGDC tsunami catalogs
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Iliev et al, 2005
Tsunamis
~ 500 yr recurrance interval of large tsunamis in Hokkaido (Nanayama et al, 2003)
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Marine Terraces
• Kunashir, Iturup and Urup:– ~ 7 terraces in total (3 m - 250 m)
– 2-3 Holocene, 3-4 possibly correlating to interglacials
– No correlation between islands?• Volcanic, not tectonic (Korotky et al, 1995)
– Uplift estimates:• 2.5-2.8 mm/yr uplift- Pleistocene (Melekestsev 1974)
• 0.8-0.9 mm/yr uplift- Pleistocene (Korotky et al, 1995)
• 0.28 mm/yr uplift- Pleistocene (Pushkar et al, 1998) • 2 mm/yr subsidence- late Holocene (Bulgakov 1994)
Ketoi
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Constructional Terraces
5,000-6,000 Holocene Optimum (0-3.5 m above m.s.l.)
Development of barriers, lagoons, etc.
4,700-4,500 Regression Dunes
4,000-3,400 Sea level rise (2.5 m)
2,900-2,600 Sea level rise
2,200-2,000 Cooling, minor regression Isthmuses connected; lagoons turn into swamps
1,000-800 Sea level rise 2.5 m terrace
Little Ice Age Regression Dunes
Razjigaeva et al, 2002; Korotky et al, 1995
For Kunashir, Iturup, and Urup
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Summary
• Climate:– The oldest beach ridges: ~5,000-6,000 yrs old– Large storm waves = high beach ridges– S. islands affected by sea ice– N. islands may have glacial features
• Geologic history:– The islands are all fairly young– The Lesser Kurils are currently uplifting
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Summary
• Volcanoes:– Many locations to study dated sediment fluxes– Tephra on Kunashir studied
• On other islands we will have to do our own work
• Earthquakes:– Central region relatively aseismic– 500 year recurrance of tsunamis in the south
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Rasshua
Summary
• Terraces– Nobody agrees on how many, how old, or
why, but terraces do exist!Onekotan
Iturup
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UrupIturup
Kunashir
Chirpoi
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Chirpoi
Ketoi
Shiashkotan
Paramushir
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Satellite images of interesting proposed sites for this summer
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Kunashir
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Kunashir
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Kunashir
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Kunashir
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Iturup
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Iturup
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Iturup
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Urup
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Urup
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Central Islands
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Central Islands
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Central Islands
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Central Islands
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Central Islands
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Paramushir
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Paramushir
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References (1)• Pictures from http://artedi.fish.washington.edu/okhotskia/ikip/Gallery/ unless
otherwise noted.• Satellite images from Google Earth unless otherwise noted.• Novosibirsk (tsun.sscc.ru/htdbpac/) and NGDC
(www.ngdc.noaa.gov/seg/hazard/tsupub.shtml) tsunami catalogs • Braitseva, O A; Melekestsev, I V; Ponomareva, V V; Sulerzhitsky, L D, 1995, Ages
of calderas, large explosive craters and active volcanoes in the Kuril-Kamchatka region, Russia, Bulletin of Volcanology, vol.57, no.6, pp.383-402. Bulgakov 1996
• Bulgakov, R. 1996: Reconstruction of Quaternary History of Southern Kurile Islands. Journal of Coastal Research 12, 930–39.
• Iliev, A.Y., Kaistrenko, V.M., Gretskaya, E.V., Tikhonchuk, E.A., Razijaeva, N.G., Grebennikova, T.A., Ganzey, L.A., and Kharlamov, A.A., 2005, Holocene tsunami traces on Kunashir Island, Kurile subduction zone, in Satake, K., ed., Tsunamis; Case Studies and Recent Developments: Dordrecht, Netherlands, Springer, p. 171-192.
• Ishizuka, T., B. Fitzhugh, and M. Nakagawa, 2001: Volcanic activity and recent tephras in the Kuril Islands: Field results during the International Kuril Island Project (IKIP). Poster presented at the International Symposium on Kuril Island Biogeography. 19-22 May 2001. University of Hokkaido, Sapporo.Kimura and Tamaki, 1985
• Korotky, A.M., Razjigaeva, N.G., Grebennikova, T.A., Ganzey, L.A., Mokhova, L.M., Bazarova, V.B., Sulerzhitsky, L.D., 1995, Holocene marine terraces of Kunashiri Island, Kurile Islands, The Quaternary Research, vol 34, no. 5, p. 359-375.
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References (2)• Melekestsev, I.V., Braitseva, O.A., Erlikh, E.N., Shantser, A.E., Chelebaeva, A.I.,
Lupikina, E.G., Egorova, I.A., and Kozhemyaka, N.N., 1974, Kamchatka, Kurile and Komandar Islands. History of development of relief of Siveria and Far East. Moscow: Nauka (in Russian)
• Nakagawa M, Ishizuka Y, Kudo T, Yoshimoto M, Hirose W, Ishizaki Y, Gouchi N, Katsui Y, Solovyow AW, Steinberg GS, Abdurakhmanov AI, 2002, Tyatya Volcano, southwestern Kuril arc: Recent eruptive activity inferred from widespread tephra, ISLAND ARC 11 (4): 236-254
• Nanayama, F; Satake, Kenji; Furukawa, R; Shimokawa, Koichi; Atwater, B F; Shigeno, K; Yamaki, S, 2003, Unusually large earthquakes inferred from tsunami deposits along the Kuril Trench, Nature (London), vol.424, no.6949, pp.660-663.
• Pushkar VS, Razzhigaeva NG, Korotkii AM, Mokhova LM, 1998, The late Golovnino transgression of the middle Pleistocene in the Kunashir Island (Kuril islands), Stratigraphy and Geological Correlation, 6 (6): 584-595.
• Razjigaeva, N.G., Korotky, A.M., Grebennikova, T.A., Ganzey, L.A., Mokhova, L.M., Bazarova, V.B., Sulerzhitsky, L.D., Lutaenko, K.A., 2002. Holocene climatic changes and environmental history of Iturup Island, Kurile Islands, northwestern Pacific. Holocene 12 (4), 469–480.
• Razjigaeva N. G., GREBENNIKOVA T. A., GANZEI L. A., BAZAROVA V. B., MOKHOVA L. M. & KOROTKY A. M. 1998. 14C ages of tephra layers from the Holocene deposits of Kunashir Island (Russian Far East). Radiocarbon 40, 841–7.Stevenson, 2001