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UROLOGY LAUREN TRAVIS, NP

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Page 1: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

UROLOGY

LAUREN TRAVIS, NP

Page 2: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Urology 101

• What is pediatric urology?– Urinary tract– Reproductive 

Page 3: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Urologic testing: The what and why• Common tests

– Renal bladder ultrasound (RBUS)– Voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)– Urodynamic evaluation– Urinalysis/urine culture

•Why is this important?

“At birth, the majority of patients with neurogenic bladder have normal upper urinary tracts. “Without proper management, urinary tract infections and elevated bladder pressures with secondary bladder‐wall changes may cause upper urinary tract deterioration within 3 years in up to 58%.” 

Page 4: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Renal Bladder Ultrasound (RBUS)

• Provides noninvasive structural information regarding the kidneys and bladder. 

When? •Shortly after birth •Birth to 1 year: every 3 months•Toddler/school age: every 6 months•Puberty: annually 

Page 5: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

RBUS

• Normal  • Abnormal

*Important note. A normal ultrasound does not ensure safe bladder pressures and/or absence of VUR

Page 6: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Voiding Cystourethrogram(VCUG)

• Voiding,  cysto, urethrogram– Bladder: shape/appearance

– Assess for vesicoureteralreflux (VUR)

– Outlet: images of urethra during voiding

– Prelim info regarding capacity, PVR

Page 7: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

VCUG• Bladder shape & appearance

• Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

Page 8: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Urodynamics (UDS)

What is it? Where is it performed?When is it performed? Why it’s important? 

Page 9: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

First, a quick review of bladder dyanmics

• The bladder has two main functions:– (1) to STORE urine– (2) to EMPTY urine when it is full

• In order for this process to be successful, the nerves and the muscles of the urinary tract work together. Nerves carry messages from the bladder to the brain and from the brain to the muscles of the bladder sphincter. These messages tell the bladder to relax or contract. 

Page 10: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

UDS components

• Storage– Sensation– Bladder capacity– Bladder compliance

• Emptying

• +/‐ Fluoroscopy (X‐ray)

Page 11: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Clean intermittent Catheterization (CIC)

• What is CIC? • Why is it important? 

– Prevent kidney damage– Prevent urinary tract infection– Help achieve urine continence 

• Usually combined with medication to relax bladder

Page 12: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Prevention of kidney damage

• Hydronephrosis• Vesicoureteral reflux (VUR)

Page 13: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Prevention of UTI

• UTI=urinary tract infection• Contributing factors: gender, stagnant urine, bowels

• Complications:

Page 14: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Urine continence

Page 15: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

The digestion process is managed by messages sent between the brain and digestive system. These messages are sent through nerves located in the spine which are responsible for sensation of bowel fullness and emptying. 

Neurogenic Bowel

•Lack of awareness that the rectum is filled with stool•Slow motility•Inability to effectively empty bowel completely

Page 16: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Neurogenic bowel

• Why urologist care about “poo”

Page 17: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Bowel management

• Stool softeners (MiraLax, doculax)• Laxatives (Ex‐lax/senna)• Suppositories• Digital stimulation• Enemas

– Traditional – (versus) MACE

Page 18: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Traditional enemas

• An enema is a liquid that is placed into the rectum. It flushes out stool that has built up in the bowel. 

Page 19: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Types of Traditional Enemas

• Over the counter fleets• Cone• Foley• Peristeen

Page 20: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Malone Antegrade Continence Enema (MACE)

Page 21: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

Fiber, water and exercise

Page 22: UROLOGY - spinabifidant.orgspinabifidant.org/.../02/Translation-Full-Urology-presentation.pdfFirst, a quick review of bladder dyanmics •The bladder has two main functions: –(1)

References

• McLone & Bowman (2015). Overview of the management of myelomeningocele (spinabifida). Uptodate. 

• Verpoorten & Buyse (2008). The neurogenicbladder: medical treatment. Pediatric Nephrology (23) 717‐725.